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DiversitySchemesInLTE
TheLTEsystemdesigngoalistheoptimizationforlowmobilespeedsranging
fromstationaryuserstoupto15km/hmobilespeeds.Attheselowspeeds,
eNodeB(thebasestationsinLTE)canexploitmultiuserdiversitygainsby
employingchannelsensitivescheduling.Fordownlinktransmissions,UEs
feedbackdownlinkchannelqualityinformationbacktotheeNodeB.Usinga
channelqualitysensitiveschedulersuchasproportionalfairscheduler,eNode
BcanserveaUEontimefrequencyresourceswhereitisexperiencingthe
bestconditions.Itiswellknownthatwhenmultiuserdiversitycanbe
exploited,useofotherformsofdiversitysuchastransmitdiversitydegrades
performance.Thisisbecausemultiuserdiversityreliesonlargevariationsin
channelconditionswhilethetransmitdiversitytriestoaverageoutthechannel
variations.TheLTEsystemisalsorequiredtosupportspeedsrangingfrom

15120km/hwithhighperformance.Actually,thesystemrequirementsstate
mobilitysupportupto350km/horevenupto500km/h.AthighUEspeeds,
thechannelqualityfeedbackbecomesunreliableduetofeedbackdelays.
WhenreliablechannelqualityestimatesarenotavailableateNodeB,
channelsensitiveschedulingbecomesinfeasible.Undertheseconditions,itis
desiredtoaverageoutthechannelvariationsbyallpossiblemeans.Moreover,
thechannelsensitiveschedulerhastowaitfortheright(good)channel
conditionswhenaUEcanbescheduled.Thisintroducesdelaysinpacket
transmissions.FordelaysensitivetrafficsuchasVoIPapplication,channel
sensitiveschedulingcannotbeusedundermostconditions.Inthiscase,itis
alsodesiredtoaverageoutthechannelvariationsevenforlowspeedUEs
usingadelaysensitiveservice.

SeveralsourcesofdiversitycanbeusedinanOFDMsystem.Thisincludes
delaydiversity,transmitdiversityandspatialdiversity.

Indelaydiversity,delayedreplicasofthesamesignalaretransmittedfrom
differentantennasatthebasestationinordertoachievediversity.Ifthe
channelisnottimedispersivebyitself,delaydiversityisusedtotransform
antennadiversityintofrequencydiversity.Theuseofdelaydiversityis
completelytransparenttothemobileterminal,whichonlyobservessingle
radiolinkwithsupplementaryfrequencyselectivity.Cyclicdelaydiversity
(CDD)istheeditionofgeneralizeddelaydiversity(GDD)whichisusedto
increasechannelfrequencyselectivityasseenbythereceiverinOFDM
system.Incyclicdelaydiversitycircularlydelayedcopiesoftheidenticalsetof
OFDMsymbolsontheidenticalsetofOFDMsubcarriersaretransmittedfrom

differenttransmitantennas.Inordertoattaincyclicdelay(insteadoflinear
delay)overtheFastFourierTransform(FTT)size,adelayisintroducedbefore
theCP.ThecyclicdelayisaddedbeforetheCPsothatanyvalueofdelaycan
beemployedwithoutchangingthedelayspreadofthechannel.Accumulation
ofcyclictimedelayisequivalenttoapplyingthephaseshiftinfrequency
domainbeforeOFDMmodulationwhereSjcorrespondstothecomplex
modulatedsymbolswhicharemappedonfirstantennaandphaseshifted
versionofthesamemodulatedsymbolsaremappedonsecondantenna.The
useofthesamedelaytoallsubcarriersintimedomainresultsinlinearly
increasingphaseshiftacrossthesubcarrierswithincreasingsubcarriers
frequency.Differentsubcarriersfollowdifferentspatialpathsthroughmultipath
channelwhichgivesrisediversityeffectandincreasedfrequencyselectivity.
ThegeneralprincipleofCDDfortwoantennaconfigurationcanbedepictedin
thenextfigure:

TransmitdiversitycanbeimplementedbyusingSpaceFrequencyBlock
Coding(SFBC).SFBCisafrequencydomainadaptationofrenownedSpace
timeBlockCoding(STBC)whereencodingisdoneinantenna/frequency
domainsratherthaninantenna/timedomains.STBCisalsorecognizedas
Alamouticoding.SothisSFBCismerelyappropriatetoOFDMandother
frequencydomainbasedtransmissionschemes.

TheadvantageofSFBCoverSTBCisthatinSFBCcodingisdoneacrossthe
subcarrierswithintheintervalofOFDMsymbolwhileSTBCappliescoding
acrossthenumberofOFDMsymbolsequivalenttonumberoftransmit
antennas.TheimplementationofSTBCisnotclearcutinLTEasitoperates
onthepairsofadjacentsymbolsintimedomainwhileinLTEnumberof
availableOFDMsymbolsinasubframeisoftenodd.TheoperationofSFBC
iscarriedoutonpairofcomplexvaluedmodulationsymbols.Hence,eachpair
ofmodulationsymbolsaremappeddirectlytoOFDMsubcarriersoffirst
antennawhilemappingofeachpairofsymbolstocorrespondingsubcarriers
ofsecondantennaarereverselyordered,complexconjugatedandsigned
reversed.Forappropriatereception,mobileunitshouldbenotifiedabout
SFBCtransmissionandlinearoperationhastobeappliedtothereceived
signal.ThedissimilaritybetweenCDDandSFBCliesinhowpairsofsymbols
aremappedtosecondantenna.ContrarilytoCDD,SFBCgrantsdiversityon
modulationsymbollevelwhileCDDmustrelyonchannelcodingin
combinationwithfrequencydomaininterleavingtoprovidediversityinthecase
ofOFDM.Thesymbolstransmittedfromtwotransmittedantennasonevery

pairofneighboringsubcarriersarecharacterizedasfollows:

wherexp(k)denotesthesymbolstransmittedfromantennaportponthekth
subcarrier.Thereceivedsymbolcanbeexpressedasfollows:

wherehijchannelresponseofatsymbolitransmittedfromantennaj,andn
istheadditivewhiteGaussiannoise.

Commontoallspatialprocessingtechniquesistheuseofmultipleantennasat
thetransmitter,atthereceiver,orboth,togetherwithintelligentsignal
processingandcoding.

ThenextpostwillcoverthediversitytechniquesspecifiedbytheLTE
standard.

PostedbyNataliaMolineroonSep7,20137:59AMEurope/London

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