Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NTT DOCOMO
Vol.17
Oct.2015No.2
DOCOMO Today
Technology Reports
Collaboration Projects
Akihiro Maebara
Manager of Radio Access Network Development Department
value by making ingenious use of current technologies and combining multiple technologies to improve the efficiency of network performance. An example is NTT DOCOMOs proposal of advanced
C-RAN for the deployment of LTE-Advanced, which it then devel-
years ago when I joined NTT. Soon after I entered the company,
PDC standard began. At that time, the service was called non-
With anyone was expressed vividly by that trend then. How the
vanced service, ushering in the era of speeds greater than 225 Mbps.
distribution and cloud services, have grown. At the same time, real-
the flat-rate system for voice calls, one can sense that even the con-
where.
*1
P.19
P.25
Device discovery
P.56
CA
Advanced C-RAN
SpecialArticlesonPREMIUM4GIntroductionofLTEAdvanced
Sadayuki Abeta
Toshiro Kawahara
Toshiyuki Futakata
1. Introduction
erators.
*1
*2
society.
User Throughput
peak data rate is 1 Gbps in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the uplink.
2. LTE-Advanced
Requirements
A specifications study for LTE-Ad-
LTE terminal
LTE-Advanced station
EPC
LTE terminal
LTE-Advanced terminal
LTE-Advanced terminal
LTE-Advanced station
LTE
LTE
LTE-Advanced terminal
LTE
LTE-Advanced
Figure 1
LTE-Advanced compatibility
balancing*4
MIMO*5
3. Main Technologies of
LTE-Advanced
tral
efficiency*7.
4. Features of Advanced
C-RAN Architecture
In addition, multi-user
(MIMO)*3
technology. In contrast, a
tion [6].
3.1 CA
MIMO*8
of macro
*3
*4
*5
*6
*7
*8
*9
cell*10
5. Rollout Scenario
Consolidates baseband
processing to perform
control operations
Achieves CA by
overlapping macro
cell
Frequency bandwidth
CA
CA
HO
Figure 2
CA
HO
Macro cell
Achieves CA by spot
deployment of a small
cell
Small cell
Baseband unit
units.
6. Conclusion
Duplex
scope of application.
Life Partner.
(Figure 3).
(TDD)*14
Dec. 2010
44 MIMO
LTE-Advanced introduction
225 Mbps and greater
Mar. 2015
Figure 3
REFERENCES
http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/
field/data/gt010602.pptx
2015.
[4] H. Suzuki et al.: Router-type Mobile
pects, 2010.
[7] S. Abeta and H. Atarashi: Radio Access
Network for Ultra High Speed Broadband Services, Proc. of the IEICE Gen-
Jun. 2010.
CA
Advanced C-RAN
SpecialArticlesonPREMIUM4GIntroductionofLTEAdvanced
Kohei Kiyoshima
Takahiro Takiguchi
Yasuhiro Kawabe
Yusuke Sasaki
in 2011 [1].
1. Introduction
10
*1
*2
and small
mobile
architecture.
5G*4
2. Advanced C-RAN
Architecture
As stated above, CA is a key tech-
cell*5
connect to a macro
3.
eNodeB
(eNB)*7.
band*8
capacity.
C-RAN
to
have
the
site*9.
C-RAN archi-
Higher speeds by CA
C-RAN
architecture
Advanced C-RAN
architecture
Increased capacity
by add-on cells
Figure 1
*3
*4
*5
*6
tions system.
Macro cell: An area in which communication
is possible, covered by a single base station, and
with a radius from several hundred meters to
several tens of kilometers.
Small cell: Generic name for a cell covering a
*7
*8
11
Carriers
Table 1
Improved throughput by CA
37.5
10
75
15
112.5
20
150
25
187.5
30
225
35
262.5
40
300
240 Mbps
Figure 2
*9
12
LTE, a HandOver
procedure is
between
band.
1) Evaluation by Simulation
(Figure 3).
achieving load
balancing*10
(HO)*11
Add-on cell
sion effect of add-on cells. In this evaluation, coverage bands were arranged
LTE terminal
LTE-Advanced terminal
Free slot
Macro cell
Time
LTE terminal
Figure 3
Time
LTE-Advanced terminal
Load balancing by CA
13
10 MHz.
2) Evaluation Results
Coverage-band
macro cell
Figure 4
14
conditions.
Capacity-band
macro cell
Capacity-band
add-on cell
Simulation scenarios
300%
Coverage-band macro
cell
Capacity-band
macro cell
Capacity-band
add-on cell
250%
ences a drop in throughput due to interference between the add-on cells and
200%
150%
Capacity improved
by approximately 2.5
times compared to
Case 1
100%
50%
0%
Case11
Case
RAN architecture enables flexible switching between add-on cells while keeping
Case 2
Figure 5
120%
Capacity per add-on cell
100%
3. SCell Control in
Advanced C-RAN
80%
60%
40%
0%
1
Case 2
Figure 6
15
described below.
