COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT ONCHEMICAL ENGINEERINGAPPARATUS
DESIGN (cheg4191)
TITEL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PREPARED BY NET-WORK 5
NET- WORK
SECTION
1. MEBRAHTOM

MEMBER
AYELGN

IDNO
RET1025/06

1
2. MEDIHN

KIDANE

3. MELKAMU

ADDIS

RET1051/06

1
RET1074/06

1
4. NEBYAT

H/SLASIE

RET1187/06

1
5. NUGUS
RET1215/06

DEGU
1
1

Abstract
This technical paper presents design, and analysis of pres-sure vessel. High pressure rise is
developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. In the design
of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of possible
accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure vessel. This writing is
focusing on analyzing the safety parameter for allowable working pressure. Allowable working
pressures are calculated by using Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition.
The corruption of the vessel are probability occur at maximum pressure which is the element that
only can sustain that pressure. Efforts are made in this paper to design the pressure vessel using
ASME codes
& standards to legalize the design.

Chapter - one
1.Introduction
Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive flu-ids are called pressure vessel. A
pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the out-side. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a
change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of
chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with high
temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because of such
hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition vessel has
to be design carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. [1]
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The
cylindrical vessels are generally preferred because of the present simple
manufacturing problem and make better use of the available space. Boiler,
heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are generally cylindrical.
1.1.

Background

The design of pressure vessels is an important and practical topic which has
been explored for decades. Even though optimization techniques have been
extensively applied to design structures in general, few pieces of work can
4

be found which are directly related to optimal pressure vessel design. These
few references are mainly related to the design optimization of
homogeneous and composite pressure vessels.

1.2.Statement of the Problem

Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which
describe why a vessel failure occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types
of failures, which describe how the failure occurs. Each failure has a why and
how to its history.
It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because the wrong material was selected! The
designer must be as familiar with categories and types of failure as with categories and types
of stress and loadings. Ultimately they are all related.
Material- Improper selection of material; defects in mate rial.
Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-sign methods; inadequate
shop testing.
Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication
procedures including welding.

1.3.Objective
1.3.1. General objective
To optimize the pressure vessel designs.
The objective of design optimization of pressure vessels is cost reduction by reducing
weight withadequate strength and stiffness. Optimization is the act of obtaining the best
result under given circumstances. Conventional design aims at finding acceptability
design which merely satisfies the functional and other requirements of the problem. In
general, there will be more than one acceptable designs and the purpose of design
optimization is to choose the best.

1.3.2 .Specific objective

5

 To determine the preliminary mechanical design for the column of

the pressure vessel design.

1.3.3.Significance of the study

Pressure vessels are designed for industrial use such as in nuclear reactors and in
mining. But aside from this, they are also used in peoples everyday activities like in
heating water and in distillation. They are capable of storing liquefied gases with all
safety. They are useful in storing and disseminating unstable chemicals such as
propane, ammonia, and LPG.

Most people perceive that the cylindrical tanks describe the appearance of a pressure
vessel. While this shape is an accepted form, this is not the only possible shape for
pressure vessels. In addition to cylinders, many manufacturers have made pressure
vessels likened to a sphere and cone shapes. Of all the other shapes that can be
created, experts say that sphere is the most protective one. Sadly, many manufacturers
and designers tell that sphere is difficult and costly. Consequently, most of businesses
and people have used the cylinders instead.

Chapter- two
2. Literature review
2.1. General pressure vessel design considerations
2.1.1.Design pressure
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely
to be
Subjected in operation.
For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the
pressure
At which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the
normal
Working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When
deciding
The design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the column should be
added
To the operating pressure, if significant.
Vessels subject to external pressure should be designed to resist the maximum
differential
Pressure that is likely to occur in service. Vessels likely to be subjected to vacuum
Should be designed for a full negative pressure of 1 bar, unless fitted with an
effective,
And reliable, vacuum breaker.

2.1.2.Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature, so the
Maximum allowable design stress will depend on the material temperature. The
design
Temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the
maximum
Working temperature of the material, with due allowance for any uncertainty
involved in
Predicting vessel wall temperatures.

2.1.3.Materials
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels,
other
alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics.
Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of the material
7

For fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the material with
the
Process environment.
The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable
materials;

In accordance with the appropriate material standards.

