DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS

ESPE
EXTENSIN LATACUNGA

LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

LEVELS: III - IV

ELEMENTARY

A2

EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK

GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

2016

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DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS-ESPE

EXTENSIN LATACUNGA
LEVELS: 3-4
UNIT 1: TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

LESSONS 1 A B: HOW TO TALK ABOUT NAMES HOW TO GIVE AND

UNDERSTAND PERSONAL DETAILS
GRAMMAR: POSSESSIVES (S)
POSSESSIVE 'S
When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we
usually add 's to a singular noun and an apostrophe ' to a plural noun, for
example:
the boy's ball (one boy)
the boys' ball (two or more boys)
Notice that the number of balls does not matter. The structure is influenced by
the possessor and not the possessed.
one ball
one boy

more than one boy

more than one ball

the boy's ball

the boy's balls

the boys' ball

the boys' balls

The structure can be used for a whole phrase:

the man next door's mother (the mother of the man next door)
the Queen of England's poodles (the poodles of the Queen of England)
Although we can use of to show possession, it is more usual to use possessive 's.
The following phrases have the same meaning, but #2 is more usual and natural:
1. the boyfriend of my sister
2. my sister's boyfriend
Proper Nouns (Names)
We very often use possessive 's with names:

This is Mary's car.

Where is Ram's telephone?
Who took Anthony's pen?
I like Tara's hair.

When a name ends in s, we usually treat it like any other singular noun, and
add 's:
This is Charles's chair.

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But it is possible (especially with older, classical names) to just add the
apostrophe ':
Who was Jesus' father?
Irregular Plurals
Some nouns have irregular plural forms without s (man > men). To show
possession, we usually add 's to the plural form of these nouns:
SINGULAR
NOUN

PLURAL NOUN

my child's dog

my children's
dog

the man's work

the men's work

the mouse's cage the mice's cage

a person's
clothes

people's clothes

VOCABULARY: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONAL DETAILS

Identification card
Driving license

credit card
passport

carnet

GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE (-ES or ES) ENDING

The simple present tense is used to discuss permanent situations and the frequency of events.
To have

Short form

Other Verbs (to work)

I have

I've

I work

he has

he's

He works

she has

she's

She works

it has

it's

It works

you have

you've

you work

we have

we've

we work

they have

they've

they work

Statements

Statements

Short answer

Short answer

I work.

I don't work.

Do I work?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

He works.

He doesn't work.

Does he work?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesn't.

She works.

She doesn't work.

Does she work?

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn't.

It works.

It doesn't work.

Does it work?

Yes, it does.

No, it doesn't.

You work.

You don't work.

Do you work?

Yes you do.

No, you don't.

Questions

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We work.

We don't work.

Do we work?

Yes we do.

No, we don't.

They work.

They don't work.

Do they work?

Yes they do.

No, they don't.

Regular or Permanent situations

When something happens regularly or is a permanent situation we usually use the simple present
tense. When using the simple present the verb (with the exception of the auxiliary verbs) remains
in the dictionary form (verb + s with he/she/it).
For example:
Q) "Where do you live?"
A) "I live in Germany."
Q) "Where does he live?"
A) "He lives in Germany."
Q) "What do you do?"
A) "I'm a teacher."
Q) "What does he do?"
A) "He's a teacher."

Frequency
The simple present tense is also used to show how often something happens with adverbs of
frequency - always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, etc.... And
when discussing daily, weekly, monthly etc. routines.
For example:
"I always get up at 6.00."
"I never drink coffee before 12.00."
"I work on my website every day."
"Every Monday and Thursday I go to the gym."
We also use the simple present to ask for and give instructions or to discuss a series of actions.
For example:
Q) How do I make pancakes?" A) Well, first you take 4 eggs and crack them into a bowl, then you
weigh out 4 oz. of flour and sieve it into the eggs. etc.
The simple present tense can also be used to discuss future events.

