Beruflich Dokumente
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Upkars
COMMON ADMISSION TEST
By
Dharmendra Mittal
Dean, International Institution of Management
Delhi
( ii )
www.upkar.in
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Publishers
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ISBN 978-93-5013-198-5
Price : ` 490.00
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Code No. 1501
( iii )
( iv )
(v)
Basic Introduction
F A Q on CAT
Examination Tips
Dear students,
You are not just appearing for CAT the ultimate destination of tomorrows leaders in the field of management. You are about to embark on a journey to cross formidable frontier. The unpredictable and seemingly
unbreakable Common Admission Test (CAT).
Thousands of students are plagued by the haunting question. How do I tackle CAT? Which is notorious
for being unpredictable and of a very, very high standard my advice to you is first relax CAT is just another
tough exam. To surf through it all you need is to raise the bar of preparation and execute a few well planned
intelligent strategies. You will need the help of PAT to crack CAT.
PAT is the first teaching technique of it kind on CAT. It will help the students become adept and adroit at
CAT level. Further, plan early with skilled guidance to provide the right approach to meet CAT head on. Equip
yourself with the right skills and prowess to excel in your mission of cracking CAT. And Im sure the results will
be outstanding and the butterflies in your stomach will be on vocation.
Here are some tips to help you overcome CAT anxiety and gain confidence.
FA Q ?
Q. How many hours of regular study is necessary in the preparation of CAT ?
Ans. After 2-3 hrs of coaching, 4-5 hrs of self study is necessary. Student should go for the balance study
of all portion(subjects). More time should be devoted to a weak subject. Students can take help of their teacher
in setting a proper daily schedule.
Q. What sort of Study material and Book should a student use in the preparation ?
Ans. Generally, recommended book of previously selected students and teachers are helpful. Apart from
this, coaching institutes provide some sort of study material etc. Generally good coaching institute provide a
book list also.
Q. What is the right time to start the preparing for CAT ?
Ans. When a student starts his/her graduation.
( vi )
Author
Dharmendra Mittal
drdimperfection@gmail.com
( vii )
( viii )
Arrive well before time. No one will be admitted once the test has begun.
Listen carefully to all directions. If you have any questions, ask them now, before the test begins.
Note the time allotted for each section and budget your time intelligently.
Do all the questions that are easy for you first. Then go back and do the more difficult questions.
Read each question carefully. Make sure that you understand the question before you answer.
Stay calm and confident throughout the test. Dont let anything upset you.
Use all your time for each section. The supervisor will tell you when to start and when to stop.
Time : A time limit is set for each section on the examination. Therefore, follow the time instructions
carefully. This book tells you how much time is available for each section of the test. You should calculate in
advance about how much time you can afford to spend on each question. Your watch can help you here. Even
if you havent finished a section when the time limit is up, you must pass on to the next section.
Pay Close Attention : Be sure you understand what youre doing at all times. It is natural to feel stress
when taking an examination, and it is easy to skip a word or jump to a false conclusion, which may cost you
points off your score. Examiners sometimes deliberately insert plausible-appearing false answers, in order to
each the candidate who is not alert.
( ix )
WHAT TO PACK
A watch, which is accurate, has served you well or just plain lucky for you.
(x)
Review
Early Rising
Exercise
Regards
Wish everybody you meet in the way and feel more energetic than ever before and
create a joyful atmosphere around you.
Prayer
Breakfast
Wearing
Conveyance
Admit Card
Stationery
Well wishes
Take the well wishes of elderly people and your parents so that you may feel
heavenly and blessed.
Punctual
Confidence
Walk confidently to the information board to know the room and seat number. Go to
the exam room as and when you are allowed to go. Take your seat, organise yourself, feel comfortable and get ready to take the exam. By that time you will observe
that the Invigilator is distributing the exam paper.
Filling of entries
Fill up all the entries as directed by the invigilator at the appropriate space.
D. Mittal
( xi )
( xii )
regular sleep by sitting up late to cram for the examination. Cramming is an attempt to learn in a very short
period of time what should have been learned through regular and consistent study. Not only are these two
habits detrimental to health, but seldom do they pay off in terms of effective learning. It is likely that you will be
more confused rather than better prepared on the day of the examination if you have broken into your daily
routine by missing your meals or sleep.
On the night before the examination, go to bed at your regular time and try to get a good
nights sleep. Dont go to the movies. Dont date. In other words, prepare yourself physically.
Review
AIM
It is the foremost requirement of a student to decide and choose his/her Aim before he/she is going to
start preparation. You must be sincere and honest enough in assessing your suitability for the Aim.
I awoke one morning and found myself famous
GET-SET
For success in achieving your aim, it is required to start preparation right from Graduation Ist year with
dedication and devotion sincerely.
PLANNING
For a college going student it may be little difficult to go for academic as well as competitive studies
together. If you plan and make a timetable it will be an easy task for you.
PUNCTUALITY
Be not slow to visit the sick
It is very much important to be punctual while preparing for exam, else you may find that some part of
your syllabus is not covered and may cause lack of confidence.
HONEST APPROACH
All or Nothing
You must solve the problems honestly at your own. Bring your answer to the question first and then
compare with the given Answer Sheet. Do not depend on readymade solutions only.
SERIOUS APPROACH
We must learn to walk before we can run
You must take your study as a entertaining instrument. You must enjoy your study. This will create a
conducive atmosphere for study and avoid unwarranted tension.
MOCK TESTS
You must undergo frequent MOCK TESTS within time frame to know your position about the examination standard you are appearing.
CONSULTATION
In case you find yourself stuck in solving problems, you must consult your friends and teachers to save
time or mail me. My email:- drdimperfection@gmail.com.
( xiii )
( xiv )
INDEX
PART I : Mathematics
Part - A : Basic Topics of MBA Mathematics
1. Basic Mathematical Operation ......................................................................................
318
1928
3. Percentage ..................................................................................................................
2948
4972
5. Average ......................................................................................................................
7378
7994
95107
108117
118136
137157
158169
170183
184214
215238
239262
288297
298305
3. Logarithms ..................................................................................................................
306314
315353
5. Inequalities ..................................................................................................................
354373
374392
7. Probability ...................................................................................................................
393416
417426
427450
( xv )
PART II : VERBAL
Part A : English Verbal
1. Structure of Sentence ..................................................................................................
453463
464484
485486
487490
491494
6. Modals .......................................................................................................................
495498
7. Tenses .......................................................................................................................
499514
515524
525604
2. Synonyms ..................................................................................................................
605610
3. Antonyms ..................................................................................................................
611617
618625
626630
6. Drills ..........................................................................................................................
631635
636641
642646
649659
1. Analogy .....................................................................................................................
649
651
3. Ranking .....................................................................................................................
651
4. Calendar ....................................................................................................................
653
653
( xvi )
654
655
657
657
Part - B
Data Interpretation ..........................................................................................................
660714
717730
731744
PARTI : MATHEMATICS
Part A
q(x)
19. Reduction of rational expression to lowest
terms using factorization : A rational expression is said
to be in its lowest if the H.C.F. of its numerator and
denominator is 1.
In other words, we can say that a rational expression
is in its lowest terms if there is no common factor in the
numerator and denominator of the rational expression.
If p(x) and q(x) where q(x) 0 are two polynomials
p(x)
over integers then the rational expression
is said to
q(x)
be in its lowest terms, if the H.C.F of p(x) and q(x) is 1.
3x + 5
For example, the rational expression
is in its
5x + 7
lowest terms since the H.C.F. of (3x + 5) and (5x + 7) is 1,
2(x 1)2 (2x + 5)(x + 2)3
where as the rational expression
4(x 1)(3x + 7)(x + 2)2
is not in its lowest terms because here the H.C.F. of
numerator and denominator is 2(x 1)(x + 2)2 which is
not 1.
Illustration 1. Examine if the rational expression
(x 6)(x + 1)
is in lowest terms. If not express it in lowest
(x + 2)(x + 1)
terms.
Solution :
Here,
p(x) = (x 6) (x + 1)
q(x) = (x + 2) (x + 1)
x3 4x2 + 3x
Solution :
x4 10x2 + 9
x4 9x2 x2 + 9
=
3
2
x 4x + 3x
x (x 2 4x + 3)
x2 (x2 9) 1 (x 2 9)
=
x (x 2 x 3x + 3)
(x2 9)(x2 1)
=
x[x (x 1) 3 (x 1)]
(x + 3)(x 3)(x + 1)(x 1)
=
x (x 1)(x 3)
(x + 3)(x + 1)
=
x
x+y
Illustration 3. Express
to a rational expression
xy
whose
(i) numerator is x3 + y3,
(ii) denominator is x2 y2.
Solution :
x+y
(x + y)(x2 xy + y2)
(i)
=
xy
(x y)(x2 xy + y2)
=
(ii)
x3
x3 + y3
2x2y + 2xy2 y3
x+y
(x + y)(x + y)
=
xy
(x y)(x + y)
x2 + 2xy + y2
x2 y2
20. Addition and subtraction of rational expressions : We perform operations of addition subtraction and
multiplication on rational expressions in the same manner
as we do on fractions in number system.
=
( )
q(x)
is called the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of
p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
P(x)
q(x)
Note :
and
are reciprocal of each other. For
q(x)
p(x)
3x + 2
2x2 1
example 2
is the reciprocal of
2x 1
3x + 2
24. Division of rational expressions : We know that
to divide a rational number by another rational number,
we multiply the first number by the reciprocal of the
second number (if it exists). Similarly, to divide one
rational expression by another rational expression, we
multiply the first expression by the reciprocal of the
second expression.
p(x) r(x)
Note :
+
is a rational expression.
q(x) s(x)
25. Raising Rational Numbers to a power with a
natural exponent. Taking the root : In addition to the
Note : The difference of two rational expressions is a fundamental operations of arithmetic, raising to a power
(or involution) and taking the root (or evolution) are also
rational expression.
introduced for rational numbers.
Illustration 4. Given that
Let a be a rational number and let n be a natural
a2 (b c) + b2 (c a) + c2 (a b) = (a b) (b c) number.
(c a) simplify the following expression :
Definition : The power of a number a with a natural
a2
b2
c2
exponent n (n 2) is defined as product of n factors each
+
+
(a b)(b c) (b c)(b a) (c a)(c b)
of which is equal to a :
Solution : Given expression :
an = a.a..a (n times)
2
2
2
a
b
c
=
Besides, by definition, a1 = a.
(a b)(c a) (b c)(a b) (c a)(b c)
The number a repeated as a factor is called the base
a2 (b c) + b2 (c a) + c 2 (a b)
of
the
power; the number n which indicates how many
=
(a b)(b c)(c a)
times the base is to be used as a factor is called the
= [ a2 (b c) + b2 (c a) + c 2 (a b) = (a b)
the square of the number a (or a squared); the third power
(b c)(c a)Given] a3 = a.a.a is also called the cube of the number a (or a
= 1.
cubed).
22. Multiplication of rational expressions : We
It follows from the above definition that :
know that the product of two rational numbers
(1) An even power of a negative number is a positive
a
c a c a c ac
number
: for instance, ( 5)20 > 0;
and is =
=
b
d b d b d bd
(2) An odd power of a negative number is a negative
Similarly, the product of two rational expressions
2 15
p(x)
r(x) p(x) r(x) p(x) r(x)
number : for instance,
< 0;
and
is
=
3
q(x)
s(x) q(x) s(x) q(x) s(x)
(3) Any power of a positive number is a positive
In other words, the product of two or more rational
number:
an > 0 if a > 0;
expressions is the product of their numerators divided by
(4) The result of raising zero unity to a power with
the product of their denominators. When we cancel all
factors common to the two terms of the new expression, any natural exponent is zero : 0 n = 0;
(5) The result of raising unity to a power with any
the resulting expression will be in its lowest terms.
natural
exponent is unity : 1n =1.
Note : The product of two rational expressions is
If
an
expression contains no parentheses, then the
rational expression.
operations
should be performed in the following order:
p(x)
23. Reciprocal of a rational expression : Let
, first involution, then multiplication and division in the
q(x)
q(x) 0 be a non zero rational expression. Then exists sequence in which they are indicated, and, finally,
addition and subtraction, again in the sequence in which
q(x)
p(x) q(x)
another rational expression
such that
=1
they are given.
p(x)
q(x) p(x)
Similarly, the additive of the rational expression
p(x) p(x)
is
q(x) q(x)
p(x)
p(x)
p(x) + ( p(x)) 0
Since,
+
=
=
=0
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x)
2x 3
(2x 3)
Thus, the additive inverse of 2
is
x 1
x2 + 1
2x + 3
or 2
x +1
p(x)
p(x)
Note :
and
are additive inverses of each
q(x)
q(x)
other.
Now, we define the subtraction of two rational
expressions as the sum of the first rational expression and
the additive inverse of the second rational expression, thus
p(x) r(x) p(x) r(x) p(x) s(x) r(x) q(x)
=
+
=
( )
( )
For example,
3
35 2 16 : 2.
(12) + 26 = 325 16 : 2. 81 + 26
1
= 75 8 + 26 = 100.
8
Evolution is defined as an operation inverse to
involution.
Definition : An nth root of a number a(n 2) is a
number which, when takes as a factor n times (raised to
the nth power), produces the number a.
n
notation
a = b means that b n = a. The exponent (the
natural number n (n 2) here is the index of the root, and
the number a is termed the integrand.
If n = 2, the root is usually called the square root; in
this case the index 2 is usually omitted. For instance,
2
instead of
7 we write 7. The third root (n = 3) is called
the cube root.
On the set of rational numbers the operation of
taking the root is not always performable. For instance,
there is no rational number equal to the square root of 2.
Let us prove this.
Suppose the contrary :
2 is a rational number :
2 = qp
1,
272 98
98 =
98.
= ;
2 =
72 49
49 7
Indeed,
()
9
7
<2 <
( )
9 1
+
7 7
726115;
(2) Take (correct to 1) the square root of the first pair
of digits, i.e., of number 72 and carry over the second pair
of digits (61) :
726115 = 8;
64
) 861
726115 = 8;
p 2p
Consequently, the fraction = 1 is reducible, which
64
q 2q1
contradicts the hypothesis.
16 ) 861
(4) Add the greatest possible digit to the right of the
From the obtained contradiction it follows that
2 is
number
16, so that the product of the obtained three- digit
not a rational number.
number by this digit does not exceed 861. In our example
Definition : A rational number b > 0 is termed an such a digit will be 5:165.5 = 825 < 861, we obtain
n
approximate value of the nth root
a . (a > 0) with deficit
726115 = 85;
and with an accuracy to ( is a positive rational
64
number) if
165
861
bn < a < (b + )n.
5
825
In this case the number b + is said to be an
36
n
(5) Double the found root, carry over the third pair of
digits (15) and proceed as in (4) :
726115 = 852;
165
5
1702
2
64
861
825
3615
3404
211
(remainder)
1135
with excess to within 0.001.
Solution : Let us separate the radicand in pairs of
digits :
1135 =
113500000 = 10653;
1
20
13
206
1350
6 1236
2135
11400
5 10625
21303
77500
3 63909
13591
The square root
2,
3,
5,
6,
7,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
Irrational numbers are obtained not only in
taking roots.
For instance, the number = 3.14. used to denote the
ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is an
irrational number. The values of logarithms of positive
numbers and trigonometric functions, as a rule, are also
irrational numbers.
Irrational numbers are subject to the arithmetic
operations, subtraction and division being defined as the
inverse operations to addition and multiplication. The
basic properties of arithmetic operations with rational
numbers hold for irrational numbers as well. A rigorous
proof of these operations and their properties is given in
higher mathematics.
27. Real numbers. Arithmetical roots. Rectangular Co-ordinates in the Plane : The union of the
sets of rational and irrational numbers forms the set of
real numbers. Thus, a real number means either rational
or irrational number. Every real number can be approximately replaced by a terminating decimal.
The following arithmetic operations are established
to be performed with real numbers: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. The basic properties of the
arithmetic operation for whole numbers also hold for real
numbers.
CAT Complete Course | 7
(5 +
2) 2 = 5, 3 9 = 3.
Any real number can be represented in the form of a
sum of two addends; this can be in various ways.
For example, the number 27.2 can be represented as
the sum of the numbers 10 and 17.2 or 20 and 7.2 or 27
and 0.2 or 3 and 30.2 etc., we shall represented a real
number in the form of a sum of two such addends, one of
which is the integral part of the given number and the
other its fractional part.
Definition : The integral part of a number x is the
greatest integer not exceeding x. It is denoted by the
symbol [x].
For instance,
[272] = 27, [054] = 0, [ 3] = 3, [ 45] = 5
If x is a whole number (or integer) then [x] = x. If x is
a non-integral number (or no integral), then [x] < x; in this
case the number x is enclosed between two consecutive
integers [x] < x < [x] + 1. Thus, for any x the inequality
[x] x < [x] +1 holds true.
Definition : The fractional part of a number x is the
difference between the number x and its integral part. It is
denoted as {x}. Hence, {x} = x {x}.
For instance, {272} = 27.2 [27.2] = 0.2, {054}
= 054 [054] = 054
{ 3} = 3 [ 3] = 0,
{ 45} = 45 [ 45]
an =
; n times if n 2
{aaa.a
a
; if n =1
and
a = b if bn = a (n 2).
Alongwith powers with natural exponents, we shall
also consider powers with any real exponent.
n
Let
a = b1 and
a = b2 , where a 0 and b1 0 and
n
n
b2 0, then b1 = b2 = a.
If b 1 b2 , say b1 < b 2 , then, by the property of
n
n
inequalities, b1 < b2 , which is incorrect. The obtained
contradiction implies the uniqueness of the arithmetical
root, i.e., b1 = b2 .
If x is a real number, then |x| is the modulus (or
absolute value) of the number x. By definition,
x if x 0
|x | = x if x < 0.
= 45 [ 5] = 05.
=
|x2 x1|2 + |y2 y1|2
=
(x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
|M1 M2 | =
|M1 M2 | =
(x2 x1)2 = |x2 x1|.
|M1 M2 | =
( 3 1)2 + (0 3)2
=
25 = 5.
If a point M has the co-ordinate (x,y), then its distance
from the x-axis is equal to |y|, the distance from the y-axis
to |x|, and from the point O
x2 + y2 .
28. Powers with a Natural Exponent : By the
definition of a power with a natural exponent n,
aaa ; n times if n 2
an = a
;
if n = 1
(the base a is any real number). Let us prove the following properties of raising to a power :
Thus, to every point M of the co-ordinate plane there
(1) When multiplying powers with equal bases, the
corresponds an ordered pair of numbers (x, y ) its exponents are added, i.e., am an = am + n (m, n-natural
coordinates.
numbers).
Proof :
Conversely, to every pair of numbers x and y there
am an = (aaa) (aa.a) = aa..a
corresponds a unique point M of the co-ordinate plane
with the co-ordinates (x, y). Hence, the co-ordinate x and
m times n times
(m + n) times
y determine the position of appoint (or locate a point) in a (by the associative property of multiplication). Hence, am
plane.
an = am + n .
(2) When dividing powers with equal bases, the
Indeed, mark a point on the axis of abscissa with coordinate x and draw through this point a perpendicular to exponents are subtracted, i.e.,
am
this axis: then mark a point on the axis of ordinates with
= am n (a 0, m, n natural number, m > n).
an
co-ordinate y and draw through it a perpendicular to the
aaa (n times)
when x > 0 and y > 0).
Reducing the fraction, we obtain
If a point lies on the axis of abscissa, then its ordinate
|M1 M2 | =
(x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2.
10 7
= (5)3 = 125.
()
()
()
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
Solution : We find
3 3
=
4
( )
Hence,
( 43)
= (12)2 = 144.
2 2
< 03 2 <
< ( 12)2.
