SMS BASED VOTING MACHINE Project Report PDF

SMS BASED VOTING MACHINE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction to SMS Based Voting Machine
India is worlds largest democracy. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections
forms the basis of Indian democracy. In India all earlier elections a voter used to cast his
vote by using ballot paper. This is a long time-consuming process and very much prone to
errors. This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic
voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. All this condensed into a
simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine. Cell phone based voting
machine is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large
volumes of electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules
out the chance of invalid votes. It reduces of polling time, resulting in fewer problems in
electoral preparations, law and order, candidates expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate
counting without any mischief at the counting centre. The aim of our project is to design &
develop a mobile based voting machine.
This project focuses onto implement GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) based
Voting System. This system is implemented using an embedded microcontroller. The embedded
microcontroller used here is AT89S52microcontroller. Actually, the aim of the project is to
implement an Automatic Voting system. GSM Based voting machine is fully controlled system.
There is no chance of any mistake. Primarily, the system functions with the help of different
technologies like the traditional cellular network such as Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and other radio frequency medium. Today GSM fitted Banks, cars;
ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights. The functional units of our projects
are GSM MODEM, LCD display, PC data base and AT89S52.
1.2
Basic Aim of Project
The aim of our project is to design & develop a mobile based voting machine. In this project
user can dial the specific number from any land line or mobile phone to cast his vote. Once
the user is connected to the voting machine he can enter his password & choice of vote. If
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he has entered a valid choice & password his vote will be caste with two short duration
beeps. For invalid password/choice long beep will be generated. User is allotted 15 seconds
to enter his password & choice. A reset button is provided for resetting the system. A total
key is provided to display the result.
We have also used non-volatile memory for storing all data. EEPROM will preserve all
information in case of power failure.
1.3
Current Market Solution Available:
At present Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are being used in Indian General and State
Elections to implement electronic voting in part from 1999 elections and in total since 2004
elections. The EVMs reduce the time in both casting a vote and declaring the results
compared to the old paper ballot system. However, EVMs have been under a cloud of
suspicion over their alleged tamping arability and security problems during elections
(especially after the 2009 general elections). An EVM consists of two units:
Control Unit
Balloting Unit
The Control Unit is with the Polling Officer and the Balloting Unit is placed inside the
voting compartment
Fig 1.1: Typical Electronic Voting Machine

But EVM is very complicated and there is lot of wasting of time and money so SMS voting
machine can be a safer mode of casting vote with respect to Electronic Voting
Machines (EVM).
1.4
Current Technology Used in Project
The current technology used in the project is SMS (Short Message Service) service based
on GSM (Global System for Mobile).GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is
an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
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GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps, together with the
transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz
bands in the US. The use of harmonized spectrum across most of the globe, combined with
GSMs international roaming capability, allows travellers to access the same mobile
services at home and abroad. GSM enables individuals to be reached via the same mobile
number in up to 219 countries.
Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the worlds population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not
available.
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CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT AND BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT
2.1 Block Diagram of Project
POWER
AT89S52
PC
SUPPLY
MICROCONTROLLER
DATABASE
GSM MODEM
(VB)
5V
EEPROM
MOBILE
LCD
Fig 2.1: Block Diagram of Project
2.1.1 Block Diagram Description

A mobile is interfaced to computer where database is to be verified and AT89S52
microcontroller is also interfaced to computer (PC) to display and store database. The user
has his password stored in from of his ID number in the database of PC. The User has to
send his voting information via SMS to the mobile interfaced to the microcontroller. The c
will consider a vote if the password of a person matches to his database of software in PC.
The mobile interfaced to the PC will send an acknowledgment message when the vote is
granted, if something goes wrong then c will send a negative acknowledgment message
via SMS to the user.
If the password of the person is entered in the same order, there will be a positive vote given
to the candidate to which the voter is voting. This is done in order to reduce the risk of
forcible voting. The PC data will be transfer to controller and further display at LCD.
2.1.2 GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A GSM
modem can be an external device or a PC Card PCMCIA Card. In this project GSM modem
is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. Behaving as a PC Card .It
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should be inserted into one of the PC Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile
phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate
computers use AT commands to control modems.
These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended AT
commands Reading, writing, deleting and Sending SMS messages are monitored.
2.1.3 Mobile
Here mobile is the user mobile whos SIM card number has been priory registered in
voting machine. Through mobile user will have to cast his\her vote in specific format using
Short Message Service (SMS).
2.1.4 PC Database
Computer (PC) is used as common interface between microcontroller and GSM module.
Software tool visual basic 6.0 is used to control, store and secondary display of votes. In
software part two forms are made one for administration access and another for voting
status display where all options are available for storage display and control.
2.1.5 AT89S52 Microcontroller

In this project we interfaced AT89S52 microcontroller with computer and LCD. The
AT89S52 is 40 pin IC packaged in DIP package.it is derivative of 8051 family, from Atmel
Inc. AT89S52 Microcontroller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the functions of
display, interfacing external EEPROM, LCD and computer
2.1.6 Power Supply

7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices
is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a
very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a regulated power supply, due to
their ease of use and relative cheapness. When specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx
is replaced with a two-digit number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device
is designed to provide (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12
volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a
voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which
are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to
provide both positive and negative supply voltages in
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the
same
circuit,
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necessary.78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the
TO220 form factor, although smaller surface- mount and larger TO3 packages are also
available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage
which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a
maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of
current .
Fig 2.2: 7805 Voltage Regulator IC
2.1.7 LCD
In this project 16*2 LCD is used. This LCD is interface with AT89S52 at port 2.It used to
display voting result with candidates A, B, C, D.
Fig 2.3: 16*2 LCD
2.1.8 Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration that provides the
same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC)
output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification
from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with
a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.
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2.2 Circuit Diagram
Fig: 2.4: Circuit Diagram
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2.2.1 Circuit Description

Here port 1 is connected to the LCD to display data from the microcontroller to the LCD.
The virtual terminal is used to send and receive data via serial port and is used instead of a
GSM module.
The HEX file of the program is loaded into the controller and the clock frequency and baud
rates of all the devices are adjusted so that they work in synchronization. Some pins of port
3 are used to give the write and latching commands to the lcd.18th &19th pin is connected to
the crystal oscillator.
Twentieth pin is connected to a led which is the indicator of power supply MAX 232 is
used in this circuit for serial communication. Crystal oscillator is used for generating the
clock frequency for microcontroller. Crystal oscillator frequency for microcontroller is
11.0592MhzCapacitors in crystal oscillator is used to avoid damping.
First supply is given. The rectifier circuit converts ac power into DC. Here bridge rectifier
is used for increasing the efficiency. DC voltage generated is passed through a 7805
voltage regulator, output of which is 5volts.
Programme for voting procedure is embedded on the microcontroller Name of the
candidates appears in the lcd screen as A ,B,C,D. Then we cast the vote through the cell
phone in a prescribed format.
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CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION
3.1 Component List
Basic components used in this project are:
Table 3.1 Component list
Sr.no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Component
Microcontroller
LCD display
LED
Resistor
Crystal oscillator
Capacitor
MAX 232
GSM module
SIM card
Copper clad
Voltage
regulator IC
Berge strip
Connecting wires
ZIF
Resistance array
Computer setup
DB-9 Connector
Switch
Specification
(AT89S52)
16*2 text
1K,10K
(11.0592Mhz)
(33pf,10mf(63V),)
SIM300
Any
7805
Male Female(16 pin)
40 pin
10k
9 slot
On/off
Quantity
1
1
2
8
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
As per need
requirement
1
1
1
2
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3.2 Component Descriptions