LESSON 1 C D: HOW TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT PEOPLE

GRAMMAR: BE AND DO IN QUESTIONS
PRESENT
PAST

BE
Are you the new boss?
How is Holly?
Were you late for work?
Where was Justin?

GRAMMAR: IN THE DICTIONARY

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DO
Do you like your job?
Where does Ana work?
Did they go to work?
Which watch did he buy?

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

LESSON: 2 A B: HOW TO ASK FOR TOURIST INFORMATION - HOW

TO DESCRIBE PLACES
VOCABULARY: TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVE ORDER

OPINION

DESCRIPTIVE
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE

COLOUR

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CLASS
ORIGIN
MATERIAL
PURPOSE

NOUN

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

Amazing

huge

Bright, Blue

German

CAR

An amazing, huge, new, aerodynamic, bright, German, plastic, racing CAR.

LESSON 2C - D. HOW TO COMPARE THE WEATHER IN DIFFERENT
PLACES
VOCABULARY: THE WEATHER

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

The sun
Clouds
Rain
Snow
Ice
Wind

sunny
Wet
cloudy
rainy
hot
snowy
warm
icy
cool
windy
cold

dry

THE COMPARATIVE
1. The comparative of One syllable adjectives is made adding er + than
Taller than
smaller than
cheaper than
Cleaner than
faster than
slower than
2. The comparative of Two syllable adjectives ending in Y is made by
changing letter Y into i and adding er + than.
Busy - busier than
lazy lazier than
crazy crazier than
Ugly uglier than
happy happier than
pretty prettier
than
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3. The comparative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the

expression MORE THAN.
Expensive
beautiful
interesting
important
Intelligent
amazing
careful
comfortable
4. The comparative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a
stressed vowel is made by duplicating the last consonant and adding
er than.
Big bigger than
fat fatter than
thin thinner than
Hot hotter than

wet wetter than

5. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE
Good
better than
Bad
worse than
Much
more than
Far
further than
Well
better than
THE SUPERLATIVE
1. The superlative of One syllable adjectives is made by adding THE -est
Tall the tallest
small the smallest
cheap the cheapest
Clean the cleanest fast the fastest
slow the slowest
2. The superlative of Two syllable adjectives ending in Y is made by
changing letter Y into i and adding Theest.
Busy -The busiest
lazy The laziest.
crazy

The
craziest
Ugly The ugliest. happy The happiest. prettyThe prettiest.
3. The superlative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the
expression THE MOST
Expensive
beautiful
interesting
important
Intelligent
amazing
careful
extreme
4. The superlative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a
stressed vowel is made by duplicating the last consonant and adding
The est.
Big The biggest.
Fat The fattest. Thin The thinnest.
Hot the hottest
wet The wettest
5. IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE
Good
Bad

better than
the best
worse than
the worst
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Much
Far
Well
-

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

more than
further than
better than

the most
the furthest
the best

We use a simple adjective with only one noun.

The English book is cheap
We use the comparative with two nouns.
The French book is cheaper than the English book
We use the superlative with three or more nouns.
The Italian book is the cheapest.
(The English book the French book The Italian book)

VOCABULARY: SOUVENIRS, COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

Bag
Mug

cap
plate

cup
postcard

fan
poster

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key ring
rug

knife
T-shirt

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE ED (DID) REGULAR AND IRREGULAR

VERBS
The PAST TENSE is used for expressing completed actions that are finished
1. A great majority of regular verbs are added the ending ED to form the
Past Tense.
Learned
Played

opened
stayed

talked
obeyed

walked
worked
destroyed employed

2. Regular Verbs ending in E; to form the past tense, ending D is added.

Closed

practiced

loved

lived

moved

3. Regular verbs which end in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, to

form the past tense, duplicate the last consonant and add ED.
Planned

permitted

omitted

rubbed

stopped

4. Regular verbs ending in Y preceded by a consonant. Change letter Y into

i and add ED.
Study studied
carried
Marry married

copy copied

cry cried

worry worried try tried

PRONUNCIATION OF ED ENDING
1. VOICED SOUND /d/

/b, v, g, l, m, n, r, (v), z/
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carry
dry - dried

