Overview of Optical Fiber Communication

Chapter 1
Overview of Optical Fiber

Communication
Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Annasaheb Dange college of Engineering
and Technology,Ashta
A bundle of optical fibers

1)An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible,

transparent fiber made of high quality
extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly
thicker than a human hair.

2) It can function as a waveguide, or light

pipe, to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiber. The field of applied
science and engineering concerned with the
design and application of optical fibers is
known as fiber optics.

3) Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic

communications, which permits transmission
over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than other
forms of communication.

4)Fibers are used instead of metal wires because

signals travel along them with less loss and are
also immune to electromagnetic interference.

5) Fibers are also used for illumination, and are

wrapped in bundles so that they may be used
to carry images, thus allowing viewing in
confined spaces.

6)Specially designed fibers are used for a variety

of other applications, including
sensors and fiber lasers

7)Optical
fibers
typically
include
a transparent core surrounded by a
transparent cladding material with a
lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the
core by total internal reflection. This causes
the fiber to act as a waveguide.

8) Fibers that support many propagation paths

or transverse modes are called multi-mode
fibers (MMF), while those that only support a
single mode are called single-mode
fibers (SMF).

10
9) Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core

diameter, and are used for short-distance
communication links and for applications
where high power must be transmitted.

11
10) Single-mode fibers are used for most

communication links longer than 1,050 meters
(3,440 ft).

12
11) Joining lengths of optical fiber is more

complex than joining electrical wire or cable.
The ends of the fibers must be
carefully cleaved, and then spliced together,
either mechanically or by fusing them with
heat. Special optical fiber connectors for
removable connections are also available.

13
HISTORY
1)Fiber optics, though used extensively in the
modern world, is a fairly simple, and relatively
old, technology. Guiding of light by refraction,
the principle that makes fiber optics possible,
was
first
demonstrated
by
Daniel
Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the
early 1840s.

14
Demonstration of this "light fountain"

Author: Jean-Daniel Colladon (1802-1893). Source: This
illustration appears in "La Nature" magazine in 1884 and it
is reproduced in modern-day accounts of the history of
fiber optics including Jeff Hecht's book Story of Fiber
Optics and i-fiberoptics.com. Collodon first described the
system in an article in "Comptes Rendus" 1842, and
described it again in 1884 in "La Nature". In the above
illustration, water comes out of a short spout on the
watertank and then falls through open air, as in a fountain.
The device on the illustration's lefthand side produces light
and directs a beam of light into the watertank. The
demonstration of this "light fountain" needs to be done in a
darkened room to see the effect.
15
Demonstration of this "light fountain"

16
Refractive index
In optics the refractive index or index of
refraction n of a substance (optical medium) is
a dimensionless number that describes
how light, or any other radiation, propagates
through that medium. It is defined as

17
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the
substance. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that
light travels 1.33 times as fast in vacuum as it does in water.

18
The larger the angle to the normal, the smaller is the fraction of
light transmitted, until the angle at which total internal reflection
(blue line) occurs.

19
Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that
happens when a propagating wave strikes a
medium boundary at an angle larger than a
particular critical angle with respect to
the normal to the surface.

20
If the refractive index is lower on the other

side of the boundary and the incident angle is
greater than the critical angle, the wave
cannot pass through and is entirely reflected.

21
The critical angle is the angle of

incidence above which the total internal
reflectance occurs. This is particularly
common as an optical phenomenon, where
light waves are involved, but it occurs with
many types of waves, such as electromagnetic
waves in general or sound waves.

22
When a wave crosses a boundary between

materials with different kinds of refractive
indices, the wave will be partially refracted at
the boundary surface, and partially reflected.

23
However, if the angle of incidence is greater (i.e. the

direction of propagation or ray is closer to being
parallel to the boundary) than the critical angle the
angle of incidence at which light is refracted such that
it travels along the boundary then the wave will not
cross the boundary and instead be totally reflected
back internally. This can only occur where the wave
travels from a medium with a higher [n1=higher
refractive index] to one with a lower refractive index
[n2=lower refractive index]. For example, it will occur
with light when passing from glass to air, but not when
passing from air to glass.
24
Total internal reflection of light can be

demonstrated using a semi-circular block of
glass or plastic. A "ray box" shines a narrow
beam of light (a "ray") onto the glass.

