A Comprehensive History of GM Crops in India

11/15/2016
AComprehensiveHistoryofGMcropsinIndia|IssueswithBtCotton,Brinjal,MustardCivilsdaily
ReaddetailedGSMainsblogsasperUPSCOfficialSyllabus
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AComprehensiveHistoryofGMcropsinIndia|
IssueswithBtCotton,Brinjal,Mustard
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/confused/)
ConfusedBilli(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/confused/)
October30,2016
Indiahastheworlds4thlargestGMcropacreage.The
worldorderisUSA,Brazil,Argentina,India.Ifthatsnot
interestingenough,thenletmeaddanotherfactonthisthis
rankislargelyonthestrengthofBtcotton,theonly
geneticallymodifiedcropallowedinthecountry.
Atpresent,96%ofIndiascottoncultivationareaisunderBtcottoncrops.
Andthatsnotjustit.AftertheintroductionofBtcottonin
2002,Indiascottonimportsfell,exportsgrewandasof
201516IndiaisexpectedtohaveovertakenChinaasthe
biggestcottonproducerittheworld.
2majoreventsrakedincontroversiesin
theGMfoodarenain2016
HighestRatedApp.Over3lakhusers.ClicktoDownload!!!(https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?
id=com.cdt.civilsdaily&referrer=utm_source%3Dcdwebsite%26utm_campaign%3Dwebdownloads)
source(https://assets.rbl.ms/6468899/980x.jpg)
http://www.civilsdaily.com/topic/acomprehensivehistoryofgmcropsinindiaissueswithbtcottonbrinjalmustard/
1/18
11/15/2016
source(https://assets.rbl.ms/6468899/980x.jpg)
Governmentpriceinterventionsandlitigationaround
theroyaltyortraitfeepaidtoMahycoMonsantoBiotech
(India),orMMB,ajointventuresetupbyMonsanto,bylocal
seedcompaniesusingitstechnology
AholdonBtMustards(foodcrop)fieldtrialsdespite
governmentspushingonavocalagendaonGMadoptionin
agriculture.RememberNITIAayogreleasedthisstatementin
2016AsapartofitsstrategytobringaSecondGreen
Revolution,Indiamustreturntopermittingprovenandwell
testedGMtechnologieswithadequatesafeguards.
Tounderstandtheseissuesinacomprehensivemanner,we
willhavetounderstandthelegalframeworksanddebates
aroundthesecropsindetail.
Btcotton(cashcrop)anditsintroductioninIndia
Btcottonwasthefirstgeneticallymodifiedcroptobe
approvedforcultivationinIndiain2002,withtheintroduction
ofMonsantosGMcottonseeds.(Monosantoisthesame
companywhichthreatenedtowalkoutofIndiaearlyin2016
whengovernmentsteppedintocheckitsmonopolyandcut
itsroyaltyby~70%)
Note:TounderstandthebasicsofGMO,the2016GM
mustardcontroversyandthegovernmentalsetuparoundit
readthisexclusivestoryontheGMODebate(with
infograph)(http://www.civilsdaily.com/story/thegreat
gmodebate/)
BtstandsforBacillusthuringiensis,abacteriumthat
producestoxinsharmfultoavarietyofinsects,including
bollwormsthatattackcotton.Btcottonwascreatedby
introducinggenesfromthebacteriumintothecottonseed,
creatingacropresistanttothispest.Wereadthe96%
dominanceoncottonproductionandasignificantreductionin
insecticideuseovertime.
LegalFrameworkonGMCropsinIndia
2/18
11/15/2016
Inourcountry,theGMcropsareregulatedunderthe
following:
#1.EnvironmentProtectionActandGEAC(apex
committee)
AlltransgeniccropsinIndiarequireenvironmental
clearanceunder1989RulesforManufacture,Use,Import,
Exportandstorageofhazardousmicroorganisms/Genetically
EngineeredOrganismsorCellsnotifiedunderthe
Environment(Protection)Act,1986.