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

Rubbed /d/
Opened /d/

loved /d/
entered /d/

2. VOICELESS SOUND /t/

Stopped /t/
worked /t/
watched /t/
Fixed /t/
coughed /t/
3. EXTRA SYLLABLE /id/
Needed /id/
Ended /id/
Extended /id/
Attended/id/
Recorded /id/
Reminded /id/

hanged /d/
called /d/ calmed /d/
studied /d/ closed /d/
/p, k , s, sh, ch, x, f/
passed /t/

finished

/t/

Verbs ending in: d t

rested /id/
permitted /id/
planted /id/
reported /id/
attracted /id/
admitted /id/

UNIT 2: SPORTS AND FILMS

LESSON 3A B: HOW TO TALK ABOUT LIKE AND DISLIKES
VOCABULARY: ADVENTURE SPORTS
Skiing
waterskiing
windsurfing
Skating
rollerskating
Scuba-diving
skydiving

snowboarding
climbing

surfing
ice climbing diving

GRAMMAR: LIKE DOING WOULD LIKE TO DO

Use LIKE + VERB + -ING to talk about things you like or dislike
Affirmative:
He likes swimming in the river.
Negative:
They dont like swimming in the ocean.
Question:
Do you like swimming in the pool?
Short Answers: Yes, I do.
No, I dont.
Use WOULD LIKE + INFINITIVE to talk about things you want to do in the
future.
Affirmative:
They
Negative:
Question:
Short Answers:

would like to play tennis.

He wouldnt like to play tennis.
Would you like to play tennis?
Yes, I would.
No I wouldnt.
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VOCABULARY: ABILITIES

DO: crossword, puzzles, and jigsaws

MAKE: dinner, coffee, clothes, and a fire
PLAY: the guitar, golf, table tennis, chess
READ: a map, Arabic, music
RIDE: a bike, a horse, a motorbike
USE: a sewing machine, a computer
GRAMMAR: ABILITY
MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS
MODALS

SPANISH

CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT

Poder

SHOULD

Debera

WILL
WOULD

r, rs, r, rmos,
rn.
a, as, amos, an

MUST

Deber

Poder

SITUATI
ON
Ability
Capacity
Possibilit
y
Permissio
n
Obligatio
n
Future

EQUIVALENT
PHRASE
Be able to

Condition
al
Necessit
y

..

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Its possible that

Have permission to

Ought to
Be going to

(Have has) to

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

NOTES
- Modal auxiliary verbs dont accept Third Singular Person in the main
verb.
She teaches English at ESPE.
She can teach English at ESPE.

Modal Verbs cant accept another auxiliary.

The student doesnt work in the morning.
The student cant work in the morning.

LESSON 3 C- D. HOW TO SUGGEST WHAT TO DO HOW TO TALK

ABOUT WHATS GOING TO HAPPEN
VOCABULARY: MAKING SUGGESTIONS
GRAMMAR: COULD (POSSIBILITY)
-

Use COULD to talk about past ability and present possibility

Ability in the past

Possibility in the present

I could read when I was there.

He could run fast when he was a young
boy
We could go to the cinema tonight
We could play tennis.

VOCABULARY: TYPES OF STORY; FILMS

A comedy
a horror story
a romance
A thriller
an action film

a novel

a play

an epic

science fiction

GRAMMAR: GOING TO FOR EXPRESSING PREDICTION

-

Use GOING TO for predicting the future, based on things happening

now.