25
Total internal reflection

26
If < c, the ray will split. Some of the ray will

reflect off the boundary, and some will refract
as it passes through. This is not total internal
reflection.
If > c, the entire ray reflects from the
boundary. None passes through. This is called
total internal reflection.

27
Optical reflection: critical angle and

total internal reflection.

28
Total internal reflection is the operating principle

of optical fibers, which are used
in endoscopes and telecommunications.

29
Total Internal reflection

30
Fiber optic communication

Definition:It is a study of propagation of light through a
transparent dielectric waveguide.
This type of communication is used to
communicate point to point .
It is mostly used in terrestrial hard wired system.
Bandwidth and information capacity depends on
carrier frequency.
31
Need of optical fiber communication

1)In Long distance transmission system there is low
loss transmission medium.
2)There is need compact and low weight
transmitter and receiver.
3)There is need of increased speed of transmission.
4)There is need to increase bit rate distance
transmission.
Optical fiber fulfill the above need so it has widely
accepted.
32
Advantages
1)Wider bandwidth:Information carrying capability is high
2)Low losses :Less attenuation and hence low losses, 1db/km
3)No crosstalk:No electric conductor, hence no magnetic field
produce and hence magnetic induction does
not happen.
33
Advantages
4)Interference immunity:Lightning , electric motor, fluorescent lights
5)Light weight:It has light weight than copper and aluminum cable
and cheaper to transport
6)Smaller size:-It is smaller in size so it require less
storage space.
7)More strength:- It is more strong and rugged and
support more wieght
34
Advantages
8)Secure data transmission:-does not radiate signal
and no ground loop exit.
9)Long distance transmission:10)Environmental immunity:-temperature
variations , corrosive gases , liquid
11)Safe and easy installation:-no shock hazard
because of no electric current and voltage , small
size, light weight,
12)Less cost :- it has less cost than copper and
aluminum
35
Disadvantages
1)High initial cost:-initial cost of installation and
setting cost is high
2)Maintenance and repairing :-It is not difficult
but expensive.
3)Joining and test procedure:-Optical fiber is
small in size so joining procedure is costly and
required skilled man power.

36

1)Fiber-optic communication is a method of
transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through
anoptical fiber.
2)The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information.
First developed in the 1970s, fiberoptic communication systems
37

3)Because of its advantages over electrical
transmission, optical fibers have largely
replaced copper wire communications in core
networks in the developed world.

38
Basic steps for fiber optic

communication
The process of communicating using fiber-optics
involves the following basic steps: Creating the
optical signal involving the use of a
transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber,
ensuring that the signal does not become too
distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal,
and converting it into an electrical signal.

39
Basic Network information rates

The period of 1990 demand on communication
networks for services such as home shopping,
video on demand ,remote education,
telemedicine and video conferencing .
The demand for high bandwidth services home
based pcs to large businesses and research
organization, telecommunication companies
world wide using light ways travelling in
optical as dominant transmission system .
40
The optical transmission system consist of hair thin

glass that guide the light signal over longer
distances.
N independent information stream which running
at R bps, are interleaved electrically on single
information stream operate at high rate of N X R
bps.
Applications of fiber optic system largely in
trunking of telephone lines. Digital links consist
of Time division multiplexed channels.
41
With high capacity fiber transmission lines In the

year of 1980 establish standard signal format
called as SONET(Synchronous optical
Network) and SDH on other parts of the
world.

42
SONET :1)First level of signal hierarchy of SONET is called

as STS-1 which has bit rate 55.84mbps
STS-N = N x STS-1
STS N can be obtained by synchronously
multiplexed N with STS -1
43
STS-24=OC-24
STS-24 =24 X STS-1
STS -24=24 X 55.84mbps
STS -24=1244.16mbps
STS-24 can be obtained by synchronously
multiplexed by 24 with line rate of first level of
Digital signal hierarchy.
44
Fiber optics for telephone trunking lies an

enormous world of both analog and digital
applications. For example by putting
information in an asynchronous transfer
mode(ATM).

45
Basic Network information rates

46
Example of information rates for

standard data services

47
Digital multiplexing used in north

america,Europe,Japan

48
Commonly used SONET,SDH

transmission rates

49
Optical communication network

Applications:1)SONET- synchronous optical network
High capacity fiber optic transmission line in the
1980s ,service providers established a
standard signal format called synchronous
optical network in the north America.