LTE terminal
Point 1:
LTE throughput enabled
by connecting to an addon cell
LTE-Advanced terminal
Add-on cell B
Add-on cell A
Add-on cell A
Point 2:
Throughput degrades due to
interference and HO at cell
edge
Figure 7
Point 1:
High-speed communications enabled
by connecting to both macro cell
and add-on cell through CA
Add-on cell B
Point 2:
Stable communications achieved
by also connecting to a macro
cell through CA
Macro cell
LTE terminal
LTE-Advanced terminal
Max. received data rate: 136.011 Mbps
Figure 8
16
Comparison between LTE/LTE-Advanced terminals moving between add-on cells in a commercial environment
terminal.
Add-on cell #1
Add-on cell #2
(1)
(2)
(3)
SCell delete
SCell change
SCell add
Mobile
terminal
eNB
Mobile
terminal
Non-CA state
Neighboring-cell quality
measurement command
Mobile
terminal
eNB
CA state
CA state
SCell-change command
eNB
SCell-delete command
SCell-change-complete response
SCell-delete-complete response
SCell-add-complete response
CA state
CA state
Non-CA state
Macro cell
Figure 9
Add-on cell
17
18
4. Conclusion
NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
efficiency.
terminal enters a conventional LTE communications state (non-CA state). Cancelling the CA state in this way when
appropriate can reduce the use of eNB
resources and save battery power on the
mobile terminal.
2007.
[6] T. Takiguchi, K. Kiyoshima, Y. Sagae, K.
Yagyu, H. Atarashi and S. Abeta: Per-
https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
REFERENCES
High-density BDE
SRE
SpecialArticlesonPREMIUM4GIntroductionofLTEAdvanced
Tatsuhiko Yoshihara
Teruaki Toeda
Masahiro Fujii
Shingo Suwa
Takefumi Yamada
ing and commercializing Advanced C-RAN architecture toward a full-scale rollout of LTE-Advanced.
1. Introduction
vanced
C-RAN)*3
architecture [1].
a key tech-
cells.
Carrier Aggregation
(CA)*2,
Band
(RE)*5
*1
*2
(BB)*4
19
of service area rollout by Advanced CRAN architecture using the above equip-
Plane antenna
Optical cable
Rod antenna (with tilt)
Figure 1
Photo 1
*3
*4
*5
*6
20
2. High-density BDE
link*7,
bands or RE types.
accommodation.
Remote RE
(RRE)*8
macro cells or small cells [5]. The highdensity BDE is equipped with a function
*8
*9
[7].
10
Table 1
*7
Existing BDE
Supported systems
LTE/LTE-Advanced
LTE
Max. 48
Max. 6
Power consumption
Size
CPRI link: Circuit between BDE and RE conforming to CPRI internal interface specifications
for standard radio base stations. High-density
BDE can operate a maximum of 48 CPRI links
enabling a maximum of 48 RE connections.
RRE: eNB antenna equipment installed at some
distance from an eNB using optical fiber or other
means.
CCs: Bundled carriers used for achieving CA.
synchronize with the Master Clock, synchronization between high-density BDE units based on
GPS time can be performed.
*12 FDD: A scheme for transmitting signals using
different carrier frequencies and bands in the
uplink and downlink.
*13 MIMO: Wireless communications technology
for expanding transmission capacity by using
multiple transmit/receive antennas.
21
3. SRE
SRE corresponds to compact, low-
16
fier (LNA)*
(DUP)*19.
(Table 2).
band*14
er Amplifier
(T-PA)*17,
18,
and DUPlexer
and
Photo 2
Table 2
(Reference)
Existing 2 GHz RRE
2 W / 15 MHz / branch
2 W / 20 MHz / branch
20 W / 20 MHz / branch
No. of branches
Size
Under 3
Under 13
Equipment weight
Under 3 kg
Under 11.5 kg
Power consumption
Under 30 W
Under 220 W
Power supply
AC 100 V/200 V
DC 48 V
*14 Capacity band: A band used mainly for increasing radio capacity.
*15 TRX-INF: Functional component that converts
IQ signals and maintenance and monitoring signals between BB and TRX to CPRI format for
transmission along optical fiber.
*16 TRX: Functional component having a function
for converting input BB transmit signals into RF
transmit signals through orthogonal modulation
and a function for performing A/D conversion
22
transmit power for the distortion compensation circuit can reduce power consump-
range*20
ena-
4. Base-station Antennas
for Small Cells
Table 3.
tion*21
however, is predetermined.
2) Plane Antenna
installation.
interference.
and electrical tilt systems that control the amplitude and phase of antenna array elements.