Affirmative:
They are going to win the game.
Negative: They arent going to win the game.
Questions: Are they going to win the game?
Short answers: Yes, they are.
No, they arent.
LESSON 4 A B: HOW TO ASK FOR THINGS IN A HOTEL HOW TO
SAY WHATS HAPPENED
VOCABULARY: HOTEL WORDS AND PHRASES

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GRAMMAR: CAN COULD (REQUESTS)

a) For things: Can I have a cup of coffee, please?
Could I have a glass of water, please?
b) For permission to do something:
Can I answer my cell, please?
Could I go out just a moment, please?
c) For someone to do something:
Can you help me, please?
Could you listen to me, please?
COULD is more polite than CAN
VOCABULARY: ACCIDENTS AT HOME
VERB
drop
happen
do
break

PAST
dropped
happened
did
broke

PAST PARTICIPLE
dropped
happened
done
broken

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT FOR RECENT EVENTS

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT

(have has) + Vpp.

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The Present Perfect is used for expressing something that happened in the
past. (Recent events)
LESSON 4 C - D. HOW TO SAY WHAT YOU HAVE DONE HOW TO
TALK ABOUT EXPERIENCES
VOCABULARY: THINGS AROUND THE HOUSE
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT
I have broken my glasses.
I havent broken my glasses.
Have you broken your glasses?
Yes, I have. No, I havent.
hasnt.

He has gone to school.

He hasnt gone to school.
Has he gone to school?
Yes, he has.
- No, he

Use EVER and NEVER in Present Perfect for emphasis

Have you ever been in Argentina?

No, I have never been in Argentina.

PRESENT PERFECT and PAST SIMPLE

a) Use the Present Perfect to talk about an event which happened
recently. It isnt important when it happened.
We have visited the museum twice.
year.

He has been in Cuba this

It is possible to use expressions of indefinite time with the Present Perfect.

(Before now, today, this week, during my life)
b) Use the Past Simple to talk about a complete event which happened
in the past.
She went to The USA last month.

They didnt play soccer yesterday.

We can use expressions of definite time with the Past Simple.

(Last summer, last week, in 2011, when I was 12, yesterday)

UNIT 3. SHOPPING
LESSON 5 A B: HOW TO TALK ABOUT CLOTHES
VOCABULARY: CLOTHES

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GRAMMAR: ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Use ADVERBS OF DEGREE to say the intensity of an adjective.
VERY

TOO

ENOUGH

QUITE

A BIT

A LITTLE

REALLY

The adverbs of degree are used BEFORE an adjective. Except

ENOUGH which is used AFTER the adjective

This
book
interesting.

is

very
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The boy is too tired.

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

These shoes are quite

comfortable.
The student is a bit lazy.

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The film was a little boring.

This car is really nice.
My jacket is long enough.


GRAMMAR: WILL SHALL FOR PROMISES AND OFFERS

WILL is used for affirmative and negative sentences

I will call you later.

(Promise)
I will carry your umbrella.
(Offer)
I wont forget your present.
(Promise)
I will lend you an e-mail.
(Offer)

SHALL is used for questions

Shall I pay your meal?

(Offer)

LESSON 5 C - D. HOW TO ASK FOR THINGS IN SHOPS

VOCABULARY: SHOPPING PHRASES

GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS WITH ON AND OFF

- A phrasal verb is made with a noun or an object pronoun.

a) You can try this suit on.(Try on)

b) You can try it on.

a) Turn off the lights.

(Turn off)
b) Turn them off.

GRAMMAR: MUST, MUSTNT

Use MUST or MUSTNT to talk about rules.

- MUST means to do something important.

MUSNT means is important not to do something.

You must use the seat belt when driving.
You mustnt use the cellular when driving.
LESSON 6 A - B. HOW TO TALK ON THE PHONE - HOW TO TALK
ABOUT OBLIGATIONS
VOCABULARY:

GRAMMAR: HAVE TO, DONT HAVE TO, MUSTNT

Use HAVE TOto talk about obligation
They have to work in the evenings.
You have to be in class on time.
Use DONT HAVE TO to show it is not necessary to do something.
They dont have to work on Saturdays.
You dont have to come to English class on Fridays.
LESSON 6 C D: HOW TO TELL A STORY
VOCABULARY: BANK AND POST OFFICE

Account number
cash
cash machine
envelope
Cheque
credit card ID
post code travelers check

GRAMMAR: PAST TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS

cashier
stamp

GRAMMAR: PAST CONTINUOUS - (WAS WERE ) + V-ing

Use the Past Continuous to talk about actions in the past which were
in progress at a particular time.