AGeneticEngineeringApprovalCommittee(GEAC)was
establishedin1989,asapexbodyforthismatter.
In1989,someBiosafetyregulatoryframeworkswereissued
bytheMOEFwhichcoveredareasofresearchaswellas
largescaleapplicationsofGMOsandhazardous
microorganismswhichmaynotbegeneticallymodified.
<thisisanimportantpoint>
Presentlythereare6committeesundertherulesof1989.
ThemandateofthesixCommitteesnotifiedunderRules
1989isasfollows:
A.GeneticEngineeringAppraisalCommittee(GEAC)
[ApexBody]Forapprovalofactivitiesinvolvinglargescale
useofhazardousmicroorganismsandrecombinantsin
researchandindustrialproductionfromtheenvironmental
angle.
Alsoresponsibleforapprovalofproposalsrelatingtorelease
ofgeneticallyengineeredorganismsandproductsintothe
environmentincludingexperimentalfieldtrials.
B.StateBiotechnologyCoordinationCommittee
(SBCCs)Statelevelmonitoring
C.DistrictLevelCommittees(DLCs)Districtlevel
monitoring
D.RecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommittee(RDAC)The
functionsareofanadvisorynatureandinvolvereviewof
developmentsinbiotechnologyatnationalandinternational
levels
3/18
11/15/2016
E.ReviewCommitteeonGeneticManipulation(RCGM)
Monitorsafetyrelatedaspects
F.InstitutionalBiosafetyCommittee(IBSC)Overseein
GMOresearch+HelpRCGM
#2.NationalBiologicalDiversityAct2002
NationalBiologicalDiversityAct2002hasprovisionstodeal
withthepossiblerisksassociatedwiththeapplicationof
modernbiotechnology.Theapexbodyconstitutedunderthis
actisNationalBiodiversityAuthority(NBA).
TheNBAisAutonomousbodyandthatperforms
facilitative,regulatoryandadvisoryfunctionforGovernment
ofIndiaonissueofConservation,sustainableuseof
biologicalresourceandfairequitablesharingofbenefitsof
use.
Onstatelevelthisactmakesprovisionsforstatelevel
biodiversityboard.
Butthecomplexitiesofthislegalframeworkwentforatossin1998when
MaharashtraHybridSeedsCompanyLtd.(Mahyco)startedfieldtrialsof
BtCottoninninestatesandnooneexactlyknewwhichauthorityallowed
ittodoso.
Anyway,backin2002withgrowingyieldofcottoninfield
trialsandlittleevidencetoproveanyfarreaching
disadvantagesontheenvironmentalscale,Btcottons
commercialisationwasapproved.Fourtofiveyearslater,
activistsfiledaPILagainstGMcropsintheSupremeCourt
andthewholecontroversyaroundsideeffectsofBtcotton
started.
ThesideeffectsofBtCotton
Theseedsaremoreexpensivethanlocal,nongenetically
modifiedvarieties
Theseedscannotbereusedandfarmersneedtobuynew
stockforeverygrowingseason
4/18
11/15/2016
ThediffusionofillegalBthybridsthathadntbeencleared
forbiosafetystandards,leadingtofearsofenvironmental
toxicity.Thereweremorethan1000varietiesofcotton
hybridsanduninformedandvaguechoicesonthepartofthe
farmersledtostagnantproductiontheseBthybridswere
unsuitableforrainfedcottonlands.
Therewereissuesaroundtheactualefficacyofthe
Bollgardseedswithreportsofbollworminfestationsevenin
Btcottoncrops.Inreality,thiscouldjustbeacaseof
misplacedanalysis.TheBtcottonisresistantonlytowards
onetypeofcottonpestbutleavestheplantopentoother
kinds.
NotalliswrongwithBtCotton.Thereisamajorissue
ofLateMaturingHybrids
InIndia,Cottonisanimportantrainfedcrop.MostoftheBt
hybridsareof180to200daydurationandarenotsuitable
forrainfedconditions.SincetheHybridseedsarecostly,
theyaresownlate,onlywhenthefarmersensuredthatthere
isadequatesoilmoisture.Thebollformationinthelatesown
maturinghybridssuffersfromseveremoisturestress
becauseittakesplacemuchlateraftertherainsrecede.This
ultimatelyresultsinlowyields.
