Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SECTION 1
RELATED DEFINITION
Aggregate
A granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron-blast furnace slag, and
when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
Balanced Design
A design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and
steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached,
causing them to fail simultaneously.
Cementitious materials
Materials with cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as
Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash,
raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
Concrete
Mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates.
Dead Load
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.
Design
The determination of general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular structure so
that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences
that will act on it throughout its useful life.
Design Load Combinations
Combination of factored loads and forces.
Design Strength
The nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor, .
Effective Depth of Section, d
The distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
Extreme Tension Steel
The reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme
compression fiber.
Live Load
Loads that may change in magnitude and position.
Modulus of Elasticity
The ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material.
Nominal Strength
The strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provisions and
assumptions of the strength design method before application of any strength-reduction
factors.
Over Reinforced Design
A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced design.
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My Notes
SECTION 1
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My Notes
SECTION 1
The eight different types of Portland cement referenced in ASTM C150 and their typical
applications are summarized below.
Cement Type
Application
Type I normal
Used in the same structures as Type III where air entrainment is desired
B. Aggregates
Concrete aggregates shall conform to one of the following specifications:
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall not be larger than:
1. One fifth (1/5) the narrowest dimension between sides of forms; or
2. One third (1/3) the depth of slab; or
3. Three fourths (3/4) the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts.
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Superplasticizers. These high-range water reducers that can greatly reduce water
demand and cement content without sacrificing workability. Using a water reducer can
also lead to accelerated strength development of the concrete; this permits formworks to
be reduced earlier and, thus, reduced overall construction time.
Corrosion inhibitors. These are usually in parking structures, marine structures, and other
structures exposed to chlorides, which can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement in
concrete.
IV. TESTS
A. Concrete Testing
1. Test on wet concrete
Slump Test standard method in determining the relative consistency of concrete.
Procedure in conducting Slump Test:
a) A standard slump cone is filled in three layers, rodding each layer 25 times.
b) The concrete is smoothed off at the top of the cone.
c) The cone is then lifted vertically, permitting the concrete to slump downward.
d) Measure the distance between the original and final surface of the concrete (slump).
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Max
Min
5 (127)
2 (51)
4 (102)
1 (25)
6 (152)
3 (76)
Building columns
6 (152)
3 (76)
Pavements
3 (76)
2 (51)
3 (76)
1 (25)
3. Non-destructive test
Rebound Hardness Test the Schimdt hammer test is used in the rebound hardness
test in which a metal hammer held against the concrete is struck by another spring-driven
metal mass and rebounds. The amount of rebar is recorded on a scale and this gives an
indication of the concrete strength. The larger the rebound number, the higher the
concrete strength.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test in the ultrasonic pulse velocity of ultrasonic pulses that
pass through a concrete section from a transmitter to a receiver is measured. The pulse
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Ec (MPa)
20.7
21 760
24.1
23 503
27.6
25 130
31.0
26 650
34.5
28 030
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My Notes
SECTION 1
S7
Less than 15
15
1.16
20
1.08
25
1.03
30
1.0
Table 405-2 Required Average Compressive Strength When Data are Not Available to Establish a
Standard Deviation
Specified Compressive Strength,
fc (MPa)
fc + 7.0
21 fc 35
fc + 8.3
Over 35
1.1fc + 5.0
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Test No.
Cylinder 1
(MPa)
Cylinder 2
(MPa)
Average
(MPa)
Average of 3 Consecutive
Tests
(MPa)
28.4
29.4
28.9
26.5
28.2
27.4
30.5
30.7
30.6
29.0
25.3
26.4
25.8
27.9
31.9
31.5
31.7
29.4
Fourth row
Fifth row
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My Notes
SECTION 1
The following data are mixtures from three different supplier of concrete. The
specified concrete mixture is 35 MPa. Evaluate the data and recommend
which supplier has the best concrete mix.