2.1.4.Design stress (nominal design strength)
Design stress factor (factor of safety) to the
Maximum stress that the material could be expected to withstand without
failure under standard test conditions.
The design stress factor allows for any uncertainty in the design
methods, the loading, the quality of the materials, and the workmanship.
For materials not subject to high temperatures the design stress is based on
the yield
Stress or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material the
design temperature.
2.1.5.Welded joint efficiency
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality
of the welding. The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and
by non-destructive testing
(Radiography). The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with
the virgin plate is usually
Allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the
material by a
Welded joint factor J.
2.1.6.Corrosion allowance
The corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow
for material
Lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should
be agreed between the customer and manufacturer .The allowance should
be based on experience with the
Material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the
proposed design.
8

2.1.7.Design loads
A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse
under all the condition of loading.
2.1.8.Minimum practical wall thickness
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is
sufficiently
Rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

Chapter-three

Methodology AND MATERIALS

3..Materials
Necessary materials used to design pressure vessel :
stainless steel vessel ,unstabilised(304
Insulation, mineral wool
skirt carbon steel, silicon killed
50 sieve plate
Stainless steel nozzle
Access ladder with plat form
Necessary steps to design pressure vessel.
Step1 .determine the minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure.

t =

PiDi
2 fjPi

,where Pi = design pressure , j = joint factor

Di = internal diameter , f = maximum allowable stress

Step2 .determine the minimum thickness of torispherical & ellipsodial heads.

te =

PiDi
2 fj0.2 Pi

, where Pi = design pressure , j = jont factor

9

Di = internal diameter , f = maximum allowable stress

tr =

PiRcCs
2 fj+ Pi(Cs0.2)

, where Pi = design pressure , j = joint factor

Di = internal diameter , f = maximum allowance

stress

Step3.select & size the vessel ends.

Step4.divided in to five section by 2 mm.

Step5.calculate dead weight of the vessel.

Wv = 240CvDm(Hv+0.8Dm)tav , where Wv =dead weight of the vessel

tav = average minimum thicness

Cv = factor to account for weight of
nozzle
= 1.08 for vessels with few internal
fitting
= 1.15 for distillation column
Dm = mean diameter

Step6.calculate weight plate of the vessel.

D2
2
A=
m
Wp = 1.7KN/
plate arae , plate arae =
4

, where D = internal

diameter

10

Step7.calculate weight of insulation of the vessel.

Wi =

gv

,v=

DiHvtin , where Di = internal diameter

Hv = height of vessel

v = volume

density of the insulation

tin =thickness of insulation
g = gravity
Step8.sum-up all weight .

Step9.calculate the wind load.

Pressure dynamic is 1280 N/m.

Fw = PwDef , Def = Di+2(tav+tin)

Where F w = load per unit length

, tav = average thickness

Def = effective diameter

, tin = insulation thickness

Step10.calculate the bending moment for bottom tangent line.

Mx =

Hv

2
Fw

Step11.analysis of stress

11

 h=

w=

PiDi
2t

Wv
( Di+t ) t

l=

PiDi
4t

Di
2
Mx +t)

Iv

z=l + w b

Where t = thickness at bottom of the vessel

where

w (ve ) is compressive

Iv =

Step12.

( Do 4Di 4 )
64

, Do = Di+2t

z ( upwind ) =lw+ b

z ( downwind )=lwb

Step13. Check elastic stability(buckling)

t
Do
)
c=2104
Step14.calculate reinforcement

3.2.METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 .DESIGN SPECIFICATION
The design specification of a sieve plate column is given below.

Table 3.2.1.Column Specification

12

Properties
Length of cylindrical section, L
Internal diameter, Di
Heads
Number of sieve plates, n
Design temperature, T
Design pressure, Pi
Corrosion allowance, C

Specifications
37 m
1.5 m
Standard ellipsoidal
50
150 0C
1200 KN/m2
2 mm

Table 3.2.2.Nozzles Specification

Properties
Feed

Specifications
At mid-point

Vapour out

At 0.7 m below top of

cylindrical
Section
At Centre of vessel head

Bottom
Product

200 mm inside
diameter

At 1.0 m below top of

cylindrical section

250 mm inside
diameter
200 mm inside
diameter
200 mm inside
diameter

Table 3.2.3 .other sieve plate column specification

Properties

Specifications

Diameter of Access ports

(manhole)

0.6 m

Height of support skirt

Thickness of insulation

2.5 m
50 mm thick

At 1.0 m above the

bottom
At 1.5 m below the
top of the
Column

13

3.3.

ASSUMTIONS

In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and

listed below.

No significant loading from piping and external equipment.

Plates and plate supports design is negligible.
Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed.
Assume flanges are standard flanges.
Earth quake loading need not be considered.