5/18
11/15/2016
Instead,theadvantagewithstraightvarietieswouldhave
beenthatfarmerscanreusefarmsavedseedsandcantake
thelibertyofearlydrysowing,evenbeforetheonsetofthe
monsoon,withouthavingtoworryabouttherisksofpoor
germinationandresowing.Then,manyofthesehybridsare
susceptibletosapsuckinginsects,leafcurlvirusandleaf
reddening,addingtoinputcosts.
source(http://www.gktoday.in/blog/variousissuesaroundbtcottoninindia/#Late_Maturing_Hybrids)
The2016pricingcontroversywithMonsanto&GOI
AnantitrustinvestigationwaslaunchedbytheCompetition
CommissionofIndia(CCI)intotheseedpricingandaround
theroyaltyortraitfeepaidtoMahycoMonsantoBiotech
(India),orMMB,ajointventuresetupbyMonsanto,bylocal
seedcompaniesusingitstechnology.
HopeyouknowaboutCCI.Ifyoudonot,readuponit.Itwas
innewsveryrecentlyonthisissueCCIfinescementfirms
forcartelisation(http://www.civilsdaily.com/ccifinescement
firmscartelisation/)
TheNationalSeedAssociationofIndia,atradegroup
representingseedcompaniessidedwiththegovernmenton
thefeecontrols.Theysaythatthelowertechnologyfeesare
justifiedbecausetheseedsarentaseffectiveaswhenthey
werefirstintroducedin2002.
6/18
11/15/2016
Thecompanyarguesthattechnologyfeesrepresent2%of
Indianfarmersoverallcostofgrowingacrop,andthatsuch
feesforbiotechcottoninIndiaarealreadythelowestinthe
worldbuttheGOIhasntbudgedonit.
ThecuriouscaseofBtBrinjal&Bt
Mustard
In2010,EnvironmentMinistryimposedamoratoriumonthe
releaseofthetransgenicbrinjalhybrid.Thestakeswere
highthistime.Brinjalwasafoodcropandcotton(whichgot
approvedin2002)wasacashcrop.
ItisinterestingtonotethatIndiahasbeenaccusedofdouble
standardsherewithregardstothisextracautionofcash
cropsvs.foodcrops.Cottonseedoilisacookingoil
extractedfromtheseedsofcottonplantsofvarious
species.
AsfarasIndiaisconcerned,Ithinkitmaintainsdoublestandards.It
growsBtcotton(90percentofthecottongrowninIndiaisgenetically
modified),consumesedibleoilfromit,yetbansBtbrinjal.(source)
(http://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/whatsthefussaboutbtbrinjal
44548)
Thereasonsbehindthemoratoriumwere
Lackofclearconsensusamongthescientificcommunity
Oppositionfrom10Stategovernments,especiallyfrom
themajorbrinjalproducingStates
Questionsaboutthesafetyandtestingprocess
Lackofanindependentbiotechnologyregulatory
authority(GEAC)
negativepublicsentimentandfearsamongconsumers
andthelackofaglobalprecedent
GEACsnamechangedfromapprovalstoappraisals
7/18
11/15/2016
Companies/peopleshouldnotthinktheyarecomingfor
automaticapprovals.TheytakeitforgrantedTheymust
rememberthatwehavearighttorejectitaswell.
In2010,GeneticEngineeringApprovalsCommittee(GEAC),
whichhadrecommendedapprovalofBtbrinjalhadaname
changewithApprovalschangedtoAppraisal.
AsforanindependentregulatoryauthorityNational
BiotechnologyRegulatoryAuthoritywassupposedtobeset
up.TheBiotechnologyRegulatoryAuthorityofIndiabill
(2009)whichisstillonhold.Ifyouwanttoreadmoreonthis
bill,readuponthisPRSindialink.