*23 Radiation pattern: Expresses the strength of
radio waves radiated in different directions.
*24 Gain: Relative signal power in the direction of
maximum radiation.
5. Conclusion
23
Table 3
Antenna type
24
Rod antenna
with titling
Rod antenna
with no tilting
(Reference)
Macro cell antenna [8]
Plane antenna
Appearance
Frequency band
Horizontal-plane directivity
Omnidirectional
Omnidirectional
Unidirectional
Unidirectional
Tilt type
No tilt
Size (mm)
Under 55340
Under 55150
Under 20020060
Under 2002,700
2007.
Jun. 2010.
REFERENCES
Oct. 2015.
LTE-Advanced
CA
Category 6
SpecialArticlesonPREMIUM4GIntroductionofLTEAdvanced
the demand for even greater throughput in mobile communications. Studies have been performed on CAa key technology
of LTE-Advancedas a means of increasing throughput by
Product Department
Hidetoshi Suzuki
Ryosuke Osawa
Yuki Nishino
Atsuto Miyata
1. Introduction
(RF)*2
CA)*3
field tests.
2. Definition of Mobile
Terminal Categories
The 3rd Generation Partnership Pro-
4GTM*1.
*1
*2
*3
25
pared in Table 1.
Table 1
Throughput
(theoretical
value)
20
25
30
35
40
Terminal category 4
150
Terminal category 6
150
187.5
225
262.5
300
HW-02G
L-01G
Figure 1
*4
26
3. Overview of LTE-Advanced
Mobile Terminals
*5
*6
Table 2
L-01G
LTE-Advanced
LTE
W-CDMA
GPRS*2
LTE-Advanced
Dimensions
Weight
Approx. 110 g
Approx. 187 g
Battery capacity
2,400 mAh
4,880 mAh
Ethernet connection
(when using supplied cradle)
802.3ab (1000Base-T)
Frequency
LTE
HSDPA/
HSUPA
*12
*3
*4
*
as discussed below.
1) HW-02G
indoor areas.
2) L-01G
27
(DIP)*10
(GPRS)*7,
LTE*9
4. Overview of RF
Configurations for Three
Combinations of 2DL CA
4.1 Two Methods of Frequency
Separation
NTT DOCOMO implements three
4.2 RF Configurations
Antenna
Diplexer1G/1.7G
2G
*7
*8
*9
Antenna1
Diplexer1G/1.5G
Switch
800M
Antenna
1.7G
Diplexer
1.5G/1.9G
800M
1.5G
2G
Antenna2
Diplexer1G/1.7G
Switch
Switch
1.7G
800M
1.7G
2G
1.5G
RFIC
RFIC
RFIC
Figure 2
28
antennas.
sufficient performance.
(MIMO)*11
Table 3
6. Conclusion
Theoretical values and test results for downlink data rate (Mbps)
Total bandwidth (MHz)
20
25
30
35
40
150
187.5
225
262.5
300
135
166
205
241
199
238
Theoretical value
Measured value
29
bandwidth of 40 MHz.
REFERENCES
30
3GPP
Release 12
LTE/LTE-Advanced
FurtherDevelopmentofLTEAdvancedRelease12StandardizationTrends
5G Laboratory
Satoshi Nagata
Kazuaki Takeda
Hideaki Takahashi
continued to study technologies to further advance the functionality of LTE/LTE-Advanced, and has recently completed
the Release 12 specification. In this article, we describe the
main functionalities decided in Release 12.
HSPA*2,
1. Introduction
2. Release 12 Specification
Background Consideration
vanced*3
*1
*2
.
HSPA: Standard that enables the high speed
packet data transmission in W-CDMA; collective
term for High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) that speeds up the downlink (from base
station to mobile terminal) and High Speed
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) that speeds up
uplink (from mobile terminal to base station).
31
operations experience.
Release 11 [2].
throughput*8
Dual connectivity
technology
Further advances
in downlink MIMO
Advanced
technologies
for small cells
CoMP between
base stations
Terminal interference
suppression using
supplementary
network information
Etc.
M2M technology
Coordination with
Wi-Fi
Etc.
Radio quality
measurement
Mobility
improvement
Etc.
Figure 1
*3
*4
*5
32
3. New Functionality in
Release 12
*6
*7
*8
X2*14
ment scenarios.
Duplex (TDD)*
11.
Cells
2) Dual Connectivity
backhaul*12
and capacity.
mation
locating different time slots to uplink and downlink transmissions that use the same frequency
band.
*12 Backhaul: Indicates the route connecting a wireless base station to the core network.
*13 RRE: eNB antenna equipment installed at some
distance from an eNB using optical fiber or other
means.
*14 X2: A reference point between eNodeB, defined
by 3GPP.
