Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
www.elsevier.com/locate/bt
behavioral and emotional symptoms. Consequently, clinicians are now concerned with the identification and change of cognitive processes likely to
be relevant to etiology and recovery. But despite
having embraced the terminology of cognitive
psychology, clinicians have not been able to draw
on experimental cognitive psychology to develop a
scientific basis that would be useful in developing
new treatment methods. The papers in this special
issue all represent attempts towards the development of just such a cognitive science base. They are
not typical of papers usually appearing in this
journal, and some readers may not see them as
appropriate contributions to Behavior Therapy as
it is usually understood.
In contrast, I believe these papers illustrate the
next necessary step in the evolution of CBT. In this
next step, relevant cognitive operations contributing towards the maintenance of psychological
problems, just as much as behaviors, need to be
specified with an increasing degree of precision. It is
important to emphasize that the term cognitive
operations is used here to refer to processes that
can be assessed by objective means, rather than only
by subjective reports of cognitive content. When
clinicians describe cognitions, they are often
referring to what clients say about the thoughts
and images of which they have become aware.
Although such reports are, of course, a critically
important source of hypotheses about cognitive
factors in etiology, they do not in themselves reveal
much about the processes that led up to that content
appearing in consciousness. In fact, the underlying
processes are typically not available to conscious
introspection at all, but must be inferred indirectly
from behavioral observations such as response
latencies and errors or from psychophysiological
and neural-imaging methods. Examples include the
selective processes whereby one among many
competing events succeeds in capturing our attention, only one of several possible meanings of
315
316
mathews
1
It will not have escaped the alert reader's attention that the
present writer is a co-author of the last three papers discussed. I
hope that any positive processing bias on my part is not too
apparent in this discussion, but in any event it should not detract
from the credit due to the main authors, who have contributed far
more than I have.
317
318
mathews
Conclusions
Despite the disparate content of these papers,
several important unifying themes emerge from
them. In particular, they are all concerned with
identifying underlying cognitive processes that are
thought to maintain emotional disorders. This
approach does not ignore reportable cognitive
content, such as repetitive emotional thoughts and
images, but this content is viewed as being
influenced by other cognitive processes that are
not usually accessible for conscious report. The
causal role of these processes, and of the content
they influence, can then be investigated by manipulating them in experimental studies. In this way we
can move beyond merely describing the cognitive
operations that characterize certain disorders towards finding the optimal ways of changing them.
Not only does this allow investigation of their
causal role in emotional vulnerability, but it should
eventually lead to new methods of treatment.
I began by anticipating that some readers of this
special issue may be uncomfortable with the
emphasis on underlying cognitive processes within
experimental studies of volunteers rather than on
observable behaviors and clinical symptom change.
However, as I hope is now clear, the experimental
approach used here often does employ behavioral
measures (e.g., decision latencies or response accuracy), and the methods of modification employed
are in many ways surprisingly close to the learning
origins of Behavior Therapy. Control over destructive cognitive habits can be achieved, not only by
discussion and instructions, but via training that
involves repeated practice serving to strengthen
incompatible positive alternatives. Results so far
may seem fairly far removed from actual clinical
application, but I believe they show that we have
made measurable progress towards providing CBT
with the cognitive science base it needs.
References
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social
phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. Hope, & F.
Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and
treatment (pp. 6993). New York: The Guilford Press.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1997). Beyond the efficacy ceiling:
Cognitive behavior therapy in search of theory. Behavior
Therapy, 28, 601611.
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do
threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in