(http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/thebiotechnology
regulatoryauthorityofindiabill20132709/)
Note:ItisworthwhiletorecallthatGreenpeacefoughta30
monthRTIbattlewiththeDepartmentofBiotechnologyand
finallyittookaSupremeCourtordertogetthegovernment
releasetheBtbrinjalbiosafetydossiersubmittedby
Mahyco,thecompanythatdevelopedthecropinIndiawith
Monsanto.
ThisisanimportantpointregardingactivismbyNGOsin
Indiaandthisplayedanimportantroleinimposingthe
moratoriumonBtBrinjal.
Criticismsontheban:
Theenvironmentministrystemporarybutopenended
moratoriumhadnobasisinglobalscientificconsensus.It
drewfromtheplaybookoftheantiGMnongovernmental
organisations(NGOs)thathavecreatedaparallelworldof
scienceoftheirown.(source)
(http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/p3MBHWrspBqKJNTgmv7voO/Bt
Brinjalbanacostlymistake.html)
Thebanalsoignoredthetests.Thesewerecarriedout
accordingtobestinternationalstandardsbynotonlytheseed
company,butalsobyIndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch
(ICAR)laboratoriesovereightyears.
Onereasonprofferedforthebanwasthatamultinational
companieswouldhaveamonopolyovertheseedsa
genericcomplaintagainstallGMcropsandonethatis
8/18
11/15/2016
fallacious.
source(http://d1u4oo4rb13yy8.cloudfront.net/article/43871hcqzyqnbvo1476987702.jpg)
Thecaseforrejection/approvalofBtMustardisstillinfray
andwewouldrecommendthatyoureadthisarticleOther
environmentalconcernsapart,GMmustardcouldalsosend
beesbuzzingaway(http://scroll.in/article/819579/other
environmentalconcernsapartgmmustardcouldalsosend
beesbuzzingaway)togetabirdseyeview.
Tokeepyourselfupdatedcontinuefollowingthis
newstrailbyCDThegreatGMODebate
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/story/thegreatgmodebate/)
QuestionsfromPrelimsDaily
#1.Considerthefollowingstatements:
1.Micropropagationisthepracticeofmultiplyingplants
usingmoderntechniquesliketissueculture.
2.Itisusedtomultiplynovelplantslikegeneticallymodified
ones.
Whichoftheabovestatement(s)is/arecorrect?
(a)1only
(b)2only
(c)Both1and2
(d)Neither1nor2
#2.TheGeneticEngineeringAppraisalCommitteeis
constitutedunderthe
9/18
11/15/2016
(a)FoodSafetyandStandardsAct,2006
(b)GeographicalIndicationsofGoods(Registrationand
Protection)Act,1999
(c)Environment(Protection)Act,1986
(d)Wildlife(Protection)Act,1972
#3.ThecontroversyregardingtheuseofBtcornisthatit
a.ispotentiallyharmfultomonarchbutterflies
b.isapotentialallergentohumans
c.both(a)and(b)
d.cancontaminategroundwater
#4.TheFAOaccordsthestatusofGloballyImportant
AgriculturalHeritageSystems(GIAHS)totraditional
agriculturalsystems.Whatistheoverallgoalofthis
initiative?
1.Toprovidemoderntechnology,traininginmodernfarming
methodsandfinancialsupporttolocalcommunitiesof
identifiedGIAHSsoastogreatlyenhancetheiragricultural
productivity
2.Toidentifyandsafeguardecofriendlytraditionalfarm
practicesandtheirassociatedlandscapes,agricultural
biodiversityandknowledgesystemsofthelocalcommunities
3.ToprovideGeographicalIndicationstatustoallthe
varietiesofagriculturalproduceinsuchindentifiedGIAHS
Selectthecorrectanswerusingthecodegivenbelow.
