INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA USING COMPUTER

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
List of Figures
Chapter No

Chapter Name

Page No

INTRODUCTION

INFRARED TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER

2.1.Sensing Circuit

TRANSMITTER SECTION
3.1. Block Diagram

BASIC OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE

4.1.Infrared LED

PERSONAL COMPUTER
5.1. Driving Of Stepper Motor

STEPPER MOTOR

REMOTE SENSING

SOLID STATE IMAGER

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

CONCLUTION

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ABSTRACT
The intelligent wireless video camera described in this is designed using
wireless video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside
the restricted zone. This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable
for the isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required.
The principle of remote sensing is utilized in this, to detect the presence of any
person who is very near to reference point with in the zone.A video camera collects
the images from the reference points and then converts into electronic signals. The
collected images are converted from visible light into invisible electronic signals
inside a solid-state imager. These signals are transmitted to the monitor,
In this for the demonstration purpose three reference points are taken. Each
reference point is arranged with two infrared LEDs and one lamp. This arrangement
is made to detect the presence of a person who is near the reference point.

The

reference point is nothing but restricted area, when any person comes near to any
reference point, then immediately that particular reference point output will become
high and this high signal is fed to the computer.

Now the computer energizes that

particular reference point lamp and rotates the video camera towards that reference
point for collecting the images at that particular reference point. To rotate the video
camera towards interrupted reference point, stepper motor is used.
The present wireless video camera described in this is designed using wireless
video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the
restricted zone. This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable for the
isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required.
Once upon a time much importance is not given for the security system. But as
we see today lot of terrorism has grown up across the country and need has aroused to
develop different types of security systems for various applications to safe guard the
zones of various types like, military zones, railway yards, scrap yards, borders etc., this
kind of automatic video monitoring systems can be installed at indo-pak borders, where

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the terrorists are crossing borders. In fact our country is spending lot of its revenue to
safe guard the borders.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Tracking and recognizing objects using video sequence is an important topic in
computer vision field and has a variety of potential applications. Many researchers
have proposed actual applications with this research problem. In A. Pent land
proposed a wearable device that sees people using an image sensor and understands
the environment so that computer can act or respond appropriately without detailed
instructions. In Mahonen proposed a wireless intelligent surveillance camera system
that consists of a digital camera, a CPU or DSP for image processing, and a wireless
radio modem. Unlike a multimedia system, the output of a surveillance system is not
always an image sequence, but could also be the positions of humans, image content
features and so on.
Therefore, the architecture of video surveillance system should differ greatly
depending on what its objective and outputs are. Several other researchers proposed
varieties of embedded image processing systems. Even in systems combined with a
PC, many of the applications embed the image processing part in their camera
modules. Some of the reasons for this decision are: i) difficulty or high cost
concerning transforming a huge amount of video data; ii) restriction with respect to the
size or weight of the component; and iii) requirement for a real-time solution.
In Shirai at el. proposed a real time surveillance system. They used a linear
array processor consisting of DSP boards and I/O boards, which perform TV images in
real-time. The I/O board digitizes an NTSC analog signal as an array of 8 bit unsigned
integers and transfers them to the DSP boards. The I/O board also functions as the
video signal output for display. The I/O board converts the stored image data
processed in the DSP board into an analog video signal. Each DSP board has two DSP
chips (TI TMS320C40) that is a 32 bit floating point processor, runs on 50MHz clock
speed, and transfers one background memory per clock cycle. These DSP processors
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are connected in tandem on the DSP boards, forming a linear array, and are capable of
performing independently. They used four board connected serially to compute the
pixel velocity using the optical flow method.

The optical flow method is adopted in order to compute the image motion
using the spatial gradation in the image and the temporal intensity 3 difference of
image sequence. Each four board performs spatial filtering, temporal filtering, velocity
calculation and display processing respectively in this order and the last board outputs
the velocities. In previous research Sato and Aggarwal have proposed a real-time
surveillance system that recognizes human interactive activities using a side-view
image sequence.
The system recognizes humans based on the pixel velocities extracted using
temporal spatio-velocity transform. The system consists of a single monochrome
video camera, a video capturing device and a PC. When it turns to an actual application,
the system makes use of several cameras. This is due to the small observation range of
the single system.
This causes several problems: (i) several PCs are required because one PC can
manage up to two cameras; and (ii) synchronization between small system sets is
difficult. To overcome problem (i), I propose an embedded system that performs the
fundamental image processing part (that is human segmentation processing) and sends
the resulting data to a PC.