Sampl
e
Supplier 1
Speci
Speci
men 1
men 2
Supplier 2
Speci
Speci
men 1
men 2
Supplier 3
Speci
Speci
men 1
men 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
32.4
36
35.6
34.8
36
38
28.5
30.5
32.6
35
34
34.6
29.6
35
36
33.8
36
36.4
37.6
32.5
38.6
30.2
36
35
30.5
37.5
38.6
32.4
34
41.8
34.8
30.5
41.2
34
29.6
38.4
35.5
35
38
32.9
37.5
36
30.6
32.6
36.5
33.5
30.6
34.6
41
35
32
36
37
36.4
10
36
35.4
35
34.6
37.8
34.6
Sect 421.3.5 Reinforcement in Special Moment Frames and Special Structural Walls
Deformed reinforcement resisting earthquake induced flexural and axial forces in frame in
frame members, structural walls, and coupling beams, shall comply with ASTM A706M,
ASTM A615M Grades 280 and 420 reinforcement shall be permitted in these members if:
1. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceeds the specified yield
strength by more than 125 MPa; and
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Nominal Perimeter
(mm)
31.7
37.7
50.3
62.8
78.6
88.6
100.5
113.1
125.7
157.1
VIII.
Unit Mass
(kg/m)
0.617 (0.618)
0.888 (0.890)
1.578 (1.580)
2.466 (2.465)
3.853 (3.851)
4.834 (4.831)
6.313 (6.310)
7.990 (7.986)
9.865
15.413
Loads
Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and
their possession, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional
changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small
magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.
Dead Loads consists of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into
the building or other structure.
Live Loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other
structure and do not include dead loads, construction load, or environmental load such as
wind load, earthquake and fluid load.
A. REQUIRED STRENGTH (LOAD COMBINATIONS)
U = 1.4(D + F)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Dead loads
load due to weight and pressures of fluids
cumulative effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement
and shrinkage compensating concrete
live load
weight and pressure of soil
roof live loads
wind load
earthquake load
= Eh + Ev
My Notes
SECTION 1
Design Assumption #2
Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal
to u = 0.003.
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My Notes
SECTION 1
Design Assumption #3
Stress in reinforcement fs shall be taken as Es times strain s. for strain greater than
fy/Es, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy.
For deformed reinforcement, it is reasonably accurate to assume that below the yield stress, the
stress in the reinforcement is proportional to strain (Hookes Law). For practical design, the
increase in the strength due to the effect of strain hardening of the reinforcement is neglected for
strength computation. See figure below.
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Design Assumption #4
Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural calculations of reinforced
concrete.
The tensile strength of concrete in flexure, known as the modulus of rupture, is a more variable
property than the compressive strength, and is about 8% to 12% of the compressive strength.
The generally acceptable value is 7.5 f ' c for normal weight concrete. This tensile strength
in flexure is neglected in strength design. For practical percentages of reinforcement, the resulting
computed strengths are in good agreement with test results. For very small percentages of
reinforcement, neglecting the tensile strength of concrete is conservative. It should be realized,
however, that the strength of concrete in tension is important in cracking and deflection
(serviceability) considerations.
Design Assumption #5
Relationship between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain shall be
assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any shape that results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive test.
This assumption recognizes the inelastic stress distribution in concrete at high stresses. As
maximum stress is approached, the stress-strain relationship of concrete is not a straight line
(stress is not proportional to strain). The general stress-strain behaviour of concrete is shown
below.
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My Notes
SECTION 1
The code allows the use of rectangular compressive stress block to replace the more exact stress
distribution. The equivalent rectangular stress block assumes a uniform stress of 0.85fc over a
depth a=1c. The constant 1 is equal to concrete with fc 4000 psi (28 MPa) and reduces by
0.05 for each additional 1000 psi (7 MPa) of fc in excess of 4000 psi. For high strength
concretes, above 8000 psi, a lower limit of 0.65 is placed on the 1 factor. Variation in 1 vs.
concrete strength fc is shown below.
Strength Factor 1
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