Affirmative:
Negative:

Questions:
Short Answers:

The boy was studying English this year.

My parents were living in Quito.
The boy wasnt studying English this year.
My parents werent living in Quito.
Was the boy studying English this year?
Were my parents living in Quito?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasnt
Yes, they were. No, they werent.

UNIT 4. JOBS

LESSON 7 A - B. HOW TO HAVE A CONVERSATION ABOUT

WORK - HOW TO EXPLAIN WHAT YOU MEAN

GRAMMAR: DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A clause is a complex sentence composed by two simple sentences

joined by a connector.
WHO
People
THAT
Things
WHICH
WHEN
WHERE
WHOSE

Time
Places
Owner

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate
information.

a) I saw a woman yesterday.

b) The woman was at the bus station.

I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.

I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.

a) He brings a computer every day.

b) The computer is small.

He brings a computer THAT is small.

He brings a computer WHICH is small.

a) Peter lives in New York.

b) Peter studies in New York.

Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or

additional information.
a) The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.
b) The girl is an excellent secretary.

The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent

secretary.

a) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.

b) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.

Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the

capital of the Cotopaxi province.

LESSON 7 C D . HOW TO TALK ABOUT RULES (2)

GRAMMAR: CAN CANT FOR EXPRESSING PERMISSION

- Use CAN to give permission or to say OK to do something

You can use my computer.

He can go out the class.

Use CANT to refuse permission or to say it is not OK to do something

They cant smoke in class.

museum.

She cant take pictures in the

GRAMMAR: BECAUSE and SO

- Use BECAUSE to explain why something happens.

BECAUSE comes after the result

I was late for work BECAUSE I miss the bus.

Result

He didnt come to class BECAUSE he was sick.

Result

- Use SO to explain what the result is.

SO comes before the result

I miss the bus SO I was late for work.

Result

He was sick SO he didnt come to class.

Result
LESSON 8 A - B. HOW TO APOLOGIZE AND RESPOND TO
APOLOGIES
VOCABULARY: APOLOGY PHRASES

GRAMMAR: POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT
PRONOU
NS

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

This is your car.

POSSESSI
VE
ADJECTIV
ES
My

Your
.
His

Her
.
Its
.
Our

Your

Their
.

RELATIVE
PRONOU
NS

me

myself

you

yourself

his

him

himself

hers

her

herself

Its

it

itself

ours

us

ourselves

yours

you

theirs

them

yourselve
s
themselv
es

POSSESSI
VE
PRONOU
NS
mine

yours

OBJECT
PRONOU
NS

This is yours.

He brought his book.

I found my cell.

He brought his.
I found mine.

VOCABULARY: MATERIAL AND SHAPE

GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE

PS + BE + Vpp + BY + AS + CIRC.

P.S. = Patient Subject

BE = am is are was-were-being-been
Vpp. = Past participle form
BY = Preposition that shows WHO does the action
A.S. = Agent Subject
CIRC = Circumstantial

BE verbal forms for the passive voice

PRESENT
am, is, are
PAST
was, were
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(am, is, are) being
PAST PROGRESSIVE
(was, were) being
IMMEDIATE FUTURE
(am, is, are) going to be
MEDIATE FUTURE
will be
PRESENT PERFECT
(have, has) been
PAST PERFECT
had been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: (have, has) been being

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSSIVE:

had been being

D.O.
Active voice: The girldoesthe homeworkat home

A.S.
Tr. V.
P.S.
Circ.

Passive Voice:The homeworkismadebythe girlat home.

P.S.
BE
Vp.p.
Prep
A.S.Circ.

Active Voice: He worked a table in the workshop.

Passive Voice: A table was worked by him in the workshop.

Active Voice: She is going to study English next year.