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FIG:INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA

CHAPTER 2
INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
This section is designed for detecting the presence of a person who is inside
the restricted zone within the range. It is basically an infrared proximity detection
system. Here high efficiency IR-LED is driven by PNP Transistor SK100 with a
modulating frequency of about 10KHz. This frequency is available from Pin 5 of LM
567 IC (versatile PLL tone decoder IC). The 47W resistor connected in series with the
IR LED limits the IR-LED current.
The basic function of the detector circuit is by radiating energy into space
through IR LED and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object. The reflected
energy that is returned to the receiving LED indicates the presence of a person who is
within the range. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and
re-radiated in many directions. The radiation directed back towards the system is
collected by the receiving LED causes to produce a high signal at Pin No.8 of LM567
IC. The output of the receiver is fed to the computer. Whenever the computer receives
a high signal from the reference point, the computer drives the stepper motor through
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the driving transistors and rotates the motor towards that particular reference point.
Three similar circuits are designed for the three different reference points.
2.2 SENSING CIRCUIT:

FIG:SENSING CIRCUIT

CHAPTER 3
TRANSMITTING SECTION
3.1. Block Diagram:

VHF
OSILLATOR

DRIVER
STAGE

AMPLIFIER
STAGE

FIG: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER SECTION

The output of the video camera is fed to this transmitter, for transmitting the
video signals in amplitude modulation. The video signal coming out of video camera is
nothing but pure composite video signal and this signal is fed to this AM transmitter. The
transmitter circuit generates a continuous frequency of 100MHz approximately, which is
used to form a permanent link between the transmitter and receiver, and this is known as
carrier frequency. The output of video camera is fed to this carrier input as a modulating
wave. This is a frequency modulated radio transmitter.

The radiating power of the

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transmitter is less than 20mw, so that the range between transmitter and receiver can be
less than 25 feet.
The AM transmitter consists three sections namely
(1) VHF Oscillator
(2) Driver Stage or Modulator
(3) Final Amplifier Stage.
The output of the VHF oscillator is treated as carrier and the same is fed to the modulator
section. The output of the VHF oscillator is fed to collector and the final output taken
from the emitter of the PNP transistor of the modulator section. Since it is a PNP
transistor there wont be any phase reversal (1800 phase shift), because this transistor is
configured in common base mode. Therefore finally at the output of this stage, a perfect
AM wave can be obtained. In the amplifier section 2 N 3866-NPN Transistor is used to
amplify the input signal.
The carrier is designed for transmitting the picture details. At the receiving
end, a small television set of 4 screen is used to display the picture caught. In this way
using this wireless video camera we can detect the entry of unauthorized persons
especially in case of military to detect our enemies crossing the border.

FIG:Complete circuit diagram of transmitter

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CHAPTER 4
BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE
The video surveillance unit is designed for the widest possible viewing range
and portability. The unit consists of a Stepper Motor, which drives the camera
towards reference points automatically by the computer and a transmitter

transmits the images collected by the camera to a distant end. Thus a automatic
controlled wireless camera is very useful for surveillance of places where the
particular location makes it inconvenient or impractical for a wired operation of the
unit. The robotic action made by the stepper motor is attached to the camera allows
surveillance of maximum area with one single camera. Such setup can be very
flexible to the user and can save valuable company resources. There are several types
of security systems existed in the Market; one of the most common security systems
is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television).

The CCTV consists Video Surveillance

Camera used as security-monitoring device plays a major roll in security systems.

One reason for this is the fact that a picture is worth then a thousand words. This is
especially true in a court of law where an eyewitness is required who can place the
criminal at the scene of a crime.
CCTV systems are also helpful in the residential security Market.

They allow

homeowners to see their callers, thus establishing their identity before they open an
outside entrance door.

This is an important feature too, because other wise, they

might open their door to a criminal.