Radio Equipment
(RRE)*13),
that they
*9
33
34
nology
frequency of
handover*21
when setting
state.
1) D2D Communication
One application anticipated for D2D
Advanced networks.
cating.
nology
congestion*23
into consideration.
Packet Core
(EPC)*22,
2) M2M Technology
(VoLTE)*24,
a radio
measurements.
tionality of LTE-Advanced.
4. Conclusion
In this article, we have described
background study and the main new
functions introduced in Release 12 of
LTE-Advanced. Of the main functions
REFERENCES
[1] T. Nakamura, et al.: Overview of LTEAdvanced and Standardization Trends,
NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal, Vol.12,
No.2, pp.4-9, Sep. 2010.
35
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
LTE-Advanced
CA
DC
FurtherDevelopmentofLTEAdvancedRelease12StandardizationTrends
Research Laboratories
Toru Uchino
Kunihiko Teshima
Kazuki Takeda
(HetNets)*1,
cell*2
nologies.
(FDD)*5
1. Introduction
gation
(CA)*4
on HetNets, as specified
36
2. CA Extensions
*1
*2
UL, a Special
is inserted,
so a new
Component Carriers
(CCs)*8,
Uplink
Downlink
#0
#1
#2
TDD carrier
#0
#1
#2
#3
#3
#4
#4
#5
#5
#6
#6
#7
#7
#8
#8
#9
#9
1ms
DwPTS
S
Guard
period
UpPTS
S: Special subframe
1ms
Figure 1
Frequency
Time
(a) FDD
*4
Subframe
number
Frequency
Time
*3
subframe*9
*5
*6
*7
*8
*9
system.
CC: Term denoting each of the carriers used in
CA.
Subframe: A unit of radio resources in the time
domain consisting of multiple OFDM symbols
(typically 14 OFDM symbols).
37
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
2) TDD-FDD CA
Subframe #
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
switch-point periodicity
5ms
5ms
5ms
10ms
10ms
10ms
5ms
1ms
D
D
4
D
4
D
4
D
4
D
4
D
4
D
HARQ-ACK
4 timing (ms)
9 Subframe #
(a) FDD
8 7
0
6
3
4
8 7
4
D
6
8
4
8 7
9
6
3
HARQ-ACK
timing (ms)
9 Subframe #
Figure 2
38
addition to a PCell.
*15 PUCCH: Physical channel used for sending
and receiving control signals in the UL.
1ms
D
FDD carrier
(PCC)
U
4
TDD carrier
(SCC)
U
4
U
4
U
4
D
4
D
4
U
4
D
4
U
4
D
4
HARQ-ACK
4 timing (ms)
U
4
U
4 HARQ-ACK
timing (ms)
9 Subframe #
TDD carrier
(PCC)
8 7
0
6
3
4
8 7
4
6
8
4
8 7
9
6
3
HARQ-ACK
timing (ms)
HARQ-ACK
timing (ms)
9 Subframe #
Figure 3
39
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
TDD carriers.
chronous networks
3. DC
eNBs
connected by a
backhaul*17
with non-
sion
requirements*16,
(C-plane)*18
plane)*19
protocols
*16 Spurious emission requirement: Requirement to avoid interference from unnecessary radio emissions.
*17 Backhaul: Indicates the route connecting a
wireless base station to the core network.
*18 C-plane: The protocol used for transmitting
control signals for connection establishment and
other procedures.
40
simultaneous transmission
Transmission power
control*20
MME
S-GW
S1-C
MeNB
S1-U
MME
S-GW
S1-C
X2-C
SeNB
MeNB
X2-U
S1-U
S1-U
X2-C
SeNB
UE
UE
Figure 4
DC architectures
Entity (MME).
a carrier.
(RRC)*26
uration for
handover*27
41
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
Conventional LTE
DC
eNB
MeNB
SeNB
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
MAC
MAC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
PDCP
PDCP
UE
UE
PHY
Figure 5
SeNB
42
UE
MeNB
SeNB
Measurement report
(1) SeNB Addition Request
Figure 6
were introduced.
43
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
MCG
PCell
PUCCH, CBRA
SCell
MeNB
UE
SCell
SCG
SCell
PSCell
SeNB
Figure 7
PUCCH, CBRA
Cell-Groups in DC
(TTI)*32
Simultaneous Transmission
44
MGP.
MCG
SCG
Time
(a) Power control mode 1
1ms
MCG
SCG
Figure 8
Time
45
Carrier Aggregation Enhancement and Dual Connectivity Promising Higher Throughput and Capacity
can be achieved.
