FRS Internal Parts:

FRS External Parts:

Vagina - birth canal; receptacle for males

penis.
Internal and External Cervical OS openings between cervix & vagina and the
cervix & uterus respectively.
Fornix - clefts created where the vagina
surrounds the cervix.
Cervical Canal a narrow passage which
runs through the cervix.
Cervix - entrance to uterus; path for
sperm to swim through; produces mucin
strands to facilitate sperm; also holds
baby in the uterus
Uterine Isthmus - An elongated, narrow
part of the uterus at the junction of the
body of the uterus and the cervix.
Perimetrium - outer layer; simple
squamous and areolar CT.
Myometrium - middle layer; smooth
muscle tissue.
Endometrium - inner layer; simple
columnar.
Ovaries - produce eggs from follicles;
produces estrogen (from follicles) &
progesterone (from corpus luteum.)
Fimbriae - finger-like extensions of the
infundibulum; not directly attached to the
ovary; help sweep the egg into the
uterine tube.
Uterus (Womb) - thick-walled, muscle
lining; pear shaped; lined with a layer
called the endometrium; site of
development of embryo.
Oviducts (Fallopian Tube) - connected
to uterus & lie close to ovaries; lined with
cilia & surrounded by circular muscles;
purpose is to propel egg toward uterus
and to serve as site of fertilization.

Anus - the opening at the end of the

alimentary canal through which solid
waste matter leaves the body.
Labia Majora - hair-covered, longitudinal
folds comprised mostly of adipose covered
by skin; enclose and protect other external
structures.
Vaginal Orifice - It refers to an aperture
that is in a position both, rear and
posterior to the urethral opening;
important for intercourse, menstrual
discharge and reproduction.
Vestibule - region between the labia
minora. Contains the vaginal and urethral
orifices. Vestibular glands which produce
mucus to facilitate copulation; analogous
to the bulbourethral glands in males.
Paraurethral glands which produce mucus
to facilitate copulation; analogous to the
prostate gland in males.
Hymen - a membrane which partially
closes the opening of the vagina and
whose presence is traditionally taken to be
a mark of virginity.
Urethral Opening - The urethra is the
transport tube leading from the bladder to
discharge urine outside the body. In
females the urethra is shorter than in the
male and opens above the vaginal
opening.
Labia Minora - hairless, flattened,
longitudinal folds located in the cleft
between the labia majora; composed
largely of CT; close to cover and protect
vaginal and external urethral openings.
Skenes Gland - glands located on the
anterior wall of the vagina, around the
lower end of the urethra.

Glans of Clitoris - located at the anterior

junction of the labia minora; highly
innervated by sensory neurons; functions
in physiological, sexual arousal; analogous
to the glans penis.
Prepuce of Clitoris Mons Pubis - rounded ridge of adipose
tissue over the pubic symphysis; covered
with hair at puberty

degenerate
and shed

Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle:

Ovarian Cycle (28 days average)
Days 1-13 (Follicular Phase)
- FSH released from ant. pit.
- stimulates the development of a
follicle (unfertilized egg.)
- follicle begins to secrete
estrogen , so the level of this
hormone steadily increased.
Day 14 (Ovulation)
- Follicle releases egg (a peak of LH
from ant. pit. stimulates this.)
Day 15-28 (Luteal Phase)
- Follicle turns into corpus luteum.
- LH from ant. pituitary stimulates
the production of progesterone.
- as progesterone increases, ant.
pituitary decreased LH so corpus
luteum begins to degenerate.
- When corpus luteum is gone,
menstruation occurs.
Menstrual Cycle
Days 1-5
-low level of estrogen and
progesterone
- cause thickened uterine lining to

menstruation period
Days 6-13
- Estrogen (from follicle) is
increasing which causes a
thickening of the uterus
wall (endometrium)
- extra blood vessels and glands
Day 14
- Ovulation
Day 15-28

Increased levels of progesterone

causes endometrium to thicken
further (2x) and thick mucous
secretion
- endometrium is ready to receive
fertilized egg (zygote)

of
the

MRS Internal & External:

Testis produce sperm cells; produce the
hormone testosterone.
Foreskin - is the double-layered fold of
smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels,
neurons, skin, and mucous membrane
part of the penis that covers and protects
the glans penis and the urinary meatus.
Scrotum - a part of the external male
genitalia located behind and underneath
the penis; small, muscular sac that
contains and protects the testicles, blood
vessels, and part of the spermatic cord
Glans Penis - serves as an organ of
copulation.
Urethra carries semen during
ejaculation; carries urine from the bladder
to the exterior of the body.
Epididymis - Tightly coiled tube lying on
testicle; it stores sperm as they mature.
Cowpers gland - Pea-sized organs that
lies posterior to the prostate on either side

urethra;
contributes to seminal fluid. (Aka.
Bulbourethral Gland.)
Prostate Gland - A single doughnut
shaped gland that surrounds the upper
portion of the urethra just below the
bladder; older men can have their prostate
become enlarged and urination becomes
quite painful. (Surgically fixed); helps
produce seminal fluid.
Ejaculatory Ducts - tubes that are lined
with muscles, which contract to force the
semen out of the body during ejaculation.
Urethra - Conducts sperm (and urine) out
of the body.
Seminal Vesicle - Contributes to seminal
fluid duct connects with vas deferens.
Vas Deferens - Conducts and stores
sperm.
Seminiferous Tubules produce
immature sperm cells.

Parts of the Sperm Cell:

Head - contains 23 chromosomes.
Acrosome - is a type of lysosome

attached to nucleus; contains hydrolytic

enzymes which allow sperm to digest a
hole in outer layer of egg so sperm can
penetrate.
Middle Piece - contains mitochondria for
energy
Tail - (Flagellum) 9 + 2 microtubule
arrangement; used for locomotion.

Spermatogenesis:
1.) Spermatogenesis begins with a diploid
spermatogonium in the seminiferous
tubules, which divides mitotically to
produce two diploid primary
spermatocytes.

2.) The primary spermatocyte then

undergoes meiosis I to produce two
haploid secondary spermatocytes.
3.) The haploid secondary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid
spermatids.
4.) Each spermatid begins to grow a tail
and a mitochondrial-filled midpiece, while
the chromatin is tightly packaged into an
acrosome at the head.
5.) Maturation removes excess cellular
material, turning spermatids into inactive,
sterile spermatozoa that are transported
via peristalis to the epididymus.
6.) The spermatozoa gain motility in the
epididymus, but do not use that ability
until they are ejaculated into the vagina.
7.) Spermatogenesis requires optimal
environmental conditions.