3.2.1 Introduction To 8052 Microcontroller:
Fig 3.1 8052 Pin diagram
Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes
of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The onchip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highlyflexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
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Features of 8052:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0
also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and
P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
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timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the highorder address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to
external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port
2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory
that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special
Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions
of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also
receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Table 3.2: Port 3 description
Port Pins
Alternate Function
P 3.0
RXD(serial input port)
P 3.1
TXD(serial output port)
P 3.2
INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P 3.3
INT1(external interrupt 1)
P 3.4
T0(Timer 0 external input)
P 3.5
T1(Timer 1external input)
P 3.6
WR (external data memory write strobe)
P 3.7
RD (external data memory read strobe)
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RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets
the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that
one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE
operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is
active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.
Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52
is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset EA should
be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming
is selected.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
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Fig 3.2: Crystal Oscillator
Interrupts
The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1),
three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these
interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in
Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all
interrupts at once. In the AT89C51, bit position IE.6 and IE.5 are unimplemented. User
software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89
products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register
T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored
to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that
generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and
Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The
values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is
set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.
Table 3.3: Interrupts
(MSB)
EA
(LSB)
-
ET2
ES
ET1
EX1
ET0
EX0
Enable Bit = 1 enables the interrupt.

Enable Bit = 0 disables the interrupt.
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3.2.2 MAX 232 IC
Fig 3.3: MAX 232 IC

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to
signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual
driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers
provide RS- 232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single +5V supply via onchip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232
in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to + 5 V range, as power
supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in
this case. The receivers reduce RS-232inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard
5 V TTL levels. These receivers have atypical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis
of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but
may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of
the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards
compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5V.
The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate
at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of the 1.0 F
capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards
compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5 V.
Pin to pin compatible: ICL232, ST232, ADM232, HIN232 (much cheaper alternatives).
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3.2.3 GS M MODULE
Fig 3.4: GSM Module

A GS M modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial- up modem. The main difference between them is that
a dial- up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless
modem Sends and receives data through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an external
device or a PC Card PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to
a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC
Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should be inserted
into one of the PC Card /PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile
phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.
As mentioned below of this SMS tutorial l computers use AT commands to control
modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard AT
commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a dial- up modem. In addition to the
standard AT commands; GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands.
These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended AT
commands, you can do things like:
1. Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
2. Sending S MS messages.
3. Monitoring the signal strength.
4. Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
5. Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.
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The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very
low -- only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.
3.2.3.1 AT Commands
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
Attention.
Every command l i n e starts with AT or at".
Thats why m odem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control
wired dial- up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and
ATO (Return to online data state), are also supported by GSM/GP RS modems and
mobile phones. Besides this common AT command set, GS M/GPRS modems and
mobile phones support an AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which
includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send
SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read
SMS messages).
Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a
command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT
command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in
AT+CMGS. However, some books and web sites use them interchangeably as the
name of an AT command.
Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GS M/GPRS
modem or mobile phone:
1. Get basic information about the mobile phone or GS M/GPRS modem. For
example, name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI
number (International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software
version (AT+CGMR).
2. Get
basic information about the
(AT+CNUM)
and IMSI number
subscriber.
For example
(International Mobile
Subscriber
MSISDN
Identity)
(AT+CIMI).
3. Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem. For
example,
mobile phone
activity status
(AT+CPAS),
mobile network
registration status (AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level
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and battery charging status (AT+C BC).
4. Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA,
etc.).
5. Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
6. Send
(AT+CMGS,
AT+CMSS),
read
(AT+CMGR,
AT+CMGL),
write
(AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly

received SMS messages (AT+CNMI).
7. Read (AT+CP BR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.
8. Perform security-related t a s k s , s u c h as opening or c l os i n g facility l o c k s
(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing
passwords (AT+CPWD). (Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be
given to the SIM card every time the mobile phone is switched on] and P H-SIM lock
[a certain SIM card is associated with the mobile phone. To use other S IM cards
with the mobile phone, a password must be entered.])
9. Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For
example, you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and
whether error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format
(AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2).
10. Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.
For example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type
(AT+CBS T), radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address
(AT+CSCA) and storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
11. Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem.
For example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to
SMS messaging such as the SMS center address.
Note that mobile phone manufacturers usually do not implement all AT commands,
command parameters and parameter values in their mobile phones. Also, the behaviour of
the implemented AT commands may be different from that defined in the standard. In
general, GSM/GPRS m o d e m s designed f o r wireless applications have better
support of AT commands than ordinary mobile phones.
In addition, some AT commands require the support of mobile network operators. For
example, SMS over GP RS can be enabled on some GP RS mobile phones and GPRS
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modems with the +CGSMS command (command name in text: Select Service for MO
SMS Messages). But if the mobile network operator does not support the transmission of
SMS over GP RS, you cannot use this features .There are two types of AT
commands: basic commands and extended commands.
Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with "+". For example, D (Dial), A
(Answer), H (Hook control) and O (Return to online data state) are basic
commands.
Extended commands are AT commands that start with "+". All GSM AT commands are
extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMSS (Send SMS
message from storage), +CMGL (List SMS messages) and +CMGR (Read SMS messages)
are extended commands.
3.2.3.2 General Syntax of Extended AT Commands
The general syntax of extended AT commands is straightforward. The syntax rules are
provided below. The syntax of basic AT commands is slightly different. We will not
cover the syntax of basic AT commands in this SMS tutorial since all SMS
messaging commands are extended AT commands.
Syntax rule 1. All command lines must start with "AT" and end with a carriage return
character. (We will use <C R> to represent a carriage return character in this SMS
tutorial.) In a terminal program like HyperTerminal of Microsoft Windows, you can press
the Enter key on the keyboard to output a carriage return character.
Example: To list all unread inbound SMS messages stored in the message storage area,
type "AT", then the extended AT command "+CMGL", and finally a carriage return
character, like this:
AT+CMGL<CR>
Syntax rule 2. A command line can contain more than one AT command. Only the first
AT command should be prefixed with "AT". AT commands in the same command- line
string should be separated with semicolons.
Example: To list all unread inbound SMS messages stored in the message storage area and
obtain the manufacturer name of the mobile device, type "AT", then the extended AT
command
"+CMGL",
followed by a
semicolon and the
next extended
AT
command "+CGMI":
AT+CMGL; +CGMI<CR>
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An error will occur if both AT commands are prefixed with "AT", like this:
AT+CMGL; AT+C GMI<CR>
Syntax rule 3. A string is enclosed between double quotes.
Example: To read all SMS messages from message storage in SMS text mode (at this time
you do not need to know what SMS text mode is. More information will be provided later
in this SMS tutorial), you need to assign the string "ALL" to the extended AT
command +CMGL, like this:
AT+CMGL="ALL"<CR>
Syntax rule 4. Information responses and result codes (including both final result
codes and unsolicited result codes) always start and end with a carriage return
character and a linefeed character.
Example: After sending the command line "AT+CGMI<CR>to the mobile device, the
mobile device should return a response similar to this:
The first line is the information response of the AT command +CGMI and the second line
is the final result code. <C R> and <LF> represent a carriage return character and a line
feed character respectively. The final results c o d e "OK marks the end of the
response. It indicates no more data will be sent from the mobile device to the
computer / PC.
When a terminal program such as HyperTerminal of Microsoft Windows sees a
carriage return character, it moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
When it sees a linefeed character, it moves the cursor to the same position on the next line.
Hence,
the
command
line
"AT+CGMI<CR> "
that
you
entered
and
the
corresponding response will be displayed like this in a terminal program such as

