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3 KPIs in CDMA2000 1X Daily Performance Monitoring

KPIs in CDMA2000 1X Daily Performance

Monitoring

About This Chapter

In CDMA2000 1X daily performance monitoring, KPIs cover three aspects, namely, the service
quality, traffic, and resource usage.
3.1 CDMA2000 1X Service Quality KPIs
This describes the CDMA2000 1X service quality KPIs.
3.2 CDMA2000 1X Traffic Performance KPIs
This describes the CDMA2000 1X Traffic Performance KPIs.
3.3 CDMA2000 1X Resource Usage KPIs
This describes the CDMA2000 1X resource usage KPIs.

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3.1 CDMA2000 1X Service Quality KPIs

This describes the CDMA2000 1X service quality KPIs.
3.1.1 Call Setup Success Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item Call Setup Success Ratio.
3.1.2 Paging Success Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item Paging Success Ratio.
3.1.3 Call Drop Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item Call Drop Ratio.
3.1.4 TCH Congestion Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item TCH Congestion Ratio.
3.1.5 Soft HO Success Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item Soft HO Success Ratio.
3.1.6 Hard HO Success Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item Hard HO Success Ratio.
3.1.7 Location Update Registration Success Ratio
This describes the performance measurement item about Location Update Registration Success
Ratio.
3.1.8 Reverse FER
This describes the performance measurement item Reverse FER.

3.1.1 Call Setup Success Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item Call Setup Success Ratio.

Formula
Call Setup Success Ratio = (Successful call setups/Call attempts) x 100%

Meaning
This specification reflects the successful TCH assignment of the CDMA wireless system. The
situations include the call setup of, callers, callees, voice services, and data services. The short
message and handoff are excluded.

Explanation
If the wireless link failure happens before the MS sends the Assignment Complete message, the
call setup fails. Call setup failure ratio is a key specification in measuring the network
performance. The network optimization is to locate the failure causes and reduce the call setup
failure ratio.
If the call fails to be set up, a step in the signaling procedure fails to be executed. From the BSC,
the call setup signaling has the following key points:
l

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The BSC receives Origination Message.

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The BSC receives Assignment Request.

The BSC sends Extended Channel Assignment Message.

The BSC captures the reverse Traffic Channel Preamble frame.

The BSC receives Service Connect Complete.

The BSC receiving Origination Message is a calling attempt. The failure of the following
procedure points leads to the failure of the call setup. The causes of the failure in different
procedure points are different.
l

The most likely reason why the BSC does not receive the Assignment Request message is
that the MSC rejects the call.

The most likely reason why the BSC does not send the Extended Channel Assignment
Message is that the BSC fails in allocating call resources.

The most likely reason why the BSC does not capture the reverse Traffic Channel Preamble
frame or does not receive the Service Connect Complete message is that the quality of the
radio link is poor.

In the call setup procedure, users may actively terminate the call. This situation does not belong
to the call setup failure. If the failure points are measured, you can take the related optimization
measures.

Solution
l

If the A interface fails, check the A interface link and alarms and adjust the
CCM_T_WT_ASSG_REQ timer. You can also analyze the failure causes of the CHR to
check whether other abnormalities exist.

If the calling resource assignment fails a lot, it is possibly because that the terrestrial link
congestion or internal software and hardware problems of the equipment. If the
transmission link capacity is properly planned, you can check the transmission link
congestion through the link fault alarms. Obtain the detailed release reasons from the CHR
and further locate the problem from the equipment.

Failed to capture the reverse service preamble and TCH signaling are the causes of the call
failure. The failure may be caused by poor forward and reverse signaling or timeout of the
BTS timer. The detailed causes include unreasonable network structure, unreasonable
setting of the power control parameters, unreasonable setting of the access parameters,
interference, unreasonable setting of the message resend times, and handoff conflict.

For details, see 5.1.1 Call Setup Performance Stat.

3.1.2 Paging Success Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item Paging Success Ratio.

Formula
Paging Success Ratio = ([Paging Responses[Times]]/[Paging Requests[Times]])100%
The paging success ratio consists of the paging success ratios both at the BSC side and the MSC
side. Since the times of BSC paging requests include the MSC resending times, the BSC paging
success ratios is low. Therefore, take the paging success ratio measured at the MSC side as the
measurement specification.
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Meaning
This specification reflects the paging performance of the CDMA wireless system. The paging
performance includes the paging success conditions of the callee, voice service, and data service.

