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!""!#$%&
!!"#$%&'(%
!"#!$%&'
tan =
45
2/2
2/2
1
60
3/2
1/2
3
90
1
0
II. MOTION
MOTION
refers
to
the
change
in
an
objects
position
with
respect
to
time
in
a
given
frame
of
reference.
DISTANCE
a
scalar
quantity
that
describes
the
length
of
path
traveled
by
a
moving
object
DISPLACEMENT
()
a
vector
quantity
that
describes
the
final
position
of
an
object
relative
to
its
starting
point
SPEED
defined
as
the
distance
traveled
per
unit
of
time
VELOCITY
speed
of
an
object
moving
in
a
particular
direction
ACCELERATION
the
change
in
velocity
of
an
object
per
unit
of
time.
!
= ! ! =
!
!! !!!
Horizontal
motion
None
Forces
! = 0
Acceleration
Velocity
distance
Constant
! = !
dx
=
vxot
where
dx
=
horizontal
distance
D.
!! ! !"# !!
where
displacement/range
!
initial
velocity
angle
acceleration
due
to
gravity
UNIFORM
CIRCULAR
MOTION
!! ! ! !
!!
!
! =
mass
E.
F.
Vertical
motion
Force
of
gravity
acts
downwards
!
! = = ~10 ! !
normal
force
GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE
force
of
attraction
between
all
masses
in
the
universe
NIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
NEWTONS
LAW
OF
U
where
!
gravitational
force
! !
! =
gravitational
constant
!
!
mass
of
object
A
!
mass
of
object
B
distance
between
A
and
B
=
!
3.
RANGE:
PROJECTILE
MOTION
Parameter
!
! time
where
displacement
t
elapsed
!
final
position
velocity
!
initial
position
acceleration
s
average
speed
!
final
velocity
d
total
distance
!
initial
velocity
LINEAR
MOTION
WITH
CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
! = ! +
1
= ! + !
2
2 = ! ! ! !
FREE
FALL
motion
of
an
object
under
the
influence
of
gravitational
pull
only
= 9.8 !
(acceleration
due
to
gravity)
!!
where
REVEW
SPECIAL
ANGLES!
q
0
30
Sin
q
0
1/2
Cos
q
1
3/2
Tan
q
0
3/3
!!"#$%&'(%
!""!#$%&
!"#!$%&'
G.
or
Where
acceleration
net
force
mass
LAW
OF
ACTION
AND
REACTION:
Whenever
one
object
exerts
a
force
on
a
second
object,
the
second
object
exerts
an
equal
but
opposite
force
on
the
first.
KEPLERS
THREE
LAWS
OF
PLANETARY
ORBITS
1.
THE
LAW
OF
ELLIPSES
The
path
of
the
planets
about
the
sun
are
elliptical
in
shape,
with
the
center
of
the
sun
being
located
at
one
focus.
2.
THE
LAW
OF
EQUAL
AREAS
An
imaginary
line
drawn
from
the
center
of
the
sun
to
the
center
of
the
planet
will
sweep
out
equal
areas
in
equal
intervals
of
time.
3.
CONSERVATION
OF
MOMENTUM
!"#$%" = !"#$%
!"#$%" !"#$%" = !"#$% !"#$%
A.
B.
b.
= !
!
where
elastic
potential
energy
spring
constant
displacement
of
the
spring
2.
KINETIC
ENERGY
1
where
kinetic
energy
= !
2
mass
velocity
C. CONSERVATION
OF
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
applicable
only
if
internal
forces
are
doing
work,
no
work
done
by
external
force
=
! + ! = ! + !
D. POWER
the
rate
at
which
work
is
performed
or
energy
is
converted.
It
is
energy
per
unit
of
time.
E.
F.
COLLISIONS
INELASTIC COLLISION
ELASTIC
COLLISION
V. WAVES
wavelength
()
-
the
length
of
one
wave
period
(meters)
period
(T)
-
the
time
for
one
wave
to
pass
(seconds)
frequency
(f)
-
number
of
waves
passing
in
one
second
(hertz)
wave
speed
(v)
-
how
fast
the
wave
moves
(meter/second)
amplitude
-
the
height
of
wave
8
*
For
light
in
a
vacuum,
c
=
3
x
10
meters/second
*
Wave
period
and
frequency
are
related
by:
1
=
=
= =
VI.
ELECTRICITY
AND
MAGNETISM
where
!
electric
force
A. COULOMBS
LAW
proportionality
constant
charge
on
object
1
!! !
! = !! !