5
( )
=
=
>
=
=
=
(c)
(23)100 = 8 100 ,
(32)100 = 9 100 ;
2300 ;
(227)4 = (233)4 = 2 4 3 12,
(37)12 = 3127 12
(343) 4 3 12
4
(25) = (25) 52 ,
4
2
= ( ) =( ) 2
5
5
2
= ( ) 8.
5
(04)4 =
(08)3
ab = a b
(a 0, b 0).
Proof : We have to established that
a b 0 and ( a b)2 = ab
a. b = ab (a 0, b 0)
a
a
square root,
a2 = a.
(2) If a < 0, then ( a) > 0. The number ( a) is
positive and ( a)2 = a2 . Therefore,
a2 = a.
Thus,
a2 = a ifa ifa a <00
a2
(
= | 5| = 5
a b if a 0
(a b) 2 = |a b| = b a if a < 0
5)2
The equality
a2 = |a| is fulfilled for any values of a.
Hence, this equality is an identity on the set of real
numbers.
Substituting the number a = bn (n is natural number)
into the identity
a2 = |a|, we obtain the identity
b2n = |bn |.
If b 0, we have
b2n = bn
For instance,
54 = 52 = 25,
( )
( )
2 (
a) a
a =
2=
b (
b) b
Since,
a and
b > 0, we have
a 0.
b
a =
b
ab (a 0, b > 0)
a2 b = a
b (a 0, b 0)
CAT Complete Course | 11
Indeed,
a2 b =
a2 b = |a| b = a
b.
Remark If a < 0 and b 0, then
a2 b = a
b,
Since,
|a| = a for a < 0.
2. Bringing a Factor in the Radicand : This is how
the transformation of the form
yx
x2
x2
has sense only for y > 0
y
y
and the root
when x and y have the same sign.
x
Therefore, for the given expression, x > 0 and y > 0. We
a
b =
a2 b (a 0, b 0)
x2
y
x2 y
=
=
x, where x > 0 and y > 0.
is called. Let us show the application of the properties have
y
x
y x
and transformation of arithmetical square roots when
30. Powers with an Integral Exponent : The
performing operations with them.
concept and properties of a power with a natural exponent
Illustration 13. Remove a factor from the radicand were considered in previous section. Generalizing the
notion of power, we shall introduce here powers with a
in the expression
4a2 b3 =
4 a2 b3
The expression 00 has no sense.
2
= 2|a|
b b = 2|a| |b| b .
Definition : If a 0 and n is a natural number, then
Since, a < 0 and b > 0, we get |a| = a and |b| = b.
1
a n = n
a
Therefore,
16a4 b6 c3 =
16a4 b6 c3
am n if m > n
m
1 if m = n (a 0)
a
=
= 4 |a2| |b3| |c|
c
n
1 if m < n
a
anm
The number a2 is always non-negative; |a2| = a2 since
b < 0 and c > 0, |b3 | = b3 and |c| = c, therefore
16a4 b6 c3
can be written in the form
2
3
am
= 4a b c
c.
= amn
(a 0)
an
Illustration 15. Bring a factor in the radicand in the
For any natural exponents m and n.
x , where x 0 and y < 0.
expression
The following properties hold true for any power
y
with any integral exponent :
Solution : Since, y < 0,
y2 = |y| = y.
(1) ap aq = ap + q;
Hence,
y =
y2.
(2) (ap)q = apq;
qp
x =
x =
x
(3) q = ap q;
Therefore,
a
y
y2
y2
(4) (ab)p = ap bp ;
Illustration 16. Perform the indicated operations :
a p ap
(5)
= p;
343
252
7.
b
b
183 37
Solution : Note that 343 = 49.7, 252 = 36.7.
Illustration19. Compute
25
Therefore,
343
252
7
183 3 7
25 3 7
Solution :
=
5
2
183
= 7
7 6
7
7 = 0.
25 3 7 25 3 7
=
=
Illustration 17. Compare the numbers 3
5 and 4 3.
(232 )3 23 3 6
= 22 3 = 12.
Solution : Bringing the factors 3 and 4 in the respecIllustration
20.
Find
the value of the expression
tive radicands, we obtain
17 3 : 51-3 63.
3
5 = 95 =
45, more 4 3
Solution :
17 6 3
=
163 =
48.
17 3 : 51 3 63 =
51
Since, 45 < 48, by the property of comparison of
6 3
1
=
= 2 3 =
roots, we obtain that
45 < 48 or 3 5 < 4 3.
3
8
()
( )
()
In particular,
n
a 0;
a =
n
b
nk
a =
ak (a 0)
nk
nk
ak.
(
a b)n = ( a)n ( b)n = ab,
n
Since, (
a)n = a and (
b)n = b for a 0; and b 0;
Hence, by the definition of the arithmetical root, it
follows that
n
a
=
b
ab = an b or
a b = ab .
The statement has been proved.
n1
n
ab n 1
(a 0, b > 0)
b
(the rule for riding the radicand of the denominator).
(4) When raising an arithmetical root to a power with
a natural exponent, the radicand is raised to this power
and the index of the root remain unchanged, i.e., radicand
remain unchanged, i.e.,
=
(
a) m =
am
(a 0, m a natural number)
This rule follows from the rule multiplying roots
root.
(5) When taking the root of, the indices of the roots
are multiplied and he radicand remains unchanged, i.e.,
a =
mn
a =
a =
((
a) n)
m
Hence,
m
mn
m
n
a = am = a (a 0).
ak,
a b =
ab (a 0, b 0).
ab (a 0, b > 0)
abb
Indeed, let
a = b(b 0;). This means that bn = a.
Then, by the property of a power,
(bn)k = bnk = ak
(a 0, b 0)
(the rule for removing a factor from the radicand).
(3) When dividing arithmetical roots with equal
indices, the radicands are divided and the index of the
root remains unchanged, i.e.,
which is written :
a = b. For n = 2, we have the arithmetical square root. The definition of the arithmetical nth
root implies that :
an b =
an b = a
b
mn
root,
a=
a >
b, and
conversely, if
a > b (a > 0 and b > 0), then a > b.
CAT Complete Course | 13
instance,
3 > 2. To prove this, let us first, applying the
3
in the expression
x8y10z5 =
x6x2y9yz3z2
obtain that
9 > 8 or 3 > 2.
We shall always consider only arithmetical roots.
Therefore, it is necessary to check attentively that both the
radicand and the result of taking the root be non-negative.
For instance, we do not consider the product
since
and
2 3,
3, we obtain
2
3 =
=
=
23
32
23
32
x3 =
x
3
expression a
1+
3
a3
1
1+ 3
a
1 + a1 , where a < 0.
6
in the expression
1+
1
=
a6
a6 + 1
a6 + 1
a6 + 1
=
=
6
a
a
6
a6
( y)3
y = y 3
y ; for z > 0 the root z5 = z z2.
3
x8y10z5 , = x2y3z
(a 0, b 0)
which was required to be proved.
Illustration 26. Perform the indicated operations
2 2.
3
1
=
a (1 + ) =
a +1
a
Therefore,
2
2=
We then have :
1
1+ 3 =
a
1
, where a > 0.
a3
Solution : Since, a
a3 (a > 0),
3
x8 = x2
( y)9 ( y) =
x3
x8y10z5 , =
x8 y10 z5. It is know that
x (x 0),
x2 =
x2 = |x|,
15
ab =
a b
Since,
x6 = x 2 for any x,
y9 = y 3 ,
z3 = z for y > 0
and z > 0.
If we change the conditions and assume that y < 0
= |x|,
x6 = |x|;
In the transformations
6
the root
ab has sense. Since, ab = ( a) ( b) and both
factors are non-negative for a 0 and b 0, by the rule
for multiplying roots, we have
x3 = x (x 0),
x4
72.
= x2y3z
x2yz2
an = a|a|ififanis0an
and n is an odd number n 3;
For instance,
x6 y9 z3
x2yz2
=
24 .
22
2 = 2
2 2 =
10
9
18
10
=
25 = 32
(We have applied the fundamental property of the
root and the rule for extracting the root of the root).
32. Powers with a Rational Exponent : The notion
and properties of powers with any integral exponent were
considered in previous section. Let us now introduce
powers with rational fractional exponent.
Definition : If a > 0 and x is an arbitrary rational
p
number represented by the fraction , where p is an
q
3
b 4
2
a5
3
b 4
=
for any
a2
b 3 or
3
b 4
1
= 3
4
b3 b4
(004) 15
p
is an irreducible fraction, then for
q
pm p
any fraction of the form
= (n-natural number), we
pm q
have
q
apn/qn =
apn = ap = ap/q
(we have made use here of the fundamental property of
the arithmetical root).
Remark 2. If a > 0 and x is a whole number,
p
represented by a fraction of the from , where p is an
q
integer and q 2 is a natural number, then the equality
a
ap/q =
ap is also true, not by the definition of a power
with a fractional exponent but by the definition of the
q
p
arithmetical root. Indeed, if
= x, then
ap = ax (a > 0),
q
since (ax)q = aqx = ap and ax > 0, hence
1
Since, for a 0,
= 1 and
= n (nnatural
a
1
number), for any rational number x, we have : a x = x (if
a
a > 0).
The properties of a power with an integral exponent
also extend to a power with any rational exponent and a
positive base.
Let us give some worked examples illustrating
applications of the above considered properties.
2
1
1
2
1
Illustration 27. Compute 8 3 16 4 + 92 83 164 +
1
92
Solution :
2
83 164 + 9 2 =
a n
82
16 + 9
=
64
16 + 9
= 4 2 + 3 = 5.
1
2
3
2
4
3
4
3
1
2
1
2
4
(2 3) 3
()
()
) ()
1 1
+ 93
8 93
1
9
= +1=
8
8
1
(2) 125 3
(15)
(12)
+ (
3)0
1
5 2 + 122
125
1 2
5 + 122
5
= 5 + 4 = 9.
ap/q
a0
1
2
1
ap
ap
3
2
()
a p/q =
or
(112) 2
53 2 4 11 = (52)3 2 11 = 2000 11 = 1989
Illustration 29. Perform the indicated operations :
1 3
1 3
24 2 + 81 2
9
2
1
1
1 2
125 3
+ (
3)0
5
2
1 3
1 3
Solution : (1) 24-2 + 81 2
9
3
1
1
3
= 2 2 +
9
4
81
( )
1
121
3
(52) 2
a q = a q =
a p
=
4
3
ax = ap/q =
ap .
The definition of a power with a fractional exponent
1
implies that ap/q = p/q , where a > 0 indeed,
a
p
1
121
( )
1
1
1
= ( ) ( ) (
25
8
121)
1
1
1
= ( ) ( ) ( )
5
2
11
(0125)
Remark 1. If
4
3
Solution :
1
=
b3
for b > 0.
qn
(0125)
9
1
1
(3) : 9 = the fractional is equal to
8
8
8
Illustration 30. Simplify the expression
3
x1/2 y2 (x5/2 y4 )
1
3
x2 y 3
Solution : We have
1
x1/2 y 2 =
2
y
x
5
1
1
x 2 y4 =
=
y4
x5 x2y4
x
1
1
1
x2 y 3 =
=
6
3
y
x2
y |x|
If x > 0, y 0;
If x > 0, y 0;
If x 0; y > 0.
y2
x2y4
x
1
6
x
y
(pq)
x 1
2
6
y
x x
y
x2 y4
= 3 or p2 = 3q2
x2y2
3p
1
1
1
6
x
y
3p1
p
a whole number. Consequently the fraction =
is
q
3q1
1 6 x4y4 1 6 4 3
=
=
xy
reducible, which contradicts the hypothesis. We conclude
x
y
x
that
3 is an irrational number.
If x > 0 and y > 0.
Remark. We have used the following statements: if
33. Notion of a Power with an Irrational Expothe square of a whole number is divisible by 3, then the
nent :
number itself is also divisible by 3. The reader is invited
The Properties of a Power with a Real Exponent
Let a be a positive real number and let x be a positive to prove this statement.
p
irrational number. As any irrational number, x is a non(2) Let log2 3 be a rational number , where p and q
q
terminating non-periodic decimal : x = c. b1b2 ..bn
deficit c.b1,c b1 b2 ..bn ,.. and with excess c.b 1 + 1, are whole numbers and q 0. Then log2 3 = p By the
q
c.b (b + 1),c.b b .(b + 1), ..
1 2
p
where p and q are integers and q 0. The fraction
q
will be regarded as irreducible. According to the
definition of the root, we have
()
23
32 + 6 + 150.
Solution :
3
23 2
32 + 6 + 150.
=
3 23
2 23 + 6 + 256
2
6
6 + 6 + 5 6.
= 6
6.
(e) 3x
2 =
18x2 ?
Solution : (a) x + |x| = 0; or |x| = x. The equality is
true for any x 0.
(b) x + |x| = 2x or |x| = x. The equality is true for any
x 0.
x
(c) = 1 or |x| = x where x 0. The equality is
|x|
true for x < 0.
(d) x
3 =
3x2 or x 3 = |x| 3, x = |x|. The
equality is true for x 0.
(e) 3x
2 =
18x2 or 3x
2 = 3 |x|
equality is true for x 0.
2, x = |x|. The
x2 2x + 1
x2 + 2x + 1.
Solution : Note that x 2 2x + 1 = (x 1)2 , x2 + 2x + 1
= (x +1)2 . Therefore,
x2 2x + 1
x2 + 2x + 1. =
(x 1)2
(x + 1)2
= |x 1| |x + 1|.
By the definition of modulus,
x 1 if (x 1) 0
|x 1| =
(x 1) if (x 1) < 0
Or
Or
{
}
x 1 if x 1
|x 1| = { (x 1) if x < 1;}
x + 1 if (x + 1) 0
|x + 1| = { (x + 1) if (x + 1) < 0. }
x + 1 if x 1
|x + 1| = { (x + 1) if x < 1. }
(c)
x2 x;
(d) x
2 > 2x2 ?
3 and
index 6 :
3 =
32 =
9 and 2 =
>
2.
23 =
8, hence
3
10
10
2 and
5. : 2 =
25 =
32 and
Compare now
10
5. =
52
=
10
25. Consequently,
2 > 5 .
5
Thus,
5. < 4 < 3.
Illustration 39. Evaluate the expression
a5/12 a3/8
a7/24
4
3
For a = 125.
a5/12 a3/8
a7/24
4
3
x2
Illustration 36. For what values of x are the following inequalities true :
(a) | x| x;
(b) x |x| x2;
2x + 1
+ 2x + 1
2 if x 1
2x
if
1
<
x
<
1
2 if x 1.
x2
increasing order:
3,
4 and 5.
125 = 5.
Trigonometry
Important Point and Formula
1.
32 2 +
22 7
>
32 3 + 16 or
18 + 28 > 27 + 16. This equality
(iv) Cosecant =
as cosec .
(v) Secant =
hypotenuse
r
= , and is written
perpendicular y
hypotenuse r
= , and is written as
base
x
sec .
(vi) Cotangent =
base
x
= , and is written
perpendicular y
as cot .
2.
1
sec tan
1
(xi) cosec + cot =
cosec cot
Complementary angle are the angles whose sum is
900 .
Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles :
(i) sin (900 ) = cos
(x)
3.
sec + tan =
(i)
sin 2 + cos2 = 1
(ii)
cos2 = 1 sin2
(iii)
sin 2 = 1 cos2
T-ratio/
(iv)
1 + tan2 = sec2
sin
(v)
sec2 tan2 = 1
(vi)
sec2 1 = tan2
cos
2
1
cosec2 1 = cot2
tan
30
1
2
45
1
60
90
1
0
2
1
2
Not defined
Illustration 4.
Find the G.C.D. of the polynomials 2x 2 x 1 and
4x2 + 8x + 3.
Solution :
Here,
2x2 x 1 = 2x2 2x + x 1
= 2x (x 1) + 1 (x 1)
a2 b4 c3
and
a3b2 c5.
Solution :
H.C.F of
a3
H.C.F. of
b2
and
a2
a2 ,
is
and
b4
+ 8x + 3 = 4x 2 + 2x + 6x + 3
= 2x (2x + 1) + 3 (2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)(2x + 3)
Illustration 2.
Find the G.C.D. of 24x2 y3z3 , 36x3y5z11 and 18xy2 z7 .
Solution :
We have
24x 2y 3z3 = 31 23 x 2 y 3z 3
36x 3y 5z 11 = 32 22 x3 y5z11
18xy2 z7 = 32 21 x y2 z7
Required G.C.D. = 31 21 x y2 z3
= 6xy2 z3 .
Illustration 3.
Find the H.C.F. of x2 + 5x + 6 and x2 + x 6.
Solution :
Here,
= (2x + 1) (x 1)
4x 2
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 3)
x2
+ x 6 = x 2 + 3x 2x 6
= x (x + 3) 2 (x + 3)
= (x + 3) (x 2)
Only common factor is x + 3
H.C.F. = x + 3.
Illustration 7.
Solution :
As x 3 is the H.C.F. of the given polynomials
x 3 is a factor of
x 3 2x 2 + px + 6
(i)
and x 3 x 2 5x + q
(ii)
27 18 + 3p + 6 = 0 or 3p = 15
Or
p = 5
27 9 15 + q = 0
Q(x) = (x 3) (x + 4)2
Or
3 + q = 0 or q = 3
3p + 2q2 = 3 ( 5) + 2( 3)2
= 15 + 18 = 3.
Illustration 8.
If x 2 x 2 is the G.C.D. of the expressions (x 2)
2
(2x + ax + 1) and (x + 1) (3x 2 + bx + 2), find the values
of a and b.
Solution :
Here,
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = x 2 (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)
= (x2 + 1)(x + 1)
and
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2 = x 3 + x + 2x 2 + 2
= x (x 2) + 1 (x 2)
= x (x 2 + 1) + 2 (x2 + 1)
= (x 2)(x +1)
= (x2 + 1)(x + 2)
G.C.D. = x2 x 2
= x2 2x + x 2
2 a + 1 = 0 or a = 3
(x 2) is a factor of 3x 2 + bx + 2
= 12 [(x 2 )2 (6) 2 ]
When x 2 = 0 or x = 2, 3x 2 + bx + 2 = 0
= 12 (x2 6)(x 2 + 6)
i.e.,
or
3(2) 2 + b(2) + 2 = 0
12 + 2b + 2 = 0
or
or
Thus, a = 3, b = 7.
20
and
2b = 14
b = 7
and
Q(x) = 8 (x 4 + 5x 2 6)
= 8 (x4 + 6x2 x2 6)
= 8 [x2 (x2 + 6) 1 (x2 + 6)]
= 8 (x 2 1)(x 2 + 6)
The factors (x2 6), (x2 + 6), (x2 1) each has highest
degree 1.
L.C.M. of P(x) and Q(x)
= 24 (x2 6)(x2 + 6)(x2 1)
Or
L =
H
and
H =
L
Notes :
1. If f (x), g (x) and one of L.C.M., H.C.F. are given,
the other can be found without ambiguity because L.C.M.
and H.C.F., are unique except for a factor of ( 1). The
sign + or is so chosen that the coefficient of the highest
degree term becomes positive.
2. If L.C.M., H.C.F. and one of the polynomials are
given, then the second polynomial can have both + and
signs.
3. If both L.C.M. and H.C.F. are to be found, then
we first find H.C.F. and then L.C.M.
Illustration 13.
Find the H.C.F and L.C.M of the following given
polynomials and verify that the product of the L.C.M and
H.C.F differs from the product of the polynomials if at all
by a factor ( 1).
(a) f (x) = (2x + 1)2 (3x 1), g (x) = (2x + 1)(3x 1)3
(b) f (x) = 4(x2 1), g (x) = 12 (1 x3 )
Solution :
(a) We are given
f (x) = (2x + 1)2 (3x 1)
g (x 1) = (2x + 1)(3x 1)3
Here, common factor are (2x + 1) and (3x 1) and
their least powers are 1 and 1 respectively.
