Electromagnetic Induction

Implementation and Factors affecting the Induced Voltage of Coils

Abrenilla, Joshua Abraham T.1, Lobrigas, Jake C.2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of San Carlos Technological Center
Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines
1
joshuaabre@gmail.com, 2j.lobrigas0486@gmail.com
AbstractElectromagnetic Induction is the ability of
changing magnetic field to an induced voltage in a conductor. In
order to better understand this phenomenon, the experiment
conducted involves a coil of wire wound around a cylindrical
foundation with air as its core, a permanent magnet, and also a
device to detect the voltage in the wire. When a magnet is moved
into the coil of wire, a voltage is induced in the wire, this process
is called induction. The direction of the induced voltage is
reversed whenever the magnet is moved out of the coil again as it
can also be revered if the other pole of the magnet is moved into
the coil. The induced voltage disappears when the magnet stops
moving. According to the underlying principles of Faraday's
Law, factors such as magnetic field intensity, rate of change of the
magnetic field flux and the number of turns of the wire exposed
to the change in flux. This document contains the data and
results, theory behind electromagnetic induction, and the
procedures in the implementation of the coil.

coil of wire. As this happens, a potential difference is

produced between the ends of the coil, which causes the
current to flow. This concept becomes the basis of this
electromagnetic induction experiment which was constructed
by 500 turns using a magnetic wire of AWG# 30, with air as
its core, and an LED as an indicator if the induced voltage and
current are enough light up an LED. A mutimeter used as a
voltmeter is also used to measure voltage induced by the coil.
Even if the magnet is inside the coil, no voltage is induced
when a magnet is still in it because no change in magnetic flux
occurs.
A. Application of Electromagnetic Induction- Bicycle
Dynamo

KeywordsElectromagnetic Induction, Faraday's Law,

Magnetic Field, Change in Flux, Induction, Permanent Magnet,
Induced Voltage

I. INTRODUCTION / MOTIVATION
In this new age of technology innovation, a lot of
ways have been created in which energy can be converted into
one form to another thus, energy is converted into a more
usable kind of energy according to its demand. An example of
this is producing electrical energy from nuclear technology,
wind mills, and waterfalls due to its strong water current, this
means that electricity can be produced in various ways. A lot
of techniques have been made nowadays to utilize mechanical
energy into an electrical energy. One simple example of a
generator is the bicycle dynamo. The dynamo has wheel that
touches the back tyre. As the bicycle moves, the wheel turns a
magnet inside a coil. This activity induces enough electricity
to run the bicycle's lights. Increasing the speed of the bicycle,
produces greater induced current, which means that this makes
the lights brighter.
This experiment makes use of a magnetic wire,
permanent magnet, LED, and a multimeter in order to induce a
voltage which is the objective of this experiment. Since it is
not practical to generate large amounts of electricity by
passing a magnet in and out of a coil of wire. In real world
applications, generators induce a current by spinning a coil of
wire inside a magnetic field, or by spinning a magnet inside a

Fig.1 Bicycle Dynamo Operation

Bicycle Dynamo is one of the applications of the

experiment conducted. This operation involves when the
bicycle is in motion. Whenever, the bicycle moves, its wheel
also rotates which makes it rub against the tyre which makes
the magnet turn, as the magnet turns- there will be a change in
magnetic flux. The magnet is located inside a coil of wires
with its leads connected to the lamp of the bicycle. As there
will be a change in magnetic flux, current will be induced
around the coil which makes the lamp lit.

II. OBJECTIVES
This experiment aims to:
Hypothesize what will happen and why when a bar magnet
is passed in various ways through coils of wire.
Construct and use a model that demonstrates the actions of
an electricity generator through a coil in which the magnet is
pushed in and out.
Prepare a brief summary of the activity, including a
description of the set-up and what occurred when it was tested.
Draw a conclusion comparing their hypotheses to what was
observed in the activity.
Propose an application