HyperTerminal of Microsoft Windows:
AT+C GMI
Nokia
OK
3.2.3.3 Information Response and Final Result Code
Don't forget the meanings of information response and final result code stated above,
since you will see these two terms frequently as you go through this SMS tutorial.
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Result codes of AT commands: Result codes are messages sent from the GSM/GP RS
modem or mobile phone to provide you information about the execution of an AT
command and the occurrence of an event. Two types of result codes are useful to you
when dealing with AT commands for SMS messaging:
Final result codes
Unsolicited result codes
Final Result Codes of AT Commands: A final result code marks the end of an AT
command response. It is an indication that the GSM/GP RS modem or mobile phone has
finished the execution of a command line. Two frequently used final result codes are OK
and ERRO R. Only one final result code will be returned for each command line. Thus, you
will not see both OK and ERROR in the response of a command line.
The OK Final Result Code: The OK final result code indicates that a command
line has been executed successfully by the GSM/GP RS modem or mobile phone. It
always starts and ends with a carriage return character and a linefeed character.
Here is an example for illustration. Let's say you send the command line "AT+CMGL;
+CGMI<C R>to
your
GSM/GPRS
modem.
The
AT c o m m a n d "+CMGL" is
used to list SMS messages stored in the message storage area and the AT command
+CGMI" is used to get the manufacturer name of the GS M/GPRS modem. If
everything works properly without any errors, the command line, together with the
response returned, should be something similar to this:
AT+CMGL; +CGMI<CR>
<CR><LF>+CMGL: 1,"REC UNREAD","+85291234567",06/11/11, 00:30:29+32"<C
R><LF>Welcome
to
our
SMS
tutorial. <CR><LF> <CR><LF> Nokia
<CR><LF><CR><LF>OK<CR><LF>
As mentioned earlier, when a terminal program such as HyperTerminal of Microsoft
Windows sees a carriage return character, it moves the cursor to the beginning of the
current line. When it sees a linefeed character, it moves the cursor to the same
position on the next line. Hence, the command line you entered, together with the
response returned, will be displayed like this in a terminal program such as
HyperTerminal of Microsoft Windows:
AT+CMGL; +CGMI
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+CMGL: 1,"REC UNREAD","+7568501753",06/11/11, 00:30:29+32" Welcome to our
SMS tutorial.
Nokia
OK
3.2.3.4 SMS Tutorial
In general, there are two ways to send SMS messages from a computer / PC to a
mobile phone:
1.
Connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the
computer / PC and AT commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to

send SMS messages.
2. Connect the computer / PC to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless
carrier or SMS service provider. Then send SMS messages using a protocol / interface
supported by the S MSC or SMS gateway.
3.2.3.5 The 1st Way: Sending S MS Messages from a Computer Using a Mobile
P hone or GSM/GP RS Modem
The SMS specification has defined a way for a computer to send SMS messages
through a mobile phone or GS M/GPRS modem. A GSM/GP RS modem is a wireless
modem that works with GS M/GPRS wireless networks. A wireless modem is similar to a
dial-up modem. The main difference is that a wireless modem transmits data through a
wireless network whereas a dial-up modem transmits data through a copper telephone line.
Most mobile phones can be used as a wireless modem. However, some mobile phones have
certain limitations comparing to GSM/GPRS modems.
To send SMS messages, first place a valid SIM card from a wireless carrier into a mobile
phone or GSM/GP RS modem, which is then connected to a computer. There are several
ways to connect a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem to a computer. For example, they
can be connected through a serial cable, a USB cable, a Bluetooth link or an infrared link.
The actual way to use depends on the capability of the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS
modem. For example, if a mobile phone does not support Bluetooth, it cannot connect
to the computer through a Bluetooth link.
After connecting a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem to a computer, you can
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control the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem by sending instructions to it. The
instructions used for controlling the mobile phone or GS M/GPRS modem are called AT
commands. (AT commands are also used to control dial- up modems for wired
telephone system.) Dial- up modems, mobile phones and GSM/GP RS modems support a
common set of standard AT commands. In addition to this common set of standard AT
commands, mobile phones and GSM/GP RS modems support an extended set of AT
commands. One use of the extended AT commands is to control the sending and
receiving of SMS messages.
The following table lists the AT commands that are related to the writing and sending of
SMS messages:
AT command
Table 3.4: AT Command TX

Meaning
+CMGS
Send message
+CMSS
Send message from storage
+CMGW
Write message to memory
+CMGD
Delete message
+CMGC
Send command
+CMMS
More messages to send
One way to send AT commands to a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem is to use a

terminal program. A terminal program's function is like this: It sends the character you
typed to the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem. It then displays the response it receives
from the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem on the screen. The terminal program on
Microsoft Windows is called HyperTerminal. Below shows a simple example that
demonstrates
how to
use AT commands and the HyperTerminal program of
Microsoft Windows to send an SMS text message. The lines in bold type are the
command lines that should be entered in HyperTerminal. The other lines are responses
returned from the GSM / GP RS modem or mobile phone.
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AT OK AT+CMGF=1
OK
AT+CMGW="+7568501753"> A simple demo of SMS text messaging.
+CMGW:
OK
AT+CMSS=1
+CMSS:
OK
To send SMS messages from an application, you have to write the source code for
connecting to and sending AT commands to the mobile phone or GS M/GPRS
modem, just like what a terminal program does. You can write the source code in C,
C++, Java, Visual Basic, Delphi or other programming languages you like. However,
writing your own code has a few disadvantages:
1.
You have to learn how to compose the bits and bytes of an SMS message. For
example, to specify the character encoding (e.g. 7-bit encoding and 16-bit Unicode
encoding) of an SMS message, you need to know which bits in the message header
should be modified and what value should be assigned.
2.
Sending SMS messages with a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem has a

