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STRESS RESULTANTS
A quick guide to understanding
the sign conventions used in the
Push Me Pull Me models
INTRODUCTION
Representing stress resultants graphically on line models is one of the
most widely used features of communicating information in structural
analysis.
Experienced structural engineers and analysts who have a deep
qualitative appreciation of the influence of the applied loads on the
line model can readily 'read through' and understand the information
represented on the stress resultant diagram.
In general though, graphical representations of stress resultants
without the use of a consistent sign convention can lead to misleading
understanding which can have serious implications in the design and
construction processes.
Since one of the objectives of Push Me Pull Me is to help students
develop an intuitive understanding of structural behaviour, it is
fundamental that Push Me Pull Me users become familiar with the
sign convention used by the tool to represent each stress resultant,
specifically bending moment, shear force and axial force.
PG. 2
V1
V2
This free body can be as big as the physical length of the whole beam.
Looking at the other side of the cut an equal and opposite shear force
is present to maintain vertical equilibrium.
V1
V2
V1
V2
V1
R1
V1 = R1
V2
P = R1+ R2
V2 = R2
R2
PG. 3
V1
V2
V1
V2
R1
R2
clockwise
V1
V2
V1
V2
anti-clockwise
PG. 4
V2
V2
V2
V1
V1
V3
V3
clockwise
R1
R2
V2
R1 = V1
R2 = V2= R4
R3 = V3
R3
R4
PG. 5
R1
R3
R2
A1
Equally, looking at the column on the right, since the reaction force is
upwards, the resultant in the column is COMPRESSIVE.
R2
R4
Tensile axial
force
A1
Compressive
axial force
R4
PG. 6
R3
R1
R2
R4
A2
A2
A2
A2
compressive
A1
A1
R1
R2
A3
tensile
compressive
R1 + R3 - P = 0
R2 - A1 = 0
R4 - A3 = 0
A3
R3
R4
PG. 7
R1
R3
R2
R4
A
1
M1
V
1
V1 - R1 = 0
A1 - R2 = 0
M1 - V1 x = 0
R1
R2
PG. 8
R3
R1
R2
M2
V2
M2
V2
V1
M1
M1
R4
V2
M3
V2
M3 V3
M4
V1
R1
M4
V3
R3
R2
R4
PG. 9