Experiment 1

Objective: Determination the mass density and specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid.
Materials Required: Distilled water, Fluid (Engine oil), Beaker and Electronic Balance
Formula used:
Mass density: The density (also known as mass density or specific mass) of a liquid may be defined as
the mass per unit volume at a standard temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by . Its unit is
kg/m3

m
v

Specific weight ( )

: The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit volume at the standard

temperature and pressure . It is usually denoted by

= g
Specific Gravity (G): Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of the liquid to the specific
weight of a standard fluid. Standard fluid is pure water at 4 0c.

Specific Gravity=

Specific weight of liquid

specific weight of pure water

Observations:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)

Mass of empty container (m1) = gm

Mass of container + distilled water (m2) =gm
Mass of container + fluid (m3) = gm
Mass of distilled water = (m2 m1)
= gm
Mass of Fluid = m3-m1=gm
Volume of water (V1) = cc
Volume of fluid (V2) = cc

Calculation: As per formula.

Result:

kg/m 3
N/ m 3

Density of fluid =
Specific weight of fluid =
Specific gravity of fluid =

Experiment 2
Objective: Investigate the pressure acting on a submerged surface and to determine the position of centre
of pressure
Equipment Required: Tank with levelling screw, Drain valve and Spirit level, Quadrant, Balance arm,
Counter weight, Weight pan and Weights.
Formula used:
i)

Complete immersion:

F=

m g l
y
(a+ d )
3

F= force on end surface (experimental)

F= g b d y

d
2

, F= force on end surface (Theoretical)

Depth of centre of pressure = y 2

ii)

Partial immersion
Force on end surface (experimental),

Force on end surface (Theoretical),

Depth of centre of pressure =

F=

m g l
y
(a+ d )
3

1
F= g b d y 2 ( N )
2

2y
3

Observation
Table 1 Complete immersion
a=

m, b =

m, L =

m, d = m, =

kg/m3

Total mass on arm

Depth of water (y)

Actual force (F)

Theoretical force

Depths of center

m(kg)

acting on the

(F) acting on the

of pressure

wetted end

wetted end

surface(N)

surface(N)

400 gm
300 gm

Table 2 Partial immersion

a=

m, b =

m, L =

m, d = m,

kg/m3

Total mass on arm

Depth of water (y)

Actual force (F)

Theoretical force

Depths of center

m(kg)

acting on the

(F) acting on the

of pressure

wetted end

wetted end

surface(N)

surface(N)

150 gm
80 gm
3

Result: Pressure acting on a submerged surface =

Position of centre of pressure=

Experiment 3
Objective: Determination of meta centric height of a floating body.
Equipment required: Open tank, floating body, counter weight, protractor, plums, Jockey weight, scale
Theory:
Meta centre maybe defined as the point of interrelation between the axis of the floating body passing
through the point B and G and a neutral line passing through the new centre of buoyancy B 1.
Meta centric height is the distance between the centre of gravity G and the meta centre M of floating
body (i.e., GM) as - 0 is known as meta centric height.
4

Formula used: Meta centric height of a floating body is calculated as follows:

GM =

w.x
W . tan
Where,= Meta centric height
w = Jockey height(kg)
W= weight of chip (kg)
x = distance of Jockey weight from the centre (m)
= angle of tilt (degree)

Procedure :
i)
Measure the dimension of the open tank (b=380mm, l= 480 mm, H= 300 mm)
ii)
Fill clean tap water in the tank. Note the water level in the tank.
iii)
If the pass are hanging from the hook, remove them, bring the hooks to the center most
position.
iv)
Put the floating body to the tank, adjust the counter weights to that floating body remains in
original position.
v)
Let the floating body be stabilized in tank.
vi)
Note the water level in the tank, make sure that the floating body does not touch any side of
the tank when taking the reading.
vii)
Mount the pan in one of the hanger. Add are supplied weight (Jockey weights) to this pass,
move the hanger away from the center. The distance can be selected at random.
viii)
Note the readings in the observation table.

Observation:
S.
Jockey

Distance of Jockey

Water height in tank (m)

5

Angle of

No.