drawback -- the SMS transmission speed is low. As your SMS messaging
application becomes more popular, it has to handle a larger amount of SMS traffic
and finally the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem will not be able to take the load.
To obtain a high SMS transmission speed, a direct connection to an SMSC or S MS
gateway of a wireless carrier or S MS service provider is needed. However, AT
commands are not used for communicating with an SMS center or SMS gateway.
This means you have to make a big change to your SMS messaging application in
order to move from a wireless- modem- based solution to a SMSC-based solution.
In most cases, instead of writing your own code for interacting with the mobile phone or
GSM/GPRS modem via AT commands, a better solution is to use a high- level SMS
messaging
API
(Application
programming
interface)
S DK
(Software
development kit) / library. The AP I / SDK / library encapsulates the low- level details. So,
an SMS application developer does not need to know AT commands and the
composition of S MS messages in the bit-level. Some SMS messaging APIs / S DKs /
libraries support SMSC protocols in addition to AT commands. To move from a
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wireless- modem-based SMS solution to a SMSC-based SMS solution, usually you just
need to modify a configuration file / property file or make a few changes to your SMS
messaging application's source code.
Another way to hide the low-level AT command layer is to place an SMS gateway
between the SMS messaging application and the mobile phone or GS M/GPRS
modem. (This has been described in the section "What is an SMS Gate way? earlier.)
Simple protocols such as HTTP / HTTPS can then be used for sending S MS messages in
the application. If an SMSC protocol (e.g. SMPP, CIMD, etc.) is used for
communicating with the SMS gateway instead of HTTP / HTTPS, an SMS messaging API
/ S DK / library can be very helpful to you since it encapsulates the SMSC protocol's
details.
Usually a list of supported / unsupported mobile phones or wireless modems is
provided on the web site of an SMS messaging API / SDK / library or an SMS
gateway software package. Remember to check the list if you are going to use an
SMS messaging API / SDK / library or an S MS gateway software package.
3.2.3.6 How to receive SMS messages using Computer/PC
In general, there are three ways to receive SMS messages using your computer / PC:
1. Connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the
computer / PC and AT commands to get the received SMS messages from the mobile
phone or GSM/GP RS modem.
2.
Get access to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier.
Any SMS messages received will be forwarded to your computer / PC using a protocol
/ interface supported by the S MSC or SMS gateway.
3. Get access to the SMS gateway of an SMS service provider. Any SMS messages
received will be forwarded to your computer / PC using a protocol / interface supported
by the SMS gateway.
3.2.3.7 The 1st Way: Using a Computer to Receive SMS Messages through a Mobile Phone
or GSM/GP RS Modem
Receiving SMS messages through a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem has a major
advantage over the other two ways -- wireless carriers usually do not charge any fees for
receiving incoming SMS messages with their SIM cards. The disadvantage of receiving
SMS messages this way is that a mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem cannot handle
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a large amount of SMS traffic. One way to overcome this is to load balance the S MS
traffic with a pool of mobile phones or GSM/GP RS modems. Each mobile phone or GS
M/GPRS modem will have its own SIM card and mobile phone number.
In terms of programming, sending and receiving SMS messages through a mobile
phone or GSM/GP RS modem are similar. What you need to do is to send instructions (in
the form of AT commands) to the mobile phone or GSM/GP RS modem.
The following table lists the AT commands that are related to the receiving and
reading of SMS messages:
Table 3.5: AT Command RX
AT command
Meaning
+CNMI
New message indications
+CMGL
List messages
+CMGR
Read messages
+CNMA
New message acknowledgement
Below shows a simple example that demonstrates how to use AT commands and the
HyperTerminal program of Microsoft Windows to read SMS text messages received by
a GSM / GP RS modem or mobile phone. The lines in bold type are the command lines
that should be entered in HyperTerminal. The other lines are responses returned from the
GSM / GP RS modem or mobile phone.
AT OK AT+CMGF=1
OK
AT+CMGL=" ALL"
+CMGL: 1,"REC
READ","+7568501753",06/11/11, 00:30:29+32" Hello, welcome to
our SMS tutorial.

+CMGL: 2,"REC
READ","+7568501753",06/11/11, 00:32:20+32" A simple
demo of SMS
text messaging.
OK
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3.2.4 LCD
Fig 3.5: LCD 16*2

An HD44780 Character LCD is a de facto industry standard liquid crystal display
(LCD) display device designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens
come in a variety of configurations including 8x1, which is one row of eight
characters, 16x2, and 20x4. The most commonly manufactured configuration is 40x4
characters, which requires two individually addressable HD44780 controllers with
expansion chips as the HD44780 can only address up to 80 characters. These LCD
screens are limited to text only and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laser
printers, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage
devices. Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have
16 pins. The pin outs are as follows:
1.
Ground
2.
VCC (+3.3 to +5V)
3.
Contrast adjustment (VO)
4.
Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
5.
Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read
6.
Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered
7.
Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Bit 4
12.
Bit 5
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13.
Bit 6
14.
Bit 7
15.
Backlight Anode (+)
16.
Backlight Cathode (-)
Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10
are unused and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by
sending 4-bits (nibble) at a time.
3.3 ATMEL 24C02 Flash Memory

Features
Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation.
2.7 (VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V)
1.8 (VCC = 1.8V to 5.5V)
Internally Organized 128 x 8 (1K), 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K),
1024 x 8 (8K) or 2048 x 8 (16K).
Two-wire Serial Interface.
Schmitt Trigger, Filtered Inputs for Noise Suppression.
Bidirectional Data Transfer Protocol.
100 kHz (1.8V) and 400 kHz (2.7V, 5V) Compatibility.
Write Protect Pin for Hardware Data Protection.
8-byte Page (1K, 2K), 16-byte Page (4K, 8K, 16K) Write Modes.
Partial Page Writes Allowed.
Self-timed Write Cycle (5 ms max).
High-reliability
Endurance: 1 Million Write Cycles
Data Retention: 100 Years
Automotive Devices Available.
8-lead JEDEC PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead Ultra-Thin Mini-MAP (MLP 2x3),
5- Lead SOT23, 8-lead TSSOP and 8-ball dBGA2 Packages.
Die Sales: Wafer Form, Waffle Pack and Bumped Wafers.
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Description
The AT24C01A/02/04/08A/16A provides 1024/2048/4096/8192/16384 bits of serial
electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as
128/256/512/1024/2048 words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many
industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are
essential. The AT24C01A/02/04/08A/16A is available in space-saving 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead
JEDEC
SOIC,
8-lead
Ultra-Thin
Mini-MAP
(MLP
2x3),
5-lead
SOT23
(AT24C01A/AT24C02/AT24C04), 8-lead TSSOP, and 8-ball dBGA2 packages and is

accessed via a Two-wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available in 2.7V
(2.7V to 5.5V) and 1.8V (1.8V to 5.5V) versions.
PIN Diagram
Table 3.6: Pin configuration of ATMEL 24C02
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CHAPTER 4
DATABASE
In this project the database of voting is maintained though software tool Visual basics 6.0
In this software tool there is full duplex interfacing between microcontroller, PC and GSM
module.
4.1 Introductions to Visual Basics

Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated
development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first
released in 1991. Visual Basic is designed to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual
Basic
was
derived
from BASIC and
enables
the rapid
application
development
(RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data
Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation
of ActiveX controls and objects. VBA is effectively the same language as Visual Basic but
VBA-code is tied to Microsoft Office and can only run within that environment.
The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic.
A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic
program itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing
so requires external function declarations. Though the program has received criticism for its
perceived faults, version 3 of Visual Basic was a runaway commercial success, and many
companies offered third party controls greatly extending its functionality.
The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008
and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).
4.1.1 Language Features of Visual Basic 6.0

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and
used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows programmers to create
simple GUI applications, but to also develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a
combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes
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Fig 4.1: Icons for main controls in Visual Basic

6.0
and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more
functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple
program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code.
Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and
native code compilation this has become less of an issue.
Although VB programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5
onwards, they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MB in size.
Runtime libraries are included by default in Windows 2000and later, however for earlier
versions of Windows, i.e. 95/98/NT, runtime libraries must be distributed together with the
executable.
Fig 4.2: An empty form in Visual Basic 6.0