H.C.F. = 22 (x 1) = 4(x 1)
The highest powers of all the factors 2, 3, (x 1),
(x + 1) and (1 + x + x2 ) are 2, 1, 1, 1 and 1.
Then, L.C.M. =
H
(x 1)(x 3)(x + 2)(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)
=
(x 1)
= (x 3)(x + 2)(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)
= (x2 1)(x2 4)(x 3)
To make the coefficient of x5 positive, we take + ve
sign
H
= 45(x2 + 3x + 2)(x2 7x + 10)
(x2 9)
22
Answer
Exercise A
1. Let
and
2. Let
and
3. Let
and
4. Let
P(x) =
=
=
Q(x) =
=
=
G.C.D. =
P(x) =
=
=
Q(x) =
=
=
G.C.D. =
P(x) =
=
=
=
Q(x) =
=
=
G.C.D. =
P(x) =
=
18 (x 3 x 2 + x 1)
18 [x 2 (x 1) + 1 (x 1)]
18 (x 2 + 1) (x 1)
12 (x 4 1)
12 (x 2 1) (x 2 + 1)
12 (x 1) (x + 1) (x 2 + 1)
6 (x 1) (x 2 + 1).
2 (x 4 y 4)
2 (x 2 y 2) (x 2 + y2)
2 (x y) (x + y) (x 2 + y2)
3 (x 3 + 2x 2y xy2 2y3)
3 (x + 2y) (x 2 y2)
3 (x + 2y) (x + y) (x y)
(x y) (x + y) = (x2 y2).
x3 + 2x 2 3x
x (x 2 + 2x 3)
x (x 2 + 3x x 3)
x (x + 3) (x 1)
2x 3 + 5x 2 3x
x (2x 2 + 6x x 3)
x (x + 3) (2x 1)
x (x + 3).
6x3 + 3x 2 3x
3x (2x 2 + x 1)
and
5.
Q(x)
G.C.D.
x2 x 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3x (2x2 + 2x x 1)
3x (2x 1) (x + 1)
8x 3 + 8x 2 6x
2x (4x2 + 4x 3)
2x (4x2 + 6x 2x 3)
2x (2x 1) (2x + 3)
x (2x 1).
x2 2x + x 2
x (x 2) + 1 (x 2)
(x + 1) (x 2)
1 or 2
(x 2) (2x 2 + ax + 1)
x
Let
P(x)
When x = 1
P( 1) = ( 1 2) [2 ( 1)2 + a ( 1) + 1]
= 3 (2 a + 1) = 3 (3 a)
Since, (x + 1) is a factor of P(x)
P ( 1) = 0
3 (3 a) = 0
3a = 0
a = 3
Let
Q(x) = (x + 1) (3x 2 + bx + 2)
When x = 2
Q(2) = (2 + 1) (12 + 2b + 2)
= 3 (14 + 2b)
Since, (x 2) is a factor of Q(x)
Q (2) = 0
3 (14 + 2b) = 0
14 + 2b = 0
2b = 14
b = 7
a = 3, b = 7.
6.
x 2 x 6 = x 2 3x + 2x 6
= x (x 3) + 2 (x 3)
= (x 3) (x + 2)
x = 3 or 2
Let
P(x) = (x + 2) (2x 2 + ax + 3)
When x = 3
P(3) = (3 + 2) [2 9 + 3a + 3]
= (5) (18 + 3a + 3)
= 5 (3a + 21)
Since, (x 3) is a factor of P(x)
P (3) = 0
5 (3a + 21) = 0
3a + 21 = 0
3a = 21
a = 7
CAT Complete Course | 23
Let
Q(x) = (x 3) (3x 2 + bx + 8)
When x = 2
Q( 2) = ( 2 3) (3 4 2b + 8)
= ( 5) (12 2b + 8)
= 5 (20 2b)
10.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
20
10
7, b = 10.
(x + 2) (x 1)
2 or 1
(x 1) (2x 2 + ax + 2)
= ( 2 1) (8 2a + 2)
= 3 (10 2a)
Since, (x + 2) is a factor of P(x)
P( 2) = 0
3 (10 2a) = 0
[Putting the value p ( 2)]
30 + 6a = 0
11.
12.
6a = 30
a = 5
Let
Q(x) = (x + 2) (3x 2 + bx + 1)
When x = 1
Q(1) = (1 + 2) (3 + b + 1) = 3 (4 + b)
Since, (x 1) is a factor of Q(x)
Q(1)
3 (4 + b)
12 + 3b
3b
b
a
8.
9.
24
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
12
4
5, b = 4.
P(x) = 28 (x 3 + 1)
(L.C.M.) (G.C.D.)
Q(x) =
P(x)
4
56 (x + x) 4 (x2 x + 1)
=
28 (x3 + 1)
56x (x 3 + 1) 4 (x 2 x + 1)
=
28 (x 3 + 1)
=
P(x) =
=
=
8x (x 2 x + 1).
x3 + x2 + x + 1
x2 (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)
(x2 + 1) (x + 1)
(L.C.M.) (G.C.D.)
P(x)
2(x 4 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)
=
(x 2 + 1)(x + 1)
4
= 2 (x 1).
P(x) = (x 3 + 1) (x 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x 1)
Q(x) = (x 2 x + 1)(x 2 3x + 2)
= (x 2 x + 1) [x (x 2) 1 (x 2)]
= (x 2 x + 1) (x 1)(x 2)
G.C.D. = (x 1) (x 2 x + 1)
and L.C.M. = (x + 1) (x 2 x + 1) (x 1)(x 2)
= (x 3 + 1)(x2 3x + 2).
P(x) = (x 3 27)(x 2 3x + 2)
= (x 3 33 )(x 2 2x x + 2)
= (x 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9)(x 1)(x 2)
Q(x) = (x 2 + 3x + 9)(x2 5x + 6)
= (x2 + 3x + 9)(x2 3x 2x + 6)
= (x2 + 3x + 9)(x 3)(x 2)
G.C.D. = (x2 + 3x + 9)(x 2)(x 3)
= (x 3 27)(x 2)
and L.C.M. = (x 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9)(x 1)(x 2).
Let
P(x) = x 2 + x 12
Put x = k
P(k) = k2 + k 12
Since, (x k) is a factor of p(x).
P(k) = 0
k2 + k 12 = 0
(k + 4)(k 3) = 0
k = 4 or k = 3
(i)
2
Let
Q(x) = 2x kx 9
Put x = k, Q(x) = 2k 2 k 2 9
= k2 9
Since, (x k) is a factor of Q(x)
Q(k) = 0
k2 9 = 0
k2 = 9
k = 3
(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
k = 3 is the only common solution.
Let
P(x) = (x 4)(2x 2 + x a)
Put
x = 1
P( 1) = ( 1 4) (2 1 a)
= 5 (1 a)
Since, (x + 1) is a factor of P(x)
P( 1) = 0
Q(x) =
13.
5 (1 a)
5 + 5a
a
Q(x)
x
Q(4)
= 0
= 0
= 1
Let
= (x + 1)(2x 2 + bx 12)
Put
= 4
= (4 + 1) (2 16 + 4b 12)
= 5 (4b + 20)
Since, (x 4) is a factor of Q(x)
Q(4) = 0
5 (4b + 20) = 0
4b + 20 = 0
b = 5.
14. Let
P(x) = x 2 + x (2k + 2)
x+4 = 0
x = 4
Then
P( 4) = 16 4 2k 2 = 10 2k
Since, (x + 4) is a factor of P(x)
P( 4) = 0
10 2k = 0
2k = 10
k = 5.
15.
A(x) = x 3 2x 2 + px + 6
A(3) = 27 18 + 3p + 6 = 3p + 15
Since, (x 3) is a factor of A(x)
A(3) = 0
3p + 15 = 0
3p = 15
p = 5
B(x) = x 2 5x + q
B(3) = 9 15 + q = q 6
Since, (x 3) is a factor of B(x).
B(3) = 0
q6 = 0
q = 6
6p + 5q = 6 (5) + 5 (6)
= 30 + 30 = 0.
P(x) = (x2 + 3x + 2) (x 2 7x + a)
16.
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 2 7x + a)
a = 12
Q(x) = (x2 2x 8)(x 2 2x + b)
= (x 4)(x + 2)(x2 2x + b)
(x + 1) = 0 Put x = 1
Then ,
Q(1) = (1 4)(1 + 2)(1 + 2 + b)
= (5)(1)(3 + b)
= 5 (3 + b)
Q(1) = 0
5 (3 + b) = 0
b = 3.
17.
P(x) = (x 2 3x + 2) (x 2 + 7x + a)
= (x 2)(x 1)(x 2 + 7x + a)
x+4 = 0
Put
x = 4
Then,
P( 4) = ( 6)( 5)(16 28 + a)
= 30 (a 12)
Since, (x 1)(x + 4) as their HCF (Given)
P( 4) = 0
30 (a 12) = 0
a = 12
Q(x) = (x 2 + 5x + 4)(x 2 5x + b)
= (x + 1)(x + 4)(x2 5x + b)
(x 1) = 0; Put x = 1
Then,
Q(1) = (2) (5) (1 5 + b)
= 10 (b 4)
Q(1) = 0
10 (b 4) = 0
b = 4.
18.
P(x) = (x2 + 3x + 2)(x 2 + 2x + a)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 2 + 2x + a)
Put
x = 3
Then,
P( 3) = ( 3 + 1)( 3 + 2)(9 6 + a)
= ( 2)( 1)(3 + a)
= 2 (3 + a)
Since, (x + 1) (x + 3) is H.C.F. (Given)
P( 3) = 0
2 (3 + a) = 0
3 + a = 0
a = 3
x4 = 0
Put
Then,
Q(x) = (x 2 + 7x + 12)(x 2 + 7x + b)
= (x + 3) (x + 4)(x 2 + 7x + b)
x = 4
P(4) = (4 + 1) (4 + 2) (16 28 + a)
= (5)(6)( 12 + a) = 30 (a 12)
Since, (x + 1)(x 4) as their H.C.F. (Given)
P(4) = 0
30 (a 12) = 0
Put
Then,
x = 1
Q(1) = ( 1 + 3)( 1 + 4)(1 7 + b)
= (2)(3)(b 6)
= 6(b 6)
CAT Complete Course | 25
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
26
Q( 1) = 0
6 (b 6) = 0
b6 = 0
b = 6
a = 3, b = 6.
4 (x 4 1) = 4 (x 2 1)(x2 + 1)
= 4 (x + 1)(x 1)(x 2 + 1)
6 (x 3 x 2 x + 1) = 6 (x 1)2 (x + 1)
G.C.D. = 2 (x 1) (x + 1)
= 2 (x 2 1).
Let
P(x) = (x 5)(x2 x a)
Put
x = 4
Then,
P(4) = (4 5)(16 4 a)
= 1 (12 a)
Since, (x 4) is a factor of P(x)
P(4) = 0
1 (12 a) = 0
a = 12
Let
Q(x) = (x 4)(x 2 2x b)
Put
x = 5
Then ,
Q(5) = (5 4)(25 10 b)
= (15 b)
Since, (x 5) is a factor of Q(x)
Q(5) = 0
15 b = 0
b = 15.
Let
P(x) = x 2 kx 6
x = 6
P(6) = 36 6k 6 = 30 6k
Hence, (x 6) is the G.C.D. (Given)
(x 6) is the factor of P(6).
P(6) = 0
30 6k = 0
6k = 30
k = 5.
x 2 x 6 = (x 3)(x + 2)
x 3 27 = (x 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9)
G.C.D. = x 3.
2
2x 9x + 4 = (2x 1)(x 4)
8x 3 1 = (2x 1)(4x2 + 2x + 1)
G.C.D. = (2x 1).
18 (6x 4 + x 3 x 2) = 18x 2 (6x 2 + x 1)
= 18x 2 (2x + 1)(3x 1)
45 (2x 6 + 3x 5 + x 4) = 45x 4 (2x 2 + 3x + 1)
= 45x 4 (x + 1)(2x + 1)
G.C.D. = 9x 2 (2x + 1)
| CAT Complete Course
30 (3x 5 + 4x 4 + x 3)
G.C.D.
26.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Exercise B
18x 4 36x 3 + 18x 2 = 18x 2 (x 2 2x + 1)
= 18x 2 (x 1)2
45x 6 45x 3 = 45x 3 (x 3 1)
= 45x 3 (x 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
L.C.M. of 18 and 45 = 90
L.C.M. = 90x 3 (x 1)2 (x 2 + x + 1)
= 90x3 (x 1)(x 3 1).
2
12x 4 + 324x = 12x (x 3 + 27)
= 12x (x + 3)(x 2 3x + 9)
3
2
36x + 90x 54x = 18x (2x 2 + 5x 3)
= 18x (2x 1)(x + 3)
L.C.M. of 12 and 18 = 36
L.C.M. = 36x (x + 3)(x 2 3x + 9)
(2x 1)
3
= 36x (x + 27)(2x 1).
2
3. Factors of x + x 2 = x2 + 2x x 2
= x (x + 2) 1 (x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x 1)
2
Factors of x 5x + 6 = x 2 3x 2x + 6
= x (x 3) 2 (x 3)
= (x 3)(x 2)
L.C.M. G.C.D. = P(x) Q(x)
P(x) Q(x)
L.C.M. =
G.C.D.
(x 3)(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
=
(x 3)
= (x 2)(x 3)(x 1)(x + 2).
4. G.C.D. L.C.M. of two polynomials = Product of
two polynomials
10 (x + 3)(x 1) L.C.M. = 10 (x 2 9)(x 2 3x + 2)
10x (x + 3)(x 1)2
Factors of x 2 3x + 2 = x 2 2x x + 2
= x (x 2) 1 (x 2)
= (x 2)(x 1)
1.
x 2 9 = (x 3)(x + 3)
10 (x 2 9)(x 2 3x + 2)
10x (x + 3)(x 1)2
L.C.M. =
10(x + 3)(x 1)
10 (x 3)(x + 3)(x 2)(x 1)
10x (x + 3)(x 1)2
=
10 (x + 3)(x 1)
= (x 3)(x 2) 10x (x + 3)(x 1)2
= 10x (x 2)(x 3)(x + 3) (x 1)2
= 10x (x 2 9)(x 2)(x 1)2 .
G.C.D. = 5 (x + 3)(x 1)
L.C.M. = 20x (x 2 9)(x 2 3x + 2)
P(x) = 10 (x 2 9)(x 1)
Q(x) = ?
Now, P(x) Q(x) = G.C.D. L.C.M.
10 (x 2 9)(x 1) Q(x) = 5 (x + 3) (x 1)
20x (x 2 9)(x 2 3x + 2)
Q(x)
5 (x + 3)(x 1) 20x (x 2 9)(x 2 3x + 2)
=
10 (x 2 9)(x 1)
= 10x (x + 3)(x 2 3x + 2)
= 10x (x + 3)(x 1)(x 2).
We know that :
L.C.M. G.C.D. = P(x) Q(x)
x (x + a) 12 (x + a) (x 2 a2 )
= 4x (x + a) Q(x)
x (x + a) 12 (x + a)(x2 a2 )
Q(x) =
4x (x + a)
2
= 3 (x + a)(x a2 ).
We know that :
L.C.M. G.C.D. = P(x) Q(x)
x (x + a) 12x 2 (x a)(x2 a2 )
= 4x 2 (x + a)2 Q(x)
x (x + a) 12x 2 (x a)(x 2 a2 )
Q(x) =
4x 2 (x + a)2
3x (x a)(x2 a2 )
=
(x + a)
3x (x a)(x + a)(x a)
=
(x + a)
= 3x (x a)2 .
G.C.D. L.C.M. = Product of the two polynomials
4x (x 2) L.C.M.
= 4x 2 (x 2 3x + 2) 12x (x 2) (x 2 4)
= 4x 2 (x 2 2x x + 2) 12x (x 2) (x 2)(x + 2)
= 48x 3 (x 2)(x 1)(x 2)2 (x + 2)
Factors of
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
P(x)
Q(x)
L.C.M.
10.
P(x)
Q(x)
L.C.M.
11.
P(x)
Q(x)
L.C.M.
12.
P(x)
Q(x)
13.
G.C.D.
4x 2 (x 2 a2 )
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
9x 2 (x 3 a3 ) = 9x 2 (x a)(x2 + xa + a2 )
L.C.M. of 4 and 9 = 36
L.C.M. = 36x 2 (x a)(x + a)(x2 + xa + a2 )
= 36x 2 (x 3 a3 )(x + a).
14.
3 (x 2 7x + 12) = 3 (x 4)(x 3)
24 (x 2 9x + 20) = 24 (x 4) (x 5)
L.C.M. of 3 and 24 = 24
P(x) = 1 + x + x 3 x 5
= (1 + x) + x 3 (1 x 2)
= (1 + x) + x 3 (1 x)(1 + x)
CAT Complete Course | 27
= (1 + x) [1 + x 3 (1 x)]
= (1 + x)(1 + x 3 x 4)
Q(x) = (1 x 4 x 6 + x 7)
= (1 x 4 ) (x 6 x 7)
= (1 + x 2) (1 x 2 ) x 6 (1 x)
= (1 x) [(1 + x 2)(1 + x) x 6]
= (1 x) [1 + x + x 2 + x 3 x 6]
= (1 x) [(1 + x) + x 2 + x 3 (1 x 3)]
= (1 x) [(1 + x + x 2) + x 3 (1 x)(1 + x + x 2)]
= (1 x)(1 + x + x2)(1 + x3 x 4)
G.C.D. = 1 + x 3 x 4.
17. Let p(x) = ax2 + bx + c and q(x) = cx2 + ax + b.
Since, (x k) is the H.C.F. of the given polynomials.
This means k is a zero of both the given polynomials
p(x) and q(x).
Now, k is a zero of ax 2 + bx + c
ak 2 + bk + c = 0
(i)
2
Also, k is a zero of cx + ax + b = 0
ck2 + ak + b = 0
(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), by cross multiplication, we get
k2
k
1
= 2
=
(iii)
2
b ac
c ab a2 bc
From first two members of (iii), we get
b2 ac
k = 2
(iv)
c ab
From last two members of (iii), we get
c2 ab
k = 2
(v)
a bc
From (iv) and (v), we get
b2 ac
c2 ab
= 2
2
c ab
a bc
2
(b ac)(a2 bc)
a2 b2 b3 c a3c + abc 2
a3 c + b3 c + c 4 3abc2
c (a3 + b3 + c3 3abc)
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
=
=
=
=
=
(c2 ab)2
c4 2c2ab + a2 b2
0
0
0
[Q c = 0]
18. We have
H (x) + L(x) = f (x) + g (x)
(i)
{H (x) + L(x)}3 = {f (x) + g (x)}3
{H (x)3} + {L(x)}3 + 3H (x). L(x). {H(x) + L(x)}
= {f (x3 )} + {g (x3 )} + 3 {f (x) g (x)
{f (x) + g (x)}
{H(x)3 + {L(x)}3 + 3 H (x). L(x) {H(x) + L(x)}
= {f (x)}3 + {g (x)}3 + 3 H (x) L(x)
{H(x) + L(x}
[Using (i) and f (x). g (x) = H(x). L(x)]
{H(x)}3 + {L(x)}3 = {f (x)3 + {g (x)}3
19. Given in Ist expression,
= x4 + 5x3 x2 5x
= x3 (x + 5) x (x + 5)
= (x + 5) (x3 x)
= x (x 2 1) (x + 5)
and IInd expression,
= x3 + 4x2 x 4
= x2 (x + 4) 1 (x + 4)
= (x + 4) (x2 1)
So, common of both expression in (x2 1).