50
SONET-synchronous optical network ,

Fundamental building block and first level of
SONET is STS-1 which has a bit rate of
51.84mbps.
OC-N has data rate exactly N times of STS-1 OR
OC-1 signal.

51
High rate information stream is obtained by

synchronously multiplexing N times STS-1
STS-1 is a fundamental building block or first
level of SONET , WHI
OC-N=N X OC-1
OC-3=3 X 51.84MBPS
OC-3=155.52MBPS
52
SDH-synchronous digital hierarchy used in other

part of the world .Fundamental building block
is 155.52mbps synchronous transport module
level-1 (STM-1).

53
Higher rate of information stream has generated

by synchronous multiplexing N different STM1 signals to form the STM-N signal.
STM-N=N X STM-1
STM-1=155.52MBPS
STM-4 = 4 X STM-1
STM-4 = 4 X 155.52
STM-4=622.08MBPS
54
ATM(Asynchronous transfer mode):It is possible to transmit simultaneously both

narrowband and broadband communication
services
such
as
telephony,
video
broadcasting, Video Conferencing , video
entertainment, digital image.

55
Video Conferencing

56
ISDN(Integrated service digital networks):The concept Fiber optic used for ISDN.The ISDN
schemes the ability of digital communication
network to handle voice (telephone) ,
facsimile,videotext,telemetry and broadcas
ting audio video services.

57
Videotex (or "interactive videotex") was one

of the earliest implementations of an end-user
information system. From the late 1970s to
mid-1980s, it was used to deliver information
(usually pages of text) to a user in computerlike format, typically to be displayed on a
television.

58
Videotext services:Videotex is any system that provides interactive

content and displays it on a television,
typically using modems to send data in both
directions.

59
Facsimile
Facsimile is an equipment and technology for
transmitting documents.

60
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes

called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic
transmission of scanned printed material (both
text and images), normally to a telephone
number connected to a printer or other output
device. The original document is scanned with
a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes
the contents (text or images) as a single fixed
graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and
then transmitting it through the telephone
system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the
coded image, printing a paper copy
61
Videotext
Minitel was perhaps the most successful videotext service worldwide. This
Minitel 1 terminal was an early device used for connecting to Minitel.
62
Telemetry
Telemetry is the highly automated
communications
process
by
which
measurements are made and other data
collected at remote or inaccessible points and
transmitted to receiving equipment for
monitoring. The word is derived from tele =
remote, and metron = measure. Systems that
need external instructions and data to operate
require the counterpart of telemetry,
63
Telemetry

64
Evolutions of optical fiber

communication
The bit rate distance product BL,
Where B-Transmission bit rate
L-Repeater spacing measure the transmission capacity of
optical fiber link
Inception of optical fiber in 1974 , transmission capacity
increases 10 folds after every four year
1)850nm optical fiber:- It has carried out in 1977
GAAS laser source
Si-Photodiode
Bit rate-40-140mbps
Repeater spacing-1km
Applications intercity applications
65

communication
2)1310nm optical fiber-In the year of 1984 with
single multimode with larger bandwidth
Bit rate 2.5Gbps
Repeater spacing-40km
Applications:Multimode and single mode fiber for LAN
applications with 10-100mbps over distance
ranging from 500m to tens of kilometer.
66
1310nm optical fiber

67

communication
3)1550nm optical fiber:In the year of 1996 advances in high quality lasers
and receivers allowed single wavelength
transmission rates of around 10Gbps(OC-192)
Bit rate-2.5Gbps
Repeater spacing 90km
Applications :1)High capacity long span terrestrial and undersea
transmission link
68

communication
In the year of 1989 , optical amplifier gave the
major boost to fiber transmission capacity.
1)GaAlAs Based power amplifier
2)EDFAs-erabium-doped fiber amplifier
operating at 1500nm
3)PDFAs-Praseodymium doped fiber amplifier
operating at 1300nm
69
Wavelength division multiplexer

Def-The technology of combining number of
wavelength on the same fiber known as
wavelength division multiplexing.
N independent information streams transmitted
with N different wavelength are combined
with optical multiplexer and sent over same
optical fiber.WDM is similar to FDM
techniques.
70
Wavelength division multiplexer

WDM boost fiber transmission capacity.
Multiple source operating at slightly different
wavelengths to transmit several independent
information streams over same optical fiber.