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text
boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event
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handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but
may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time
based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For
example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so
that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into
the event handler for a key press in a text box, the program can automatically translate the
case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted. Visual
Basic can create executable (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily
used to develop Windows applications and to interface database systems. Dialog boxes with
less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic
functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the
appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically
display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an
item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to
perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating a related list.
Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide
ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM). This allows
for server-side processing or an add-in module. The runtime recovers unused memory
using reference counting which depends on variables passing out of scope or being set to
"Nothing", resulting in the very common problem of memory leaks. There is a large library
of utility objects, and the language provides basic object oriented support. Unlike many
other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will
transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names
to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. String comparisons are case
sensitive by default.
The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but
restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs)
and threading models.
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4.2 Characteristics of Visual Basic 6.0

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:
Statements tend to be terminated with keywords such as "End If", instead of using "{}"s
to group statements.
Multiple variable assignments are not possible. A = B = C does not imply that the
values of A, B and C are equal. The Boolean result of "Is B = C?" is stored in A. The
result stored in A would therefore be either false or true.
Boolean constant True has numeric value 1. This is because the Boolean data type is
stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct 1 evaluates to 16 binary 1s (the
Boolean value True), and 0 as 16 0s (the Boolean value False). This is apparent when
performing a Not operation on a 16 bit signed integer value 0 which will return the
integer value 1, in other words True = Not False. This inherent functionality becomes
especially useful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an integer
such as And, Or, Xor and Not. This definition of True is also consistent with BASIC
since the early 1970s Microsoft BASIC implementation and is also related to the
characteristics of CPU instructions at the time.
Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derived languages
(such as Perl), which have separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a
traditional feature of BASIC.
Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a
way similar to Pascal and FORTRAN. It is also possible to use the Option Base
statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the Option Base statement can lead to
confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is best avoided by always explicitly
specifying the lower bound of the array. This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1,
because it can also be set by declaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds
are programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of the array is
not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic .NET but not in VBScript.
OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI Minimal BASIC
in the late 1970s.
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Relatively
strong
integration
with
the Windows
operating
system and
the Component Object Model. The native types for strings and arrays are the
dedicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.
Banker's rounding as the default behaviour when converting real numbers to integers
with the Round function.[7] ? Round (2.5, 0) gives 2,? Round(3.5, 0) gives 4.
Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the normal

division operator (/) so that division of one integer by another produces the
intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divide operator (\) which does
truncate.
By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declaration character is

specified, the variable is of type Variant. However this can be changed with Deftype
statements such as DefInt,
DefBool , DefVar,
DefObj,
DefStr. There are
12 Deftype statements in total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be
overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the
variable name (# for Double, for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String,
and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase as (type). VB can also be set in a mode
that only explicitly declared variables can be used with the command Option
Explicit.
With VB 6, you can create any program depending on your objective. For example,
if you are a college or university lecturer, you can create educational programs to
teach business, economics, engineering, computer science, accountancy, financial
management, information system and more to make teaching more effective and
interesting. If you are in business, you can also create business programs such as
inventory management system, point-of-sale system, payroll system, financial
program as well as accounting program to help manage your business and increase
productivity. For those of you who like games and working as games programmer,
you can create those programs as well. Indeed, there is no limit to what program
you can create! There are many such programs in this tutorial, so you must spend
more time on the tutorial in order to learn how to create those programs.
4.3 Project Database Features

In this project two forms are created form 1 for administration login and form 2 for main
database window.
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4.3.1 Form 1
Fig: 4.3: form1

Form 1 include two text windows one for user name and another for password. Two buttons
are provided for ok to submit username and password and exit button for exit. If the
password entered by admin is correct then only form 2 will be displayed.
4.3.2 Form 2
Form 2 is the main window of voting machine in software part for display, control and
storage of database.
4.3.2.1 Form 2 description

a) GSM MODEM COMMUNICATION: This label consist two buttons Start and Stop ,
the Start button is for starting modem .as we click start button at commands are
implemented at modem and whenever there is network available ok command is display at
GSM MOEM DATA text window. The stop button is to stop the modem.
b) MICROCONTROLLER COMMUNICATION: This label consist two buttons Start
and Stop , the Start button is for starting microcontroller .as we click start button voting
status is send to microcontroller and displayed on lcd. The stop button is to stop the
controller.
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Fig 4.4: Form 2 before Voting

c) Voter's Detail: In this text window voting detail of user (voter) is displayed.in the details
voter NAME, PHONE NO. and CHOICE is displayed.
d) Erase Button: It will erase the data store in EEPROM.
e) Overall Voting: It will display the overall voting status from EEPROM.
f) Send Data: It will send data to EEPROM and microcontroller.
g) Logout: It will save current voting status and exit from window.
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Fig 4.5: Form 2 after Voting
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CHAPTER 5
LAYOUT & PCB DESIGNING
5.1 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically
connect electronic
components using conductive pathways,
tracks
or
signal
traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. When the
board has only copper tracks and features, and no circuit elements such as capacitors,
resistors or active devices have been manufactured into the actual substrate of the board, it
is more correctly referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Use of
the term PWB or printed wiring board although more accurate and distinct from what would
be known as a true printed circuit board, has generally fallen by the wayside for many
people as the distinction between circuit and wiring has become blurred. Today printed
wiring (circuit) boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced
electronic devices, and allow fully automated assembly processes that were not possible or
practical in earlier era tag type circuit assembly processes.
5.2 Advantages of PCB

Advantages of PCBs are:
a) The circuit board fabrication cost (PCB cost) is lower with mass quantity production
b) Electronic circuit characteristics will be maintained without introducing parasite
capacitance with a proper circuit board design.
c) Component wiring and assembly can be mechanized in a circuit board manufacturing
facility.
d) PCBs offer uniformity of electrical characteristics from assembly to assembly.
e) The location of electronic parts is fixed and so it simplifies components identification
and maintenance of equipment.
f) Inspection time is reduced because printed circuitry eliminates the probability of error.
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5.3 PCB Layout
Fig 5.1: Top layer
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Fig 5.2: Bottom layer
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CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE & HARDWARE TOOL
6.1 Software Tools:
6.1.1 Keil Uvision 4.0
Keil Software is used provide you with software development tools for 8051 based
microcontrollers. With the Keil tools, you can generate embedded applications for
virtually every 8051 derivative. The supported microcontrollers are listed in the - vision
6.1.2 Proteus Professional V7.6

Proteus is software f o r microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed
circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Lab center Electronics.
The X Game Station Micro Edition was designed using Lab centers Proteus schematic
entry and PCB layout tools.
6.1.3 Programming language

The programming language used in this project is C language.
6.2 Hardware Tools:

DB 9 Connector: The DB9 (originally DE-9) connector is an analog 9-pin plug of the DSub miniature connector family (D-Sub or Sub-D).The DB9 connector is mainly used for
serial connections, allowing for the asynchronous transmission of data as provided for by
standard RS-232 (RS-232C).
Fig 6.1:DB9 Connector

Note that there are DB9-DB25 adapters for easily converting a DB9 plug into a DB25, and
vice versa.
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CHAPTER 7
FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHMS
7.1 Flow Chart of Project
Fig 7.1: Flow Chart of Project
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7.2 Algorithms of Microcontroller Programming

