Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Abstract
We here use a multi-step optimization procedure to improve utilization of a direct-coupled photovoltaic water
pumping systems. The algorithm developed here is simple, fast, and has no numerical problems. The solution can be
obtained by using available long-term meteorological data for the design-site and manufacturer data for the system
components. The main steps in the algorithm are outlined below:
(i) The long-term (16 years, between 1985 and 2001) meteorological database on hourly basis for the design site
(Sanliurfa, Turkey), provided in electronic format by the National Meteorology Center, is constructed.
(ii) The optimal PV array slope is determined by the linear search method.
(iii) The optimal solar radiation interval is determined by the utilizability method.
(iv) The optimum number of PV panels and their optimal electrical conguration in the array are determined by a
nonlinear search method based on a statistical parameter.
The results show that better system performance with less PV array area can be obtained by accurate selection of the
array conguration.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: PV pump; Directly coupled; Multi-step optimization
1. Introduction
Photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumping systems
have been one of the most popular solar energy applications in the last two decades. The use of such a system
is rst appropriate since there is a natural relation-ship
between the availability of solar energy and the water
requirement. That is; the water requirement increases
with increasing solar radiation level. PV systems have
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-414-344-00201094; fax:
+90-414-344-0031.
E-mail addresses: ratoglu@harran.edu.tr (Z.A. Firatoglu),
byesilata@yahoo.com, byesilata@harran.edu.tr (B. Yesilata).
0038-092X/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.02.006
82
Nomenclature
A
b1
b2
E
H
h
Hb
Hd
Ho
hs
Hsc
Ht
I
I0
Ia
IEOP
IL
IMPP
KM
Kp
KT
Kv
L
m
Mm
Mp
n
Pm
PPV
Q
R1
R2
Ra
Rb
Rd
Rs
Rsh
Ta
V
Va
Vm
VMPP
VEOP
d
a
x
q
/
b1
b2
g
gm
gp
r
83
y
rg
ne
re
la
So
Hydraulic
energy
Electrical
energy
Mechanical
energy
DC Motor
Pump
PV array
Fig. 1. The schematic of a DC-PVPS.
84
H ( W/m2 )
1000
H =H0
;
cosd cosL cosh sinL sind
800
where
600
360n
:
H0 Hsc 1 0:033 cos
365
400
200
100
In equations above; d, L, and h are respectively declination, latitude and sun-hour angles. Hsc is the solarconstant, n is the number of the days from Jan. 1st. The
calculated values of KT for the design-site during the
average-year are shown in Fig. 2(c).
We next decompose the diuse component of the
monthly average daily solar radiation according to the
following empirical equation (Klein, 1977),
150
8
200
hou 12
r
250
d ay
300
16
(a)
20
350
Hd
1 1:112K T ;
H
50
40
30
0
T( C)
50
20
10
0
50
100
4
8
12
ho
ur
200
16
(b)
250
20
150
y
da
;
4
24 sinhs 2p=360 coshs
Hd
300
24
350
0.8
KT
0.6
0.4
0.2
50
100
150
200
ho u12
r
(c)
250
d ay
300
16
20
350
Fig. 2. The long-term (16 years) averaged weather data for the
design site (Sanliurfa, Turkey): (a) the measured solar radiation
on the horizontal plane, (b) the measured ambient temperature,
and (c) the calculated clearness index.
1 cosa
:
2
and
Rd
28
26
24
Ht (MJ/m2 day)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
85
8
6
10
12
month
Table 1
The optimal values of the monthly PV array slope (in degree) for the design-site
Months
am opt
1
55
2
48
3
34
4
19
5
5
6
0
7
0
8
14
9
31
10
46
11
55
12
57
86
I (A)
3.5
MPP
0.12
1000 W/m2
0.1
800 W/m2
0.08
600 W/m2
0.06
2.5
I(A)
1.5
400 W/m2
0.04
200 W/m2
0.02
10
Mm Pm =x KM Ia ;
11
gm Pm =PPV Mm x=VI;
12
1
0.5
0
10
15
V (V)
13
87
15
Vm V
and
Mp Mm :
16
The pump-speed can be related to the current provided by PV array, by combining Eqs. (11) and (13),
x KM Ia =Kp 1=2 :
17
88
Fig. 5. The deviation between MPP and EOP curves of the system (reproduced geometric part on the right is only for discussion
purpose).
