Hyperbolic Functions

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Hyperbolic Functions in Algebra and Calculus

1. Uses of the hyperbolic functions:
a. Engineering applications (catenary curves)
b. Finding certain antiderivatives.
c. Solving differential equations, such as
y(x) = y(x), which has solution y(x) = Asinh(x) + Bcosh(x)
vs. y(x) = -y(x), which has solution y(x) = Asin(x) + Bcos(x)
2. Definition of the hyperbolic functions:
e x ex
2
sinh x e x e x e 2 x 1

tanh x

cosh x e x e x e 2 x 1

sinh x

sech x

1
2
x
cosh x e e x

e x ex
2
cosh x e x e x e 2 x 1

coth x

sinh x e x e x e 2 x 1
cosh x

csch x

1
2
x
sinh x e e x

3. Some identities involving hyperbolic functions:

cosh 2 u sinh 2 u 1

Note: if x = cosh u and y = sinh u, then

x 2 y 2 1 is the equation of a hyperbola

sinh 2u 2 sinh u cosh u

cosh (s + t) = cosh s cosh t + sinh s sinh t

ei e i
sinh i
2
cos i sin cos i sin

2
i sin
cosh 2u 2 cosh 2 u 1

sinh (s + t) = sinh s cosh t + cosh s sinh t

4. Osborness Rule: a trigonometry identity can be converted to an analogous identity for

hyperbolic functions by expanding, exchanging trigonometric functions with their
hyperbolic counterparts, and then flipping the sign of each term involving the product of
two hyperbolic sines. For example, given the identity
Osborne's rule gives the corresponding identity
Citation: Eric W. Weisstein. "Osborne's Rule." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web
Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OsbornesRule.html

Hyperbolic Functions
5. Graphs of the hyperbolic functions:

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Hyperbolic Functions

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6. Inverses of the hyperbolic functions and their formulae:

y sinh 1 x iff sinh y x

y cosh 1 x iff cosh y x

sinh 1 x ln x

cosh 1 x ln x

y tanh

tanh 1 x

x2 1

x iff tanh y x

y coth

1 1 x
ln
2 1 x

coth 1 x

x2 1

x iff coth y x
1
x 1
ln
2
x 1

1
1 1
Also: coth x tanh
x

y sech 1 x iff sech y x

1

sech 1 x ln

y csch 1 x iff csch y x

1
1
2
x

csch 1 x ln

1
1 1
Also: sech x cosh
x

1
1 1
Also: csch x sinh
x

7. Proof of the formula for the inverse hyperbolic sine:

y sinh 1 x
x sinh y

e y ey
2

2x e y e y
2 xe y e 2 y 1
e 2 y 2 xe y 1 0

y 2

ey

2x e y 1 0
2x

4 x 2 4(1)(1)
x
2(1)

y sinh 1 x ln x

x2 1

1
1
2
x

x2 1

Hyperbolic Functions

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8. Composition of hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions:

(Sorry this is so incomplete right now)
sinh sinh 1 x x
sinh cosh 1 x x 2 1
sinh tanh 1 x
sinh coth 1 x
sinh sech

x
1 x2

x
sinh csch 1 x
coth sinh 1 x
coth cosh 1 x
coth tanh 1 x
coth coth 1 x x
coth sech 1 x
coth csch 1 x
1

cosh sinh 1 x

tanh sinh 1 x

cosh tanh 1 x

tanh tanh 1 x x

cosh cosh 1 x x
cosh coth 1 x

cosh sech 1 x

cosh csch 1 x

tanh cosh 1 x
tanh coth 1 x

tanh sech 1 x

tanh csch 1 x

sech sinh 1 x

csch sinh 1 x

sech tanh 1 x

csch tanh 1 x

sech cosh 1 x
sech coth 1 x

sech sech 1 x x
sech csch 1 x

csch cosh 1 x
csch coth 1 x

csch sech 1 x

csch csch 1 x x

9. Derivatives of the hyperbolic functions:

d
d e x ex e x ex
sinh x

cosh x
dx
dx
2
2
d
tanh x sech 2 x
dx
d
sech x sech x tanh x
dx

d
cosh x sinh x
dx
d
coth x - csch 2 x
dx
d
csch x csch x coth x
dx

10. Recall that the derivative formulas can be used to obtain integral formulas, like

sinh xdx cosh x c

Hyperbolic Functions

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11. Derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions:

d
sinh 1 x
dx

1
1 x

d
cosh 1 x
dx

1
x2 1

d
1
tanh 1 x
dx
1- x2

d
1
coth 1 x
dx
1- x 2

d
-1
sech -1 x
dx
x 1- x2

d
-1
csch -1 x
dx
x 1 x2

12. Recall that the derivative formulas can be used to obtain integral formulas, like

1
1 x

dx sinh 1 x c

Also, you can prove using integration by substitution that

tanh x dx ln cosh x c , and that

coth x dx ln sinh x

13. Proof of the derivative of the inverse hyperbolic sine:

d
d
sinh 1 x ln x x 2 1
dx
dx
1
d

x x 2 1

x x 2 1 dx
x
1
2
x 2 1 x x 1

x x2 1 x x2 1
dy
1
x2
2

x x 1
x
dx
2
1 x2
x

x 2 x 2 1

y sinh 1 x
x sinh y
d
d
sinh y
x
dx
dx
dy
cosh y
1
dx
dy
1
1

dx cosh y
1 sinh 2 y

x2 1

1
x 1 x 2
2

x2 1
1
1 x2

x2
x2 1