71
WDM System

72
Need of WDM
The boosting of transmission capacity of optical
fiber.

73
WDM

74
Wavelength division multiplexing

75
Researcher started looking at WDM in 1974.

The optical transmission link between Germany
to Singapore, connecting more than dozens of
countries in between :-SEA-ME-WE
SEA-Southeast Asia
ME-Middle East
WE-Western Europe
76
Optical Amplifier

77

78
Block diagram of Optical

communication system

79
Block diagram of optical

communication system

80
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting

information from one place to another by sending
pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms
a wave that is modulated to carry information. First
developed in the 1970s, fiber optic communication
systems have revolutionized the telecommunications
industry and have played a major role in the advent of
the Information Age. Because of its advantages over
electrical transmission (smaller, lighter, longer
distances, immune to EMI,etc.), optical fibers have
largely replaced copper wire communications in core
networks in the developed world.
81
The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices

such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes and VCSELS (vertical
cavity surface emitting lasers). The difference between LEDs and laser
diodes is that LEDs produce incoherent light, while laser diodes produce
coherent light. For use in optical communications, semiconductor optical
transmitters must be designed to be compact, efficient, and reliable, while
operating in an optimal wavelength range and directly modulated at high
frequencies.
The main component of an optical receiver is a photodetector, which
converts light (the optical signal) into an electrical signal. The
photodetector is typically a semiconductor-based photodiode. Several
types of photodiodes include p-n photodiodes, a p-i-n photodiodes, and
avalanche photodiodes. Metal -emiconductor-metal (MSM)
photodetectors are also used due to their suitability for circuit integration
in regenerators and wavelength-division multiplexers (WDM).

82
Finally, between the transmitter and the receiver, there is the optical fiber. An optical fiber consists
of a core, cladding, and a protective outer coating where the cladding guides the light along the
core by using the method of total internal reflection. The core and the cladding (which has a lower
refractive-index) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of
plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and
requires special equipment and training due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber
cores.
Two main types of optical fiber used in optical communications include multimode and single mode
fiber. A multimode optical fiber has a larger core (most common are 50 and 62.5 micron diameter),
allowing less precise and less costly transmitters and receivers to connect to it. Multimode fiber has
higher loss than single mode and this often limits the lengthof the link. Although newer fibers like
OM3 and OM4 have higher bandwidth than previous multimode fibers, they are still limited in
comparison to the bandwidth advantages of single mode fiber. The core of a single-mode fiber is
smaller (approx.. 8 microns) and requires more expensive components and interconnection
methods, but allows much longer, higher-performance links.
In order to package fiber into a commercially viable product, it can be coated with various materials
(depending on the application), put into a cable with any combination of strength members and
added jacketing materials. It can then be installed - in the ground, in conduit or strung aerially and
then run into abuilding and deployed in a manner similar to copper cables. It can then be
terminated with optical fiber connectors for mating to equipment or installed and spliced into a
network.
83

84

85

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Chapter 1

Overview of Optical Fiber

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

A bundle of optical fibers

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

1)An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible,

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

2) It can function as a waveguide, or light

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

3) Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

4)Fibers are used instead of metal wires because

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

5) Fibers are also used for illumination, and are

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

6)Specially designed fibers are used for a variety

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

8) Fibers that support many propagation paths

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

9) Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

10) Single-mode fibers are used for most

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

11) Joining lengths of optical fiber is more

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Demonstration of this "light fountain"

Demonstration of this "light fountain"

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Total internal reflection

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

If the refractive index is lower on the other

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

The critical angle is the angle of

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

When a wave crosses a boundary between

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

However, if the angle of incidence is greater (i.e. the

Total internal reflection of light can be

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Total internal reflection

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

If < c, the ray will split. Some of the ray will

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Optical reflection: critical angle and

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Total internal reflection is the operating principle

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Total Internal reflection

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Fiber optic communication

Need of optical fiber communication

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Fiber optic communication

Fiber optic communication

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Basic steps for fiber optic

Asst Prof.Sachin S. Patil

Basic Network information rates

The optical transmission system consist of hair thin