CHAPTER-FOUR
4.RESULT & DISCUSSION
SOLUTION:
Step 1.determine the minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure

t=

PiDi
2 fjPi

1.21500
213011.2

= 6.955 mm , round off to 7 mm and add

corrosion allowance then

14

t=7 mm+2 mm =9 mm
Step2.determine the minimum thickness of the two heads.
The minimum thickness of ellipsoidal is given

t=

PiDi
2 fj0.2 Pi

Pi = Design pressure = 1.2 N/mm2

Di = inner diameter of the column = 1500 mm
f = the design stress of the material 11of construction = 130 N/mm 2
j = the weld joint efficiency = 1.0
The weld joint is double welded butt or equivalent joint and 100 percent degree
of radiography.

t=

1.2(1500)
(
2 130 ) ( 1 )0.2(1.2)

t=6.93 mm
round off to 7 mm

The minimum thickness of torispherical is given by :

t=

PiRcCs
2 fj+ Pi(Cs0.2)

Rc = Di = 1.5 mm = 1500 mm

, Rk = 0.06Rc = 0.06(15000 mm) = 90 mm

15

Rc
Rk

1500
90

= 16.67

Cs =

1.2 (1500 ) 1.77

2 ( 130 ) ( 1 )+ 1.2(1.770.2)

1
4 (3+

16.6

) = 1.77

= 12 mm ,

But the minimum thickness is more preferable .

Step3. So that we select & size the ellipsodial head because it has smallest
thickness than torispherical

Step4. For stability of the shell the column is divided into five parts and thickness
is increased from top to bottom of the shell, as 7 mm, 9 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15
mm respectively.

7
9
11
13
15

16

For all other calculations, the average thickness is used. The average thickness
= ts=11 mm .

Step5. Dead weight of vessel :

Stress due to the dead weight of the vessel:
For a steel vessel
Take Cw = 1.15, vessel with plates
Dm = 1.5 + 11 x 10-3 = 1.511m
Hv = 37 m
t = 11 mm
Wv = 240 CvDm (Hv + 0.8 Dm) t
Wv = 240 X 1.15 X 1.511 (37 + 0.8 X 1.511) 11
= 175,279 N
= 175.3kN
Step6. Weight of plates :
Plates area = /4 X 1.52 = 1.77 m2
Weight of a plate including liquid on it : 1.7kN/m 2 X 1.77 m2 = 3.009 kN
50 plates = 50 X 3.009 = 150.45 kN
Step7. Weight of insulation :
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Approximate volume of insulation
V =

DiHvtin=37 m50103 m1.5 m= 8.6025

m3

Weight = 8.72 m3 x 130 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 =11,112 N

17

Double this to allow for fitting, etc. = 22.224 kN

Step 8 .Total weight:

WV = 175.3KN
WP=150.45kN
Win=22.224KN
W Total=347.96KN

Step 9.Wind loading

Take dynamic wind pressure as 1280 N/m 2, corresponding to 160 kph (100 mph)
for preliminary design studies.
Mean diameter including thickness and insulation,Dm = D i + 2(ts +tins) x 10-3
= 1.5 + 2(11+50) x 10-3
=1.622 m
Wp=1280N/ m

Fw=Loading (per linear meter)=Wp*Dm

FW= 1280 N/m2 x 1.622 m = 2076.16 N/m
Bending moment at bottom tangent line = Mx =

Fw
Hv
2

Hv
37

Mx=
=1421131.52Nm
2 =
2
Fw
2076.16

18

Step 10 .Longitudinal and circumferential stress:

At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:

Longitudinal stress,
PiDi
L= 4 t (N/mm2) =

1.2 x 1500
4 x 15

30 N/mm2

1.2 x 1500
2 x 15

60 N/mm2

Circumferential stress,

h=

PiDi
2
2 t (N/mm ) =

step 11. Stress due to dead weight,

175.310 3 N
( 1500 mm+15 mm ) 15 mm

Wv
w= ( Di+t ) t (N/mm2) =

2.4566 N/mm2

Do = Di + 2 x t = 1500 mm + 2 (15 mm) = 1530 mm = outer diameter of the

column
Step 12. Bending Stresses,

64

Iv =

b =

M Di
+t
Iv 2

4
o

-Di4) =

64

(15304 - 15004) = 2.048 x

1010 mm

1421131.52103 N . mm 1500mm
+15 mm
10
2
2.048 10 mm

= 53.08

N/mm2
step 13 .Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,

19

z = L+ w

wis compressive thereforeit is negative.

z(upwind) =30 +(- 2.4566) + 53.08 = +80 N/mm 2
z(downwind) = 30 + (-2.4566) 53.08 =-25.5 N/mm 2