Passive Voice: English is going to be studied by her next year.

Active Voice: My friend will buy a car next month.

Passive Voice: A car will be bought by my friend next month.

NOTE: A verb can be transitive or intransitive.

- Transitive verb when there is a DO in the sentence.

Peter writes a letter in the office.

- Intransitive verb when there isnt a DO in the sentence.

Peter writes in the office.

CONCLUSSION - An active sentence is possible to change

into passive sentence only when the verb is transitive.

LESSON 8 C - D. HOW TO MAKE PREDICTIONS HOW TO TALK

ABOUT RESULTS OF FUTURE ACTIONS

GRAMMAR: WILL (Predictions)

- Use WILL or WILL NOT (WONT)to make predictions about the future.

The president will go to Europe soon.

He wont go to the USA this year.
Carlos will win the competition.
He wont win the championship.

VOCABULARY: E-MAIL

GRAMMAR: FIRST CONDITIONAL

(IF CLAUSES)

Use the First Conditional to talk about present or possible future

actions and their results.

IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE (Result)
IF + PRESENT
PRESENT or FUTURE
If you study hard, you approve the level.
If you study hard, you will approve the level.
You approve the level IF you study hard.
You will approve the level IF you study hard.
NOTE: When the clause starts with the connector, a comma is
needed to separate the two ideas. But, when the connector is in the
middle of the clause, a comma is not necessary.

 UNIT 5. PLACES AND TOWNS

LESSON 9 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT FOOD

VOCABULARY: PREPARED FOOD

GRAMMAR: COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are the nouns you can count. They can be singular
or plural.
Uncountable nouns are nouns you cant count. They cant be
singular or plural.
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Book books
House houses
Boy boys
Car cars
Student students

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
water
soda
oil
information
bread
sand
money
sugar
flour
salt

VOCABULARY: COOKING

GRAMMAR: QUANTIFIERS (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)

EXPRESSION
S

SOME

SI

ANY

SI

MUCH

NO

MANY

SI

A LOT OF

SI

LOTS OF

SI

A LITTLE

SEVERAL

SI

NONE

SI

COUNT
ABLE

NO

SI

SI

SI

N
O
SI

NO

SI

SI

SI

NO

SI

SI

SI

NO

SI

SI

SI

N
O
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
N
O
N
O
S
I
S
I

S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I

NON
COUNT
ABLE
SI

SEQUENCERS
HOW
TO GET GOOD
Use sequencers to show order
or sequence
of a series of actions.
PRODUCTS EASILY
FIRST
SECOND
THIRD

First, think about the things you

need.
Second, make a budget.
Third, make a list of products you
need.
Fourth, go to the market.
Next, look for the products.
Then, select the products.

FOURTH
NEXT
THEN
AFTER
FINALLY

LESSON 9 C - D. HOW TO GIVE LIFESTYLE ADVICE

GRAMMAR: SHOULD (OUGHT TO)

Use SHOULD or SHOULDNT to ask and give advice and suggestions.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Question:
Short answers:

You should study for the test.

You shouldnt go out every night.
Should they be late for class?
Yes, they should.
No, they shouldnt.

GRAMMAR: SHOULD MUST

Use SHOULD SHOULDNT; MUST MUSTNT to give very strong
advice.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Question:
Short Answers:

You should avoid getting upset.

You shouldnt sleep in class.
Should we do all the exercises?
Yes, we should.
No, we shouldnt.

LESSON 10 A - B. HOW TO ASK AND SAY WHERE PLACES ARE

- HOW TO TALK ABOUT STAGES OF A JOURNEY

VOCABULARY: PLACES; JOURNEY TIMES

A short bus ride

A five-minute walk
a long way
A thirty-minute drive
a half-hour flight
journey
Four or five hours by car
six hours by train
foot

VOCABULARY: AIR TRAVEL

not far
a two-day boat
five minutes on

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFERCT WITH: (YET, JUST, ALREADY)

PRESENT PERFECT

(HAVE HAS) + Vpp.