Explanation
The paging success ration is normally measured at the MSC side. The analysis method is similar
to that of the call setup success ratio. The following factors affect the paging success ratio:
l

Wireless coverage: Because the paging success ratio is a key specification to reflect the
network coverage, the network must be fully covered by the wireless.

Cooperation of the MSC paging parameters: The following network configuration

parameters are related to the paging: MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX,
CCM_T_WT_PG_RSPT3113 that the MSC waits the Paging Response Msg from the BSC

Unreasonable division of the registration area and the LAC area: For example, the plans of
the registration area and LAC area are inconsistent. The border of the LAC is planned to
the area where the traffic is heavy.

Congestion exists in the paging channel, which leads to the loss of the paging message.

Solution
When the paging success ratio decreases, check the factors listed in the explanation one by one.
For details, see 5.1.2 Performance Stat of Paging.

3.1.3 Call Drop Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item Call Drop Ratio.

Formula
Call drop ratio = [Number of call drops (forward and reverse channel)/Call setup success times]
x 100%

Meaning
Call drop is the abnormal release during the call hold, including the voice and data services.

Explanation
This specification reflects the wireless environment and system quality of the CDMA. A certain
ratio of call drop is normal in the wireless network. Some cells which have high call drop ratio,
however, need to be optimized. In the CDMA system, the call drop is caused by the following
causes:

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Forward signal coverage is inadequate.

The quality of the reverse link is poor and therefore the reverse FER is high.

Handoffs fail because of improper handoff parameters.

The neighboring cell is, by mistake, not configured. The PN that is not configured cannot
be added to the active set and causes interference, or that PN is not in the neighboring set
and therefore handoffs cannot succeed.
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The search window is not properly configured and therefore handoffs fail.

Reverse interference has great impact on the quality of the network.

The quality of the transmission link is poor, or the equipment is faulty.

When the call drop rate rises, take into consideration measurement items such as the soft handoff
success ratio and the RSSI.

Solution
l

When the call drop rate is high, check and analyze the forward and reverse coverage. For
example, if the Ec/IO\o is poor, the receiving level and the coverage are poor. The cause
may be that the antenna is not installed in a proper position, the angle of the antenna is not
proper, or the connector of the feeder is worn.

If the reverse FER is high, it may be cause by problems in the reverse link. In such cases,
you can add BTSs or adjust system parameters, such as the reverse power control threshold
Eb/Nt. Serious reverse interference between multiple users may also result in a high FER.

In addition, improper neighboring cell relations, improper search window configuration,

interference, poor link qualities, and faults in repeaters and equipment may cause a high call
drop ratio.
For details, see 5.1.3 Call Release Performance Stat.

3.1.4 TCH Congestion Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item TCH Congestion Ratio.

Formula
CH Congestion Ratio = (TCH Assignment Requests Successful TCH Assignments) / TCH
Assignment Requests x 100%

Meaning
This measurement item reflects the occupation of CDMA radio resources and is the basis of
network capacity expansion.

Explanation
TCH congestion refers to TCH assignment failures during call setup or handoffs. TCH setup
failures are caused by insufficiency of resources such as Walsh codes, CE resources, forward
and reverse powers, transmission links from the BTS to the BSC. When these resources are
insufficient, control channels and traffic channels cannot be successfully assigned.
By monitoring the TCH congestion ratio, you can estimate the heavy traffic areas in the network
and analyze whether the resources are reasonably assigned. In this way, you obtain some data
to base network capacity expansion and network planning on.
For detailed measurement items about the congestion, see 5 Performance Data for Initial
Analysis of CDMA2000 1X Problems and 6 Performance Data for Initial Measurement
point of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Problems.
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Solution
When a type of resources is insufficient, check whether the resources are faulty. If the resources
are not faulty, consider expanding the resources. Pay special attention to the insufficiency of the
following resources:
l

When the Walsh codes are insufficient, the cause may only be extremely heavy traffic or
code assignment failures owing to data services. In such cases, expand the network capacity.

When the forward power is insufficient, check the power configuration of the forward
channel. Focus the check on whether; the pilot power occupies too much of the forward
power and whether the initial transmit power and maximum transmit power of the paging
channel, the synchronization channel, and the forward traffic channel are in proper
proportion to the pilot power.