80N/ mm

20

, the Therefore greatest difference between the principal stresses will be on the
down-wind side.
Since the upwind stress (80 N/mm2) and downwind stress (25.5N/mm2) are less
than the allowable design stress (130 N/mm2), therefore the design metal thickness
(tb = 15 mm) is satisfactory.
Step 14: Check elastic stability (buckling).
Critical buckling stress can be
calculated as
4

c=210
4

10

tb
( Do ) = 2

15
=196.07N/
( 1530

mm

The maximum resultant

compressive stress will occur
when the vessel is not under pressure given by.

z=b+ b

= 53.08+2.4566=55.54N/ mm

21

Since the maximum resultant compressive resultant stress (55.54 N/mm2) less than
2

that of critical buckling stress (196.07N/ mm

). So the design procedure of the

vessel is correct.
Design 0f Skirt support and base ring calculation

Hvs

Ms = 2
FW

Hvs=Hs+Hv

Where Hvs=height the skirt vessel, HVS=37+2.5=39.5 m

Step 1: Determine the height of the vessel isncludingheight of each ellipsoidalhead.

Height of the vessel, Hv

Given:
Length of cylindrical section = 37 m
Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Height of each ellipsoidal head, h
Since the ellipsoidal heads used for this design are of a standard measurement as
shownbelow in Figure 1.1.1, it is safe to assume that the heads are manufactured
with a major and minor axis ratio of 2:1(Coulson and Richardsons chemical
engineering Vol.6).

22

Figure 3.4.2: Standard ellipsoidal head

The height of each ellipsoidal head, h = D/(4 ) , 1.5/4=0.375 m

The height of vessel, Hv:

Hv = (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)
= 37+2(0.375) = 37.75m
Step 2: Determine the bending moment, in skirt.

x=Hs+Hv
Where,
MS= Bending moment at the base of the skirt
FW = Load per unit length
HS= Height of skirt
H V =Height of the vessel
x=37.75+2.5=40.25 m

23

Ms=

Fwx
2

2076.1640.25
=
2

=1681754.48Nm

Step 3: Determine the bending stress in the skirt.

The bending stress in the skirt is given by the following formula,
Assume as a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the
bottom section ofthe vessel, 15 mm.

bs= 4Ms/(Ds+ts)Dsts
Where,
Ds =Internal column diameter, =1.5m
ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of the bottom section, =15mm
bs=Bending stress in the skirt
Thus,

41681754.481000

bs= (1500+15)151500 =62.85N/ mm

Step 4: Determine the dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.
For test condition,ws:
Formula given by,

ws(test)=Wwater/(Ds+ts)ts

Where,
ws(test)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
Wwater= dead weight of the vessel with contents (water).

D 2Hvwg
1.523710009.81
Wwater=
=
=640442.25N=640.44KN
4
4
24

Thus,

640442.25
=
ws(test)= (1500+15)15
8.975N/mm2
For operating condition, ws(operating):
The formula given by,
ws(operating)=Wvessel/(Ds+ts)ts
Where,
ws(operating)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads.
Thus,

175.31000
ws(operating)= (1500+15)15

=2.45668

N/mm2

Step 5: Determine the resultant bending stress in the skirt.

For maximum:
s(compresive)= bs+(test)
s(compresive)=62.85+8.975=71.825 N/mm2
For minimum:
ws(tensil)=bs+w(opersting)
ws(tensil)=62.85+2.45668= 65.3N/mm2
Step 6: Design criteria:
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt
thickness should not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below
From the specification table,
25

=90
fs= 115 N/mm2
E = Youngs modulus (Sinnott. and Tower., 7.3.7. Effect of Temperature onthe
Mechanical Properties 1999) =200,000 N/mm
For the maximum:
Given the formula,
s(compresive)0.125E(ts/Ds)sins
2

71.825 N/ mm

71.825 N/ mm

15

0.125200,000( 1500 ) sin 90

250 (Fulfilled)

For minimum:
Given the formula,
s(tensil)fsJsins
65.31151sin90
2

65.3N/ mm

115 (Fulfilled)

Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria
were fulfilled,add 2 mm for corrosion, gives a design thickness of new skirt
thickness, ts:
New skirt thickness, ts:
ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)
=15mm + 2mm= 17mm
Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design
For DS = 1.5 m
Step 1 .Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts
26

 Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was
assumed that the measurement of column diameter would be used to make
an assumption for the pitch diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance was
then added to the pitch circle diameter column.
Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:
N bolts=