28
Percentage
Introduction
The word per cent means per hundred. The sign of
per cent is %.
If a student gets 20% marks, it means that he gets 20
marks out of 100 marks.
If my mother gives me Rs. 40 out of Rs. 100. It means
I get 40% of what my mother had.
If a fraction number has denominator 100. It is known
as percentage and its numerator is called as rate per cent.
=
100 100 100 10000
4
3
4% =
and 3% =
100
100
Illustration 1.
Represent the following percentages as fractional
numbers
1
(a)
1 % = ?
3
12
% = ?
5
(b)
(c)
(d)
2% = ?
log10 100% = ?
(e)
1
% = ?
2 2
(f)
5% = ?
(g)
32% = ?
(h)
64% = ?
5
3
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
1
% = ?
tan 30
1
% = ?
1 1/2
22 + 3 2 % = ?
1 1/2
52 32 % = ?
Solution :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4
4
1
1
% =
=
3
3 100 75
12 1
3
5 100
125
141
141
141% =
=
100 10000
log10 10 2 % = 2 log10 10%.
1
1
=
100 50
4
1
22 % = 4% =
=
100 25
5
1
=
100
20
= 21
(e)
(f)
5
(g)
1
25 % = 25 % = 2% = 50
(h)
4
1
43 % = 43 % = 4% = 100
=
25
(i)
1
1/
3
% =
3% = 1732%
1732
1732
=
100 100000
CAT Complete Course | 29
(j)
1
1
1
% = 1%
2 sin 90
2
1 1
1
=
=
2 100 200
=
1 1/2
1
(k)
%
% =
4 + 9
13
13 1 = 3501 1
=
13 100
13
100
=
(l)
3501
1300000
1 1/2
1 1/2
1
1
25 9 % = 16 % = 4 % = 400
Illustration 2.
Represent the following percentages as decimals
(i)
25% = ?
(ii)
35% = ?
(iii)
120% = ?
12
(iv)
% = ?
5
(v)
90% = ?
Solution :
25
(i)
= 025
100
35
(ii)
= 0035
100 10
120
(iii)
= 12
100
12 1
3
(iv)
=
= 0024
5 100
125
90
(v)
= 09
100
Illustration 3.
Represent the following decimals as rate percent
(i)
025 = ?
(ii)
0015 = ?
(iii)
175 = ?
(iv)
333 = ?
(v)
0005 = ?
Solution :
(i) (025 100)% = 25%.
15
3
(ii) (0015 100)% =
% = %.
10
2
(iii) (175 100)% = 175%.
(iv) (333 100)% = 333%.
5
1
(v) (0005 100)% =
% = %.
10
2
30 | CAT Complete Course
Illustration 4.
What per cent of
(i) 20 is 80
(ii) 125 is 25
(iii) 3 is 18
(iv) 150 is 5
Solution :
(i) Let required percentage be a%
Now,
20 a% = 80
a
or
20
= 80
100
80 100
a =
20
a = 400
Hence, 80 is 400% of 20.
(ii) Required percentage of
25 100
125 =
= 20
125
Hence, 25 is 20% of 125.
(iii) Required percentage of
18 100
3 =
= 600
3
Hence, 18 is 600% of 3.
(iv) Required percentage of
5 100 10
150 =
=
150
3
10
Hence, 5 is % of 150.
3
Illustration 5.
Evaluate
(i)
30 % of 900 = ?
1
(ii)
1 % of 250 = ?
2
(iii) 42% of 700 = ?
(iv) 25% of 12500 = ?
Solution :
30
(i)
900 = 270
100
3 1
15
(ii)
250 =
2 100
4
42
(iii)
700 = 294
100
25
(iv)
12500 = 3125
1000
Illustration 6.
Ram pays 5% Income Tax. If his annual income is
Rs. 12500. How much does he pay as Income Tax
annually ?
Solution :
Income Tax = 5% of Annual Income = 5% 12500
5
=
12500 = Rs. 625
100
Illustration 7.
My mother has Rs. 5000 and she gives me 20%.
How much I get ?
Solution :
I get = 20% of 5000
20
=
5000 = Rs. 1000.
100
Illustration 8.
The monthly salary of Shyam is Rs. 10,000. He
spends 25% on the education of his children, 40% on
food, 10% on house rent, 3% on travels and 5% on
miscellaneous and rest he save for the future. Find his
savings.
Solution :
Total expenditure = 25 + 10 + 40 + 3 + 5 = 83 %
Out of Rs. 100 Shyam expense Rs. 83. So he saves
Rs. 17 out of Rs. 100.
17
Now, His savings = 17% of 10000 =
10000
100
= Rs. 1700.
Increase value
100
Base value
Solution :
Increase in price of potato (F.V. B.V.) = Rs. 2 / kg,
and Base Value = Rs. 10 / kg
2
Percentage Increase =
100% = 20%.
10
Illustration 11.
If Rahims salary is 40% more than that of Rams
salary, then how much per cent Rams salary less than that
of Rahim ?
Solution :
Let Rams salary = Rs. 100
Salary of Rahim = Rs. 140
Clearly Rams salary is Rs. 40 less than that of
Rahim.
When Rahims salary is 140, then Rams salary = 40
less
40
less
140
4
Rahims salary is Rs. 100, then Rams salary =
14
200
2
100 =
% = 28 % less.
7
7
Illustration 12.
If initial cost of pen is increased by 25%, then find
the final cost.
Solution :
Let initial cost of pen = a
Rahims salary is Re. 1, then Rams salary =
100
Sum of results
100
Sum of percentage
Similarly,
Original Number =
Difference of results
100
Difference of percentages
Illustration 13.
If 15% and 25% of a number is 60 and 100 respectively. Find the number N.
Solution :
If N be the required number
60 + 100
N =
100
15 + 25
160
=
100 = 400.
40
Illustration 14.
If the sum of numbers obtained by taking percentage
10% and 30% of a certain number is 200. Find the original
number.
Solution :
Using Formula :
Sum of results
Original Number =
100
Sum of percentages
200
=
100
(10 + 30)
200
=
100 = 500.
40
Illustration 15.
The difference between the Number obtained by
increasing a certain number by 3% and that obtained by
diminish it by 7% is 81. Find the original number.
Solution :
Using formula :
Difference of result values
Original number =
100
Difference of per cents
81
=
100
[3 ( 7)]
81
=
100 = 810.
10
Illustration 16.
x% of a Number a is equal to y % of a Number b.
Find what per cent of a is b ?
Solution :
x
y
a =
b
100
100
a
y
=
b
x
x
So,
b = a
y
y a 100 %
b =
Illustration 17.
The Sum of two numbers is C. Five times of the
greater number exceeds thrice the smaller one by zC.
Find by what per cent the greater number is more than the
smaller one ?
Solution :
Let x and y be the required numbers where x > y
According to question
x+y = C
(1)
5x 3y = z C
(2)
Putting value of y from (1) in equation (2), we get
5x 3 (C x) = z C
or,
5x 3C + 3x = z C
z C + 3C
or,
x =
8
z C + 3C
So,
y = Cx=C
8
5C z C
=
8
z + 3 5 z
8
8
Difference = x y =
2z 2
C
8
% Difference
2(z 1)
100% =
C
x
8
C =
8
100%
C (z + 3)
2(z 1)
100%
(z + 3)
z1
=
200%
z+3
z1
So, greater number x is
200% more than the
z+3
smaller number y.
[D] Problems on expenditure
=
ab
a + b + 100 %
decrease by
100 %.
100 + a
decrease by
100 %.
100 + a
Illustration 18.
The price of petrol is decreased by 5% and its
consumption increases by 12%. Find the net percentage
change in expenditure and ratio of initial and final
expenditure.
Solution :
By using formula :
Initial expenditure
(100) 2
=
Final expenditure
(100 + a)(100 + b)
Initial expenditure
100 100
=
Final expenditure
(100 + 5)(100 + 12)
100 100 125
=
=
105 112 147
Net percentage change in expenditure
=
ab
a + b + 100
%
12
5 + 12 5100
%
60
7 100 % = 32
%
5
Illustration 19.
The price of coal gas is increased by 25%. Find how
much per cent its consumption must be decreased if
expenditure remains constant ?
Solution :
By using Formula
Decrease in consumption =
=
100 + a 100 %
25
100 + 25 100 %
25
=
100 % = 20%
125
100
XY
Clearly Y X
(A)
100
XY
XY
(B)
100
Proof : Let the price of the commodity be Rs. A/unit
and consumption be B units.
r
= p 1 +
100
p
n
r
1 + 100
= P 1 +
r1
r
1+ 2
100
100
r3
rn
1 + 100
1 + 100
Illustration 20.
The population of Delhi is 40,00,000 it increases at
the rate of 10% per annum. What was its population 2
years ago and also what will be its population after 2
years ?
Solution :
Using formula :
P
Population n years ago =
n
r
1 + 100
4000000
2
10
1 + 100
4000000
100
11 11
= 3305785
n
r
Population after n years = P 1 +
100
2
10
= 40,00,000 1 +
100
= 40,00,000
121
100
= 48,40,000.
Illustration 21.
The population of a city is 25,000. If increased by
15% during first year. During second year it decreased by
25% and increased by 40% during the third year. What is
the population after 3 years ?
34 | CAT Complete Course
= 25,000 1 +
15
40
1 25 1 + 100
100 100
115 75 140
Solution :
By using formula :
Population after 3 years
25
5
1 100 A. 1 + 100
B
975 105
AB
100 100
Effect on revenue
xy
100 100
5 25
= 25 + 5
100 100
5
= 25
= 25 000125 = 25
4000
= x+y+
Illustration 23.
Gita scores 30% and fails by 20 marks, while Sita
who scores 60% marks gets 40 marks more than the
minimum required marks for the examination. Find the
maximum marks for the examination.
Solution :
By using formula :
100(20 + 40)
Maximum marks =
(60 30)
100 60
=
= 200.
30
Illustration 24.
In an examination 75% students failed in Economics,
55% failed in Maths and 35% failed in both the subjects
and 500 passed in both the subjects. Find the total number
of students.
Solution :
By using formula :
% of students who passed in both subjects
= [100 (x + y z)] %
= [100 ( 75 + 55 35)]%
= (100 95 )%
= 5%
Since, 5 % students = 500 students
100% (5 20) students
= 500 20
= 10,000 students.
Illustration 25.
There are 500 students in an examination 85%
students passed in Geography and some of the students
passed in Civics while 65% students passed in both the
subjects. If 300 students failed in both the subjects. Find
the % of students who passed in Civics.
Solution :
Let the required % of students who passed in Civics
is x.
Now, by using Set Theory formula
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) n (A B)
No. of students passed in one or both the subjects
= x % + 85% 65%
= (x + 20)%
No. of students passed one or both the subjects
= (x + 20) %
Now, Number of students failed
= [100 (x + 20)]%
= (80 x)%
Since, in 100 students, (80 x) students is failed
80 x
In 500 students,
500 students is failed
100
According to questions
80 x
500 = 300
100
80 x = 60; x = 80 60 = 20
Required % of students who passed in Civics = 20.
Illustration 26.
In an examination a candidates scores 35% but fails
by 45 marks. If the passing marks is 65%. What is the
maximum marks ?
Solution :
Let the maximum marks = 100
Secured marks = 35
Passing marks = 65
Difference = 65 35 = 30
When he fails by 30 marks maximum marks = 100
100
He fails by 1 marks, maximum marks =
30
He fails by 45 marks maximum marks
100
=
45 = 150.
30
Illustration 27.
The maximum marks in Civics is 120. A candidates
scores 60 marks but fails by 12 marks. What is the
percentage pass marks ?
Solution :
Since candidates get total (60 + 12) marks
Candidates get 72 marks out of 120 marks
i.e., In 120 marks, candidates get 72 marks
72
In 100 marks, candidates get
100%
120
Hence, percentage pass marks = 60%.
Illustration 28.
Gita and Reeta appears for an examination. Gita
scores 40% and fails by 24 marks. While Reeta scores
45% which is 16 marks more than the pass marks. What
are the maximum marks ?
Solution :
Let the maximum marks = M
40
M + 24
100
45
While Reeta gets pass marks =
M 16
100
Gita gets pass marks =
40 =
Illustration 29.
5
M
100
M = 800.
80
= 60
100
Illustration 30.
An Army lost 25% of its men in war, 10% of the
remaining due to diseases and 5% of the rest declared war
disabled. Thus, the strength was reduced to 6,41,250
active men. Find the original strength.
Solution :
Let the original strength = 100
Due to war lost men = 25
10
Due to diseases lost men = 75
= 75
100
5
Disabled men = (75 75)
100
= 3375
Reduced strength = 100 (25 + 75 + 3375)
= 64125
When 64125 is active then original is 100.
6,41,250 is active men, then original strength =
10,00,000.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Exercise A
1
1. If 12 % and 5% of a number is 550 and 220. Find
2
the number.
2. If the sum of numbers obtained by taking percentage
of 25% and 10% of a certain number is 350. Find the
certain number ?
3. The difference between the numbers obtained by
increasing a certain number by 2% and that obtained
by diminishing it by 15% is 350. Find the original
number ?
4. P% of a number C is equal to Q% of a number D.
Find the per cent of C relative to D ?
5. The sum of two numbers is A. Seven times of greater
number exceeds five times of the smaller one by kA.
Find what per cent the greater number is more than
the smaller one ?
1
6. A shopkeeper marks prices at 12 % higher than the
2
original price. Due to increase inflation he further
1
increases the price by 6 %. How much % profit will
2
he get ?
7. The price of rice is increased by 40%. Find how
much per cent its consumption must be decreased if
expenditure remains constant ?
8. The price of wheat decreases by 245 %. Find by
how much per cent its consumption must be increased
if expenditure remains constant ?
9. The price of kerosene decreases by 25%. Find how
much per cent must its consumption be increased if
expenditure remains constant ?
10. The population of Bombay was 15,00,000, 3 years
ago. If population increased by 10% during first year,
36 | CAT Complete Course
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Exercise B
1. A motorist decreases his distance covered annually
(in km) by 10% when the price of petrol is increased
by 3%. Find the percentage change in petrol bill.
2. The rate of increase of the price of rice is observed to
be 3 per cent more than the inflation rate expressed
in percentage. The price of rice on January 1, 2008 is
Rs. 25/kg. The inflation rates of years 2008 and
2009 are expected to be 13% each. The expected
price of rice on January 1, 2010 would be.
3. Ganesh can buy 40 oranges or 50 mangoes. He
retains 10% of the amount for bus fares and buys 20
oranges and of the balance. How many mangoes can
he purchase ?
4. Raju bought 5 erasers, 4 pencils and 7 pens. Sonali
bought 9 pens, 10 erasers and 8 pencils for an amount
which was half more what Raju had paid. What per
cent of the total paid by Raju were paid for the pens ?
5. In a survey of children education, 90% of those asked
are in the favour of at least one of the proposal : I, II
and III, 48% of those asked favoured proposal I, 36%
favoured proposal II and 16% favoured, proposal III.
If 5% of those asked favoured all three of the
proposals. What percentage of those asked favoured
more than one of the three proposals ?
6. Jyoti took five papers in an examination where the
full marks were for each paper, her marks in these
papers were in proportion of 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. In all
papers together, the candidates obtained 50% of the
CAT Complete Course | 37
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
100
180
32. Each edge of a cube is increased by 20%, then the
percentage increase in surface of the cube is ?
7x 5(A x) = kA
or,
12x = A(k + 5)
k+5
x =
A
12
k+5
7k
and
y = A
A=
A
12
12
k + 5 7 k
. A
12 12
Difference = x y =
=
Answers
1. By using formula :
Original number =
770 2
100 = 22 200
35
= 4,400.
2. By using formula :
Sum of results
100
Sum of per cents
350
=
100
25 + 10
350
=
100 = 1,000.
35
Certain number =
3. By using formula :
Original number =
=
Difference of results
100
Difference in per cents
350
350
100 =
100
2 + 15
35
= 1000
4. According to question,
C
P
Q
= D
100
100
C
Q
=
D
P
C =
Q
D
P
C =
P 100 % of D.
2(k 1)A.12
k 1
=
200 %
k
+
5
ab
% profit = a + b +
%
100
1 1
12 6
1 1 2 2
= 12 + 6 +
%
2
2
100
25 13
= 19 +
% = 317
%
400
16
% Difference
=
x
Exercise A
Sum of results
100
Sum of per cents
550 + 220
=
100
1
122 + 5
2k 2
A
12
6.
= 198%.
7. Decrease in consumption
a
=
100%
100 + a
40
40
=
100% =
100%
100 + 40
140
200
=
% = 2857%.
7
8. Increase in consumption
100 a 100 %
245
=
100 %
100
245
245
=
100 %
755
4900
=
% = 3245%.
151
=
9. Increase in consumption
=
100 a 100 %
25
100 25 100 %
25
1
= 100 % = 33 %
3
75
= 15,00,000 1 +
10
5
100 100
15
1 + 100
14.
11 19 23
10 20 20
= 375 209 23 = 18,02,625.
11. Price of machine (2 years ago)
P
75000
=
=
2
20 2
r
1 100
1 100
= 15,00,000
15.
75000
75000 25
25 =
44
16
= Rs.1,17,18750.
Price of machine (after 2 years)
=
= P 1
20
r
= 75,000 1
100
100
2
16
= 48,000.
25
12. Let Rahim got x votes polled.
Number of votes polled for Ram
= (x 1600)
Total votes polled = x + x 1600 = (2x 1600)
According to Questions,
x 1600 = 40% (2x 1600)
40
x 1600 =
(2x 1600)
100
x = 8000 3200 = 4800.
13. From question it is clear that 100 tonnes of ore gives
65 tonnes of metal which contains 5% impurity.
Since, 100 tonnes of metal contain
= 5 tonnes impurity
1 tonne of metal contain
5
=
tonnes impurity
100
65 tonne of metal contain
5
=
65 tonnes
100
13
=
tonnes impurity
4
= 75,000
13 9
tonnes
4
Clearly, 100 tonnes of ore gives
13 9
=
tonnes pure metal
4
13 9
1 tonne of ore gives =
tonnes pure metal
4 100
240 tonnes of ore gives = 702 tonnes pure metal.
Let x be the number of games won in a row.
Now, according to question,
(70 of 40%) + x
60 3
=
=
70 + x
100 5
28 + x
3
or,
=
70 + x
5
or,
2x = 210 140 = 70
x = 35.
Since, same percentage of his income is exempted
from tax in the both cases, this data is not be
considered.
Initial amount of tax = Final amount of tax
(a 2000) 15% = a.12 %
15
12a
or,
(a 2000)
=
100
100
or,
3a = 2000 15
a = 10,000
Hence, Increased income = Rs. 10,000.
Let the third number = 100
10. Here, rate is different for each year. So, using formula
for different rates.
Present population
16.
17.
13
65 4 tonnes
or,
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4, x 2
Original price of rice = Rs. 4 / kg.
18. Here, expenditure remains constant.
Rate change = (60%) of original price
60
3x
=
x = = 06x
100
5
where x is the original price
Expenditure rate change
x (x + rate change) =
Change in available quantity
240 06x
or,
x (x 06x) =
10
or,
04x = 24 06;
x = 36.
9x 9y = 9
or,
xy = 1
(2)
2x = 4, y = 1; x = 2
Original number = 12
New number = 21
Change
100
Original number
21 12
=
100
12
9
=
100 = 75%.
12
20. Let the income of A is Rs. x.
Income
Expenditure
Saving
Before
75
3
1
x= x
x
increase x
100
4
4
% increase in number =
x 1 +
3
50
x 1 +
4
200
3 5
x
4 4
9x 15x
New saving =
8 16
18x 15x 3
=
= x
16
16
x.