The Infrared sensing circuit consists of two infrared LEDs for transmitting the
signal as well as receiving the signal. The signal transmitted by the transmitting LED
omits the signal in a line like laser beam, the radiated signal from the transmitting

LED is invisible and harmless. Whenever the human body interrupts the transmitting
signal, there the signal is reflected and this reflected signal is received by the infrared
receiving LED.

FIG: Basic Operation Principle

4.1. Infrared LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that
resembles a basic pn-junction diode, except that an LED also emits light. When an

LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least
the LED's forward voltage drop, current flows. Electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

FIG:STRUCTURE OF IR LED
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, [9] the earliest LEDs
emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as

transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls

for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also
of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,
ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing
small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the
form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task
lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller
size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as
diverse

as aviation

lighting, automotive

headlamps,

advertising,

general

lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for
room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and
heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while
their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.
Application:
Flashing

Used as attention seeking indicators without requiring external electronics. Flashing

LEDs resemble standard LEDs but they contain an integrated multivibrator circuit
that causes the LED to flash with a typical period of one second. In diffused lens
LEDs this is visible as a small black dot. Most flashing LEDs emit light of one color,

but more sophisticated devices can flash between multiple colors and even fade
through a color sequence using RGB color mixing.
Bi-color LED

Two different LED emitters in one case. There are two types of these. One type
consists of two dies connected to the same two leads antiparallel to each other.
Current flow in one direction emits one color, and current in the opposite direction
emits the other color. The other type consists of two dies with separate leads for both
dies and another lead for common anode or cathode, so that they can be controlled
independently.
Tri-color

Three different LED emitters in one case. Each emitter is connected to a separate lead
so they can be controlled independently. A four-lead arrangement is typical with one
common lead (anode or cathode) and an additional lead for each color.
RGB

Tri-color LEDs with red, green, and blue emitters, in general using a four-wire
connection with one common lead (anode or cathode). These LEDs can have either
common positive or common negative leads. Others however, have only two leads
(positive and negative) and have a built in tiny electronic control unit.
Decorative multicolor

Incorporate several emitters of different colors supplied by only two lead-out wires.
Colors are switched internally simply by varying the supply voltage. (In a cheap
'Melinera' garden lamp supplied by OWIM GmbH & Co KG in 2013 the LEDs are
within a clear casting of 5mm diameter, 10mm long which encapsulates 3 LEDs

which change between red, green and blue as the DC supply varies between about 2
volts and 3 volts).
Alphanumeric

available in seven-segment, starburst and dot-matrix format. Seven-segment displays

handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all
letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character. Seven-segment
LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use of liquid
crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has
reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.
Digital RGB

These are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition
to power and ground, these provide connections for data in, data out, and sometimes
a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the
first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can control the brightness and color of
each LED independently of the others. They are used in strings for Christmas and
similar decorations. Two types available as of February 2014 use chips designated
WS2811 and WS2812.

CHAPTER 5
PARSONAL COMPUTER
The computer is playing a major role in this .The main function of the
computer is to identify the interruption made by the person, where exactly the signal is
interrupted, at which reference point identifying the point and displays the information on
the screen. The other major function of the computer is to drive the stepper motor. This
block is also responsible for identifying the reference point.

Here any normal

configuration computer can be employed. The software program defining the operations
for the computer is written in C language.
The output of the obstacle sensor is fed to the computer through the parallel port. The
original purpose of Parallel port was to enable communication between a PC and a
peripheral. Another use that has become very popular is transferring information or
receiving the information. In this project work the received information from the detector
circuit is used to drive the motor. Which is useful for the system for identifying the
interrupted reference point. With the help of associated software written in C language
the received information can be displayed on computer screen.

A computer is an electronic device, which processes information under the control of a

set of instructions called program. It has the ability to accept the data, execute the
program, and perform mathematical and logical operations on data. The result of the
operations can be reported through output. Infact, a computer is a complete system in
itself. The computer as a system is a combination of Hardware and Software components
that jointly offer the necessary services to the user.
The computer reads the data received through parallel port and can
store the data; the same data will be displayed on computer screen. The program
contains instruction about what has to be done with the data. The CPU executes the
programs stored in the main memory by performing fetch instruction from memory
and right data either to a memory location or on an output device. The main
components of the CPU are, ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit),
and a set of registers. The control unit is responsible for the moment of data and
instructions in and out of the memory and CPU. It is also responsible for the decoding
of an instruction and determining as to what is desired by the same. The complete
electronic Hardware is interfaced with parallel port.