When the reverse power is insufficient, check whether parameters, such as the reverse load
control parameters, are reasonably configured.

The insufficiency of CE resources means that the CE resources supported by the License
of the BSC are insufficient, not that the physical CE resources are insufficient. In such
cases, it is recommended that you expand the CE resources supported by the License.

For details, see 5.1.4 Congestion Performance Stat.

3.1.5 Soft HO Success Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item Soft HO Success Ratio.

Formula
Soft HO Success Ratio = (Successful Intra-BS Soft HOs + Successful Inter-BS Soft HOs)/(IntraBS Soft HO Requests + Inter-BS Soft HO Requests) x 100%

Meaning
The Soft HO Success Ratio is the success ratio of soft handoffs, including softer handoffs. When
a leg is added or deleted, a soft handoff request is counted. When the addition or deletion of a
leg fails, a soft handoff failure is counted.

Explanation
The soft handoff is a feature of the CDMA network. The Soft HO Success Ratio reflects the
mobility performance and the system quality of the CDMA network. In practice, you can analyze
the Soft HO Success Ratio together with the Call Drop Ratio and the Congestion Ratio. In the
CDMA system, various factors affect the Soft HO Success Ratio. The common factors are as
follows:

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There is no main pilot coverage. The number of received legs exceeds the number of RAKE
receivers, and these signals exceed the specified threshold. In such cases, the useful signals
are severely interfered with, and the Soft HO Success Ratio is affected.

The soft handoff threshold and the soft handoff parameters are not reasonably configured.

Neighboring relations are, by mistake, not configured.

The prioritization of neighboring cells is not reasonably configured.

The search window is not reasonably configured

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Resources congestion occurs.

Optimize the soft handoff parameters, adjust the network structure to reduce pilot pollution,
and improve the neighboring cell configuration.

If soft handoff failures occur because of insufficiency of resources, expand the relevant
resources.

Solution

For details, see 5.1.6 Soft Handoff Performance Stat.

3.1.6 Hard HO Success Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item Hard HO Success Ratio.

Formula
Hard HO Success Ratio = (Successful Intra-BSC Hard HOs + Successful Inter-BSC Hard HOs)/
(Intra-BSC Hard HO Requests + Inter-BSC Hard HO Requests) x 100%

Meaning
The Hard HO Success Ratio is the success ratio of inter- and intra-frequency hard handoffs.
Within a BSC, there are different signaling points, and hard handoffs between signaling points
follow the hard handoff procedure between BSCs. Therefore, the traffic statistics distinguishes
hard handoffs between signaling points from hard handoffs within the same signaling point. For
inter-BSC hard handoffs, incoming handoffs and outgoing handoffs are measured.
When a hard handoff fails, a hard handoff failure is counted, regardless of the number of legs.
Hard handoffs are measured according to the messages.

Explanation
Hard handoffs consist of intra- and inter-frequency hard handoffs. In the CDMA system, the
success ratio of intra-frequency handoffs is low, and the success ratio of inter-frequency handoffs
is subject to the soft handoff decision algorithm that is used. The hard handoff decision
algorithms that are currently used are the direct hard handoff algorithm, MS-assisted hard
handoff algorithm , and pseudo-pilot hard handoff algorithm. Various factors affect the Hard
HO Success Ratio. The analysis method is roughly the same as that for soft handoffs.

Solution
Choose an appropriate hard handoff algorithm, optimize hard handoff parameters, reasonably
plan the hard handoff areas, and optimize the neighboring cell configuration.
If hard handoff failures occur because of insufficiency of resources, expand the relevant
resources. See the solution to the congestion problem.
For details, see 5.1.7 Hard Handoff Performance Stat.

3.1.7 Location Update Registration Success Ratio

This describes the performance measurement item about Location Update Registration Success
Ratio.
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Formula
Registration Success Ratio[%]] = ([Successful IS-95 Registrations[Times]] + [Successful
IS-2000 Registrations[Times]])/([IS-95 Registration Requests[Times]] + [IS-2000 Registration
Requests[Times]]) 100%

Meaning
Meaning: ratio of the number of Location Updating Accept messages that the BSC receives from
the MSC to the number of Location Updating Requests that the BSC sends to the MSC

Explanation
The system supports power-on/power-off registration, distance registration, and timer-based
registration.