Now,
25
200
Charity =
100 =
= 14 %
70
7
7
20
200
4
Religious donations =
100 =
= 28 %
70
7
7
Community welfare fund
40
400
1
=
100 =
= 57 %
70
7
7
50
50
23. I :
% =
= 025
2
2 100
II :
After
increase
Rs. y
III :
03 = 03
2
= 013
15
9
8
13
8 1 R = Rs. 75
Net % change =
x 100 %
= 100 % = 2307%.
13
Required percentage =
xy
x + y + 100
%
Here, x = 10, y = 15
10 15
Net % change = 10 15 +
%
100
= ( 25 + 15)% = 235%
27. Using formula :
Final Price = Initial Price
100 + a 100 + b
100
100
Here, a = 12 , b = 10
100 + 12 100 10
100
100
= 40 112 90 = Rs. 4,03,200
xy
x + y + 100
%
12 10
= 12 10
%
100
6
4
= 5 % = % = 080%.
5
5
Net % change =
x =
75 57
x = 40,000.
42 | CAT Complete Course
Or, x 500 +
4
(x 10000) = 31,100
100
x
= 31,200
25
31200 25
x =
24
x = Rs. 32,500.
32. Let Radhas income = Rs. 100
Expenditure = Rs. 80
Savings = Rs. 20
New income = Rs. 140
135
New expenditure =
80 = Rs. 108
100
Now,
savings = 140 108 = Rs. 32
12
% increase in savings =
100 = 60%.
20
33. Let the weight of the container = x
The weight of the fluid = y
According to question,
x + y = 100%
Hence, y = 75% = 3x
y = 3x
(1)
Given, Weight of container + Remaining fluid
50
=
(x + y)
100
Or,
1
(x + 3x)
2
Remaining fluid = 2x x = x
Removed fluid = 3x x = 2x
Fractional part of the liquid removed
2x 2
=
=
3x 3
34. Since, the same number of candidates appeared from
each stages.
So, Let we suppose that 100 candidates appeared
from each stage.
Now, For stage X,
10
Selected candidates =
100 = 10
100
For stage Y,
12
Selected candidates =
100 = 12
100
Clearly,
12 10 = 2
When 2 candidates are selected more from stage Y,
then there are 100 candidates in each stage
100
When 1 candidates =
2
100
When 80 candidates =
80
2
= 4,000 candidates in each stage.
35.
Price of maruti = Rs. 10,00,000
90
Amount insured = 10,00,000
100
= Rs. 9,00,000
80
Received amount = 9,00,000
100
= Rs. 7,20,000
Now, Required difference
= Price of maruti Received amount
= 10,00,000 7,20,000
= Rs. 2,80,000.
x + Remaining of Fluid =
36.
25
50
Total money = 800
+ 1500
100
100
= Rs. 950
12
25 paise coins removed =
800 = Rs. 96
100
24
50 paise coins removed =
1500 = Rs. 360
100
25
50
Money removed = 96
+ 360
100
100
= Rs. 204
204
Required percentage =
100%
950
408
=
% 215%.
19
37. Given
Or,
and
X2 % of Y = Y2 % of Z
X2
Y2
Y =
Z
100
100
X2 = Y. Z
(1)
Z 4% of X = Y% of Y
Z4
Y2
X =
100
100
X Z4 = Y2
(2)
X2 4
X = Y2
Y
Or,
XX8
= Y2
Y4
X9 = Y6 .
3
X
10
4
Y
10
3
X parts of water
10
3
10 = 3
10
Similarly,
6 parts of 2nd type liquid contains
46
=
part of water
10
= 24 parts
Total amount of water = 3 + 24 = 54 parts
Total amount of mixture = 10 + 6 = 16
54
% Change =
100 = 3375%.
16
42. Price of eggs increases by the amount
30
= 78
= 234
100
Hence, price of 3 eggs is Rs. 234
234
Price of 1 egg is = Rs.
= 78 paise.
3
Exercise B
1. Since, petrol bill is directly proportional to the
distance covered and price of petrol.
Let petrol bill = a
Distance covered = b
Price of petrol = c
Now, a b and a c
a = k.b.c
(where k = constant, suppose k = 1)
a = b.c
103
New price of petrol =
c
100
90
and New distance covered =
b
100
New bill
103 c 90 b 927
=
=
Original bill
100 100 c b 1000
% change in petrol bill
New bill Original bill
=
100
Original bill
927
=
1 100
1000
73
= 73%.
10
2. Increase in price of rice = (13 + 3)% = 16%
Price of rice on January 1, 2010
=
16
= 25 1 +
100
= 25
=
29 29
25 25
841
= Rs. 3364.
25
a = 10
W
III (16)
II (36)
According to question,
X + Y + Z + a + b + c + w = 90
48 (b + c + 2) + 36 (a + b + 2) + 16 (c + a
+ 2) + (a + b + c + 2) = 90
96 2 (a + b + c) 6 + (a + b + c) + 2 = 90
100 (a + b + c ) 4 = 90
96 (a + b + c) = 90
(a + b + c) = 6
Percentage of those asked favoured more than
one proposal = 6 + 2 = 8.
6. Let the marks scored in five subjects be 2x, 3x, 4x,
5x, 6x.
Total marks in all the five subjects = 20x
x 2x 4x 8x
4 , 8 4 , 8 4 , 8 4 = 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x
x = 4 millions.
8. Let number of men employees = 60
Number of women employees = 40
Number of men earning more than Rs. 40,000 / year
40
= 60
= 24
100
Total number of employees earning more than
Rs. 40,000 / year = 40
Number of women earning more than Rs. 40,000
= 40 24 = 16
Now, fraction of the women earning Rs. 40,000 or
40 16 24 3
less
=
=
=
40
40 5
9. Let the total products = a
Now, machine x produces products = a 10% = 01a
and it produces 1% defective products.
It means machine x produces 99% non-defective
products.
So, amount of products produced by machines
99
x = (01a)
100
96
Similarly, machiney = (02a)
100
95
100
94
Machine A = (025 a)
100
Now, Total non-defective products
a
=
(990 + 1920 + 4275) + 2350)
100
a
=
9535
100
% non-defective products = 9535%.
10. Let side of the cube = a m.
Final / new side of the cube
25 5
= a+a
= a
100 4
Initial surface area = 6a2
Machine z = (045 a)
5a 2
Final/new surface area = 6
4
25 16
9
Change in surface area = 6a2
= 6a2 . 16
16
63
80 1 100%
17
100%
80
85
= % = 2125%.
4
14. Let the total number of people in the voters list be x.
The number of people who participated in voting =
0.92x
Since, 48 votes were declared invalid.
So, valid votes polled = (092x 48).
Since, Shyam gets 60% of x.
Number of votes gained by Shyam = 06x.
Votes obtained by Shyam + Votes obtained by
Krishna = (092x 48).
Or, votes obtained by Krishna = (092x 48 06x)
= (032x 48)
Now, According to question; Difference = 440
Or,
06x (032x 48) = 440
028x = 440 48
392
x =
= 1400.
028
15. Increase in price of coal
= (10 + 5)% = 15%
Price of coal on March 4, 2009
=
15
= 100 1 +
100
115
= Rs. 115 / tonnes.
100
16. Let a voters voted against the party in the assembly
poll.
Then votes in favour = (3,60,000 a)
Majority of votes by which party won in previous
poll
= (3,60,000 a) a = (3,60,000 2a)
Now, votes polled against the party in general
election = 12a
= 100
a = 1,71,428
Suppose Gita has Rs. 100 with her.
From question :
Price of one red pen = Rs. 4
and Price of one blue pen = Rs. 2
She retain Rs. 20 for autorikshaw fare
(1)
(2)
z = 125
46 (x + y) + 26 (x + z) + 16 (y + z) + (x + y
+ z + 4)
= 80
Or,
x + y + z = 92 80
x + y + z = 12
Percentage of those asked favoured more than one
proposal = 12 + 4 = 16.
20. Let the marks scored in five subjects be 4x, 3x, 5x,
6x, 7x.
Total marks in all the five subjects = 25x
Maximum marks of the five subjects given 60% =
25x
100
125x
100% =
25x =
60
3
Maximum marks in each subject
=
1 125x 25x
=
5 3 3
13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 + 5 3
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + 63 + 73 100
5 5 + 1
2
100%
7 7 + 1
2
25 36
100% = 2870%.
49 64
Vcone
1
=
Vcy
3
Now,
% change =
=
21.
8%
5-10
5%
R
R =
In case of Ist
R1 =
In 2nd case
R2 =
Now,
Change =
% Change =
Vcy Vcone
100%
Vcy
2
100%
3
= 666%.
1
l;R
A
l
(1)
A
l
A
R
l
= 1
4A 4
3R
R2 R1 = 1
4
R
3 1
4
100% = 75%
R1
11
A; New resistance is
10
12
l
10
12 l
R1 =
=
11
11 A
A
10
Change = R 1 R = R
12
1
R=
R
11
11
1
R
11
% Change =
100% = 909%.
R
27.
Original length = 24 cm.;
New length = (24 4) = 20 cm.
Original height = 16 cm.;
New height = (16 4 ) = 12 cm.
Original breadth = 20 cm;
New breadth = (20 4) = 16 cm.
Original volume = 24 20 16 cm3
= 7680 cm3
New volume = 20 16 12 = 3840 cm3
Volume of air inside the box
= 7680 3840 = 3840 cm3
3840
% Volume of air =
100% = 50%.
7680
log 1 + log 2 + log 5
28.
Percentage =
log 1 + log 2 + log 5 + log 10
100%
log 1.2.5
=
100%
log 1.2.5.10
log 10
=
100%
log 102
1
= 100% = 50%.
2
29. Since, ABC is formed inside the circle so it is right
angled triangle.
AB2 + AC 2=
32 + 4 2 = 5 cm.
5 2
1
1
Area of semi-circle = r2 = 314
2
2
2
3050
100%
25 314
3050
=
% = 388%.
785
Now, % change
BC =
25 314 2
cm
8
1
Area of triangle ABC = 3 4 = 6 cm2
2
Now, Area not enclosed by semi-circle
25 314
7850
=
6=
6
8
8
3050
=
8
% Area not enclosed by semi-circle
3050
8
=
100%
25 314
8
=
32. Let
Initial edge
Final edge
Initial volume
= 194 176 = 18
18
=
100
176
9
225
=
100 =
= 102%.
88
22
= a m.
12
=
am
10
= a3 m 3
12 3 1728 3 3
10 a = 1000 a m
1728 3
Change in Volume =
1a
1000
Final Volume =
728
a3
1000
728
% Change in volume =
100% = 728%.
1000
S.P. =
100 + % profit
C.P.
100
100 % loss
100
C.P.
100 +100
S.P.
%
profit
100
C.P. =
S.P.
100
%
loss
C.P. =
and
Illustration 1.
Sohan buys a pen for Rs. 12 and sells it for Rs. 16.
Find his gain per cent.
Solution :
Using formula :
S.P. C.P.
Gain % =
100
C.P.
Here, C.P. = Rs. 12, S.P. = Rs. 16
S.P. > C.P.
So,
Now,
Illustration 2.
Kamala buys a dress for Rs. 72 and after six months
sells it for Rs. 90. Find her profit per cent.
Solution :
Given
C.P. = Rs. 72
S.P. = Rs. 90
Here,
S.P. > C.P.
Profit takes place
Profit = S.P. C.P.
= Rs. (90 72) = Rs. 18
Profit
% profit =
100%
C.P.
18
=
100% = 25%
72
Illustration 3.
Reena buys a pizza for Rs. 42 and sells it for Rs. 40.
Find loss or profit per cent.
Solution :
Given
C.P. = Rs. 42
S.P. = Rs. 40
Since,
S.P. < C.P.
So,
loss = C.P. S.P.
= 42 40 = Rs. 2
Loss
% loss =
100
C.P.
2
% loss =
100
42
100
=
= 476%.
21
Illustration 4.
Rajeev sells an article at 10% gain for Rs. 340. What
is its cost price ?
Solution :
By using formula :
and
S.P. = 340
% Profit = 10
CAT Complete Course
49
100
S.P.
100 + % profit
100
C.P. =
340
100 + 10
100
=
340 = Rs. 309.
110
C.P. =
Illustration 5.
Rakesh buys an article for Rs. 400 and sells it at 15%
profit. Find its S.P.
Solution :
We have
C.P. = Rs. 400
% Profit = 15
100 + % profit
S.P. =
C.P.
100
100 + 15
S.P. =
400
100
115
=
400 = Rs. 460.
100
Illustration 6.
Akash buys a table for Rs. 600 and sells it at a profit
of Rs. 120. Find per cent gain.
Solution :
By using formula :
Profit/Gain
% Gain =
100
C.P.
120
% Gain =
100 = Rs. 20.
600
Illustration 7.
Gita buys 12 pens for Rs. 96 and sells 10 pens for
Rs. 90. Find per cent profit or loss.
Solution :
96
Cost price of one pens =
= Rs. 8
12
90
Selling price of one pens =
= Rs. 9
10
Since, selling price is greater than cost price.
Profit = 9 8 = Re. 1
Profit
% Profit =
100
C.P.
1
= 100 = 125%.
8
Illustration 8.
Leela buys 6 dresses for 600 and sells 5 dresses for
Rs. 575. Find per cent loss / profit.
Solution :
600
C.P. of one dress =
= Rs. 100
6
575
S.P. of one dress =
= Rs. 115
5
Since,
S.P. > C.P.
50
Illustration 9.
Radha buys A tables for Rs. a and sells B tables for
Rs. b. Find net profit / loss per cent.
Solution :
a
C.P. of one table = Rs.
A
b
S.P. of one table = Rs.
B
In the above C.P. and S.P. we do not know which is
greater than other.
So, we have two cases
Case I : If
Then,
B A
Profit
% Profit =
100
C.P.
=
% Profit =
Case II : If
b a a
B A / A 100
b A
B a 1 100
A B
Loss
% Loss =
100
C.P.
=
% Loss =
a b A
A B a 100
b A
1 B a 100
120
500
100
120 115
100 100
120
100
115
100
Sonali buys the cooker at
= 500
120 115 88
Clearly :
% profit
profit
1 + % 100
100
loss
Loss %100
Product Factors
So, In case of successive profits / loses.
Final S.P. = Initial C.P. Product factors.
Illustration 11.
X sells an article to Y at a loss of 10%, Y to Z at a
gain of 15%, Z to U at a loss of 5% and U to V at a profit
of 20%. If V had to pay Rs. 450. How much did X pay
for it ?
Solution :
From above formula :
Product factors =
10
15
5
1 100 1 + 100
1 100
20
1 + 100
90 115 95 120
450 1000000
9 115 95 12
500000
1311
= Rs. 3814
51
Illustration 15.
If the cost price of a articles equals the selling price
of b articles. Find the per cent profit / loss.
Solution :
Let C.P. of one article = Rs. X
Since, S.P. of b articles = C.P. of a articles
a
S.P. of one article = Rs. X
b
If
a > b
Case I :
a > b
S.P. > C.P.
Profit = S.P. C.P.
Profit
% profit =
100
C.P.
a X X
b
100
% profit =
X
% profit =
Case II :
a
b 1 100
b > a
C.P. > S.P.
Loss = C.P. - S.P.
Loss
% loss =
100
C.P.
a
X X
b
% loss =
100
X
% loss =
a
1 b 100
Illustration 16.
Shyam loses 15% when he sells his camera for
Rs. 500. For how much should he sells it in order to gain
10% ?
Solution :
Since, Shyam sells camera at 85 whose C.P. = Rs. 100
100
Shyam sells camera at 1 whose C.P. =
85
Shyam sells camera at Rs. 500 whose C.P.
100
10000
=
500 = Rs.
85
17
If Shyam wants to profit of 10%.
So, when C.P. is Rs. 100, then S.P. = Rs. 110
10000
110 10000
C.P. is Rs.
then S.P. =
17
100
17
11 1000
=
17
11000
=
17
11000
Required S.P. = Rs.
17
52
Illustration 17.
Raju gains a% when he sells an article for Rs. b.
What would be the profit or loss per cent if he sold it for
Rs. c ?
Solution :
When Raju gains a%
C.P. =
Case I : If
100
100 + a b
C > C.P.
100
b
100 + a
100
100
b
100 + a
C
% profit =
% profit =
C (100 + a)
b 1 100
100
C (100 + a)
b 100
1 100
Illustration 18.
Raju loses a% when he sells an article for Rs. b.
What would be the profit or loss per cent if he sold it for
Rs. C ?
Solution :
When Raju loses a%
100
C.P. =
b
100 a
Case I : If
C.P. > C
Loss = C.P. C
100
=
bC
100 a
Loss
% Loss =
100
C.P.
% Loss =
Case II : If
C (100 a)
1 100 b 100
C > C.P.
Profit = C C.P.
100
= C
b
100 a
% profit =
C (100 a)
100 b 1 100
Illustration 19.
Gita sold an article at a profit of X%. If he had
bought if for Y% less and sold it for Rs. W more, he
would have made profit of Z%. Find the cost price of the
article.
Solution :
Let the original cost price be Rs. K
100 + X
K
100
100 + Y
K
100
100 + Z 100 Y
New S.P. = Rs.
K
100 100
100 + Z 100 Y
+X
K 100
K = W
100 100
100
So,
W 100 100
(100 + Z)(100 Y) (100 + X) 100
Illustration 20.
Sita buys certain quantity of an article for Rs. z. She
sells mth part of the stock at a loss of x%. At what per cent
gain should she sell the remaining stock, so as to make an
overall profit of y% on the total transaction ?
Solution :
C.P. of mth part of stock = Rs. (m p) or Rs. m. z
100 x
S.P. of m th part of stock =
z
100
For y% profit on total transaction, its S.P.
K=
100 + y
100 z
100 + y
x
100 z 100
mz
100
5 1000
1045 1020
5 1000
=
25
Cost of price of magazine = Rs. 200.
Illustration 22.
Ashu sells an article at a loss of 10%. If he had
bought it at 20% less and sold it for Rs. 90 more, he
would have made a profit of 20%. Find the cost price.
Solution :
Here, we have
X = 10
Y = 20
W = 90
Z = 20
Cost price of article
W 100 100
=
(100 + Z)(100 Y) (100 X) 100
W 100 100
=
(100 + 20)(100 20) (100 10) 100
W 100 100
90 100
=
=
120 80 90 100 96 90
9000
=
= Rs. 1,500.
6
Illustration 23.
Sohan invests Rs. Z in shares. He sells mth part of it
at a profit of X% and the remaining at a loss of Y%. Find
his overall % profit or loss.
Solution :
C.P. of mth part = m . Z
=
S.P. of m th part =
100 + X
100 m.Z
100 Y
Y
100 m. Z + 100
100
(1 m ). Z
Total C. P. = Rs. Z
S.P. C.P.
% profit =
100
C.P.
% profit = (100 Y)(1 m) + (100 + X).
m 100
% profit = [m.X (X m)Y] %.
Illustration 24.
A shopkeeper buys wheat for Rs. 2000. He had to
sell one fifth at a loss of 20%. At what per cent gain he
should sell the remaining stock, so as to make an overall
profit of 10% on the total transaction ?
CAT Complete Course
53
Solution :
Here,
Z = Rs. 2000
X = 20
1
m =
5
Y = 10
Using formula :
Y + X.m
%
1m
1
10 + 20
5
% profit =
%
1
1
5
14 5
=
%
4
% profit = 175%.
% profit =
Illustration 25.
A trader buys rice for Rs. 4800. He sells one third at
a loss of 12%. At what per cent gain should he sell the
remaining stock, so as to make an overall profit of 10% ?