46
4. Conclusion
https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/info/news_
REFERENCES
[1] NTT DOCOMO Press Release: DOCOMO
to Develop Next-generation Base Stations Utilizing Advanced C-RAN Archi-
release/2013/02/21_00.html
[2] S. Nagata et al.: LTE-Advanced Release
12 Standardization Technology Overview, NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal,
Vol.17, No.2, pp.31-35, Oct. 2015.
SCE
NAICS
FurtherDevelopmentofLTEAdvancedRelease12StandardizationTrends
5G Laboratory
Kazuaki Takeda
Hiroki Harada
Yosuke Sano
Liu Liu
cells*1
cell*2
1. Introduction
*1
*2
47
Higher Order Modulation, Small Cell Discovery and Interference Cancellation Technologies in LTE-Advanced Release 12
outdoor environment)
Outdoors
indoor environment)
2. SCE Technologies
Indoors
from the macro cell
with higher received Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)*9. The
received SINR is high for indoor environ-
Indoors
Outdoors
*3
*4
*5
*6
*7
48
1) Issues
erogeneous Networks
in
(HetNets)*13
Modulation
format
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Coding rate
(1024)
Out of range
78
120
193
308
449
602
378
490
616
466
567
666
772
873
948
Figure 1
CQI index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Modulation
format
Coding rate
(1024)
Out of range
78
193
449
378
490
616
466
567
666
772
873
711
797
885
948
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
256QAM
256QAM
256QAM
256QAM
Frequency
utilization
(bps/Hz)
0.1523
0.3770
0.8770
1.4766
1.9141
2.4063
2.7305
3.3223
3.9023
4.5234
5.1152
5.5547
6.2266
6.9141
7.4063
49
Higher Order Modulation, Small Cell Discovery and Interference Cancellation Technologies in LTE-Advanced Release 12
50
capacity.
Discovery Technologies
in Figure 4.
Macro cell
base station
Small cell
base station
Figure 2
Macro cell
base station
(2) Interference from neighboring cells
decreases, so throughput increases.
Figure 3
Small cell
base station
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
40~160 ms
Discovery signal
Synchronized among densely placed
small cells, sending SS and CRS (and
possibly CSI-RS) at long intervals
Assisted by transmit timing and other
information sent from network to UE
Figure 4
Transition time
Delay to transition to ON, resume sending reference signal, and begin data transmission
with UE
By transmitting the discovery signal, UE can
detect and report the cell before it transitions
to ON, minimizing the delay
(CSI-RS)*15
to neighboring cells.
3. Interference Cancellation
Technologies for Mobile
Terminals
51
Higher Order Modulation, Small Cell Discovery and Interference Cancellation Technologies in LTE-Advanced Release 12
Neighboring-cell interference
52
Macro cell
base station
Small cell
base station
Desired signal
Figure 5
Error
ing
gain*19
(IRC)*18
Receivers
and
null*20
sity*26
con-
throughput characteristic).
estimated channel
matrix*23.
However,
signaling*24
level*25 [12].
In order to reduce
SU-MIMO Receiver
greatly reduced.
NAICS Receiver
Results of throughput improvement by
53
Higher Order Modulation, Small Cell Discovery and Interference Cancellation Technologies in LTE-Advanced Release 12
1 dB improvement in SINR
(approx. 10% throughput)
REFERENCES
3
requirements for small cell enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN (Re-
NAICS
Rel.11 MMSE-IRC
1
0
8
-8 7
-7
6
-6 5
-5 4
-4 3
-3 2
-2 1
-1
Figure 6
30
25
User throughput (Mbps)
20
15
10
SU-MIMO
Rel.8 MMSE
0
15
17
19
21
23
25
Figure 7
receiver.
4. Conclusion
54
Sep. 1998.
55
FurtherDevelopmentofLTEAdvancedRelease12StandardizationTrends
Shinpei Yasukawa
Hiroki Harada
Satoshi Nagata
Qun Zhao
Device discovery.
1. Introduction
56
5G Laboratory
*1
*2
core network.
2. Background of D2D
Communications
ized specifications
Broadband communications
resources*3.
Direct communication
Device discovery
*3
*4
PTT: A half-duplex voice communications method in which only one party can transmit at one
time. A communications method that enables
group communications and that is generally used
with transceivers.
57
gy*7
(BLE)-enabled
iBeacon*8
TM 9
* functions
and
Wi-Fi Aware
that support
ty LTE systems.
spoofing attacks).
*5
cy Division Duplex
(FDD)*6
economy*10
is planned
3. Network Architecture
3.1 Overview
Figure 2 shows an example of LTE
PC1
EPC
ProSe
application
MME
S1
LTE-Uu
ProSe
application
LTE-Uu
S/PGW
S6a
E-UTRAN
PC5
PC3
HSS
PC4a
SLP
PC4b
ProSe
Function
PC3
PC2
ProSe Application Server
PC1
Figure 2
*5
*6
58
*7
*8
*9
user ID [10].