He has gone to school.
We have read that book.

Use YET to say that something hasnt happened up to now, or to ask

about something that you expect to happen.

Use YET at the end of a sentence or a question.

Negative:
Question:
Answer:

I havent had a shower yet.

Have you had breakfast yet?
No, no yet.

Use JUST to say something that happened, when the action is very
recent.

Affirmative:They have just arrived to the airport.

Use ALREADY to say something has happened before now, or to say

it happened earlier than you thought.
Affirmative:They have already gone to work.

NOTE: Use JUST and ALREADY before the main verb.

LESSON 10 C D: HOW TO KEEP A CONVERSATION GOING
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT WITH (FOR SINCE)

Use the PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE to talk about the duration

of actions and states those began in the past and continue in the
present.
- FOR is used in periods of time that continue until now.
She has lived in London for ten years.

- SINCE is used as a referential point of time when the action began.

My brother has worked as a pilot since 1998.

VOCABULARY: PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION

Use PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION to describe movements.

(Along - across - between - towards)

They travelled along the coast.

Europeans sailed across the Mediterranean Sea.
Ecuador is between Peru and Colombia.
The ship goes towards the North.

GRAMMAR: USED TO

Use the expression USED TO to talk about the things that happened
many times in the past, but it doesnt happen now.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Question:
Answers:

I used to play marbles when I was a child.

He didnt use to travel a lot.
Did you use to eat grapes in the evening?
Yes, I did.
No, I didnt.

Dont use USED TO to talk about single events in the past

Christopher Columbus discovered America.

LESSON 11 A - B. HOW TO DESCRIBE SYMPTOMS - HOW TO

SAY HOW PEOPLE APPEAR

VOCABULARY: SYMPTOMS

GRAMMAR: ACTION OR STRATE VERBS

Action verbs can be used with

continuous tenses
State verbs are not usually used
with continuous tenses

Mary is talking to Sonia.

Betty and Elena are taking photos.
David likes art and music.
Philip and Julie have three kids.

Believe, feel, hate, know, like,

love, prefer, think, understand,
and want.
Appear, feel, look, seem, smell,
sound taste.

Some common state verbs are:

Verbs connected with thinking

and opinions

Verbs
connected
senses

with

the

LESSON 11 C D. HOW TO GIVE YOUR IDEAS HOW TO SAY

SOMETHING WAS DONE
VOCABULARY: VERBS FOR GIVING IDEAS

Agree
compare
hope
imagine
Plan
prefer
refuse
Try
want

decide
pretend

forget
promise

GRAMMAR: V + FULL INFINITIVE

(V + To + V)

suggest

Examples: I sometimes forget to turn off my computer.

You are planning to buy a car.
She didnt want to go to the movies.
They decided to have a meal out.

a.

b.

VOCABULARY: THE FACE

GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE

LESSON 11 E
GRAMMAR:
SENTENCE ADVERBS
Use sentence adverbs (Connectors) to show how a sentence
connects to the rest of a text.
Use CLEARLY to say that something is true.
Global warming is a big problem. Clearly, we have to find a solution.
Use HOWEVER to add a contrast
The hotel was expensive. However, it wasnt very good.
Use FINALLY to add your last point.
I was ill for two weeks. Finally, I decided to go and see the doctor.
IMPERATIVES:
Use Imperatives to tell somebody what to do or not to do.

Take the medicine every two hours.

Go and see the doctor.
Dont drive when drinking alcohol.
Dont sell cigarettes to children.

NOTE: To make the imperative negative, use DONT + INFINITIVE

without TO

Dont take pictures in here.

Dont go to the meeting.

LESSON 12 A - B. HOW TO ASK FOR PEOPLE TO DO THINGS

HOW TO DESCRIBE A FESTIVAL

VOCABULARY: POLITE REQUESTS

Excuse me, could you show me how this works?