18
60
AP-50
50
(%)
40
30
20
10
0
(a)
Ht (W/m )
70
60
40
30
20
7
0
900
9
700
2
500
Ht (W/m )
nth
10
mo
(%)
50
(b)
89
11
300
100
19
20
21
Table 2
The optimal values of the monthly solar radiation interval (W/m2 )
Months
Ht;1 Ht;2
1
300400
2
400700
3
500700
4
500800
5
600800
6
500900
Months
Ht;1 Ht;2
7
500800
8
600800
9
500800
10
400700
11
400600
12
300500
90
n
i0 IMPP
#1=2
;
22
where m is the number of scanned values of solar radiation between Ht;1 and Ht;2 (also equal to number of
triangles formed in the selected interval). The value of m
is equal to Ht;2 Ht;1 =DHt , where DHt is the solar
radiation increment at each step. DHt 10 W/m2 is
found to be good enough to reach an accurate solution.
The Eq. (22) resembles root-mean-square (RMS) formula but is not the same. It is indeed a relative measure
of power dierence, total area of n-triangles formed,
between the two curves in a given solar radiation interval. The value of r varies with the PV array conguration (panel numbers and their electrical connection), and
the lowest r indicates the best conguration among
those under examination. One can also directly use
IMPP VMPP IEOP VEOP instead of IMMP IEOP VMPP
IEOP in r equation and lead to selecting the same
conguration with the expense of considerably more
Table 3
The optimal conguration for the PV array
Months
P Sopt
1
12 4
2
10 5
3
12 5
4
10 5
5
10 5
6
10 5
Months
P Sopt
7
10 5
8
10 5
9
10 5
10
10 5
11
12 5
12
12 4
40
MPP
EOP
1000 W/m
35
900 W/m
30
800 W/m
900 W/m
25
800 W/m
700 W/m
I (A)
I (A)
700 W/m
600 W/m
20
20
600 W/m
15
500 W/m
15
500 W/m
400 W/m
400 W/m
10
300 W/m
300 W/m
10
200 W/m
200 W/m
100 W/m
100 W/m
(a)
10
20
MPP
EOP
1000 W/m
30
25
91
30
40
V (V)
50
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
(b)
40
900 W/m
30
800 W/m
70
80
90 100
MPP
EOP
1000 W/m
35
50 60
V (V)
700 W/m
I (A)
25
600 W/m
20
500 W/m
15
400 W/m
10
300 W/m
200 W/m
100 W/m
10
20
30
40
(c)
50 60
V (V)
70
80
90 100
Fig. 7. The system operation characteristics for the congurations of: (a) 12P 4S, (b) 10P 5S, and (c) 12P 5S.
Q (lt/s)
92
16
12
8
4
0
5
11
7
13
15
3
17
(a)
19
on
th
11
hour
90
eop mmp(%)
80
70
60
50
11
40
(b)
5
9
11
hour
13
3
15
17
19
nth
7
5
mo
30
Fig. 8. The yearly variation of: (a) the pumped water and (b)
the dimensionless system performance.
methodology described here is not based on for a specied minimum water requirement and total head loss,
the monthly congurations determined here are still the
best ones for the site as long as the amount of monthly
pumped water fullls the need and are consumed in the
corresponding month. Alternatively; if there is no specic monthly water-use-prole whilst only the deliveredannually water amount is important, the sum of those
found here for each month is also the maximum water to
be delivered in a year with the determined optimum
array congurations for the site. As mentioned before,
in real application, if the total head loss (DH ) is dierent
than the selected value of DHref here, one must then
multiply the ow-rates given in Fig. 8(a) by DHref =DH to
nd the corresponding one.
Acknowledgements
Appendix A
PV module (AP-50)
Standard test conditions (STC)
Voc 21:5 V, Vmmp 16:7 V, Isc 3:3;
Immp 3:0 A
Cell temperature coecients
Short circuit temperature coecient
lIsc 0:9 mA/C
Open circuit temperature coecient
lVoc 0:10 V/C
Module features
Number of cells in series in one module
Ns 40
Dimensions (in mm) 858.0 660.0 35.0
Transmissivity (s) 1 (no glass cover)
Absorbsivity (a) 0.8 (single-crystal silicon)
DC motor (permanent magnet)
Nominal test conditions (NTC)
P 2983 W, V 115 V, I 35 A,
Ra 0:17 X
Pompa (centrifugal)
z 5, b1 50, b2 40, R1 0:032 m,
R2 0:088 m, b1 0:012 m, b2 0:02 m.
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