13
cards.
ProSe Function
Restaurant.Italian
Restaurant
Sending
user
Receiving
user
A (3) Discovery
Message sending
Discovery Message
(includes ProSe Application Code)
Figure 3
B (3) Discovery
Message reception
59
discovery.
channels*19
15),
1) Synchronization Method
(PSS/SSS)*20,
Direct*16
com-
21
and
Figure 4
*15 PLMN: Operators are identified in various countries by country codes or IDs assigned to them.
*16 Wi-Fi Direct: Specifications for D2D communications using Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance industry association defines these specifications and
certifies compatible equipment.
*17 Layer 1: The first layer (physical layer) in the
OSI reference model.
*18 Layer 2: The second layer (data link layer) in
the OSI reference model.
60
In addition to
relays*28
of the above
(PAPR)*32
(PUSCH)*33
PDU)*34
3*29
2) Radio Parameters
D2D radio parameters are notified
in broadcast
information*30
from eNB
In coverage area
(Direct communication/
Device discovery)
Figure 5
Sync timing relay with communications between terminals in and out of coverage areas
*24 M sequence: The maximum length shift register sequence. A type of pseudo-random number
with sharp autocorrelation properties that consists of only two values, 0 (-1) and 1.
*25 TDD: A bidirectional transmit/receive system. It
achieves bidirectional communication by allocating different time slots to uplink and downlink
transmissions that use the same frequency band.
*26 Subframe: A unit of radio resources in the time
domain consisting of multiple OFDM symbols
neously broadcast to each cell that includes a location registration area number which is required
to determine whether location registration is
needed for a mobile terminal, surrounding cell
data, info on radio wave quality of service etc.
in those cells, and call restriction information.
61
reduction.
1) Resource Assignment
due to in-band
emissions*36,
as shown
Cellular UL
(Transmit power control)
D2D
(Fixed transmission power)
eNB reception
level
D2D
Tx/Rx
Interference
D2D
or
UL
f
(a) Impact of in-band emission
Figure 6
*31 PSDCH: A physical channel for sending Discovery Messages in LTE D2D communications so
that terminals can discover other terminals in the
vicinity. This is a new specification for D2D
communications in Release 12.
*32 PAPR: The ratio of the maximum power to the
average power. If this value is large, the amplifier power back-off has to be large to avoid
signal distortion, which is particularly problematic for mobile terminals.
62
in Figure 6 (a).
Tx
Rx
*33 PUSCH: A physical shard channel for transmitting uplink data in LTE. Low-PAPR Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SCFDMA) is used as the radio access method.
*34 MAC PDU: A protocol data unit on the MAC
layer. PDU expresses protocol data including
the header and payload.
*35 ACK/NACK: Request signals for retransmission.
*36 In-band emissions: Unwanted radiation in a
while eNB
nel
(PDCCH)*38/EPDCCH),
ping
pattern*41
D2D.
usage.
(RRC)*39
signaling*40.
Low
interference
Device discovery
Path loss-based open
loop transmit power
control
High
interference
Direct
communication
Figure 7
*43 Open loop transmit power control: Transmit power control that does not involve feedback.
63
6. Conclusion
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TR36.843 V1.2.0: Study on LTE
Device to Device Proximity Services; Radio Aspects, 2014.
[2] 3GPP TR22.803 V12.2.0: Feasibility study
for Proximity Services (ProSe), 2013.
[3] T. Doumi, M. F. Dolan, S. Tatesh, A.
Casati, G. Tsirtsis, K. Anchan and D.
Flore: LTE for public safety networks,
Communications Magazine, IEEE, Vol.51,
No.2, pp.106-112, 2013.
[4] G. Fodor, E. Dahlman, G. Mildh, S. Parkvall,
N. Reider, G. Miklos and Z. Turanyi: Design aspects of network assisted deviceto-device communications, Communications Magazine, IEEE, Vol.50, No.3,
pp.170-177, 2012.
the UE request.
terminals in proximity.
64
ACB
SSAC
SCM
FurtherDevelopmentofLTEAdvancedRelease12StandardizationTrends
rapid growth of mobile data traffic, but also changes to communications types (e.g., human to human, human to server/
Kenichiro Aoyagi
Wuri A. Hapsari
Shinya Takeda
Itsuma Tanaka
1. Introduction
65
Earthquake occurs
Mar. 11, 14:46
Communications
control
No. of calls
7.9x
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
12.6x
66
Communications control
Mar. 12 (Sat)
Figure 1
Example of mobile phone congestion and communication restrictions in the Tohoku region
LTE/LTE-Advanced systems.
2. Overview of Access
Class Control in Traffic
Congestion Control
FallBack (CSFB)
mation
follows.
*1
a wide area.