Solution :
Here,
Z = 4800
1
We have,
m =
3
X = 12
Y = 10
Using formula :
Y + X.m
% profit =
%
1m
1
10 + 12
3
=
%
1
1
3
14 3
=
%
2
% profit = 21%.
Illustration 26.
Ramesh buys certain quantity of an article for Rs. a
he sells n th part of it at a profit of X%. At what per cent
profit or loss should be sell the remaining (1 n)th part of
the stock, so as to make an overall profit of Y% ?
Solution :
C.P. of nth part = Rs. n.a
100 + X
n.a
100
100 + Y
a
100
100 + Y
100 + X
.a
n.a
100
100
= Rs.
% profit =
Y Xn
1 n %.
Illustration 27.
A man buys wheat for Rs. 3000. He sells one-third
of it at a profit of 12%. At what per cent gain should he
sell remaining two-third, so as to make an overall profit of
15% on the whole transaction ?
Solution :
1
3000
C.P. of rd =
= Rs. 1000
3
3
1
120
S.P. of rd =
1000 = Rs. 1200
3
100
Total C.P. = Rs. 3000
115
Required S.P. =
3000 = Rs. 3450
100
2
C.P. of rest rd = Rs. 2000
3
2
Now, S.P. of rd = 3450 1200 = Rs. 2250
3
S.P. C.P.
% profit =
100
C.P.
2250 2000
=
100
2000
250
=
100 = 125%.
2000
Illustration 28.
A hike of X% in the price of an article forces a
person to buys Y kg less for Rs. Z. Find the new and the
original price per kg of the article.
Solution :
The hike in the price of the article
X
=
Z
100
This is the cost of Y kg article.
X.Z
100
X.Z
Cost of 1 kg of the article =
100Y
100
new price
100 + X
100
X.Z
100 + X 100 Y
X.Z
100 Y
100
X.Z
100 + X 100 Y
X.Z
(100 + X) Y
Illustration 29.
A person sells one-fifth of his stock of good at a
profit of 25%. At what per cent profit or loss should he
sell his remaining stock, so as to make an overall profit of
12% ?
Solution :
Let C.P. of all the good = Rs. a
1
Now, C.P. of th part of goods
5
a
= Rs.
5
1
125 a 25a
S.P. of th part of goods = Rs.
=
5
100 5 100
4
4
C.P. of th part of goods = Rs. a
5
5
112
S.P. of the whole goods =
a
100
4
S.P. of the th part of goods
5
=
112 25
a
100
87
a
100
4
4
Clearly, S.P. of th part > C.P. of th of the goods
5
5
So,
25
1
a= a
100
4
1
a
4
5
% Profit =
100 = 100
4
16
a
5
=
125
= 3125%.
4
Illustration 30.
A 20% hike in the price of sugar forces a person to
purchase 5 kg less for Rs. 250. Find the new and original
price of sugar.
Solution :
By using formula :
We have
X = 20
Y = 5
Z = 250
X.Z
New price =
100 Y
20 250
=
= Rs. 10
100 5
X.Z
Original Price =
(100 + X) Y
20 250
=
= Rs. 835.
120 5
Illustration 31.
A reduction of 5% in the price of rice enables a
1
person to buy kg more for Rs. 190. Find the original
2
price /kg of rice and also its reduced price.
Solution :
Using formula :
X = 5
1
Y = kg.
2
Z = 190
X.Z
New price =
100 Y
5 190
=
1
100
2
95 2
=
= Rs. 19/kg.
10
X.Z
Original Price =
(100 X) Y
5 190
=
Rs. 20 / kg.
1
(100 5)
2
Illustration 32.
A man purchased m oranges at X a rupee and n
oranges at Y a rupee. He mixed them together and sold
them at Z a rupee. What is his per cent loss or gain. What
happen when m = n ?
Solution :
m
C.P. of m oranges = Rs.
X
n
C.P. of n oranges = Rs.
Y
Total C.P. = Rs.
m n
X + Y
55
S.P. C.P.
100%
100
m + n
Z
% profit =
1 100%
m + n
X Y
% profit =
% profit =
When
(m + n)X.Y
m = n
2m.X.Y
2XY
% profit =
1 100%.
(X + Y).Z
% profit =
Illustration 33.
A person mixes 30 kg of tea bought at Rs. 120 / kg
with 25 kg of tea bought at Rs. 100 / kg. He sells the
mixture at Rs. 105 kg. Find his total per cent loss / gain ?
Solution :
C.P. of 30 kg of tea = 30 120 = 3600
C.P. of 25 kg of tea = 25 100 = 2500
Total C.P. = Rs. 6100
S.P. of 55 kg of tea = 55 105 = Rs. 5775
Since,
C.P. > S.P.
So,
Loss = C.P. S.P.
= 6100 5775 = 325
Loss
% Loss =
100%
C.P.
325
=
100%
6100
325
=
% = 532%.
61
Illustration 34.
Shyam purchase 100 oranges at 4 a rupee and 200
oranges at 2 a rupee. He mixed them and sells at 3 oranges
a rupee. Find his per cent loss or gain.
Solution :
C.P. of 100 oranges = Rs. 25
C.P. of 200 oranges = Rs. 100
S.P. of 300 oranges = Rs. 100
C.P. of 300 oranges = Rs. 125
C.P. > S.P.
Loss = C.P. S.P.
= 125 100 = Rs. 25
Loss
% loss =
100
C.P.
25
=
100%
125
% loss = 20%.
56
Illustration 35.
A man buys oranges at 20 a rupee for how many a
rupee should he sell it so as to gain 10% ?
Solution :
Let C.P. of 20 oranges = Re. 1
110
S.P. of 20 oranges = Rs.
= Rs. 11
100
Since, Cost of 20 oranges is Rs. 11
20 200
In Rs. 1 oranges is =
=
= 181 18.
11 11
Illustration 36.
A milkman purchases the milk at Rs. 18/litre and
sells it at Rs. 20 liter still he mixes 2 litres of water with
every 8 litres of pure milk. What is per cent profit ?
Solution :
For Simplicity :
Let pure milk = 8 litres
Now, C.P. of pure milk = 8 18 = Rs. 144
Since, he sell ( 8 + 2 ) litres with the cost of 20 /litres
S.P. = 10 20 = Rs. 200
Profit = 200 144 = Rs. 56
56
% Profit =
100
144
350
=
= 388%.
9
Illustration 37.
Two articles are sold at the same price. One at a
profit of 50% and another one at a loss of 30%. What is
the overall profit / loss ?
Solution :
Let
C.P. of Ist article = X
C.P. of 2nd article = Y
S.P. of Ist article = 15X
S.P. of 2nd article = 07Y
According to question :
15X = 07Y
X
7
=
Y
15
(1)
Total C.P. = X + Y
7
22
= Y+
Y= Y
15
15
Total S.P. = 15X + 07Y
= 14Y
Loss = S.P. + C.P.
22
Loss = 14Y +
Y
15
21Y + 22Y
=
15
1
Y
15
1
Y
15
% loss =
100
22
Y
15
100 50
=
=
= 455%.
22 11
Loss =
Illustration 38.
The profit percentage on the three articles X, Y and
Z is 5%, 10% and 20% and the ratio of the cost price is
2 : 3 : 5. Also the ratio of number of article sold of X, Y
and Z is 1 : 2 : 4. Then what is the overall profit
percentage ?
Solution :
Let C.P. of one X article = 2a
C.P. of one Y article = 3a
C.P. of one Z article = 5a
Total C.P. = 2a + 2 3a + 4 5a
= 2a + 6a + 20a = 28a
S.P. = 105 2a + 6a (11)
+ 2a 12
= (210 + 66 + 24 )a
= 3270a
Profit = S.P. C.P.
= (3270 28)a
= 470a
47a
% Profit =
100%
28a
470
=
% = 167%
28
Exercise A
1. A woman buys 4 tables and 16 chairs for Rs. 3200.
She sells the tables at a profit of 20% and chairs at a
profit of 10% and makes a profit of Rs. 600. At what
price did she buys tables and chairs ?
2. 5 kg of rice costs as much 10 kg of wheat, 20 kg of
wheat costs as much as 2 kg of tea, 4 kg of tea costs
as much as 24 kg of sugar. Find the cost of 5 kg of
sugar if 3 kg of rice costs Rs 30.
3. A fan and a watch are sold of the same price of Rs.
927. The shopkeeper earns a profit of 10% on the fan
whereas he incurs a loss of 10% on the watch. Find
his overall per cent gain or loss.
4. Rajesh purchased a chair marked at Rs. 800 at two
successive discounts of 10% and 15% respectively.
He spent Rs. 28 on transportation and sold the chair
for Rs. 800. What is his gain per cent ?
5. Kavita buys two tables in Rs. 1,350. She sells one so
1
as to loss 5% and other so as to gain 7 % on the
2
57
20. The marked price of an Apple is Rs. 10 the shopkeeper allows discount of 8% and still make a profit
of 10%. What would be his profit if he did not allow
discount?
21. Jiya started selling vegetables at Rs. 12 /kg but could
not find buyers at this rate. So, she reduced the price
to Rs. 10 kg but uses of a faulty weight of 900 gm.
For 1 kg. Find the per cent change in actual price or
loss.
22. Rohani bought 20 kg of rice at the rate of Rs. 5/kg
and 30 kg of rice at the rate of Rs. 6/kg. She mixed
the two and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs. 75/kg.
What was her loss or gain in the total transaction ?
23. Find the difference between a single discount of 60%
on Rs. 800 and two successive discounts of 40% and
20% on the same amount.
24. Shyam bought 2 dozen apples at Rs. 20 per dozen
and 4 dozen apples at Rs. 15 per dozen. He sold all
of them to earn 28%. A what price per dozen did he
sell the apples ?
25. Find the cost price of an article, which on being sold
at a gain of 15% yields Rs. 5 more than when it is
sold at a loss of 12%.
26. 12 kg of potato costs as much as 3 kg of tomato, 9 kg
of tomato costs as much as 60 kg of onion, 15 kg of
onion costs as much as 21 kg of cabbage. If 12 kg of
cabbage costs Rs. 108. Find the cost of 18 kg of
potato ?
27. Ravi sells two articles for the same price. On one he
incurs 20% loss while on the other he incurs 10%
loss. Find his overall per cent loss.
28. Avinash buys a cap for Rs. 160 and sells it to Aman
at 8% loss, Aman sells it to Raman at 10% profit and
Raman sells it to Rahim at 20% profit. How much
did Rahim pay for the cap ?
Answers
1. Let C.P. of one chair
= Rs. X
C.P. of 16 chairs = Rs. 16X
C.P. of 4 tables = 3200 16X
120
S.P. of 4 tables =
(3200 16.X)
100
110
S.P. of 16 chairs =
4X
100
10
Total S.P. =
[12(3200 16X) + 44X]
100
1
=
(38400 192X + 44X)
10
Profit = Total S.P. Total C.P.
1
Profit =
(38400 148X) 3200
10
58
600 =
2nd
11
10
11
If Ram sells at the rate of 20 for
rupee. He gains
10
10%.
20
So,
In one rupee =
10
11
200
=
18 pencils
11
40
8.
Reduction in price = 40
= Rs. 16
100
C.P. of pencils = Rs.
9.
90
1000
100
Rs. 900
125
900 = Rs. 1125
100
105
1125
100
Rs. 118125
=
So, Pinki pays Rs. 118125.
10. After reduction,
The price of 900 gm wheat = Rs. 20
The price of 1000 gm wheat
20
200
=
1000 = Rs.
900
9
200
25
Loss = Rs. 25
= Rs.
9
9
25
9
100
% Loss =
100% =
%
25
9
= 1111%.
11. Let the actual price of the article = Rs. X
125
Marked price in case 1st =
X
100
After reduction of 10%
125
90
Marked price =
X
100
100
5 9
9
= X= X
4 10
8
Profit
Actual price 100
X
8
=
100 = 125%.
X
12. Let the cost price of the article = Rs. X
After 10% profit
110
S.P. of the article =
X
100
11
=
X
10
According to question,
According to question,
16
Man buys 12 bananas in Rs.
12 = Rs. 6
32
Rs. 6 / dozens
59
11
100
X + 20 , then C.P. =
112
10
Selling price is
11
10 X + 20
This equal to X =
Or,
X 1
100 11X
+ 20
112 10
110
110
= 20 112
112
X = Rs. 1000.
13. Let the C.P. of the article = Rs. X
85
X
100
80
He bought the article at = Rs.
X
100
80
Now, Rahim sells the article =
X + 40
100
According to question,
S.P. of the article when Loss is 15% =
80
100 X + 40 100
113
8
100
8
X = X + 40
10
10
113
100
4
100
X 1
= 40 113
5
113
80
X =
100
Or,
Or,
4
13
4000
X
=
5
113
113
4000 5
Or,
X =
13 4
5000
X = Rs.
13
14. Given
S.P. = Rs. 900
100
C.P. =
900 = Rs. 1000
90
To get 5% loss the S.P.
95
=
1000 = Rs. 950.
100
15. When Mohit gets 10% profit, then C.P. of tomatoes
100
=
45 = Rs. 5
90
So, C.P. of 80 kg of tomatoes = 80 5 = Rs. 400
Rest tomatoes = 70 kg.
Now, S.P. of 70 kg of tomatoes
112
=
400 = Rs. 448
100
448
S.P. of 1 kg of tomatoes =
= Rs. 64.
70
16. Let
C.P. of one shirt = Rs. X
Now, C.P. of 8 shirts = Rs. 8X
This is equal to 10 shirts = Rs. 8X
Or,
60
=
2 5 10
Loss
% Loss =
100%
C.P.
X
10
=
100%
3.X
6
60
=
= 20%.
3
8
= 08
100
C.P. of Apple = 10 08 = 92
110
S.P. =
92 = Rs. 10.12
100
If discounts is not allowed, then
Profit = 1012 10 = 012
Profit
% Profit =
100%
MP
012
=
100% = 12%
10
21. After reduction
The price of 900 gm of vegetables = Rs. 10
The price of 1000 gm of vegetables
10
100
=
1000 =
900
9
100 8
Loss = 12
=
9
9
8
9
% Loss =
100%
12
200
=
% = 74%.
27
22. C.P. of 20 kg of rice = 20 5 = Rs. 100
C.P. of 30 kg of rice = 30 6 = Rs. 180
S.P. of 50 kg of rice = 50 75 = Rs. 375
Total C.P. = 280
Total S.P. = 375
Profit = S.P. C.P.
= 375 280 = Rs. 95
Profit
% profit =
100
C.P.
95
=
100
280
950
=
= 3392%
28
23. When discount is 60%
60
Then discount = 800
= Rs. 480
100
Discount = 10
20.
and
24.
S.P. =
Now, S.P. of 12 apples =
25. Let C.P. of the article =
1st S.P. =
2nd S.P. =
Difference =
128
100 = Rs. 128
100
128
= Rs. 2133.
6
X
115
X
100
88
X
100
115 88
100 100 . X
27
X
100
500
X = Rs.
27
5 =
X = Rs. 185.
26. Let C.P. of 1 kg of potato = Rs. X
C.P. of 12 kg of potato = Rs. 12.X
C.P. of 3 kg of tomato = Rs. 12.X
C.P. of 9 kg of tomato = Rs. 36.X
C.P. of 60 kg of onion = Rs. 36.X
36
C.P. of 15 kg of onion = Rs.
X 15
60
= Rs. 9.X
C.P. of 21 kg of cabbage = Rs. 9.X
9
C.P. of 12 kg of cabbage = Rs.
X 12
21
36
=
X
7
36
108 =
X
7
108 7
X =
= Rs. 21
36
Cost of 18 kg of potato = 18.X = 18 (21)
= Rs. 378.
27.
61
So,
4.
= 5764%.
28.
92
160
100
5.
= Rs. 14720
110
Raman buys a cap at = Rs.
14720
100
= Rs. 16192
120
Rahim buys a cap at = Rs.
16192
100
6.
= Rs. 194.304
Special
1. Ganesh, on his dead bed, keeps half his property for
his wife and divides the rest equally among his three
sons; Ram, Shyam, Krishna. Some year later, Ram
dies leaving half his property to his widow and half
to his brothers. Shyam and Krishna, sharing equally.
When Shyam makes his will, he keeps half his
property for his widow and the rest he bequeaths to
his younger brother Krishna when Krishna dies some
years later, he keeps half his property for his widow
and the remaining for his mother. The mother now
has Rs. 18,30,000.
(i) What was the worth of total property ?
(ii) What was Shyams original share ?
(iii) What was the ratio of the property owned by the
window of the three sons, in the end ?
2. Ashu and Tannu both are dealers of classic scooter
the price of classic scooter is Rs. 35,000. Ashu gives
a discount of 15% on whole, while Tannu gives a
discount of 20% on the first Rs. 25,000 and 5% on
the rest Rs. 10,000. What is the difference between
their selling prices ?
3. A company purchases components X and Y from
U.K. and Germany, respectively X and Y from 30%
and 40% of the total product cost current gain is 25%
due to change in the international scenario, cost of
the U.K. mark increased by 30% and that of
Germany dollar increased by 20%. Due to market
62
7.
Exercise B
1. A retailer bought 25 kg of tea at a discount of 20%.
Besides 1 kg tea was freely offered to him by the
wholesaler at the purchase of 25 kg tea. Now, he
sells all the tea at the marked price to a customer.
What is the profit of retailer ?
2. Ram bought 15 oranges for a rupee and sold them at
12 oranges for a rupee. What is the profit percentage ?
3. Tarun purchased the books for Rs. 1,20,000. He sold
50% of it at a profit of 125% and rest at a loss. Find
the loss percentage on the remaining if the overall
loss is 10% ?
4. The ratio of cost price and marked price of an articles
is 15 : 2 and ratio of percentage profit and percentage
discount is 2 : 3. What is the discount percentage ?
5. Shyam sold 10 cameras at a profit of 30% and 6
cameras at a profit of 20%. If he had sold all the 16
15. X, Y and Z invest in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5 the percentage of return on their investment are in the ratio of
5 : 4 : 3. Find the total earnings if Z earns Rs. 510
more Y.
16. Ram bought a house in Delhi city, whose sale price
was Rs. 16 lakh. He availed 20% discount as an early
bird offer and then 10% discount due to cash
payment. After that he spent 10% of the cost price in
interior decoration and lawn of the house. At what
price should he sell the house to earn a profit of
25% ?
17. A car mechanic purchased four old cars for Rs. 2
lakh. He spent total 4 lakh in the maintenance and
repairing of four cars. What is the average sale price
of the rest three cars to get 50% total profit if he
already sold one of the four car Rs. 3 lakh ?
18. Cost price of two motorcycles is same. One is sold at
a profit of 12% and the other for Rs. 5,000 more than
the first. If the net profit is 20%. Find the cost price
of each motorcycle.
19. Profit on selling 10 books equal selling price of 3
pens. While loss on selling 10 pens equal to selling
price of 4 books. Also profit percentage equals to the
loss percentage and cost of books is half of the cost
of a pen. What is the ratio of selling price of books to
the selling price of a pen ?
20. The cost of setting up a newspapers Rs. 12,000. The
cost of paper and ink etc. is Rs. 80 per 100 copies
and printing cost is Rs. 120 per 100 copies. In the
last month 2500 copies were printed but only 2000
copies could be sold at Rs. 10 each. Total 25% profit
on the sale price was realized. There is one more
resource of income from the newspaper which is
advertising. What sum of money was obtained from
the adverting in newspaper ?
21. A milkman mixes 25% water in pure milk but he is
not content with it so he again mixes 10% more water
in the previous mixture. What is the profit percentage
of milkman if he sells it at cost price ?
22. A man sold two flats for 5,00,000 each. On one he
gains 25% while on the other he losses 25%. How
much does he gain or loss in the whole transaction ?