5.1. DRIVING OF STEPPER MOTOR:

To drive the stepper motor in both the directions (clockwise or anticlockwise)
the system is programmed to produce the pulses in a sequence at four different
outputs, these sequential programmed outputs energizes the motor windings one after
another in a sequence. To drive the motor in clockwise, the sequence starts from top
to bottom, similarly to drive the motor in anti-clockwise the sequence starts from the
bottom to top. Like wise the motor rotates in both the directions.
The output of the computer through parallel port is used to drive the switching
transistors; finally these switching transistors drive the stepper motor. These transistors

provide the required current to energize the motor. The stepper motor used in this project
work is capable to drive up to 3Kg loads, i.e., the holding torque is 3Kg. The output of
the computer is also used to drive the three relays and one buzzer.
Whenever any human body interrupts any reference point, the computer
energizes the alarm at the same time the computer energize the corresponding relay
also. These relay contacts are used to energize the three different lamps corresponds
to the three reference points independently. The circuit diagram of stepper motor
driven by the computer is shown below.

FIG:CIRCUIT DIAGRAMOF STEPER MOTOR DRIVE BY COMPUTER

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CHAPTER 6
STEPPER MOTOR
Operation
DC brush motors rotate continuously when voltage is applied to their
terminals. The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of
input pulses i.e. a square wave pulse into a precisely defined increment in the shaft
position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively
have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of
iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit . To make the motor
shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts the gear's
teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset
from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is
turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process
is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps
making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.
TYPES:
TWO PHASE STEPPER MOTOR:
There are two basic winding arrangements for the electromagnetic coils in a two phase
stepper motor: bipolar and unipolar.

Unipolar motors
A unipolar stepper motor has one winding with center tap per phase. Each section of
windings is switched on for each direction of magnetic field. Since in this arrangement a
magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the
commutation circuit can be made very simple (e.g., a single transistor) for each winding.
Typically, given a phase, the center tap of each winding is made common: giving three
leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor. Often, these two phase
commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.
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A stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive transistors in the
right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular with hobbyists;
they are probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements.
Bipolar motor
Bipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be
reversed in order to reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more
complicated, typically with an arrangement (however there are several off-the-shelf
driver chips available to make this a simple affair). There are two leads per phase, none
are common.
Static friction effects using an H-bridge have been observed with certain drive topologies.
Dithering the stepper signal at a higher frequency than the motor can respond to will
reduce this "static friction" effect.
Because windings are better utilized, they are more powerful than a unipolar motor of the
same weight. This is due to the physical space occupied by the windings. A unipolar
motor has twice the amount of wire in the same space, but only half used at any point in
time, hence is 50% efficient (or approximately 70% of the torque output available).
Though a bipolar stepper motor is more complicated to drive, the abundance of driver
chips means this is much less difficult to achieve.
An 8-lead stepper is wound like a unipolar stepper, but the leads are not joined to
common internally to the motor. This kind of motor can be wired in several
configurations:

Unipolar.

Bipolar with

series

windings. This

gives

higher

inductance but lower current per winding.

Bipolar with parallel windings. This requires higher

current but can perform better as the winding inductance
is reduced.

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Bipolar with a single winding per phase. This method will

run the motor on only half the available windings, which
will reduce the available low speed torque but require less
current

HIGHER FACE STEPPER MOTOR:

Multi-phase stepper motors with many phases tend to have much lower levels
of vibration,although the cost of manufacture is higher. These motors tend to be called
'hybrid' and have more expensive machined parts, but also higher quality bearings.
Though they are more expensive, they do have a higher power density and with the
appropriate drive electronics are actually better suited to the application. Computer
printers may use hybrid designs.