(a)1and3only
(b)2only
(c)2and3only
(d)1,2and3
QuestionsfromTargetMains
#1.Recentlygeneticallymodifiedcropsandseedshavebeen
inthenews.ShouldGMcropsbeallowed?Discusswith
specialreferencetoenvironmentandbiodiversity.
10/18
11/15/2016
#2.InyouropinioncancultivationofGM(Genetically
Modified)cropsensurefoodsecurityforIndia?Critically
examinetheargumentspresentedinoppositionandinfavour
ofGMtechnology.
#3.CriticallydiscussalltheissuesrelatedtoGMMustardin
Indiafromtheperspectiveofdevelopersofthecrop,
governmentandconsumers.
#4.Cangeneticallymodified(GM)foodcropsensurefood
securityinIndia?WhyhasgovernmentallowedGMcotton
butnotGMfoodcropsforcultivationinIndia?Doyouthink
itstimeforIndiatostartcultivatingGMfoodcrops?Critically
comment.
Ifyoulikedreadingthisarticledoletmeknowinthe
comments!
Youmustbeloggedintoreplytothistopic.
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/pabloescobar/)
PabloEscobar(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/pabloescobar/)
@pabloescobar
October31,2016at5:12pm
Whatisthedifferenceamongtransgenic,geneticallymodifiedandrecombinant?
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/eryasserrashid/)
YasserRashid(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/eryasserrashid/)
@eryasserrashid
November7,2016at4:44pm
RecombinantDNAtechnology/Geneticengineeringreferstoalterationorchangein
DNAbytheuseofenzymes.
EnzymerestrictionendonucleasecutsDNAatspecificpoint.Thishashelpedin
isolatingthetargetgeneeg.Insulin.
DNAligasecancombinetwopiecesofDNA.
TheseenzymeshavebeenusedtomanipulatetheDNA.
Geneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMO)havetheirDNAalteredbygenetic
engineering/recombinantDNAtechnology.
Transgenicorganisms/cropsarealsoatypeofGMObuttheycontainDNA/gene
fromadifferentspecies.
Note:AlltransgenicorganismareGMObutallGMOarenottransgenic.
11/18
11/15/2016
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/confused/)
ConfusedBilli(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/confused/)@
confused
November1,2016at4:40pm
Ithinktheyareoneandthesame
Transgenicplantsareplantsthathavebeengeneticallyengineered,abreeding
approachthatusesrecombinantDNAtechniquestocreateplantswithnew
characteristics.Theyareidentifiedasaclassofgeneticallymodifiedorganism
(GMO).
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/transgenic_plants.htm
(https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/transgenic_plants.htm)
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/jntdarade/)
JayantDarade(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/jntdarade/)@
jntdarade
October31,2016at5:04pm
ThanxallGMrelatedstuffatoneplace..
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/hnlu25/)
HarinandanKushwaha(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/hnlu25/)@
hnlu25
October31,2016at11:41am
Verynice
Tagged:Confused(http://www.civilsdaily.com/topictag/confusedbilli/)
Thistopiccontains5replies,has5voices,andwaslastupdatedby
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/eryasserrashid/)YasserRashid
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/members/eryasserrashid/)1weekago
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/topic/acomprehensivehistoryofgmcropsinindiaissueswithbt
cottonbrinjalmustard/#post72020).
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Seetheanswerdiscussiontomorrow,
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/whatarethecomponentsofheritage/#comment10164)
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HeritageencompassesCulture,Cultureisawayoflife,Heritageisyourinheritanceforpreservationtobepassedontonext
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Reallycomprehensivearticle.....ingeographicalfactorweathercomplexitycanbementionedbygivingegofsiachin,ladakor
hotnddryregionofdesertetc...thanks
(http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/internalsecurityandrelatedissuespart1crossborderterrorism/#comment10160)
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Congratsmam...hardlabour..
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Nov14,7:43AM
congratsma'am,allthebestforyourcareer.
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Nov14,2:34AM
Congratulationsmam..andbestwishesforyourcareerandkeepmotivating..
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thanks
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ilovethis..rockzzthefutureguys
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