Connection
request
trigger
Packet
ACB
Voice
(VoLTE)
Voice
(CSFB)
Location
Emergency registration
call
MTC UE
Certain
applications
ACB
(Rel-8)
SSAC
(Rel-9)
ACB for
CSFB
(Rel-10)
EAB
(Rel-11)
SCM
(Rel-12)
ACDC
(TBD, Rel13 or later)
Figure 2
*1
domain*2,
accepted.
*2
67
Section 5.3).
trigger network
congestion*3.
The
*3
68
Identity Module
As standard-
*4
(SIM)*4.
Terminal
Base station
Broadcast information
(AC restriction information)
Connection request
Barring
Evaluation
Connection request
NG
tures.
ACB is performed in the terminal
RRC layer [2]. Based on the barring rate
information broadcasted by the network,
Figure 3
the terminal determines whether the connection request is allowed to be transmitted based on its AC. Furthermore,
there are two types of packet data trans-
Traffic
System limit
Figure 4
cations.
69
Internet
Internet
IMS
PS domain
CS domain
RNC
eNB
ACB
eNB
BTS
ACB
BTS
ACB
Traffic burst!
BTS
BTS
ACB
Traffic burst!
(b) 3G Network
Figure 5
scribed in Section 3.1 above. This function enables control of location registra-
tions [3].
*5
70
eNB
(TAU)*5
(lo-
4. Enhancements of
Access Class Controls
for Voice Services
4.1 Voice Service Restriction
Controls
In large-scale disasters, traffic bursts
critical/emergency communications
June 2014.
is allowed or barred.
2) Access Control for CSFB Call
network*7
(1) SSAC
Multimedia Subsystem
*6
(IMS)*6.
In
*7
Core network: A network consisting of switching equipment and subscriber information management equipment, etc. A mobile terminal communicates with the core network via a radio
access network.
71
the network.
LTE
VoLTE
LTE
ACB
VoLTE call NG
3G
(Conventional action)
CSFB call OK
VoLTE
withSCM
LTE
ACB
VoLTE
withCSFB
LTE
ACB
VoLTE call NG
3G
CSFB call OK
Figure 6
72
CSFB
ACB
quest for a CSFB call does not necessarily have to be sent to the LTE network because the main purpose of CSFB
is to enable connection to the 3G CS
domain, and (2) based on the concept
of access class control, ideally a radio
access network (in this case LTE) should
not control the access barring of another
system (in this case 3G). This is because
5. Further Enhancement
of Radio Access
Barring Control and
Future Developments
5.1 Access Class Control for
Individual Applications
(ACDC)
As a future access class control devel-
ment. Different mobile network operators have different policies about the
Quality of Experience (QoE) of the services they provide and set different values for their ACB restriction rates for
the level of congestion on shared network equipment based on their own policies. Also, when networks are shared,
access class controls by a telecommuni-
73
Network
vices such as automatic vending machines, home appliances and smart me-
XX%
X
Disaster Telephone
app
app
SNS
app
Web
browser
Video
app
Category List
1: Disaster app
2: Telephone app
3: SNS app &
Web browser
4: Video app
Figure 7
communications networks.
environments.
ID
achieved by allowing separate access control parameters to be set for each Public
Land Mobile Network
*8
74
(PLMN)*8
Reject
Reject
Connection request
Reject
Connection request
Connection request
Reject
Reject
Network
Connection request
Network
Reject
M2M server
Connection request
Connection request
Reject
Reject
Connection request
Reject
Connection request
Connection request
M2M server
Figure 8
MTC.
2) EAB
tification
75
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TS22.011 V13.1.0: Technical Specification Group Services and System
Aspects; Service accessibility, (Release
13), 2014.
[2] 3GPP TS36.331 V12.5.0: Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control
(RRC); Protocol specification, (Release
13), 2015.
[3] 3GPP TS24.301 V13.1.0: Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS);
Stage 3, (Release 13), 2015.
[4] 3GPP TS24.229 V13.1.0: Technical Spec-
Attach*9
procedure
*9
76
6. Conclusion
ification Group Core Network and Terminals; IP multimedia call control protocol based on Session Initiation Proto-
[5] 3GPP TS22.368 V13.1.0: Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Service requirements for MachineType Communications (MTC); Stage 1,
(Release 13), 2014.
Skin Acetone
Biochip
Research Laboratories
Health Management
Yuki Yamada
Satoshi Hiyama
Tsuguyoshi Toyooka
1. Introduction
In the burgeoning cost of national
ventive
care*2
existing ailments.
[5].
