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LivingPatternsandthePrincipleof
Concavity
In the next installment of this series by Nikos A. Salingaros, we see
how the shape of our spaces, both public and private, can help
reduce anxiety.
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Interior of theCafLandtmannin Vienna, a favorite hangout of both Gustav Mahler and Sigmund Freud, a wonderful
space for creative conversations.
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The humanity and consequently the frequency of use of urban space depend upon the users experience of
organized complexity on the surrounding faades
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