STEP1: INITIALIZING SYSTEM VARIABLE: PORT 1
STEP 2: INITIALIZING LCD
STEP 3: DATA WRITING OF THE LCD
STEP 4: CHECKING MSB BIT IS '0' OR'1' USED FOR SENDING THE BIT
STEP 5: RESET IN_DATA
STEP 6: PROVING DELAY FOR RECEVING SIGNALS
STEP 7: RCEIVING DATA FROM PC
STEP 8: SAVIN DATA IN EEPROM
STEP 9: READING DATA FROM PC
STEP 10: TRASMISSION DATA FROM MEMORY TO PC DATABASE
7.3 Algorithms of Visual Basic Programming

STEP1: INITIALIZING SYSTEM VARIABLE
STEP 2: INITIALIZING GSM MODEM
STEP 3: INITIALIZING MICROCONTROLLER
STEP 4: CHECKING USERNAME AND PASSWORD IN SMS FORMAT
STEP 5: UPDATING CANDIDATE CHOICE
STEP 6: EXTRACTING MOBILE NUMBER NAME AND CHOICE FROM SMS
STEP 7: SENDING DATA TO MICROCONTROLLER
STEP 8: SAVING DATA IN MEMORY.
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
8.1 Applications
a) The EVM system is a longtime-consuming process and very much prone to errors.
b) This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic
voting machine.. Cell phone based voting machine is capable of saving considerable
printing stationery and transport of large volumes of electoral material.
c) SMS based voting system can be used in remote areas where manual voting system
is difficult to implement.
d) This system can be used in colleges, society and various other places for elections.
e) Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare
association, panchayat level election and other society level elections.
f) It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual shareholders meeting.
g) It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of
candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation.
h) It is used in various TV serials as for public opinion.
8.2 Advantages
a) Democracy: All and only the authorized voters can vote, and each eligible voter can
vote no more than once. Voters can also choose not to vote.
b) Privacy: All votes remain secret while voting takes place and each individual vote
cannot be linked by any individual or authority to the voter who casts it.
c) Accuracy: The voting result accurately reflects voters Choices. In this case, no vote
can be altered, duplicated or eliminated without being detected.
d) Fairness: No partial result is available before the final result comes out.
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
9.1 Future Scope
The system can be further modified to enhance its utility. The enhancements are:
a) Number of candidates could be increased.
b) It can be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly
from the machine itself.
c) It can also be interfaced with the personal computer and result can be stored in the
central server.
d) Once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices
of the election conducting authority. Thus our project can make results available at
any corner of the world in a matter of seconds.
9.2 Limitations
a) Number of candidates is less.
b) Major limitation is network problem.
c) Less storage of data.
d) Voting numbers are limited to three digits.
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
We proposed a GSM mobile voting scheme, where the GSM authentication Infrastructure is
used to provide voter authentication and improve voter mobility. Authentication is always a
difficult requirement to fulfil for remote voting schemes, most of which apply a public-key
based signature scheme for voter authentication. In our scheme, by using the existing GSM
authentication infrastructure, the public-key overhead is largely reduced. Our scheme also
enhances the security and provides more mobility and convenience to voters. Where the
voters privacy is protected by applying a blind signature scheme. In this report, we
presented the basic structure and protocol of our GSM based mobile voting system.
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY
Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay.
Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
Tutorial on microcontroller:
www.8051projects.net/microcontroller_tutorials/
Tutorial on LCD:
www.8051projects.net/lcd-interfacing/
WEBSITES
www.atmel.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com
www.efyprojects.com
www.google.com
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
APPENDICES / ANNEXURE
A.1 Electronic Component Cost

SR.NO COMPONENT NAME
REFRENCE
QUANTITY
RATE
PER
UNIT
AMOUNT
NUMBER
1.
MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52
55.00
55.00
2.
GSM MODULE
SIM 300
3000.0
3000.0
3.
MAX232
16PIN
20.00
40.00
4.
REGULATOR IC
LM7805
7.00
7.00
5.
LED
RED
2.00
4.00
GREEN
35.00
70.00
10F,16V
1.50
22pF
1.50
6.
COPPERCLADE PCB
7.
CAPACITOR
8.
CRYSTAL
OSSCILLATOR
11.0592MHZ
7.00
7.00
9.
IC BASE
40 PIN
4.00
4.00
10.
SOLDERING WIRE
15METER
10.00
150.00
11.
DB9 CONNECTOR
9 PIN
231.0
464.0
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
12.
RESISTERS
10K
1.00
1K
1.00
220
1.00
310K
1.00
4.00
13.
EEPROM
24C02
21.00
21.00
14.
TRANSISTOR
2N3904
8.00
8.00
15.
BATTERY
+9V
38.00
38.00
16.
TRANSFORMER
+12V
45.00
45.00
TOTAL:
3923/-
A.2 Mechanical Structure Cost

SR.NO
AMOUNT
1.
CARDBOARD SHEET
55.00
2.
FEVICOL
20.00
3.
SIM AIRTEL
60.0
4.
THERMOCOL SHEET
25.0
5.
CELLO TAPE & COLOUR TAPE
40.00
Total
200/-
Total cost of project (Electronic + Mechanical components) =4123/-
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
A.3 Microcontroller Coding

#include<reg52.h>
// header file of microcontroller
char msg[10],notice[96];
sfr lcddata=0x90; //p1 port
sbit rs=P3^7;
sbit rw=P3^6;
//initializing flash memory 24c02
sbit en=P3^5;
sbit SDA=P2^1;
sbit SCL=P2^0;
void delay(unsigned int a)

{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<a;i++)
//delay 1
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
void delay2(unsigned int a)
// delay 2
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<a;i++)
for(j=0;j<1;j++);
}
void command(unsigned char d)
// lcd commands
{
lcddata=d;
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

en=1;
rs=0;
//initialise of the LCD
rw=0;
delay(2);
en=0;
}
void lcd(unsigned char word)
{
lcddata=word;
en=1;
//Data writing of the Lcd
rs=1;
rw=0;
delay(2);
en=0;
}
void displaydata(unsigned char *word)

{
unsigned char x;
for(x=0;word[x]!=0;x++)
//Data writing of the LCD
{
lcd(word[x]);
}
}
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

void I2c_start()
{
SDA = 1;delay(1);
//starting of data writing in memory
SCL = 1;delay(1);
SDA = 0;delay(1);
SCL = 0;delay(1);
}
void I2c_stop()
{
//stopping of data writing in memory

SCL = 0;delay(1);
SDA = 0;delay(1);
SCL = 1;delay(1);
SDA = 1;delay(1);
}
void I2c_write(unsigned char a)
{
//initializing of variables for memory
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
SDA = ((a & 0x80)? 1:0 );
//checking MSB bit is '0' or'1'
a <<=1;
//used for sending the bit
SCL = 1;
delay(1) ;
SCL = 0;
delay(1) ;
}
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

SCL = 1;
delay(1);
SCL = 0;
}
void write(unsigned char add,unsigned char val)
{
I2c_start();
delay(1);
//reading from memory
I2c_write(0xA0);delay(1);
I2c_write(add);
delay(1);
I2c_write(val);delay(1);
//writting in memory
I2c_stop();
}
unsigned char I2c_read()
{
unsigned char i,val;
val = 0x00;
//Reset in_data
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
val <<= 1;
SCL = 1;
//reading from memory
val= val | SDA;

delay2(1) ;
SCL =0;
delay2(1) ;
}
return (val);
}
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

unsigned char read(unsigned char add)
{
unsigned char val;

