Al Mahdi High Schools

Mathematics
Name: . . . . . . . . . . .
" Trigonometric lines "

10th-Grade

S.S-4.

Introduction:
The building of the Egyptian pyramids may seem to have little in
common with devising modern radar, air-planes and H-bombs. But
certain principles of mathematics enter into all such activities. Many
are used in the field of mathematics called Trigonometry.

A. Goals:
1- Find measure of an angle using radian.
2- Convert between units of angles.
3- Determine the length of an arc.

4- Define a trigonometric circle.

5- Construct oriented arcs.
6- Define trigonometric lines and their properties.

B. A profound review:
1. Labeling the sides of a right-angled triangle:

2. Defining the three main trigonometric ratios: sin ; cos ; and tan .
Consider the acute angle enclosed between the two fixed rays [ox) and [oy ). Let A be a
variable point on ray [oy ) and B is its orthogonal projection on [ox) .
a. Is constant? Justify. ..
b. Indicate how does AB vary with respect to Ox ?
OB OB1
c. Prove that:
.

OA OA1
..
OB OB2
d. Prove that:

OA OA2
..
OB
OB3
e. Complete:
........ ..........
cst
OA
OA3
Fig-1.
f. Does these ratios depend on the:
i. Position of A on ray oy ?
ii. Value angle ? ..

Attention!!!In this year we are not only concerned with acute angles of a right triangle.
10th Grade.

Mathematics S.S.4. Trigonometry

Page 1 of 4

3. Trigonometric ratios:
Cosine and Sine ratios:

Cosine ratio
To
remember
rule

Cah

Sine ratio

Reference triangle

Adjacent OB
cos AOB
Hypotenuse OA

sin AOB

Opposite
AB
To

remember
Hypotenuse OA

rule
IN SHORT

soh

IN SHORT

cos ..........

sin ..........

Tangent and co-tangent Functions:

Tangent ratio

Cotangent ratio

Reference triangle

Opposite AB
tan AOB
Adjacent OB

Adjacent OB
cot AOB
Opposite AB
IN SHORT

IN SHORT

tan

cot

Opp
sin
OR tan
adj
cos

Toa OR tsc

adj
cos
OR cot
Opp
sin
cot tan 1

Ccs

To remember rule

C. Fundamental trigonometric identities relating:

1) Sine and Cosine: The Pythagorean identity:

2) Cosine and tangent:

tan 2

3) sine and cotangent:

cot 2

10th Grade.

1
1
cos 2

1
1
sin 2

sin 2 cos 2 1
cos 2

sin 2

Mathematics S.S.4. Trigonometry

1
tan 1
2

1
cot 2 1

Page 2 of 4

D. Length of an arc:
Consider the following table:
Length of an arc
Greatest arc
Corresponds to

Pcircle 2 R
vA length l

Measure of central angle

Greatest central angle
360o

From the above table we notice that:

The length of an arc intercepted by a central angle expressed in:
Radians
Degrees
2 R
360
Where, is expressed in degrees

l R

Where is expressed in radians

E. Trigonometric circle:
Def: is a circle with one unit radius and a definite positive direction
called the direct sense, which is the anti-clock wise sense.
In the trigonometric circle O, OA, OB ,A is the origin of arcs.

Remarkable angles:
Degrees versus radian
: in degrees

: in radians

30

45

90

60

If and

cot cot 1
tan cot
10th Grade.

135
3
4

150
5
6

Ratios

sin
cos
tan
cot

270
3
2

We notice that

Complements
Angle ()

180

1st - quadrant

Quadrant

From the table

120
2
3

0rad

1
2

3
2
3
3

4
2
2
2
2

3
3

2
1

1
2

3
3

Mathematics S.S.4. Trigonometry

Complementary

tan tan 1

cos sin
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F. Principal determination:
Principal angle is the measure of the oriented arc AP that belongs
to the interval:
] , ]
] 180 ,180 ]
If angle is in degrees
If angle is in radian

G. Trigonometric lines:

Consider the portion of the trigonometric circle O, OA, OB

Form the adjacent figure notice that:

1- Horizontal axis represents cosine axis
2- Vertical axis represents sine axis
3- OH cos

AT tan

HM sin

H. Bounding (Framing)trigonometric ratios:

Bounding trigonometric lines
cos 1
sin 1

means

1 cos 1
1 sin 1

tan

cot

10th Grade.

Mathematics S.S.4. Trigonometry

Page 4 of 4