*1
*2
77
2. Significance and
Challenges of Skin
Acetone Measurement
Skin gas contains a range of constit-
Figure 1
Body condition
Acetone
Fat burning
Ethanol
Alcohol intoxication
Acetaldehyde
Hangover
Methane
Nonenal
Progress of aging
Formaldehyde
Onset/progress of cancer
maintenance-free semiconductor-based
*3
*4
*5
78
Bluetooth
connection
*6
*7
*8
3. Overview of Device
Development
Skin
acetone
Skin
acetone
Functional material
Blood vessel
Heat
Functional
material pores
Skin
Figure 2
Bluetooth*11.
material*10
smartphone or tablet by
face
(GUI)*12
4. Performance Testing
sensitivity to acetone.
5. Service Examples
1) Dietary Support
eous mixtures.
*10 Functional material: A material whose functions can be controlled externally. In this case,
these materials selectively adsorb molecules
which are then released by external stimulus
such as heat.
*9
79
80
Figure 3
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 1
RR==0.96
0.96
Correlation coefficient
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 4
Network
Device
Partnering
Diet support
program
Measurement data
collected in cloud
User
Figure 5
High
Medical
institution
140
Visualization of
fat burning
120
Fitness
center
100
80
60
40
20
Low
Sleep
0:00
1:30
000
Figure 6
3:00
Breakfast
4:30
6:00
600
7:30
Lunch
9:00
10:30
12:00 13:30
1200
Exercise
15:00
16:30
Dinner
18:00 19:30
1800
21:00
22:30
0:00
2400
the elderly.
Diabetics
81
http://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/info/
media_center/pr/2014/0918_00.html
6. Conclusion
82
wards the realization of the biochip mobile phone, this article has introduced
[7] T. Tsuda, T. Ohkuwa and H. Itoh: Findings of Skin Gases and Their Possibilities
in Healthcare Monitoring, Gas Biology
Research in Clinical Practice. Baserl,
REFERENCES
hw/k-iryohi/12/
[2] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: 2013 White Paper on Infor-
http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/
whitepaper/eng/WP2013/2013-index.html
incorporated into a range of other wearable devices, this device could be used
to provide customized dietary support
programs that are easy to follow.
We will continue our research and
development into the biochip mobile
532, 2008.
Research Laboratories
are environmentally friendly and resilient to disasters to improve the availability of base stations during disasters and
reduce base station costs. Therefore, in view of the coming
Kazutoshi Nukada
Minoru Takahata
Hosei Matsuoka
Takayuki Tamura
1. Introduction
asters.
ters*1,
plans.
*1
83
Green Base Station Power Control Technologies for Reducing Costs and Disaster Risks
Power
controller
Photovoltaic
panel (PV)
Commercial Rectifier
power source
Radio equipment
(the electrical load)
The device
Figure 1
Radio equipment
(the electronic load)
Battery
kW
6
5
4
Load
3
2
1
PV
0
1:00 4:00
100
Surplus power
conventionally
discarded
Time
No control
80
60
With control
Charge using
surplus power
40
20
Battery
0
1:00
Figure 2
84
Photovoltaic
panel (PV)
SOC (%)
4:00
Charge using
nighttime offpeak power
7:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00
Time
two issues.
tives.
up around Japan.
amount estimation.
data*2
3
and Just-In-
for sunlight
*2
*3
85
Green Base Station Power Control Technologies for Reducing Costs and Disaster Risks
Electricity cost
High
Small
Figure 3
set design
variables*5
1) Overview
*4
*5
86
Large
Battery capacity
Table 1
Ibaraki station
Nagano station
Niigata station
Load
1.2 kW
2.3 kW
1.0 kW
Battery capacity
40 kWh
27 kWh
9.3 kWh
PV capacity
2.0 kW
3.0 kW
4.5 kW
timations.
power*6.
tric
*6
*7
flow*7
is purchased,
4. Power Control
Calculation Results
Wheeling of electric power: Supplying generated power to other locations via utility power
transmission and distribution networks.
Reverse power flow: Flowing generated electric power through a commercial power distribution network.
87
Green Base Station Power Control Technologies for Reducing Costs and Disaster Risks
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
28.5
29
No control
29.5
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
Figure 4
(fig. 4 (2)).
conventional controls.
88
30.8
31.0
Approximately JPY
28,000 reduction
29.7
30.0
29.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
No
control
Suppressed
output amount (kWh)
kWh
Electricity
cost (JPY10,000)
Electricity cost
31.8
1914
1500
1000
477
500
2
No
control
Self-supplied rate
Self-supplied
rate (%)
%
32.0
40
30
20
10
0
No
control
Figure 5
Comparison of results from the three base stations over eight months (with disaster resilience index around 1.5)
5. Conclusion
mental load.
REFERENCES
[1] Tokyo Electric Power Company, Incorporated (TEPCO): Power Outage and
Restoration Record of Electrical Equip-
89
Green Base Station Power Control Technologies for Reducing Costs and Disaster Risks
Jul. 2013.
Nov. 2014.
90