Solution
If registration exceptions occur, check LAC arrangement and parameter configuration.

3.1.8 Reverse FER

This describes the performance measurement item Reverse FER.

Formula
Reverse FER = Packet Errors on Reverse Channels/Total Frames Sent on Reverse Frames

Meaning
The reverse FER reflects the voice quality and bit errors in the CDMA mobile network.

Explanation
The FER of the channel is an important yardstick to measure the voice quality of the network.
The analysis of the FER of the reverse channels helps us to be aware of the quality of the reverse
channel.
Generally, the reverse FER goes too high because of interference. The reverse interference may
come from the system itself or from the outside. When the system is subject by external
interference, the FER and RSSI generally go too high. The interference deteriorates with the
increase of subscribes. This results in a high FER. Therefore, the system load must be controlled
properly.

Solution
The major cause of a high FER is reverse interference. In such cases, clear the interference. A
high FER may also be caused by improper configuration of power control parameters. In such
cases, see the FER statistics to optimize the parameter configuration
For details, see 5.1.9.1 FCH FER Performance Stat.
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3.2 CDMA2000 1X Traffic Performance KPIs

This describes the CDMA2000 1X Traffic Performance KPIs.
3.2.1 Density of Traffic Carried on TCH
This describes the performance measurement item Density of Traffic Carried on TCH.
3.2.2 Data Flow
This describes the data flow performance measurement items.

3.2.1 Density of Traffic Carried on TCH

This describes the performance measurement item Density of Traffic Carried on TCH.

Formula
l

Density of Traffic Carried on TCH (Excluding HO)[Erl] = TCH Seizure Duration

(Excluding HO) / (measurement period x 60)

CE Traffic Density = CE Seizure Duration/(Measurement period x 60)

Walsh Traffic Density = Walsh Seizure Duration/(Measurement period x 60)

Soft HO Ratio = [CE Traffic Density Density of Traffic Carried on TCH (Excluding
HO)]/Density of Traffic Carried on TCH (Excluding HO)

Density of Traffic Carried on TCH (Excluding HO): traffic (excluding handoffs) on the
TCH, that is, the actual traffic of the subscribers

CE Traffic Density: CE traffic on the TCH (only soft handoffs, no softer handoffs)

Walsh Traffic Density: Walsh traffic on the TCH (soft handoffs and softer handoffs)

Soft handoff proportion: used to access the proportion of resources occupied by soft
handoffs

Meaning

Explanation
Traffic
The traffic measured here does not include handoffs so that the network load is directly and
clearly measured. According to the traffic, figure out network optimization goals and strategies.
When analyzing the measurement items, only the measurement data under heavy traffic has
statistical sense. This is especially true of overall performance measurement items. Pay attention
to sectors that bear heavy traffic and solve problems of such sectors with priority.
When the traffic drops, decrease in the call setup performance, call setup success rate, and call
drop rate may all be the cause. Make efforts to optimize them. The charging policies may also
affect traffic.
Soft HO
Soft handoffs use multiple sectors to support main and diversity gains for calls. In this way, the
link quality in the border areas of cells is improved. The power control function of the soft
handoff reduces the interference caused by an MS to other MSs.
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Therefore, proper soft handoffs improve call quality, enlarge the coverage, and expand the
system capacity. If, however, the proportion of soft handoffs is too high, call drops are more
likely to occur, the signaling load on the system increases, CE resources of the system are
occupied, and the forward capacity is affected. Generally, it is believe that the proportion of soft
handoffs should remain between 30% to 40%. The major factors that affect the proportion of
soft handoffs are as follows:
l

There are too many soft handoff areas.

There is no main pilot coverage.

The soft handoff threshold is not reasonably configured.

Solution
Traffic
l

When the traffic is so heavy that the system the system cannot bear, expand the system
capacity.

When the traffic is light, check whether the network qualityrelated measurement items
deteriorate. If they do, optimize them.

Soft HO
l

Soft handoff areas see the belt areas that are close to the border of neighboring cells and
have overlapping coverage from the neighboring cells. If there are so many soft handoff
areas that soft handoffs are triggered too frequently, check the areas at the borders of
neighboring cells.

When the number of legs of the received signals exceeds the threshold, there is no main
pilot coverage. In such cases, adjust the threshold.

