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TERM PAPER PRESENTATION
Integrated VoIP services also allow you to make and receive calls to and
from traditional landline numbers.
VOIP: The Process
The basic steps involved in originating an Internet telephone
call are:
traversed.
the dedicated bandwidth is never shared and is used by a single call through out
the duration of a conversation
inefficient.
Resilience: nodes or link failures will cause packets to take alternative routes
and the call might be interrupted but will not be dropped.
How VOIP Works?
VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and
tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing
transmission over an IP network.
Codecs use advanced algorithms to help sample, sort, compress and packetize
audio data.
CODECS?
Codecs simply code/digitize the analog voice signals using PCM ,that might further
be compressed depending on the voice quality required and sampling frequency
can be varied accordingly
the PCM data is then framed and sent in an ip packet. on the receiver's side PCM
samples are torn off the ip packets and reconstructed into analog voice again.
use of codecs largely depends on the connection the available bandwidth and the
quality of speech required
Forms Of VOIP:
Making VOIP possible!
ATA -- (analog telephone adaptor).
The ATA is a device allows you to connect a standard phone to your computer
or your Internet connection for use with VoIP.
The ATA is an analog-to-digital converter.
It takes the analog signal from your traditional phone and converts it into
digital data for transmission over the Internet calls.
IP Phones –
These special phones look just like normal phones. IP phones have an RJ-45
Ethernet connector. IP phones connect directly to your router and have all the
hardware and software necessary right onboard to handle the IP call.
Forms Of VOIP:
Computer-to-computer –
This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP.
There are several companies like Skype/Google/yahoo offering free or very low-
cost software that you can use for this type of VoIP. All you need is the
software, a microphone, speakers, a sound card and an Internet connection.
The main attraction is that we are charged for the internet connection, not for the
time or the distance of our call.
Making a VOIP CALL
You pick up the receiver, which sends a signal to the ATA.
The ATA receives the signal and sends a dial tone. meaning a connection to the
“Internet”.
The dialed phone number data is sent in the form of a request to your VoIP
Company’s call processor(soft switch).
Soft switch maps, the phone number to an “IP address”.
The soft switch connects the two devices on either ends.
Receiver phone rings!
Internet infrastructure routes the voice carrying packets.
Each system must use the same protocol to communicate.
The systems implement two virtual channels, one for each direction, as part of the
session.
When hanged up ATA sends a signal to the soft switch connecting the call,
terminating the session
Routing in VOIP: The issues
in VoIP each user has a phone number that is fixed
since users connect through internet they at any given time have random
ips.
The challenge with VoIP is that IP-based networks don't understand phone
numbers. They look for IP addresses.
Call Processor & Soft switch
Soft switch and Central Call Processor
The central call processor is a piece of hardware running a specialized
mapping program called a soft switch.
The soft switch connects VoIP users.
It Must Know:
Where the network's endpoint is
What phone number is associated with that endpoint
The endpoint's current IP address .
Once the soft switch needs to find out the current ip address of a dialed
user. then packet is left at the mercy of ip network to route the packet to
the desired host .
Features
VoIP can be heavily integrated with other digital services .
Caller ID
Call waiting
Call transfer
call filtering options available.
Forward the call to a particular number
Send the call directly to voice mail
Give the caller a busy signal
Tele conferencing:
The VoIP service can be merged with video conferencing to allow the people
tele presence, with people talking face to face.
Requirements & Issues
The issues concerning Packet switched networks also affect call quality:
VoIP requires a constant flow of packets so that the reconstructed voice
signals are replica of sampled original voice signals.
Bandwidth:
VOIP needs bandwidth so that voice conversations are intelligible by both
parties
BW variations can also cause distortion of the call.
codecs
improper sampling can cause Voice cutoffs, echoing and can reduce
intelligibility of voice.
Issues:
Latency
the greater the distance between calling parties, the greater the latency.
Greater the latency less is understandability and quality of conversation.
Latency can also be caused due to heavy traffic congestion in the network
Jitter
jitter can also affect speech quality; jitter is the variable latency between
packets.
Jitter is more common in IP-based speech because the path for voice
packets across the network may not always follow the same route. The
buffers commonly used in IP networks can also increase jitter.
Packet loss
packet loss or discard "throw away" a "lot of speech" as opposed to an
uncompressed sound wave.
The more highly compressed the voice packet, the greater the amount of
conversation lost when a packet is discarded
Phone conversations can become distorted, garbled or lost because of
transmission errors.
Threats
new threats, scams, and attacks unique to IP telephony are now emerging.
VoIP is also susceptible to worms, viruses and hacking
A call can be affected by processor drain. Quality loss will become
immediately evident. In a worst case scenario, your system could crash in
the middle of an important call.
PSTN VOIP Integration
COM COs can seriously reduce the bandwidth usage.
By routing thousands of phone calls through a circuit switch and into
an IP gateway.
Once the call is received by a gateway on the other side of the call,
it's decompressed, reassembled and routed to a local circuit switch.
VoIP=no Backup?
Benefits:
Lower costs: charged for internet access. not distance /time
Single network: No separation b/w data & voice networks.
Multiplexing(TDM)The ability to transmit more than one telephone
call over a single net line.
Secure calls using security protocols . Data can be encrypted and
authenticated.