!
charge
on
object
2
!
distance
of
separation
B. ELECTRIC
CURRENT
flow
of
electric
charge
DIRECT
CURRENT
electric
current
flowing
in
one
direction
only
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
electric
current
that
repeatedly
reverse
its
direction
C. VOLTAGE
electrical
potential
energy
per
unit
charge
D. ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE
property
of
material
that
resists
the
flow
of
an
electric
current
through
it
R
resistance
!"
=
resistivity
!
L
length
of
material
A
cross-sectional
area
of
the
material
E.
OHMs
LAW
states
that
the
current
in
a
metallic
conductor
varies
directly
with
the
voltage
and
inversely
with
resistance
where
!"#$
current
!
=
=
=
!"#$
applied
force
!
voltage
velocity
resistance
ELECTRIC
POWER
MOMENTUM
power
!
current
where
momentum
resistance
=
mass
of
the
object
velocity
of
the
object
IMPULSE
F.
ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
any
path
along
which
electrons
can
flow
=
SERIES
CIRCUIT
circuit
where
there
is
only
one
path
from
=
the
source
through
all
of
the
loads
and
back
to
the
source
=
=
(mass
of
the
object
x
change
in
velocity)
PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
circuit
in
which
there
are
at
least
two
independent
paths
in
the
circuit
to
get
back
to
the
source
where
force
experienced
by
the
object
duration
of
time
the
force
is
experienced
by
Parameter
Series
Circuit
Parallel
Circuit
the
object
! = ! = !
Current
= !
Voltage
Resistance
object,
and
has
the
same
distance
from
the
mirror
as
the
object
is
from
the
mirror.
2. SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
-
the
image
formed
is
located
either
where
the
reflected
light
converges,
or
where
the
reflected
light
appears
to
diverge
from.
The
focal
length,
f,
is
half
of
the
radius,
r.
MIRROR
EQUATION
1
1
1
=
+
! !
MIRROR
F
do
di
concave
(real
image
+
+
+
virtual
image
+
+
-
convex
(virtual
image)
-
+
-
D. LENSES
made
with
2
refracting
surfaces.
It
will
either
refract
light
to
a
point,
called
a
focal
point,
f,
or
they
may
cause
the
light
waves
to
diverge
outwards.
Power
of
the
lens:
P
=
1/f,
measured
in
diopters.
LENS
MAKERS
EQUATION
1
1
1
=
+
! !
LENS
F
do
di
Convex/converging
real
image
+
+
+
virtual
image
+
+
-
Concave/diverging
(virtual
image)
-
+
-
! = ! + ! + !
! = ! = !
= ! + ! + !
= !
1
!
= ! + ! + !
1
1
1
+ +
! ! !
G.
CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS
devices
that
store
charge
and
electrical
energy
when
a
potential
difference
V
is
applied
across
the
plates.
CAPACITANCE
-
is
a
measure
of
the
capacity
to
store
charge.
The
greater
the
capacitance,
the
greater
amount
of
charge
can
be
stored
for
the
same
applied
voltage.
= /
where
C
capacitance
Q
charge
(Coulumbs)
V
potential
difference
(Volts)
H. ELECTRIC
FIELD
is
a
vector
field
created
by
a
charge
Q
Force
on
charge
Q
by
the
electric
field
E
is
given
by:
F
=
QE
Force
is
in
the
same
direction
as
the
field.
MAGNETIC
FIELD
-
region
in
around
a
magnet,
electric
current,
or
changing
electric
field.
The
density
of
the
field
lines
indicates
the
magnitude
of
the
magnetic
field.
I.
AMPERES
LAW
The
magnetic
field
B
around
a
loop
is
relate
to
the
sum
of
the
current
it
contains
THE
RIGHT
HAND
RULE
will
help
to
indicate
the
direction
of
the
magnetic
field
given
the
direction
of
the
current.
J.
LORENTZ
FORCE
=
Lorentz
force
charge
of
particle
velocity
of
particle
magnetic
field
VII. LIGHT
AND
OPTICS
A. LAW
OF
REFLECTION
OF
LIGHT
=
B. SNELLS
LAW
n1
*
sin
1
=
n2
*
sin
2
where
n1
speed
of
light
in
medium
1
1
-
angle
of
incidence
n2
speed
of
light
in
medium
2
2
-
angle
of
refraction
C. MIRRORS
1. PLANE
MIRRORS
-
Images
formed
in
plane
mirrors
are
always
upright,
virtual
(i.e.
image
is
formed
at
the
back
of
the
mirror),
laterally
reversed,
has
the
same
size
as
the