If the soft handoff threshold is not properly set, adjust the values of the parameters T_ADD,
T_DROP, T_COMP, and T_TDROP.

For details, see CDMA2000 1X Traffic Performance Data.

3.2.2 Data Flow

This describes the data flow performance measurement items.

Formula
l

Average Flow of PCF Uplink Data [kbit/s] = (8 x PCF Uplink Bytes)/(60 x measurement
period)

Average Flow of PCF Downlink Data [kbit/s] = (8 x PCF Downlink Bytes)/(60 x

measurement period)

Average Flow of PCF Uplink Data [kbit/s]: average flow of uplink data that the PCF
receives from the BSC/AN

Average Flow of PCF Downlink Data [Kbps]: Average flow of downlink data that the PCF
receives from the PDSN.

Meaning

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Explanation
The Average Flow of PCF Uplink Data and Average Flow of PCF Downlink Data reflect the
ability of the system to provide data services and the busyness state of the data service. If the
flow is low, it may be caused by the following factors:
l

The number of data service subscribers is small.

The uplink or the downlink is faulty.

Buffer overflow occurs.

The rate allocated to the air interface is low.

Solution
When the Average Flow of PCF Uplink Data or Average Flow of PCF Downlink Data drops,
check whether the link between the PDSN or that between the BSC and the PCF is faulty, buffer
overflow occurs, or the rate allocated to the air interface is low. Also, consider the network
operation strategy, which may cause the Average Flow of PCF Uplink Data or Average Flow
of PCF Downlink Data to drop.

3.3 CDMA2000 1X Resource Usage KPIs

This describes the CDMA2000 1X resource usage KPIs.
3.3.1 Load of Carrier
This describes the carrier load performance measurement items.
3.3.2 Public channel load Stat
This describes the public channel load performance measurement items.
3.3.3 SPUO CPU Load
This describes the performance measurement item SPUO CPU Load.

3.3.1 Load of Carrier

This describes the carrier load performance measurement items.

Formula
l

Forward Load of Carrier[%] = Current transmit Power of Carriers/Nominal Transmit Power

Reverse Load of Carrier

Forward load of current carriers. It is the ratio of the current transmit power of carriers to
the maximum transmit power

Reverse Load of Carrier: number of equivalent reverse subscribers on the carrier, namely,
the total number of equivalent subscribers on all the reverse channels of the carrier

Meaning

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Explanation
The carrier load statistics helps us be aware of the load on the network. In this way, we can find
out the hot areas in the network and obtain basic data for capacity expansion and network
planning.

Solution
Generally, when the carrier load is too heavy, expand the capacity. Note that the carrier load
needs to be measured constantly and that random fluctuation in the load may mislead your
judgments.
For details, see 1X Resource Usage Performance Data.

3.3.2 Public channel load Stat

This describes the public channel load performance measurement items.

Formula
l

ACH Average Using Ratio [%]

PCH Average Using Ratio [%]

ACH Average Using Ratio: It indicates the busyness state of the ACH within the
measurement period.

PCH Average Using Ratio: It indicates the busyness state of the PCH within the
measurement period.

Meaning

Explanation
The ACH Average Using Ratio and PCH Average Using Ratio reflect the load on the common
channels of the network. These two items have an impact on the call setup success rate and the
paging success rate. When the call setup rate and the paging success rate is quite low, check
whether the using ratio of the ACH and the PCH is too high. If using ratio of the ACH or the
PCH is abnormal, analyze the problem and take measures to lower the using ratio of the ACH
or the PCH.

Solution
When the using ratio of the common channel is too high, check and adjust the registration area
planning and registration parameters. If the problem persists, check whether there is a bottleneck
for the common channels, and add common channels, paging channels, ACHs, or PCHs if
necessary.

3.3.3 SPUO CPU Load

This describes the performance measurement item SPUO CPU Load.

Formula
SPUO CPU Load[%]
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Meaning
CPU load of the SPUO, measured by the BSC periodically.

Explanation
This item helps monitor the system load. Generally, the normal value of this item is below 70%.
The value of this item may be excessively in the following situations:
l

The traffic fluctuate sharply. (For example, on festivals or at ceremonies.)

Exceptions in the signaling board software

The SPUO encounters a bottleneck.

If exceptions occur during the operation of the singling board, check the related signaling
board.

If it is a bottleneck problem, expand the capacity.

Solution

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