Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
Prof. J O Dada
V S V R
x 100
VR
VR, IR and cosR are phase values of receivingend voltage, current and power factor, while
VS, IS and cosS are phase values of sendingend voltage, current and power factor
Prof. J O Dada
X
C
VS
VR
Load
IX
VS
IR
VR
O
VR sinR
S R
VRcosR
Phasor Diagram
Prof. J O Dada
IX
VS
A
IR
VR
VR sinR
S R
E
D
Power delivered=V R I R cos R
VRcosR
2
Phasor Diagram
Line losses=I R
Power input =V R I R cos R + I 2 R
Power delivered
%Transmission Efficiency=
Power Input
V R I R cos R
%Transmission Efficiency=
V R I R cos R +I 2 R
V S V R
V R + IR cos R +IX sin R V R
%Voltage Regulation=
x 100
x 100
Prof. J O Dada
VR
VR
VR
VS
Load
VS
VR=V R + j 0
VR
Z =R+ jX
VS =VR + I Z
VS =(V R + j 0)+I (cos R jsin R )( R+ jX )
VS =(V R +IR cos R +IX sin R )+ j (IX cos R IR sin R )
V S = (V R + IR cos R + IX sin R ) +(IX cos R IR sin R )
Neglecting second term
V S =V R + IR cos R + IX sin R
2
Prof. J O Dada
IZ
A
IX
IR
B
Examples
Example 2.1
Example 2.2
IS
R/2
X/2
X/2
IR
VS
V1
Load
IC
VR
V1
IS
IR
IC
Phasor Diagram
VR
IRR/2
C
ISR/2
O
R
VS
IRX/2
B
Prof. J O Dada
ISX/2
D
R/2
R/2
X/2
X/2
IR
VS
VR=V R + j 0
IR =I R (cos R jsin R )
V 1 =V R + I R
2
V1
VR
Load
IC
R
X
V 1 =V R + I R (cos R jsin R )( + j )
2
2
IC = j C V1 = j 2 f C V1
IS = IR + IC
Z
R
X
VS =V1 + IS =V1 + IS ( + j )
2
2
2
Prof. J O Dada
Examples
Example 2.3
Quiz
Prof. J O Dada
IS
IR
IC2
VS
C/2
Load
IC1
VR
C/2
VS
IZ
IS
I
IR
VR
IR
IC2
IC1
Phasor Diagram
Prof. J O Dada
IX
IS
IR
IC2
VS
C/2
C/2
VR=V R + j 0
IR =I R (cos R jsin R )
C
IC 1 = j VR = j f C VR
2
I = IR + IC 1
VR
Load
IC1
VR + I (R+ jX )
VS =VR + IZ=
C
I C 2 = j V S = j f C VS
2
IS =I + IC 2
Prof. J O Dada
Examples
Example 2.4
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VS
zdx
V + dV
ydx
dx
dx = infinitely small length of the line at a
distance x from the receiving end
V = voltage per phase at the end of
element towards receiving end
V + dV = voltage per phase at the end of
element towards sending end
IR
VR
Load
I + dI
x
l
Prof. J O Dada
Prof. J O Dada
1
x 1
x
V = [V R +I R Z C ]e + [V R I R Z C ]e
2
2
1 VR
1 VR
x
x
I=
+I R e
I R e
2 ZC
2 ZC
[( ) ] [( ) ]
Prof. J O Dada
3
2
(Y Z)
sinh YZ= YZ+
+......
6
For heavy copper conductor and well insulated line, the resistance, R and leakage
conductance G can be neglected
Z C=
Overhead line
Underground cables
Z
R+ jX
jX
L
=
=
=Z 0 =
Y
G+ jB
jB
C
Z 0 = Z OC Z SC
Z OC =open circuit impedance
Z SC =short circuit impedance
Prof. J O Dada
It determines the torque angle between VS and VR and hence system stability
Example 2.5
Using long line model, calculate the sending end voltage and
current when the line is delivering a load of 20 MW at 0.8 pf.
Lagging. The receiving end voltage is kept constant at 110 kV
Prof. J O Dada
IR
ABDC
VR
V S = AV R +BI R
I S =CV R + DI R
A=D
AD - BC = 1
Prof. J O Dada
IRZ
Short lines
I S =I R +YV R +Y
V S = AV R +BI R
2
V S =V R + I R Z
I S =CV R + DI R
YZ
I
=YV
+
I
1+
I S =I R
S
R
R
2
IRY IS Y
A=1, B=Z , C=0, D=1
V S =V R +
+
2
2
A=D
Substitute the value of I S
ADBC=1 x 1Z x 0=1
Z
V S =V 1 + I S
2
Z
V 1 =V R + I R
2
IR Z
I C =I S I R =V 1 Y =Y V R +
2
) (
YZ
YZ
V S = 1+
V R+ Z +
IR
2
4
Comparing with generalised equations
YZ
YZ
A=D= 1+
; B=Z 1+
;C=Y
2
4
) (
YZ
YZ
ADBC= 1+
Z 1+
Y =1
2
4
Prof. J O Dada
Assignment
Example 2. 6
Long line
V S=V R cosh YZ +I R
I S =V R
Z
sinh YZ
Y
Y
sinh YZ +I R cosh YZ
Z
A=D=cosh YZ
Z
B=
sinh YZ
Y
Y
C=
sinh YZ
Z
Prof. J O Dada
V S = AV R +BI R
I S =CV R + DI R
References