I2c_start();
delay2(1);
I2c_write(0xA0);
delay2(1);
I2c_write(add);
//calling of member functions
delay2(1);
I2c_start();
delay2(1);
I2c_write(0xA1);
delay2(1);
val = I2c_read();
delay2(1);
I2c_stop();
//writting in memory
//increment in value of candidate
return (val) ;
}
void main()
//main funtion
{
char x1,limit,num1,num,add,i,var,x;
//initializing of variable
char records='0';
command(0x38);
command(0x0C);
//initializing of lcd
SCON=0x50;
//initializing of timer
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
main1:
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
displaydata("Waiting 4 DATA");
//lcd display for waiting data from PC
main:
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

num=0;
while(1)
{
TR1=1;
RI=0;
//initializing of serial register
while(1)
{
while(RI==0);
msg[num]=SBUF;
num++;
//E command for saving data
if(msg[num-1]=='E')
goto proceed;
//B command to show overall voting
if(msg[num-1]=='B')
goto proceed2;
//N command for erase data
if(msg[num-1]=='N')
goto proceed3;
RI=0;
}
proceed3:
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
//lcd command to dispaly
displaydata("NEW DATABASE");
NEW DATABASE//
write(0,'0');
goto main1;
proceed:
TR1=1;
RI=0;
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

while(1)
{
while(RI==0);
//loop for reading data data from port
x1=SBUF;
if(limit==1)
notice[num1]=x1;
if(x1=='#')
break;
num1++;
if(x1=='*')
{
limit=1;
num1=0;
}
RI=0;
}
//s command to save data
if(notice[0]=='S')
{
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
displaydata("SAVING DATABASE");
//lcd command to display
records=read(0);
records++;
write(0,records);
if(records=='1')
add=1;
if(records=='2')
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

add=9;
if(records=='3')
// variable for calculating candidate votes
add=17;
if(records=='4')
add=25;
if(records=='5')
add=33;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
write(add+i,notice[i+1]);
}
command(0xc0);
displaydata("SAVED");
//lcd command for display
delay(200);
}
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
displaydata("A B C D ");
command(0xC0);
lcd(notice[1]);
lcd(notice[2]);
lcd(' ');
lcd(notice[3]);
lcd(notice[4]);
lcd(' ');
lcd(notice[5]);
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

lcd(notice[6]);
lcd(' ');
//lcd command for display votes
lcd(notice[7]);
lcd(notice[8]);
delay(100);
//delay
goto main;
// go to main function
proceed2:
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
displaydata("READING DATA &");
command(0xc0);
displaydata("TRANSMITTING....");
var=read(0);
x=var-'0';
//incrementing votes
x=x*8;
for(i=0;i<x;i++)
{
TI=0;
SBUF=read(i+1);
while(TI==0);
}
TI=0;
SBUF='Z';
while(TI==0);
command(0x01);
command(0x80);
displaydata("SENT");
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

delay(100);
goto main1;
}
}
A.4 Visual Basic (Database) Coding

A.4.1 FORM 1
//form 1
Private Sub Command1_Click()
//for user name a
If Text1.Text = "a" And Text2.Text = "a" Then
//for password a
Form1.Hide
//hiding form1
Form2.Show
//showing form2
Else
MsgBox ("wrong user/pASSWORD")
//message box
End If
End Sub
End
//exit
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Form1.Hide
Form2.Show
End Sub
A.4.1 FORM 2
Dim c1, c2, c3, c4, choice, start, num As Integer
Dim NONAME As Boolean
//intitilizing system variable
Dim Number1, Name1, choice1, c, PASSWORD As String
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

If MSComm2.PortOpen = False Then
//open port 2
MSComm2.PortOpen = True
End If
MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGD=1" & vbCrLf
Sleep (100)
//reading gsm command in inbox
MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGF=1" & vbCrLf

End Sub
start = InStr(Text6.Text, "+91")
Text9.Text = Mid$(Text6.Text, start, 13)
//extracting text from inbox
End Sub
Timer1.Enabled = False
//enable timmer 1
MSComm2.PortOpen = False
//stoping port 2
End Sub
Command8.Enabled = False
//enabling command 8
Check1.Enabled = False
MSComm1.PortOpen = False
End Sub
Command8.Enabled = True
Check1.Enabled = True
//checking port for active
If MSComm1.PortOpen = False Then

MSComm1.PortOpen = True
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

End If
End Sub
If c1 < 10 Then
m1 = "0"
Else
m1 = ""
End If
//candidate 1 variable
If c2 < 10 Then
m2 = "0"
Else
m2 = ""
End If
If c3 < 10 Then
m3 = "0"
Else
m3 = ""
End If
If c4 < 10 Then
m4 = "0"
Else
m4 = ""
End If
MSComm1.Output = "E*S" & m1 & c1 & m2 & c2 & m3 & c3 & m4 & c4 & "#"
MsgBox "Data Sent to Microcontroller"
//message box for data send in uc
Form2.Hide
Form1.Show
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

End Sub
MSComm1.Output = "B"
//port for overall voting data
End Sub
MSComm1.Output = "N"
//port open for erase of data
End Sub
'MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGF=1" & vbCrLf
//gsm commands received
'MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGR=1" & vbCrLf

Timer1.Enabled = True
End Sub
If c1 < 10 Then
m1 = "0"
Else
m1 = ""
End If
If c2 < 10 Then
m2 = "0"
Else
m2 = ""
End If
If c3 < 10 Then
m3 = "0"
Else
m3 = ""
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

End If
If c4 < 10 Then
m4 = "0"
Else
m4 = ""
End If
MSComm1.Output = "E*w" & m1 & c1 & m2 & c2 & m3 & c3 & m4 & c4 & "#"
MsgBox "Data Sent to Microcontroller"
//message box for data send in uc
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
c1 = 0
c2 = 0
c3 = 0
c4 = 0
Command8.Enabled = False
Check1.Enabled = False
num = 0
NONAME = False
End Sub
Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()
// port 1 open data send to controller
If (MSComm1.CommEvent = comEvReceive) Then

c = MSComm1.Input
Text7.Text = Text7.Text & c
End If
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

If InStr(Text7.Text, "Z") > 0 Then
Text8.Text = "OVERALL VOTING STATUS:" & vbCrLf & "DAY : A - B - C - D" &
vbCrLf
a = (Len(Text7.Text) - 2) / 8
x=1
//extractind text from gsm commands
For i = 0 To a
Text8.Text = Text8.Text & "DAY" & (i + 1) & ": " & Mid$(Text7.Text, x, 2)
Text8.Text = Text8.Text & "- " & Mid$(Text7.Text, x + 2, 2)
Text8.Text = Text8.Text & "- " & Mid$(Text7.Text, x + 4, 2)
Text8.Text = Text8.Text & "- " & Mid$(Text7.Text, x + 6, 2) & vbCrLf
x=x+8
Next
Text7.Text = ""
End If
End Sub
//command button for receiving data from gsm port
Private Sub MSComm2_OnComm()

If (MSComm2.CommEvent = comEvReceive) Then
c = MSComm2.Input
Text6.Text = Text6.Text & c
End If
If InStr(Text6.Text, "CMTI") > 0 Then
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
Text6.Text = ""
MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGR=1" & vbCrLf
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