Weight
w( kg)

weight from the

centre (m)

With out
ship

With ship

tilt

GM =

w.x
W . tan

Result: Meta centric height of floating body =

Experiment 4
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for the flow over a 90 0 V notch.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, 900 V notch, Collection tank with Piezometer tube, Scale,
Water supply device and Stop watch.
Formula used:
A notch or weir is an obstruction placed across a free surface such that the flow takes place over it.
Notches are openings cut in metallic plate and stall in small channels. Installations of notch is exclusively
6

for the purpose of measuring the discharge of the stream. The discharge over a triangular or V- notch is
given by the following formula.
5

Qtheoritical=

2 g tan H 2
15
2

Where, h = height of flowing fluid over the notch, = angle of triangular notch

Qactual =

h1h2
A
t

Where,
h1 = Initial water level in the measuring tank
h2 = Final water level in the measuring tank
t = time required to increase the height of the water level in the tank
A = cross section canal area

C d=

Qactual
Qtheoritical

Observation: Area of tank = 1600 cm2

= ( in degree)
Sl.N
o

Measuring tank Reading

Initial level Final level
(h1) (cm)
(h2) (cm)

Time
(sec)

Water level
above the
crest (cm)

Q actual
Cm3/s

Qtheoritical

Cd

Cm3/s

Result: Coefficient of discharge ( Cd) of a triangular notch =

Experiment 5
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for the flow over a rectangular notch.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Rectangular notch, Collection tank with Piezometer tube,
Scale, Water supply device and Stop watch.
Formula Used:

A notch or weir is an obstruction placed across a surface such that flow takes place over it. Notches are
openings cut in metallic plate and stall in small channels. Installation of notches is exclusively for the
purpose of measuring the discharge of the stream. The discharge over a rectangular weir is given by the
following formula.
3

2
Qtheroritical = 2 g bh 2
3

Where, b = base or length of notch and h = height (depth of flow water over the notch)

Qactual =

h2h1
A
t

Where, h1 = Initial water level in the tank, h2 = Final water level in the tank, t = time required to increase
the height of the water level in the tank and A = cross sectional area of tank.

Qactual
C
=
d
Coefficient of Discharge ,
Qtheoritical
Observation: Area of tank = 1600 cm2
h* = depth of water flowing over the notch, cm
Sl
.No

Tank Reading
Initial level Final
(h1) (cm)
level
(h2) (cm)

Time
(sec)

Q actual
Cm3/s

Notch Reading
h*(cm) b (cm)

Result: Average coefficient of discharge (Cd) of a rectangular notch

Experiment 6
Objective: Verification of Bernoullis theorem for real fluid

Qtheoritical
Cm3/s

C d=

Qactual
Qtheoritical

Equipment used: Supply of water tank, Discharge measuring tank variable area duct with minimum area
at middle with connection to piezometer tubes at different sections.
Theory
For a perfect incompressible liquid flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of a particle remains
the same, when the particle moves from one point to another.

p V2
+ + z=constant
2g
V2
P
where, z = Position head , 2 g =velocity head , =Pressurehead
Observation
Width of duct b =

cm

Area of collecting tank A = 1600 cm2

Table 1 : For measurement of flow rate
Sl no.

Initial level
(h1) (cm)

Final level
(h2) (cm)

Time
(sec)

Table 2 : Measurement for verification for Bernoulis theorem

9

Q=

h1h2
A
t

Piezometer No.
Distance from
inlet
Section (cm)
Area of cross
section (a)

( Qa )
Q
V =( )
a
V 1=

( Qa )

V 1=

Velocity
head

V 1 /2 g
V 22 /2 g
2

V 3 /2 g
P1 /

Pressure
head

P2 /
P3 /

Z=0
Total
head

1
2
3

Result: Total head is presented in Table 1.

10

Experiment 7
Objective: Determination of coefficient of discharge for a horizontal Venturimeter.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Horizontal Venturimeter
Formula used: Venturimeter is a device used for measuring rate of flow in a pipeline.
Its theoretical analysis is based on i) Bernoullis equation and ii) Continuity equation.