23. Shyam sold three fourth of his articles at a gain of
40% and the remaining at cost price. Find the gain
earned by him in the whole transaction.
24. After getting two successive discounts, a shirt with a
list price of Rs. 200 is available at Rs. 160. If the
second discount is 4%. Find the first discount.
25. Tarun got 20% concession on the labeled price of an
article and sold it for Rs. 9,000 with 25% profit on
the price he bought. What is the labeled price ?
26. A retailer marks all his good at 50% above the cost
price and thinking that he will still make 20% profit,
CAT Complete Course
63
Answer Special
1. Let Total property of the Ganesh = Rs. X
X
Ganeshs wife gets = Rs.
2
X 1
2 3
X 1
Shyam gets = Rs.
2 3
X 1
Krishna gets = Rs.
2 3
Ram gets = Rs.
X X 1
+
24 6 2
1 X X
5X
Krishna gets = Rs. + = Rs.
2 6 24
48
1 5X 1 X
+
2 48 2 6
1 5X X
13X
+
= Rs.
2 48 6
96
X X 1
+
24 6 2
1 5
X
2 24
5
= Rs.
2880000
2 24
= Rs.
= Rs. 3,00,000
Kirshnas wife gets =
1 5.X 1 X
+
2 24 2 6
= Rs.
1 5.X X
+
2 48 6
1 13.X
= Rs.
2 48
= Rs.
1 13
2880000
2 48
= Rs. 3,90,000
and
Their ratio = 8 : 10 : 13
2. In case of Ashu
15
Discount on Scooter = 35000
= Rs. 5,250
100
S.P. = 35000 5250
= Rs. 29,750
In case of Tannu
20
Ist discount = 25000
= Rs. 5,000
100
5
2nd discount = 10000
= Rs. 500
100
Total discount = Rs. 5,500
S.P. = 35000 5500
= Rs. 29,500
Now,
S.P. = 125
New price of component X
30
= 30 + 30
= Rs. 39
100
New price of component Y
20
= 40 + 40
= Rs. 48
100
New production cost = 39 + 48 + 30 = Rs. 117
10
100
= 117 11 = 1287
Profit = 1287 125 = 37
37
% profit =
100
125
148
=
= 296%.
5
New cost of component A = 30 11 = Rs. 33
New cost of component B = Rs. 40 085 = Rs. 34
Production cost = 33 + 30 + 34 = 97
So,
gain = 125 97 = 28
18
% gain =
100% = 224%.
125
4. Let
total property = Rs. X
X
His wife gets = Rs.
2
X
B gets = Rs.
6
X
C gets = Rs.
6
X
D gets = Rs.
6
Now, after Bs death,
X
Bs wife share =
12
X
C share = Rs.
24
X
D share = Rs.
24
X X 5
Total C share =
+ =
X
24 6 24
X X 5
Total D share =
+
=
X
6 24 24
After Cs death,
5
5
His wifes share =
X= X
24 2
48
5
D share =
X
48
5
5
15
Total Dshare =
X+ X= X
24
48
48
Now, after Ds death,
15
X
96
15
His mothers share =
X
96
15
X 48 + 15
Total mothers share =
X+ =
X
96
2
96
63
21
=
X= X
96
32
His wifes share =
65
100
100
Or,
100 100 = 7750 + 775Y
Or,
10,000 7750 = 775Y
Or,
2250 = 775Y
22500
Y =
775
900
Y =
31
Y = 2903%.
5. Let pure milk is 5 litres (simplicity).
Now, milk + water
5 + 25 = 75
He sells 2.5 litres water at the cost of milk.
So,
S.P. = 75 15Y = 1125Y
C.P. = 5 15 Y = 75Y
Profit = S.P. C.P.
= 1125Y 750Y = 375Y
375
% profit =
100
75
4 375
=
%
3 10
2 75
% profit =
= 50%.
3
6. In producing radios
Total cost = 150 150 + 10000
= Rs. 32,500
Amount received after the sell of radios
= 120 300 + 30 250
= 36000 + 7500
= Rs. 43,500
100 + Y
X.Y
= X.
100
100
775 X (100 + Y)
100
100
Answer B
1. Let the marked price of 1 kg tea = Rs. X
Let the marked price of 25 kg tea = Rs. 25X
80
Now, C.P. of 25 kg tea = Rs. 25.X
= 20X
100
S.P. of tea = 26X
Profit = S.P. C.P.
= 26X 20X = 6.X
Profit
% profit =
100
C.P.
6.X
=
100 = 30%.
20.X
1
2.
C.P. of one oranges = Rs.
15
1
S.P. of one oranges = Rs.
12
Profit = S.P. C.P.
1
1
54
1
=
=
=
12 15 3 5 4 60
1
60
% profit =
100
1
15
15
=
100 = 25%.
60
3.
Remaining amount =
90
120000
100
= Rs. 1,08,000
Now, S.P. of the remaining 50% books
= 108000 67500 = 40,500
Loss on remaining books
= 60000 40500 = 19,500
19500
% loss =
100 = 325%.
60000
4. Let C.P. of the article = 15 X
M.P. of the article = 2X
Percentage profit = 2Y%
Percentage discount = 3Y%
So, total S.P. =
Since,
2nd discount =
=
Remaining amount =
=
=
3rd discount =
=
Discount
C.P. = M.P. 1
100
3.Y
15X = 2X 1
100
3
3.Y
= 1
4
100
1 100 100
Y =
=
4
3
12
25
Y =
= 833%
3
Percentage profit = 2 833 = 1666%.
5. Let cost price of each camera = Rs. X
C.P. of 16 cameras = Rs. 16 X
13
S.P. of 10 cameras =
10.X = 13 X
10
120
S.P. of 6 cameras =
6.X = 72X
100
Or,
= 568%.
7.
If profit = 2.X
(1)
= Rs. X
20.X X
Ist discount =
=
100 5
1125
(400 + X)
100
According to question,
1125
(400 + X) 400 = 2.X
100
Or,
X = 240
Cost Price of each camera = Rs. 240.
20
100
6
= 500 = Rs. 500
5
80.X 8.X
=
100
10
8.X 40 32.X
=
10 100 100
16.X
50
8.X 16.X
10
50
40X 16X
50
24
X
50
24
10
X
50
100
6
X
125
Or,
1125
1125
100 1 400 = 2 100 . X
125 400 875
100 = 100 X
X =
125 400
400
= Rs.
875
7
67
11. Let
1125
400
400 +
100
7
1125 400 8
= Rs. 51430
100 7
8. Let the Print Price of both are the same.
Let C.P. of sprite = Rs. P
Let C.P. of coke = Rs. Q
According the question,
95 75
90 80
P
= Q
100 100
100 100
Or,
P 19 15 = 4 9 8 Q
P
4 9 8 3 32
Or,
=
=
Q
15 19 5 19
P
96
Or,
=
Q
95
96
Or,
P =
Q
95
Clearly, P is the greatest.
9. Since, 2 bikes of A is free if dealer buys 5 bikes.
So, If Dealer buys 4 bikes of A, then he pays only
price of 3 bikes.
Similarly, after buying 2 bikes of B dealer gets one
bike extra.
So, he pays only price of 2 bikes B.
Total C.P. of 4 bikes A + 3 bikes B
= 120000 + 100000
=
= Rs. 2,20,000
1125
S.P. of bikes = 220000
100
= Rs. 2,47,500
10. Let C.P. of a bicycles = Rs. 100
Since profit = 120%
S.P. = Rs. 220
Now , sale price of new bicycle
= Rs. 220
60
= Rs. 132
100
S.P. of X = a
Let S.P. of Y = 2a
Profit of X = b
Profit of Y = 2b
C.P. of X = a b
C.P. of Y = 2a 2b
Since, we get profit of 125% in X.
125
b
=
100
1
ab
25
b
Or,
=
100
2
ab
Or,
8b = a b
a 9b = 0
(1)
C.P. of Y is 500
2a 2b = 500
Or,
a b = 250
(2)
By putting the value of a in equation (2), we get
9b b = 250
Or,
8b = 250
250
b =
8
250
a = 9
8
Total C.P. = 3a 3b
= 3 (a b) = 750
250
Total S.P. = 3a = 3 9
8
250
Profit = S.P. C.P. = 27
750
8
1
= 3 250
8
Profit
3 250
% profit =
100 =
100
C.P.
8 3 250
100
=
= 1250%.
8
12. Ratio of profit X : Y = 12 : 15
= 4:5
Now, share of profit = 5600 2000 = Rs. 3600
Now the share of profit of X
= 3600 1600 = 2000
Therefore, required percentage
2000
10
=
100% = 100
5600
28
250
5
=
% = 35 %.
7
7
13. Let cost price of Gita Car = Rs. X
Sita buys the car at
120
= Rs.
X
100
X
100 100 100
Mechanic spent 12% on the car
Now, price of car
112 92 110 120 120
=
X
100 100 100 100 100
Mechanic sold the car at
112 92 110 120 120
=
X
100 100 100 100 100
144 112 92 11
=
X
10000000
Now, at last Gita buys the car
So,
Loss =
16321536
10000000 1 X
6321536
X
1000000
6321536
% loss =
% = 6321%.
100000
14. We know that
Total salary = no. of woker salary per workers
Let initial workers = 3X
Let final workers = 2X
Initial salary = 13Y
Final salary = 15Y
According to question,
Total salary = 3X 13Y = 39X.Y
Total salary = 2X 15Y = 30X.Y.
39X.Y 30X.Y
% profit =
100%
39X.Y
= 23.07 %.
15.
X
Y
Z
Investment
a
3a
5a
5b
4b
3b
Rate of return
100
100
100
5ab 12ab 15ab
Total =
+
+
100 100
100
32ab
=
100
Zs earning Ys earning = Rs. 510
15ab 12ab
3ab
=
= Rs. 510
100
100
32 ab
Total earning =
100
32 17000
=
= Rs. 5,440.
100
Loss =
C.P. = 72 + 72
= 792
100
He want to earn 25% profit.
125
So,
S.P. = 792
= 99
100
When marked price is 100 sale price = 1600000
1600000
Marked price is 99 sale price =
99
100
= Rs. 1,58,400
17.
Total cost of 4 cars = 2 + 4 = 6 Lakh
Total S.P. of 4 cars = 6 15 = Rs. 9 lakh
S.P. of one car = Rs. 3 lakh
Now, S.P. of 3 cars = Rs. 6 lakh
So, average S.P. of all the 3 cars = Rs. 2 lakh.
18. Let C.P. of the 2 motorcycles = Rs. 2.X
S.P. = 12 ( 2.X)
= 24X
112
S.P. of 1st article =
X = 112X
100
S.P. of 2nd article = 112 X + 5000
According to question,
2.4X = 1.12X + 5000 + 112X
Or,
Or,
016X = 5000
5000 500000
X =
=
016
16
X = Rs. 31,250.
19. Let
Book
Pen
C.P.
a
b
S.P.
c
d
According to question,
2a = b
Profit on selling books = 10(c a) = 3d
Loss on selling pens = 10 (b d) = 4c
5 (b d) = 2c
10 (c a)
% profit on books =
100
a
10 (b d)
% loss on pens =
100
b
(1)
(2)
(3)
100 =
100
10a
10b
Or,
(c a)b = a(b d)
CAT Complete Course
69
23. Let
Cost price
3
Now, C.P. of th article
4
1
C.P. of th article
4
3
Now, S.P. of th article
4
= Rs. X
3
= Rs. X
4
1
= Rs. X
4
3 140
=
X
4 100
3 7
21
= X= X
4 5
20
1
1
S.P. of th article = X
4
4
21
1
Total S.P. of the article =
X+ X
20
4
21X + 5X
S.P. =
20
26
13
=
X+ X
20
10
Profit = S.P. C.P.
13
3
=
XX=
X
10
10
Profit
% gain =
100
C.P.
3X
10
=
100 = 30%.
X
200 2X
25
50X + 200 2X
160 = 200
25
= 375 %
22. In such case, there is always a loss.
Or,
100
2
2
25
5
25
= %= %= %
4
10
2
70
40 =
48X + 200
25
48X = 800
% loss =
1
% loss = 6 %
4
200 2X
25
Or,
25.
X =
50
%.
3
20 4
= X
100 5
Now,
10
100
Now,
Price = 180 9 = Rs. 171
When m.p. is 400
15
Ist discount = 400
= Rs. 60
100
2nd discount = 340 34 = Rs. 306
When
m.p. = Rs. 800
20
Ist discount = 800
= Rs. 160
100
10
2nd discount = 640
= Rs. 64
100
Price = 640 64 = Rs. 576
Now
Difference = Maximum price
Mainimum price
= 576 171 = Rs. 405 (2)
Now, Difference between equation (1) and equation
(2) is
600 405 = 195.
29. Let total weight of the alloy = a
X
Y
Z
2
2
2
3 2
Weight =
a
a
a
5
5
5
5 5
Ratio of C.P. 5
2
3
Total C.P.
=
2 2
5 a 5 5 + 23 a 2 + 5 6 5 a 3
4
4
18
8
18
a+ a+ a= a+ a
5
5
25
5
25
58
=
a
25
140 58
7 58
S.P. =
a= a
100 25
5 25
Due to changed market condition :
2
120 4
6 24
C.P. of Y = a 2
= a = a
5
100 5
5 25
18
125 9
C.P. of Z =
a
= a
25
100 11
4
24
9
Now, Total C.P. = a + a + a
5
25
10
40a + 48a + 45a 133
=
=
a
25 2
50
406
133
812 665
Profit =
a
a=
a
125
50
25 2 5
147
=
a
10 25
Profit
% profit =
100
C.P.
147a
25 10
=
100
133a
50
=
71
147
21
420
100 = 20 =
5 133
19
19
2
= 22 %.
19
30.
Ram
Shyam
320
Number of cows
X
Y
245
S.P. / cow
Y
X
Since, both Ram and Shyam have the same amount
of money.
320 245
= X.Y
Y
X
=
Or,
Or,
Given
Or,
X.Y = 280
320
= 20
Y
320
X+
X = 20
280
X+
X 1 +
8
= 20
7
X =
7 20 7 4 28
=
=
15
3
3
72
10
= 81
100
Average
Average
The numerical result obtained by dividing the sum of
two or more quantities by the number of quantities is
called Average .
An arithmetic mean of given observations is called
Average .
Average is defined in so many ways we can say
average mean Usual or Normal kind, amount, quality,
rate, etc.
Average is a number or value of a set of values
carefully defined to typify the set, as a median or mode.
Average refers to the result obtained by dividing a
sum by the number of quantities added. For example,
15 + 12 + 27 54
the average of 15, 12, 27 is
=
= 18 and in
3
3
extended use is applied to the usual or ordinary kind,
instance, etc.
Average is different from mean and median.
The Average of a given set of numbers is a measure
of the central tendency of the set. In other words, it is the
mean value of a set of numbers or values. Therefore,
average of a set of numbers is given by
(x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + + x n )
Average =
n
Or in other words average of some observations
Sum of all observations
=
Number of observations
Mean commonly designates a figure intermediate
between two extremes. For example, the mean temperature for a day with a high of 24C and a low of 28C is
24 + 28
= 26C and the median is the middle number or
2
point in a series arranged in order of size i.e., the median
grade in the group 50, 55, 85, 88, 92 is 85; the average is
74.
Norm implies a standard of average performance for
a given group i.e., a child below the norm for his age in
reading comprehension.
Illustration 1.
In a class, the age of four students are 20 years, 22
years, 18 years, and 24 years, then what is the average
age of the student of class ?
Solution :
By the above definition average age
20 + 22 + 18 + 24 84
=
=
= 21 years
4
4
Therefore, average age of student = 21 years
Weighted Average
The concept of weighted Average is used when we
have two or more groups whose individual averages age
are known.
Suppose in a class, there are 2 student of 20 years,3
of 21 years ,4 of 22 years and 5 of 23 years, then their
average age is given by
(2 20) + (3 21) + (4 22) + (5 23)
2+3+4+5
2
3
4
5
=
20 + 21 + 22 + 23
14
14
14
14
306
=
years
14
2 3 4
5
Here, , ,
and are called the weights of
14 14 14
14
each category of students.
Illustration 2.
What is the average concentration of a mixture if 3L
of 36 % sulphuric acid is added to 9L of 24% sulphuric
acid solution ?
Solution :
The average concentration of the combined mixture
is the weighted average
=
3
9
12 36 + 12 24
= 9 + 18 = 27%
In other words, weights are the fraction of the number
in that category with respect to the total students in that
class. This average is also called the weighted average of
that class.
Average Speed
If a (body ) certain distance is covered in parts at
different speeds , the average speed is given by
Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken
As, if a body travels d1 , d2 , d3 , dn distance, with
speed s1 , s2, s3, sn in time t1 , t2 , t3 , . tn respectively,
then the average speed of the body through the total
distance is given by
CAT Complete Course | 73
1
Number of different speeds
n
d + d2 + + dn
Average speed = 1
t1 + t2 + + tn
s t + s2 t2 + + sn tn
= 11
t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn
d + d2 + d3 + + d n
= 1
d1 d2 d3
d
+ + ++ n
s1 s2 s3
sn
Average speed =
Short cut
If you travel equal distance with speeds u and v, then
2uv
the average speed over the entire journey is
(u + v)
If a man changes his speed in the ratio m : n, then the
ratio of times taken becomes n : m.
Illustration 3.
Let the distance between two points A and B is d and
speed in travelling from point A to B is u km/hr and from
point B to A is v km/hr.
Solution :
Total distance
Then, average speed =
Total time
2d
=
d d
+
u v
If two speeds are given as u km/hr and v km/hr, then
Average speed (distance being same)
2uv
=
u+v
Illustration 4.
If a person travels two equal distances at 10 km/hr
and 30 km/hr .What is the average speed for the entire
journey ?
Solution :
2 30 10
Average speed =
30 + 10
600
=
= 15 km/hr.
40
Solutions :
Total weight reduced of 6 men = 6 3 = 18 kg
This weight of the group is reduced because the man
weighing 80 kg is replaced by a man who is 18 kg lighter
than him. Therefore, weight of new man = (80 18) = 62
kg.
(x + 8) =
10
x = 20
Therefore, new average = (20 + 8) = 28 runs
6
(d) The average of cubes of natural numbers till n
n2 (n + 1)2
is =
4n
n (n + 1)2
4
(e) The average of first n consecutive even numbers is (n +1)
(f) The average of first n consecutive odd numbers is n.
(g) The average of squares of first n consecutive
2(n + 1)(2n + 1)
even numbers is
3
(h) The average of squares of consecutive even
(n + 1)(n + 2)
numbers till n is
3
(i) The average of squares of consecutive odd
n (n + 2)
numbers till n is
3
Illustration 7.
What is the average of odd numbers from 1 to 25 ?
Solution :
25 + 1
Average =
= 13
2
Illustration 8.
What is the average of even numbers from 1 to 40 ?
Solution :
40 + 2
Average =
= 21
2
Illustration 9.
What is the average of square of natural numbers
from 1 to 20 ?
Solution :
(20 + 1)(40 + 1)
Average =
= 1435
6
Illustration 10.
What is the average of cubes of natural numbers
from 1 to 5 ?
Solution :
5(5 + 1)2
Average =
= 45
4
Illustration 11.
What is the average of first 49 consecutive even
numbers ?
Solution :
Average = 49 + 1
Illustration 12.
What is the average of first 19 consecutive odd
numbers ?
Solution :
Average = 19
Illustration 13.
What is the average of square of first 10 consecutive
even numbers ?
Solution :
2(10 + 1)(20 + 1)
Average =
3
2 11 21
=
= 154
3
Illustration 14.
What is the average of square of consecutive even
numbers till 10 ?
Solution :
(10 + 1)(10 + 2) 11 12
Average =
=
= 44
3
3
Illustration 15.