End Sub
Private Sub Timer2_Timer()
start = InStr(Text6.Text, "+91")
Number1 = Mid(Text6.Text, (start + 3), 10)

If InStr(Text6.Text, "VOTE") > 0 Then
start = InStr(Text6.Text, "VOTE")
choice1 = Mid(Text6.Text, (start + 4), 1)
start = InStr(Text6.Text, "PASS")

PASSWORD = Mid(Text6.Text, (start + 4), 4)
findname
If NONAME = True Then
GoTo proceed
End If
If InStr(Text1.Text, Number1) = 0 Then
Text1.Text = Text1.Text & Number1 & "---" & Name1 & "---" & choice1 & vbNewLine
choice = Val(choice1)
If choice = 1 Then
c1 = c1 + 1
ElseIf choice = 2 Then
//variable for candidate voting
c2 = c2 + 1
c3 = c3 + 1
c4 = c4 + 1
End If
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

If c1 > c2 And c1 > c3 And c1 > c4 Then
Label8.Caption = " 1"
//maximum votes calculation
ElseIf c2 > c1 And c2 > c3 And c2 > c4 Then

//maximum votes calculation

Else
Label8.Caption = " -"
End If
Text2.Text = c1
Text3.Text = c2
Text4.Text = c3
Text5.Text = c4
MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGS=" & Chr(34) & Number1 & Chr(34) & vbCrLf
Sleep (200)
MSComm2.Output = "YOUR VOTING IS SUCCESSFUL. THANK YOU." & Chr(26)
If (Check1 = vbChecked) Then
''''''''''''''''
If c1 < 10 Then
m1 = "0"
Else
m1 = ""
End If
If c2 < 10 Then
m2 = "0"
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

Else
m2 = ""
End If
If c3 < 10 Then
m3 = "0"
Else
m3 = ""
End If
If c4 < 10 Then
m4 = "0"
Else
m4 = ""
End If
//data send to flash memory
MSComm1.Output = "E*w" & m1 & c1 & m2 & c2 & m3 & c3 & m4 & c4 &
"#"
'MsgBox "Data Sent to Microcontroller"
'MsgBox "Data Sent to Microcontroller"
End If
Else
//sms send for voying done
Sleep (200)
MSComm2.Output = "YOUR VOTING IS ALREADY DONE. VOTING ONCE IS ONLY
PERMITTED." & Chr(26)
End If
proceed:
Text6.Text = ""
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

End If
MSComm2.Output = "AT+CMGD=1" & vbCrLf
End Sub
//password verification
Public Sub findname()

If Number1 = "7568501753" And PASSWORD = "0000" Then
Name1 = "Mr. RAHUL"
ElseIf Number1 = "8963040102" And PASSWORD = "1111" Then
Name1 = "Mr. VIJAY"
Name1 = "Mr. VIJAY"
Name1 = "Mr. VIJAY"
Name1 = "Mr. VIJAY"
Else
Sleep (200)
MSComm2.Output = "YOUR VOTING IS UNSUCCESSFUL. Mobile
Number/Password Verification Error." & Chr(26)
NONAME = True
End If
End Sub
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Dept. of E&C, PCE
A.5 HEX File Coding

:1001B70057616974696E6720342044415441004E89
:1001C7004557204441544142415345005341564904
:1001D7004E472044415441424153450053415645FF
:1001E7004400412020422020432020442020005268
:1001F700454144494E47204441544120260054522A
:10020700414E534D495454494E472E2E2E2E0053DE
:04021700454E5400FC
:0602C400D2A07F017E00C4
:1002CA00E4FDFCC3ED9FEC9E5015E4FBFA0BBB006A
:0F02DA00010ABA04F8BBFBF50DBD00010C80E46E
:0102E90022F2
:070276001203837F017E00EB
:10027D00E4FDFCC3ED9FEC9E5015E4FBFA0BBB00B7
:0F028D00010AEB64014A70F50DBD00010C80E41D
:01029C00223F
:070353007F0112035A7F80B5
:10035A008F90D2B5C2B7C2B67F027E001202CAC25D
:02036A00B522BA
:05036C001203717F2067
:100371008F90D2B5D2B7C2B67F027E001202CAC236
:02038100B522A3
:06030F008B788A79897ADF
:10031500E4F57BAB78AA79A97A857B82758300128F
:0C0325000249FF6007120371057B80E7AE
:0103310022A9
69
Dept. of E&C, PCE

:10038300D2A11202C6D2A01202CAC2A11202CAC2CA
:04039300A00202CAF8
:10039700C2A01202C6C2A11202CAD2A01202CAD2B7
:0403A700A10202CAE3
:02029D008F7A56
:10029F00E4F9E57A30E703D38001C392A1E57A252B
:1002AF00E0F57A1202C4C2A01202CA09B908E31219
:0402BF0002C4C2A013
:0102C3002218
:1002EA008F788D791203831202C67FA012029D12A3
:1002FA0002C6AF7812029D1202C6AF7912029D128F
:05030A0002C60203978A
:10033200E4F579F9E57925E0F579D2A0A2A1E433D3
:100342004279120279C2A012027D09B908E6AF7998
:010352002288
:02021B008F78DA
:10021D001202767FA012029D120279AF7812029D12
:10022D001202791202767FA112029D120279120337
:0B023D0032A907120279120397AF01EB
:010248002293
:100003007577307F3812035A7F0C12035A75985054
:10001300758920758DFD1203537BFF7A0179B71221
:10002300030FE4FFD28EC2983098FD74682FF8A6B0
:10003300990F74672FF8E6FE64456026EE644270FC
:100043000302014DEE644E6004C29880DB12035339
:100053007BFF7A0179C612030F7D30E4FF1202EAB7
:1000630080B4D28EC2983098FDAF99E572B401077F
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

:1000730074082573F8A607EF6423600F0573BF2A7E
:1000830006757201E4F573C29880DBE5086453706A
:10009300761203537BFF7A0179D312030FE4FF1225
:1000A300021B8F770577AD77E4FF1202EAE577B499
:1000B3003103757401E577B43203757409E577B4D8
:1000C3003303757411E577B43403757419E577B4A4
:1000D3003503757421E4F575E5742575FF740925F9
:1000E30075F8E6FD1202EA0575C3E5756480948828
:1000F30040E67FC012035A7BFF7A0179E312030FB4
:100103007FC87E001202CA1203537BFF7A0179E98A
:1001130012030F7FC012035AAF09120371AF0A1201
:10012300036CAF0B120371AF0C12036CAF0D120310
:1001330071AF0E12036CAF0F120371AF1012037184
:100143007F647E001202CA0200251203537BFF7AEA
:100153000179F612030F7FC012035A7BFF7A0279EB
:100163000512030FE4FF12021BEF24D0F57675F09E
:1001730008A4F576E4F575C3E5766480F8E575645F
:1001830080985012C299E57504FF12021B8F9930B3
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:1001A300537BFF7A02791612030F7F647E001202DB
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Dept. of E&C, PCE

SMS BASED VOTING MACHINE Project Report PDF

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SMS BASED VOTING MACHINE Project Report PDF

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SMS BASED VOTING MACHINE

Introduction to SMS Based Voting Machine

Basic Aim of Project

Dept. of E&C, PCE