Fig.2 Coil with Magnet inside

III. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electric charge is a movable substance that is
contained inside all metals. Even if a wire is uncharged, it is
still full of charges. The atoms of metal are made of half
positively-charged atoms- protons and half negatively charged
atoms- electrons. Metals are special due to their electrons
which do not stay connected to the metal atoms, instead they
fly constantly around inside the metal and form a type of
electric liquid inside the wires, this liquid is more commonly
known as the electron sea or electron gas or the sea of charge.
The fluid charge is movable and lets metals be electric
conductors. The movable charge is not visible, it actually
gives metals their luster or ability to shine as electron gas is
like a silvery fluid.
Whenever a circle of wire surrounds a magnetic field,
and if the magnetic field then changes, a circular "pressure"
which is called Voltage appears. The faster the magnetic field
changes, the larger the voltage becomes. This voltage tries to
force the movable charges inside the wire to rotate around the
circle. Moving magnets cause changing magnetic fields which
try to create electric currents in closed circles of wire. A
moving magnet causes a pumping action. However, if the
circuit is not complete, there is a break, then the pumping
force will cause no charge to flow. Instead, a voltage
difference will appear at the ends of the wires. But if the
circuit is complete or closed, then the magnet's pumping
action can force the electrons of the coil to begin flowing. A
moving magnet can create an electric current in a closed
circuit. This effect is now the known Electromagnetic
Induction. This is a basic law of physics, and it is used by all
coil/ magnet electric generators.

Formula for Induced EMF (voltage) in Volts

A magnetic field of changing intensity perpendicular
to a wire will induce a voltage along the length of that wire.
The amount of voltage induced depends on the rate of change
of the magnetic field flux and the number of turns of wire (if
coiled) exposed to the change in flux. Faradays equation for
induced voltage: e = N(d/dt). A current-carrying wire will
experience an induced voltage along its length if the current
changes (thus changing the magnetic field flux perpendicular
to the wire, thus inducing voltage according to Faradays
formula). A device built specifically to take advantage of this
effect is called an inductor.
If a magnetic field is applied to a surface of area A,
and the component of that magnetic field that is perpendicular
to the surface is B, the the flux is given by the expression:

Magnetic Flux

Increasing the induced voltage

To increase the induced voltage:

move the magnet faster

use a stronger magnet
increase the number of turns on the coil
increase the area of the coil
Fig.2 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

IV. MATERIALS
The materials used in the implementation of this experiment
are the following:
Magnetic Wire of AWG #30
Cylindrical Figure
LED
Magnet
Adhesive
Multimeter
Since this experiment makes use air as its core, we
would only use the cylindrical figure in order to create the coil
and this will serve as your foundation so that the coil won't
break or be loose. It should also be noted that the cylindrical
figure must be hollow and have a diameter that is enough for
your magnet to fit and move freely. In order to determine the
induced voltage produced by the coil, multimeter is being
used. The ends of the coil are connected to the negative and
positive leads of the multimeter in order to measure the
induced voltage. The adhesive is a masking tape in this
experiment, it is used to hold the coil together.

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Fig.3 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

V. METHODOLOGY
Fig.4 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

Fig.5 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

Fig.6 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

Acknowledgment

Fig.7 Magnet moved In and Out of the Coil

Trials
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Average:

Voltage Reading (mV)

105.2
87.3
173.6
310.1
173.1
169.86

Table 1. Voltage Reading in mV for each Trial

With each trial the same set-up is being used, the coil
is the same however, the induced voltage reading is not the
same for all trials due to the fact that the speed at which the
magnetic flux is changing isn't constant. This has caused a
change in the gathered data. The average voltage reading for
five set-ups is 169.86.

Conclusion

First and foremost, the researchers would like to

express their sincerest gratitude their mentor, Engr. Jaybee
Lacea, for giving them the opportunity to conduct and push
through with this research, for imparting them with kind
words of motivation and immense knowledge. The researchers
would also like to thank their parents and friends - the very
people who have provided them with the right amount of
encouragement, insights and constructive criticism which
proved very useful throughout the process.
Especially to the friends who have always been there
to give their support despite having difficulties too with their
personal projects. They never hesitated to offer some help and
show their support to the researchers. To the experts who were
involved in the validation of this research project, thank you.
Without their passionate participation and input, this research
would not have been successfully conducted. Last but not the
least, a million thanks to The Lord God Almighty. Praise be
Jesus for being the ultimate strength and bestowing upon the
researchers the will power to achieve. It is through him that
they are able with wisdom and moral values that allowed them
to think and perform with all honesty and credibility. A
thousand times Amen!

References
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[2]

Maxwell, James Clerk (1904), A Treatise on Electricity

and Magnetism, Vol. II, Third Edition. Oxford University
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Giancoli, Douglas C. (1998). Physics: Principles with

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Hayt, W. (1989). Engineering Electromagnetics (5th

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