Chloride profile (percentage chloride by mass of binder)

Input parameters:

Cs
Dc
Exp.

Measured chloride profile

Depth (mm)
0
5
Cx (%)
1.196
{func}
0.00
0.15
Erf
0.000
0.184
Eqn
1.550
1.265
Diff. Sqd.
0.00482

1.55 %
1.10E-07 cm2/s
0.75 years

15
0.876
0.46
0.484
0.801
0.00569

Analysis using Fick's second law of diffus

Where:

25
0.472
0.77
0.712
0.447
0.00064

Cs denotes surface concentration

Dc denotes diffusion coefficient
Exp denotes time of exposure in sea

35
0.125
1.08
0.876
0.192
0.00448

45
0.034
1.39
0.951
0.076
0.00173

Critical chloride depth calcula

Depth
(mm)
26.5

Chloride by mass binder (%)

1.800
1.600

Cx (%)
Eqn

1.400

55
0.036
1.70
0.981
0.029
0.00005 Sum Sqd.

1.200
1.000

Spreadsheet procedure for ch

1. Input measured chloride pr
2. Do successive iterations fo
3. Best fit of curve determine
4. Determine critical chloride
5. Report Dc, Cs and x0.4 va

0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0

10

20

30

Depth (mm)

40

50

60

using Fick's second law of diffusion

oncentration

exposure in sea

0.01741 Sum sqd. denotes sum of squares

between Cx and Eqn values
Critical chloride depth calculator
Chloride
(%)
0.401 Nominal chloride threshold value of 0.40 %

Spreadsheet procedure for chloride profile analysis

1. Input measured chloride profile and exposure age
2. Do successive iterations for Dc and Cs
3. Best fit of curve determined by sum of squares
4. Determine critical chloride depth using calculator
5. Report Dc, Cs and x0.4 values for profile

0.82

0.741

Carbonation depth predictions

Input parameters:

Time
Carb (mm)
Cover

Carbonation
Age
Binder
Cover depth
0
0
30

35

15
5
1
30

10
16.8
30

mm
years
type
mm

20
21.2
30

Carb Coeff
Power

30
24.2
30

7.88
0.33

40
26.6
30

50
28.7
30
Time to corrosion activation

30

Carbonation (mm)

Binder types
1 100% PC
2 10% CSF
3 30% FA
4 50% BS
5 50% CS

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time (years)

35

40

45

50

Binder types
1 100% PC
2 10% CSF
4 50% BS
5 50% CS

orrosion activation

57.5 years

Alkali Silica Reaction Risk Assessment

Input parameters:

Strength
Age
Aggregate
Cement
Extender
Marine env.
Admixture

35
0
2
77
5
3
2

MPa
years
type
%
type
type
type

Cement effective alkali (EA) content

0.60 %

Total active binder alkali content

0.58 %

Total active alkali (AA) content of conc.

0.63 %

Allowable alkali content of concrete

2.1 kg/m3

Maximum allowable binder content

285 kg/m3

Estimated binder content in concrete

286 kg/m3

ASR risk (assuming moist conditions)

HIGH

Insufficient extender for amelioration of ASR reaction

Aggregate types (geological)

1. Witwatersrand quartzites, shales (2.0 kg/m3)
2. Malmesbury shales, greywackes (2.1 kg/m3)
3. Orthoquartzites, quartzites, tillites, arkose (2.8 kg
4. Cape granite (4.0 kg/m3)
5. Untested potentiallly reactive aggregates (2.4 kg
Cement extender types
1. Higher alkali PC
2. Silica fume
3. Fly ash
4. Blast furnace slag
5. Corex slag
Selected
Marine environment
1. Extreme
2. Very severe
3. Severe
4. Inland
Selected
Admixture type
1. None specified
2. Plasticizer
3. Super-plasticizer
Selected
ASR qualitative risk assessment
LOW - alkalis below recommended value
HIGH - alkalis above recommended value

rtzites, shales (2.0 kg/m3)

s, greywackes (2.1 kg/m3)
uartzites, tillites, arkose (2.8 kg/m3)

ly reactive aggregates (2.4 kg/m3)

EA's (%)
AA(%)
0.80
85
1.00
30
1.30
40
0.90
42
0.50
45
0.50
45
EA's (%)
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
EA's (%)
0.00
0.04
0.12
0.04

ecommended value
recommended value

Extender (%)
0
0
0
23

Corrosion types and conditions

Types of corrosion

Causative conditions

Significant features

Chloride -induced

Marine environments
Industrial chemicals
Admixed chlorides

Rapid, severe corrosion

Distinct anode/cathode regions
Major corrosion damage

Carbonation-induced

Unsaturated concrete
Polluted environments
Generally low covers

General corrosion along bar

Moderate corrosion rates
Aesthetic damage to concrete

Stray current

DC power supplies
Railway systems, smelters
heavy industry

General corrosion of rebar

exposed to moist conditions
Large crack widths not
confined to low covers

High sulphate groundwaters

Fertilizer factories
Sewage treatment works
Industrial plants

Corrosion associated with

near saturated conditions
Concrete deterioration occurs
together with corrosion

Corrosion induced from other

types of cracking - ASR, DEF
Bimetallic corrosion
High temperatures

Corrosion localized in regions

of cracking
Intense localized corrosion due
to well defined anode/cathode

Chemical induced

Secondary or artifically
induced

Confirmatory testing
Cover survey
Chloride profiling
Corrosion rate measurement

Cover survey
Carbonation testing
Corrosion rate measurement

Visual assessment
Stray current survey
Concrete testing

Visual assessment
Concrete testing
Chemical testing

Visual assessment
Metallurgy testing
Specialized analysis