Excuse me, would you mind giving me your autograph?
Would you mind giving me a hand with these boxes?
Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to the station?
Would you like to come with me?
Could you wait here for a moment?
Would you mind opening the door?
Would you like to take a seat?
Could you lend me your car?

GRAMMAR: GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Use V + FULL INFINITIVE

(Agree, decide, hope, need, learn, offer,
plan, promise, refuse, want, would like)
Examples: They agreed to help each other
She promised to come early
I would like to see that film
He decided to invite his friends
She needs to study for an exam.
You refused to go to the lecture.
We wanted to solve the troubles.

Use V + GERUND INFINITIVE (Enjoy, finish, go, hate, love, mind, like,
practice)
Examples: The boy enjoyed playing marbles.
My sister finished cooking dinner.
I went walking home yesterday.
You hated working on weekends.
We love watching comedy films.
They dont mind listening to rock music.
Charles likes practicing sports on Saturdays.

NOTE: Sometimes it is possible to use FULL INFINITIVE after like, love

and hate especially in American English.
Examples: We hate to eat junk food.
Everybody likes to play soccer.
GRAMMAR: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS
Use Indefinite Pronouns when you dont know exactly WHO, WHAT or
WHERE.

People

Things

Places

one
Someon
e
Somebo
dy
Somethi
ng
Somewh
ere

one
Anyone

Anybod
y
Anythin
g
Anywhe
re

all
Everyon
e
Everybo
dy
Everythi
ng
Everywh
ere

none
No one

Nobody

Nothing

Nowher
e

Use SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOMETHING and SOMEWHERE

affirmative sentences.

in

Use ANYBODY, ANYTHING, and ANYWHERE in Negative Sentences

and Questions.
Use No one, Nobody, Nothing AND Nowhere in Short Negative
Answers or in sentences with positive verb.

Examples:

I heard someone playing a guitar

Nobody wanted to leave the party
It was foggy and I couldnt see anything
Everything was covered in mud
You dont have to pay for anything
There is something on the floor
There isnt anywhere interesting to go.

LESSON 12 C - D. HOW TO ACCEPT AND REFUSE INVITATIONS

HOW TO TALK ABOUT IMAGINED SITUATIONS
GRAMMAR: FUTURE FORMS
Use WILL for deciding, promising and offering
Use GOING TO to talk about your plans, to predict the future based
on evidences

Use the Present Continuous to talk about arrangements

WILL

We will do the
washing up
I wont be late

Shall I help you?

GOING TO

She is going to
look for a job
It isnt going to
rain today
Are they going to
fly to Rome?

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
Theyre
leaving
next week
We arent going to
the party
Are you staying in
tonight?

NOTE: Use SHALL instead of WLL in Questions with I WE

Examples:

Shall we meet at the station?

Shall I bring my Laptop?

GRAMMAR: SECOND CONDITIONAL

Use IF + PAST SIMPLE for an imagined situation, and WOULD + VERB
for an imagined result.

IF CALUSE
IF + PAST TENSE

MAIN CLAUSE
WOULD + VERB

Examples: If we moved to a new country, we would go to New

Zealand.
If he were rich, he would buy a boat and sail to Africa.
They would buy a new house IF it were cheaper.
NOTES
Use WERE instead WAS because it is more formal.
The connector IF can go at the beginning or in the middle of the
clause. When IF is at the beginning, a comma is necessary to use.
But when the IF is in the middle, a comma is not necessary to use

Examples:
world.

IF I won the lottery, I would travel around the

PERPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, ON, AT

IN

ON

I would travel around the world IF I won the lottery.

In the afternoon, in January, in Spring, in 2014, in the

morning, in the evening
On Saturday morning, on August 9th , on Christmas day

AT

NO
PREPOSI
TION

Examples:

At 7:30 p.m., at night, at noon, at the weekend, at

breakfast, at Christmas
Tonight, tomorrow, last week, every day, this morning

I called him at 6 oclock

We had a party on Christmas day
Shall we meet in the afternoon?
There is an exam next week
Romania joined the European Union in 2007
They went to a holyday at Easter