FIG:STEPPER MOTOR
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CHAPTER 7
REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in
situ observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor
technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in
the atmosphere and oceans)

by

means

of propagated

signals (e.g. electromagnetic

radiation). It may be split into active remote sensing, when a signal is first emitted
from aircraft or satellites) or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely recorded.
Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or
surrounding areas. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured
by

passive

sensors.

Examples

of

passive

remote

sensors

include

film

photography, infrared, charge-coupled devices, and radiometers. Active collection, on the

other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then
detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the
target. RADAR and LiDAR are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay
between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction
of an object.

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FIG: REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas.

Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as
theAmazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of
coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the Cold War made use of stand-off
collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and
slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not
disturbed.
Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and
analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as El
Nio and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas
of the earth sciences such as natural resource management, agricultural fields such as
land usage and conservation, and national security and overhead, ground-based and
stand-off collection on border areas.

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CHAPTER 8
SOLID STATE IMAGER
In a solid-state image pickup device this invention, in order to satisfactorily
detect optical signals over a wide spectrum range from a visible light range to an invisible
light range, a photoelectric conversion element for converting an optical signal in the
invisible light range into an electrical signal, and photoelectric conversion elements for
converting an optical signal in the visible light range into an electrical signal are formed
on a common semiconductor chip.
A solid-state image capturing device includes a first detecting unit for detecting a
first wavelength component and a second detecting unit for detecting a second
wavelength component which has a longer wavelength than at least the first wavelength
component and wherein in a depth direction, an active region where a first type dopant of
the second detecting unit is located is deeper than an active region where a first
electroconductive type dopant of the first detecting unit is located. A signal processor
modifies an output signal from at least one detecting unit based on a received signal
quantity at another detecting unit and a type of filter above at least one of the detecting
units.

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FIG:SOLID STATE IMAGER RELAY CIRCIUT

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a solid-state image pickup device such as an
optical sensor used in an image information processing apparatus such as a facsimile
apparatus, an image scanner, a copying machine, an image sensor, or the like and, more
particularly, to a solid-state image pickup device which converts not only visible light but
also light in a invisible light range into an electrical signal.
2. Related Background Art
As a conventional solid-state image pickup device, a charge-coupled device (CCD)
type device, a MOS type device, or an amplification type device in which a capacitive
load is connected to the emitter of a phototransistor (U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,469 to Tadahiro
Omi and Nobuyoshi Tanaka) is known.Recently, solid-state image pickup devices have
been used in various applications, and demand has arisen for a solid-state image pickup
device having novel functions.
For example, recognition of a invisible image and reproduction and recording of
the recognized image are required in addition to requirements for realizing a color
copying machine with high image quality.Such an image, i.e., a invisible light image
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includes, for example, an image formed by an ink having properties for absorbing
infrared rays.
In general, a sensor for detecting invisible light is an independent device, and
when it is used together with a sensor for detecting visible light, a new design concept is
required.
The present inventors found, as a basic design concept, a technique for monolithically
forming a visible light sensor and a invisible light sensor on a single semiconductor chip.
However, the above-mentioned techniques have room for further improvement.

CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:

The substantial increase in the use of security cameras has been prompted by an
increase in crime rates.

It is portable one so it can carried to any part of the world.

Wireless Internet Security cameras, on the other hand, provide video feed to the
source via radio signals.

Wireless Internet Security cameras are quite easy to setup. Since they do not
require any wiring, users will not have to bear any additional setup costs.

DISADVANTAGES:

It more expensive.

The motor winding when it is energized, it consumes 350 mA approximately.

In this as we are using aurdino software it is difficult

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CONCLUTION
So by using this intelligent wireless video camera we can safeguard our properties,
thing and also our life. Once upon a time much importance is not given for the security
system. But as we see today lot of terrorism has grown up across the country and need
has aroused to develop different types of security systems for various applications to safe
guard the zones of various types like, military zones, railway yards, scrap yards, borders
etc., this kind of automatic video monitoring systems can be installed at indo-pak borders,
where the terrorists are crossing borders.

In fact our country is spending lot of its

revenue to safe guard the borders. By installing this type of security systems everywhere
at critical points, lot of revenue can be saved by minimizing the manpower.

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