Dp
600

Where;
Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Dp = Pitch circle diameter
= Ds + (10% Ds)
= 1.5 + 0.1 x 1.5
= 1.65 m
= 1,650 mm
Thus, Nbolts=

1650
=8.635mm 9mm
600

By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts
required, Nbolts.
Step 2: Determine the required bolt area, Ab
The required bolt area, A given by the formula:

Ab= Nboltf b (

4 Ms
Dp -Wv)

Where,
Nbolt=Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts.
fb= Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2
27

Ms=Bending moment in skirt

Wvessel= dead weight of vessel with heads
Dp= Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm

4 Ms
Dp - Wvessel)

Ab= Nboltfb (

1
41681754.48
(
12125
1650
=2601.12 mm

175.3 1 000)

Step 3: Determine the bolt root diameter, Dbolt.

The bolt root diameter given by the formula:
D bolt =

4 Ab
=

42601.12
=57.56mm

With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute the
total compressive load to the foundation.
Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Fbolt=

4 Ms
2
Ds

Wv
DS

Where,
Wvessel=dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3 KN
Ms=Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm
Ds=Internal column diameter = 1.5m

28

Fbolt=

41681754.481000
2
1500

175.31000
=989.38N/mm
1500

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb.

Given by the formula:
Lb =

Fb
fc103

Fbolt=Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/mm
fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad bearing
2

pressure 5 N/ mm

Lb=

989.38
510 3 =0.1978mm

Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the
design.Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:
Flared skirt bottom diameter, Ds = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
Bolt circle diameter, Dolt= Ds+ (10% of Ds)
= 2.5 m + (1.5 0.1 = 2.5 m + 0.15 m
= 2.65 m (Assumed)
= 2,650 mm

Dp
Number of bolt, Nbolts= 600

= but , D'p=D's+(10% D s)

D'p=2.5+(10%2.5) = 2.75 m
= 2,750mm
29

N bolt=

2750
=14.4mm
600

For Ds = 2.5m
Step 1: Determine the skirt base angle, s.
Skirt base angle, s (With Ds =2.5 m) given by,

sDs
D

Ds
s= 0.5()

1
tan
2.5
0.5(2.51.5)
s=
= 78.7

tan1
Step 2: Determine bolt spacing.
Bolt spacing given the formula:

Dbolt
Bolt specing =

Nbolt
Where,
Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2650 mm
Nbolt'=Number of bolts =14.39

2650
bolt specing=
=577.8 mm (satisfactory)
14.4

30

Step 3: Determine new required bolt area, Ab

Given by the formula:

1
4 Ms
Wvessel
Ab= Nboltfb
( Dbolt
)

Wv essel=l dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3 KN

Ms=Bending moment in skirt
Nbolt'=Number of bolts required = 14.4
Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2.650m = 2,650 mm
fb=Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2

Ab= 14.4125

41681754.481000
( 175.31000 )) = 255.2 mm2
2650

Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Fbolt.
Given the formula:

4 Ms
Fbolt= Ds
2

Wv
+ Ds

Where,
W vessel= dead weight of vessel with heads =175.3 KN
Ms= Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm
D's=Flared skirt bottom diameter=2.5m =2500mm

Fbolt
=

41681754.48
2
2500

175.3
2500 =365 N/mm

Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb

sssGiven the formula:
31


Fbolt
Lb= fc103
fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation padBearing
pressure = 5 N/mm2

365
Lb= 5103 = 0.073mm
Step 6: Determine the actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,
Given the formula:
f'c=Fbolt'/(Actual width)

Actual width =Lr + ts + ti

Where,
ts = Skirt thickness = 19mm
ti = Insulation thickness = 50mm
Fbolt = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm
(Sinnott., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :Using Bolt size 70
(BS 4190:1967)
Actual width = 178 + 19 +50 = 247 mm
f^' c=441.274/247= 1.786 N/mm2
Step 7: Determine the base ring thickness, th.
The base ring thickness given by the formula:
tb=Lr(3f'c/fr)

tb=178((3(1.786))/140= )34.83mm 35mm

32

3.6 Reinforcement of Openings

3.6.1 Required Area of Reinforcement
All process vessels will have openings for connections, manways, and instrument
fittings. The presence of opening has its own drawback whereby it weakens the
shell and gives rise to stress concentrations. The stress at the edge of a hole will be
higher than the average stress in surrounding plate. Thus, in order to reduce this
stress it is important that the opening is compensated with increase of wall
thickness in the region adjacent to the opening. In other words, a reinforcement of
opening will be done towards the hole in order to cope with a sufficient stress that
countered the weakening effect of the opening withou

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