C d=

Qactual
Qtheoritical
A
( h h1
t )

Qactual =

Q theoritical=

2 gH ( a1 a2 )

a a
2
1

2
2

H=x (G2G 1 )
Here, G1 = specific gravity of water and G2 = specific gravity of mercury

H=x [ 13.61 ]
= 12.6 x cm of water
2

Where, A = area of measuring tank (1600 cm ), H= pressure head between two points of manometer,
x = Difference in the height of two limbs of manometer, a 1 = area of inlet pipe, cm2 and
a2 = area of outlet pipe, cm2
Observation:
Sl.N
o
(h1)
(cm)

Tank Reading
Time
(h2)
(sec)
(cm)

x
(cm)

H= 12.6

11

Q actual
Cm3/s

Qtheoritical
Cm3/s

C d=

Qactual
Qtheoritical

Result : Coefficient of discharge for a horizontal Venturimeter ( C d

)=

Experiment 8
Objective : Determination of hydraulic coefficient Cv, Cd and Cc for an orifice.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Orifice setup etc.
Formula Used :
An orifice is an opening usually round shape. It may be used for measuring the discharge
Coefficient of Viscosity (C v ) =
where,

x
4 gh

x = Horizontal coordinates incoming zet , y = Vertical coordinates of incoming zet and

H = Head over orifice.

Qactual
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Q
theoritical
Qtheoritical=a 2 gh
Where, A = cross section area of orifice.

A
( h h1
t )

Qactual =

Where, h1 = Initial height , h2 = Final height,

t = Time , A = cross section area of measuring tank.

Cd

Coefficient of contraction (Cc ) = C

v
Observation :
Sl.N
o

Measuring tank Reading

Time
(h1)
(h2)
(sec)
(cm)
(cm)

Head
(H)

12

Q actual
Cm3/s

Qtheoritical
Cm3/s

Cd

C v Cc =
Cd
Cv

Result : Hydraulic coefficient Cv, Cd and Cc of small orifice =

Experiment 9
Objective: Determination of coefficient of pitot tube.
Equipment Required: Tilting flume channel, Differential Manometer, Pitot tube
Theory: The pitot tube is an open L shaped tube useful for measuring velocity of flow in open channel
as well as in pipes. The equation for velocity is obtained using Bernoullis theorem.

p V2
+ + z=constant
2g

V2
P
where, z = Position head , 2 g =velocity head , =Pressure head

p1 V
p2
+ +z= +z
2g

V2
2g

p2

V= 2gh
Where v= Theoretical velocity of

pitot tube

Q theoretical using pitot tube = V x A

Where A= cross sectional area of the water flow in open flume

13

p1

=h

Q actual discharge rate of water flow in in open flume =

Qactual

Coefficient of pitot tube ( c) = Q

theoritical

Observation:
1. Pressure head of pitot tube ( h)=
2. Depth of water flow in flume=
3. Width of flume=
4. Actual discharge rate of open flume=
Calculation; For Q Theoretical and Q actual
Result

Coefficient of pitot tube =

Experiment 10
Objective: Find out the values of Reynolds number for different types of flow using dye.
Equipment Required: Reynolds apparatus, measuring cylinder or jar and Stop watch
Theory:
Fluid flow may be classified as
i)

Laminar flow
In the laminar flow, the individual fluid particles flow paths are parallel i.e., they retain
the same relative positions at successive cross section. Flow of this nature is associated
with low velocities, small boundaries and high viscosity.

ii)

Turbulent Flow
In the turbulent flow, the individual particles have secondary irregular motions super
imposed on the principal or average direction of motion and through mixing of the fluid
takes place.
Flow of this motion is associated with high velocities, large boundaries and low
viscosity.
Sir Reynolds (1883) performed a series of test using a dye injection technique to
observe the nature of flow as the velocity in the pipe was increased.
At low velocities, the dye line remained a slender thread extending the fuel;
length of the pipe. The fluid appeared to move in layers or laminar and hence the pipe of
flow is termed as laminar. At a certain velocity, Reynolds observed instabilities in the
dye line. This velocity is called Critical Velocity.
As the velocity was increased, these instabilities increase in intensity. Any further
increase in velocity increases the diffusion. This type of flow was termed Turbulent.
Critical Velocity: - when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent.
Reynolds Number

14

Re =

vd
u

vd vd
u
= ,=
u

=kinematic viscosity
Where,

=velocity of flow , d = diameter of pipe

Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.

i)
When inertia force dominant, the flow is turbulent
ii)
When viscous force dominant, the flow is laminar.
For Pipe flow

Re < 2000=Laminar

2000<Re <4000=Transition
4000< R e =Turbulent

Procedure:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Prepare dye solution

Sheet off the outlet valve and pour water into the water tank
Pour the dye solution into dye jar
Now gradually open the outlet valve
Observe the flow from the water tank, dye from the dye vessel also starts flowing
If the dye seen as a thin continuous, the flow is laminar, if it is not, reduce the flow using the

vii)
viii)

outlet valve till we obtain a thin continuous line.

We measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and stop watch
Repeat above steps after increasing the flow rate. A stage will come when we increase the
flow we will observe that the thin straight line of dye starts getting disturbed and finally the

ix)
x)
xi)

dye starts losing distinct identity.

Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder or stop watch.
When it states getting disturbed, it is transition phase- higher critical velocity.
Increase the flow rate and observe the line. Line totally gets totally disturbed and dye mixed

xii)

with water. This is the state of turbulence.

Then we measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and stopwatch (v, t).

Observation:

15

Diameter of tube(d) =

m
m2

Cross- Sectional area of tube =

Kinematic Viscosity ( ) =
Sl.N
o

Volume of fluid(v)

collected in jar(m )

m2/s
Typevd
of

Velocity (v) =

Re =

flow u

(sec)

volume (m3 )
areaof tube time
1
2
3
Result :

Experiment 11
Objective: Determination of coefficient of friction of pipe.
Equipment Required: Hydraulic bench, Differential manometer, Set of pipes.
Theory and Formula Used:
It has been observed experimentally that in long stream and a uniform diameter pipe head loss (H f) due to
friction between two section of the pipe is directly proportional to the velocity head and distance between
two section and inversely proportional to the pipe diameter. i.e.,

Hf

V2
2g

L
1/D
2

So,

Hf

V L
2g D

16

Hf f

V L
2g D

Where f is the coefficient of friction

f=

H f 2 g D
2

V L
Also,

H f =x [ G HgGwater ]
H f =x [ 13.61 ] = 12.6

Where,

x=

Difference in monomeric height of two limbs of manometer, cm

Area of tank = 1600 cm2

Observation:

Sl.N
o

Diameter of pipe =

cm

Length of the pipe =

cm

Measuring tank Reading

Initial
Final
Time
level
level
(sec)
(h1) (cm)
(h2) (cm)

Q=
(h2h1)/t)A

V=
Q/(/4 d2 )
( cm3/s)

x=
Monomeri
c
difference
(cm)

Hf

(cm)

Result: Coefficient of Friction of Pipe =

Experiment 12
Objective: Determination of coefficient K in pipes due to (a) sudden enlargement (b) sudden contraction,
and (c) small bend
Equipment Required: A pipe of known diameter, 900 bend attach to the pipe and pipe of bigger
diameter attached to one pipe, a gate wall of 12 cm diameter, Inlet and cut valves fitted to the pipe and
Large measuring tank
Formula used:
a) Sudden expansion
17

K exp (V 1V 2 )2
H=
2g
where, V1 = velocity of small pipe having diameter 1.91cm
V2 = velocity of large pipe having diameter 2.5 cm
b) Sudden Contraction

V 21
H=K con
2g
where, V1 = velocity of small pipe having diameter 1.91cm
V2= velocity of large pipe having diameter 2.5 cm
H = head difference in manometer
= x [ G HgG water ]
c) Small bend

H=K s

V 21
2g

where, V1 = velocity of small pipe having diameter 1.91cm

H=x (G HgGwater )
x = Difference in the height of two limbs of manometer

Observation:
Table 1 : For Sudden Enlargement
Sl.N
o

(h1)
(cm
)

(h2)
(cm
)

Time
(sec)

Q=

Q
Q x H=
h2h1
V 2=
A V 1=

t
(d 1)2
(d 2)2 12.6
4
4
x

18

K exp=

H 2 g
(V 1V 2)2

Table 2. For Sudden Contraction

Sl.N
o

(h1)
(cm
)

(h2)
(cm
)

Tim
e
(sec)

Q=

h2h1
A
t

V 1=

2
(d )
4 1

x H=
12.6

K exp=

H 2 g
(V 1)2

Table 3. For Small bend (900 bend)

Sl.N
o

(h1)
(cm
)

(h2)
(cm
)

Time
(sec)

Q=
Cm3/s

( h ht ) A
2

V 1=

x
Q

2
( d ) cm
4 1

H= 12.6

x cm

K exp=

Cm/s

Result: Coefficient K due to Sudden enlargement = Sudden contraction and Sudden bend=

19

H 2 g
(V 1)2