What is the average of square of consecutive odd
numbers till 12?
Solution :
12(12 + 2)
3
12 14
=
= 56
3
Average =
Exercise A
1. The average of 5 quantities is 10 and the average of 3
of them is 9. What is the average of the remaining 2 ?
(A) 110
(B) 120
(C) 115
(D) 125
2. The average of 5 quantities is 6. The average of 3 of
them is 8. What is the average of the remaining two
numbers ?
(A) 65
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 35
3. The average mark in a group of 25 students on a test
is reduced by 2 when a new student replaces the
topper who scored 95 marks. How many marks did
the new student have ?
(A) 90 marks
(B) 50 marks
(C) 45 marks
(D) 95 marks
4. The average of marks obtained by 120 candidates in
a certain examination is 35. If the average marks of
passed candidates is 39 and that failed candidates is
15. What is the number of candidates who passed the
examination ?
(A) 65
(B) 40
(C) 100
(D) 35
5. The average of 11 results is 50. If the average of first
six results is 49 and that of last six is 52, find the
sixth result
(A) 55
(C) 56
(B) 45
(D) 38
(B) 765 kg
(C) 767 kg
(D) 77 kg
Exercise B
1. The average weight of a class of 33 students is 48.5
kg. If the weight of the teacher is included, then the
average rises by 500 gm. The weight of the teacher
is
(A) 665 kg
(B) 655 kg
(C) 635 kg
(D) 69 kg
(D) 26 years
(B) 21C
(C) 30C
(D) 32C
Answers
Exercise A
1. (C) The average of 5 quantities is 10. Therefore, the
sum of all '5 quantities is 56.
The average of 3 of them is 9. Therefore, the sum of
the 3 quantities is 27. Therefore, the sum of the
remaining two quantities = 50 27 = 23.
Hence, the average of the 2 quantities = 23/2 = 115.
2. (C) The average of 5 quantities is 6.
Therefore, the sum of the 5 quantities is 5 6 = 30.,
The average of three of these 5 quantities, is 8.
Therefore, the sum of these three quantities = 3 8
= 24.
The sum of the remaining two quantities = 30 24
= 6.
Average of these two quantities = 6/2 = 3.
3. (C) Let initial average be x, then the initial total is
25x
New average will be x 2 and the new total will be
(x 2) 25 = 25x 50
The reduction of the 50 is created by the replacement.
Hence, the new student has 50 marks less than the
topper.
The new student's marks = Topper's marks the
difference in their marks be 95 50 = 45
2400 = 24x
2400
x =
= 100
24
100 candidates passed.
5. (C) The total sum of 11 result = 11 50 = 550
The total sum of first 6 result = 6 49 = 294
The total sum of last 6 result = 6 52 = 312
Sixth result = 294 + 312 550 = 56.
6. (D)
65 + 15 8 = 77
50 5 84 + 48 250 84 + 48
7. (C)
=
5
5
214
=
= 428.
5
8 (C) (x 3) + (x 2) + (x 1) + x + (x + 1) + (x + 2)
+ (x + 3) = 33 7
7x = 33 7
x = 33
1420 75 25 1350 30 1425
9 (C)
= 1500.
20
10. (B) Let the length of the ropes be x, x + 2, x + 4
(difference in lengths of the first three ropes being 2
inches) and x + 10 (difference in lengths of the third
and the fourth ropes being 6 inches).
Thus,
4x + 16 = 74 4
x = 70 inches.
Exercise B
1. (B) Sum of weight of 33 students
= 33 485 = 16005 kg
Let the weight of teacher = x kg
Sum of weight of class (including teacher)
16005 + x
=
34
x = 655 kg.
2. (C) Sum of the age of couple = 27 2 = 54.
Sum of the age of couple = 47 2 = 94.
Total ages of all family = 30 4 = 120
Sum of ages of children = 26 years
26
Average required =
= 13 years.
2
3. (D) Sum of temperature at Delhi on Monday,
Tuesday and Wednesday
M + T + W = 3 27 = 81
(1)
T + W + Thus. = 3 25 = 75
(2)
From equations (1) and (2)
M Thus = 6
M = 6 + 26 = 32
So, temperature on Monday was 32C.
4. (B) Average requires
(80 4) + (40 3) + (90 1)
+ (50 2) + (60 5)
=
(4 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 5)
320 + 120 + 90 + 100 + 300
=
15
930
=
= 62 marks.
15
5. (B) Sum of tenth results = 10 50 = 500
500 = (40 4 + 3 25 + X + X + 10 + X + 12)
500 = 257 + 3X
or
X = 81
Required last not = 81 + 12 = 93.
6. (C) M + T + Wed + Th + F = 1400 5
(1)
T + W + Th + F + S = 1490 5
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2)
S M = 90 5 = Rs. 450.
7. (B) Sum of ages of students = 20 25 = 500 years
Let teacher's age = x.
500 + x
=
= 26
21
= 500 + x = 546
= x = 46 years.
78
= X + 2 (Given).
16
15X + 90 16X = 32
X = 58
X = 58
Requires average = 58 + 2 = 60.
3+7++3+7
9. (A) Mean =
= 63125. Mode = 7.
16
Now in ascending order we can write, the given
numbers as
2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 11, 11, 11.
8th term + 9th term
Median =
= 65.
2
10. (C) A's weight is 2 times that of B, so weight of A is
not the least.
B's weight is 50% of that of A, so weight of C is not
the least.
D's weight is 40% of that of E, so weight of E is not
the least.
Hence, the only possible answer is B or D. Let a, b,
c, d and e stand for the weight of A, B, C, D and E
respectively.
2
Then, d = 40% of e = e. But e = 125% of a
5
or e = 125a
2
1
So, d = 125a = 05a. Since, a = 2b, so b =
5
2
a = 05a.
Hence, b = d. So, the least weight is that of B and D.
11. (C) Total of numbers = NX. New Total
= NX A + B
New Average = Y = New Total N
NY = NX A + B
B = N (Y X) + A.
12. (A) Let he play n innings
225x (n 2) + 42 + 46
=
= 23
n
Solving n = 86.
13. (C)
Total score = 86 23 = 1978.
14. (B) 10X + 30 18 = 40 90
10X = 3600 540
10X = 3060 litres.
X = 306 litres.
15. (C) When one of the numbers is doubled, the average
is increased by 2. So, first number must be 50. (25
2 = 50). Similarly, second number must be 60.
50 + 60
So, the original average is =
= 555.
2
(A) Pythagoras TheoremThis theorem is applicable for a right angled triangle. In right angled triangle
there are three basic terms
(i) HypotenuseIt is the opposite side of the right
angle in right-angled triangle. It is the longest side of
right-angled triangle.
(ii) Height and
(iii) Base
The other sides of the right
angled triangle are called the
legs. One of these is height and
the other one base of the triangle.
Hypotensue = AC
Height = AB
Base = BC
(Hypotensue)2 = (Height)2 + (Base)2
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
(B) Trigonometric Ratios
The most important properties of
trigonometric is to find the remaining sides and angles of a
triangle, when some of its sides
and angles are given.
Consider a right angle triangle ABC such that
AB = P, AC = h, BC = b and B = 90
sin =
Perpendicular
P
=
Hypotenuse
h
cos =
Base
Hypotenuse
tan =
Perpendicular
P
=
Base
b
cot =
Base
b
=
Perpendicular
P
sec =
Hypotenuse
Base
h
b
cosec =
Hypotenuse
Height
h
P
b
h
Exercise A
1. A person observed the angle of elevation of the top
of a tower as 30. He walked 50 m. towards the foot
of the tower along level ground and found the angle
of elevation of the top of the tower as 60. Find the
height of the tower.
2. A ladder rests against a wall at an angle to the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from the wall through
a distance a, so that it slides a distance b down the
wall making an angle with the horizontal. Show
a
cos cos
that
=
b
sin sin
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
point A on the ground is 30. On moving a distance
of 20 metres towards the foot of the tower to a point
B, the angle of elevation increases to 60. Find the
height of the tower and the distance of the tower
from the point A.
4. The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point P
on the ground is 60. After a flight of 15 seconds, the
angle of elevation changes to 30. If the aeroplane is
flying at a constant height of 1500
3 m, find the
speed of the aeroplane.
5. The angle of elevation , of an vertical tower from a
5
point on the ground is such that its tangent is On
12
walking 192 m. towards the tower in the same
straight line, the tangent of the angle of elevation is
3
found to be Find the height of the tower.
4
80 | CAT Complete Course
tan tan
7. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower as seen
from the point A and B situated in the same line and
at a distance p and q respectively from the foot of the
tower are complementary. Prove that the height of
the tower is
pq.
8. From the top of a building 15 m. high, the angle of
elevation of the top of a tower is found to be 30.
From the bottom of the same building, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is found to be 60.
Find the height of the tower and distance between the
tower and the building.
9. From the top of a tower 50 m. high the angles of
depression of the top and bottom of pole are
observed to be 45 and 60 respectively. Find the
height of the pole, and the tower stand in the same
plane.
10. The shadow of a vertical tower on level ground
increases by 10 metres, when the latitude of the sun
changes from angle of elevation 45 to 30. Find the
height of the tower, correct to one place of decimal.
(Take
3 = 173)
11. A round balloon of radius a subtends an angle at
the eye of observer while the angle of elevation of its
centre is Prove that the height of the centre of the
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
base is 30. Calculate the distance of the cliff from 27. A vertically straight tree, 15 m high, is broken by
the ship and the height of the cliff.
wind in such a way that its top just touches the
ground and makes an angle of 60 with ground. At
From the top of a hill, the angles of depression of
what length above the ground did the tree break?
two consecutive stones, 1 kilometre apart, due east,
are found to be 30 and 45. Find the height of the
(Use
3 = 173)
hill.
Exercise B
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
1. We have a right angle triangle ABC whose B = 90
point on the same level as the foot of the tower is .
and sides are BC = 3, AB = 4 and ACB = , then
On advancing p metres towards the foot of the
find AC and sin , cos , tan
tower, the angle of elevation becomes . Show that
2
4
p tan . tan
(A)
(B)
the height h of the tower is given by =
3
3
tan tan
1
3
Also, determine the height of the tower if p = 150 m.
(C)
(D)
2
4
= 30 and = 60.
(E) None of these
From the top of a building, 60 metres high, the
angles of depression of the top and the bottom of a
2. The string of a kite is 100 metres long and it make
vertical lamp-post are observed to be 30 and 60
angle of 30 with the horizontal. Find the height of
respectively. Find (i) the horizontal distance between
the kite
the building and the lamp post, (ii) The difference
(A) 15 metre
(B) 25 metre
between the height of the building and the lamp post.
(C) 50 metre
(D) 35 metre
A fire at a building B is reported on telephone to two
(E) 60 metre
fire stations F 1 and F 2 10 km apart from each other.
F 1 observes that the fire is at angle of 60 from it and 3. From a tower 250 high, the angle of depression of a
bus is 60. Find how far the bus is from the tower ?
F 2 observes that it is at angle of 45 from it. Which
(A) 125 metre
(B) 500 metre
station should send its team and how much distance
250
it has to travel ?
(C) 250
3 metre
(D)
metre
3
3
+
1
The angle of elevation of the top Q of a vertical
tower PQ from a point X on the ground is 60. At a
(C) 5
3 + 1 metre (D) 10 metre
point Y, 40 m above X, the angle of elevation is 45.
(E) 10
3 + 1 metre
Find the height of the tower PQ and the distance XQ.
26.
(
(
)
)
(C) 100
3 metre
(E) 200 metre
(D) 50 metre
3 km
2
1
(C) km
2
2
(E)
km
3
(B)
3 km
3 + 1 metre
3 1
(A) 60
3 1 metre
3 + 1
(B) 60
(C) 60
metre
3 1
3 + 1 metre
(D) 60
3
(E) 60
3 metre
(D) 1 km
Exercise A
In rt. ABC,
AB
= tan 60
BC
x
=
3
y
x
y =
3
tan 1
cot 2
(D) a
tan 2
cot 1
In rt. ABD,
AB
= tan 30
DB
x
1
=
50 + y
3
(E) a
11. Two pillars of equal height are on either side of a
road, which is 100 metre wide. The angles of elevation of the top of the pillars are 60 and 30 at a point
on the road between the pillars. Find the position
of two pillars and height of each pillar
1
(A) 25
3 metre
(B) 50
metre
3
1
(C) 25
metre
(D) 50
3 metre
3
(E) 50 metre
(1)
3x = 50 + y
3x = 50 3 + x
3x = 50
3 + x
3x x = 50
3
2x = 50 (173)
(2)
2x = 8650 m
x = 4325 m.
2. Let the ladder be AC making an angle with the
horizontal. On pulling, the ladder comes in the position A C making an angle with the horizontal.
A A = a, C C = b
3 = h
1
x
h = x
3
In rt., ACD,
tan 30 =
h
x + 20
x
3
x + 20
In A AD
Here,
a
AD
A D
=
=
sin ( )
sin sin (180 )
a sin
AD =
sin ( )
a sin
AD =
sin ( )
[Q sin (180 ) = sin ]
b
C D
=
sin ( )
sin (90 )
CD
=
sin (90 + )
b cos
C D =
sin ( )
b cos
CD =
sin ( )
[Q sin (90 ) = cos and sin (90 + ) = cos ]
In CC D
(1)
[From (1)]
3x = x + 20
2x = 20
x = BC = 10 cm.
Taking the value of x in (1),
h = x
3
= (10) (173) [Q
3 = 173]
= 173 m.
Length of ladder
AD + CD = A D + C D
a sin
b cos
a sin
+
=
sin ( ) sin ( )
sin ( )
+
b cos
sin ( )
In right AMP,
tan 60 =
3
3 = 1500
= b (cos cos )
cos cos
=
sin sin
= hm
= xm
3x = 1500 3
x = 1500 m
Now, in right BNP,
BN
tan 30 =
x+y
In rt., BCD,
tan 60 =
CD
BC
AM
x
1500
3
1500 + y
1500 + y = 1500
3 3
1500 + y = 4500
y = 4500 1500
y = 3000 m
The aeroplane travels 3000 m in 15 sec.
CAT Complete Course | 83
3000
m = 200 m
15
Speed of the aeroplane = 200 m/s
18
Or,
200 km/hr = 720 km/hr
5
5
5. Given
tan =
12
3
tan =
4
AB = 192 m
Let height of the tower DC be h m and BC = x m
In 1 sec. it will travel
In DBC
h
x
3
h
=
4
x
4h
x =
3
tan =
(1)
In right d ANP,
y
=
xh
y =
In right d BMP,
y
=
x
y =
From (1) and (2), we get
(x h) cot =
xh
=
tan
x tan h tan =
x (tan tan ) =
cot
(x h) cot
(1)
cot
x cot
(2)
x cot
x
tan
x tan
h tan
h tan
x =
tan tan
h tan
Height of the tower =
tan tan
7. Let CD be the tower.
Let
CD = h units
and
CAD =
Then,
CBD = (90 )
In DAC,
h
x + 192
5
h
=
12
x+ 192
12h = 5x + 960
4h
12h = 5 + 960
3
tan =
16h = 2880
2880
h =
16
h = 180 m.
6. AB = h be the building and x be the height of the
tower MP S.t. NAP = , MBP =
In rt. ACD,
CD
AC
h
tan =
p
h = p tan
In rt. BCD,
CD
tan (90 ) =
BC
h
cot =
[Q tan (90 ) = cot ]
q
h = q cot
Multiplying (1) and (2)
h.h = p tan . q cot
h2 = pq
[Q tan . cot = 1]
tan =
h (height) = +
pq unit
[Q height cannot be ve]
From A, draw AN MP
Let
AN = BM = y
84 | CAT Complete Course
In rt. ABC
AB
BC
50 y
1 =
x
x = (50 y)
tan 45 =
In rt. ADE
Then,
BC = (h 15) m
In rt. ABC,
BC
tan 30 =
AB
1
h 15
=
x
3
x =
AD
DE
3 = 50
x
50
x =
(2)
3
50
= 50 y [From (1) and (2)]
3
50
y = 50
3
tan 60 =
3 (h 15)
(1)
In rt. CED,
tan 60 =
CE
DE
3 = h
1
x
3x = h
y =
50
3 50
3 [ 3 (h 15)] = h
y =
3h 45 = h
3h h = 45
2h = 45
45
So,
h =
or 225 m.
2
Now, using value of h in (1),
3 (h 15)
=
3 45
15
2
15
2
50
( 3 1 ) 3
3
50 3
3
3
50 (3 1732)
y =
[Q
3 = 1732]
3
50 1268
y =
= 21133
3
y =
x =
= 173
(1)
10.
[Q 3 = 173]
2595
= 12975 m.
2
9. Let AD and CE be the tower and pole respectively.
=
Let
Let
Then,
BC = DE = x m
CE = BD = y m
AB = (50 y) m
m ACB = 45
and
m ADB = 30
DC = 10 m
Let
CB = x m
In ACB,
AB
= tan 45
BC
y
= 1
x
y = x
CAT Complete Course | 85
In ADB,
AB
= tan 30
BD
y
1
=
x + 10
3
x
1
=
[Q y = x]
x + 10
173
173x = x + 10
173x = x + 10
173x x = 10
073x = 10
100
x = 10
= 137
73
tan 45 =
In rt. ABD,
(1)
BD
AB
3 = x +y 5
tan 60 =
3y = x + 5
3x = x + 5
3x x = 5
( 3 1 ) x
OBC = 90
OC
In rt. CAO, cosec =
2
AC
OC = AC. cosec
2
OC = a. cosec
(1)
2
In rt. ODC,
CD
sin =
OC
h
sin =
OC
h = OC. sin
h = a cosec sin
2
Height of the centre of balloon
= a sin cosec
2
12. Let BC be the height of the tower and CD be the
height of the pole.
Let
BC = x m
and
AB = y m
x =
x =
x =
AC OA
[From (1)]
= 5
5
31
3 + 1
31
3+1
5
( 3 + 1)
31
5 (1732 + 1)
x =
2
5 (2732)
x =
2
x = 5 1366 = 683
Height of the tower = 683 m.
13. Let height of Ist aeroplane = BD
and height of 2nd aeroplane = BC
Let BC = x m and AB = y m.
In rt. ABC,
In rt. ABD,
BC
AB
x
1 =
y
y = x
tan 45 =
tan 60 =
(1)
BD
AB
3 = 3000
1
y
3y = 3000
3x = 3000
After 10 seconds
Let B be the position of the aeroplane.
Then,
BOD = 30,
BD = AC = 1 km
and
CD = y km
In OAC,
OC
= cot 60
AC
1
x =
3
In OBD,
OC
= cot 30
AC
[From (i)]
3000
x =
x =
3000
3
x =
3
x = 1000 (1732)
x = 1732 m.
3000
3
3
x+y =
3
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
y =
y =
y =
(2)
3+ 1
3 1
31
tan =
PB
WP
(1)
16.
Now, In AWP,
tan =
km
3600
10
= 240
3 km
h
= tan
WP
WP = h cot
(1)
AP
WP
h
= tan
WP
h = WP tan
h = h cot tan
Height of house = h + h = h + h tan cot
= h (1 + tan cot ).
CAT Complete Course | 87
x = y
[Q tan 45 = 1]
12
= tan 30
y
12
y =
tan 30
In ACD,
DC
= tan 45
BC
x
= 1
y
x = y
CD
= tan 30
AC
x
1
=
y+1
3
3x = x + 1
3x x = 1
( 3 1)x
(173 1)x = 1
073x = 1
= 1
x =
1
100
=
= 137 km.
073 73
tan =
tan
=
1
BC. tan =
y = 12
3
y = 12 1732
y = 20784
Distance of ship from cliff = 20784
Required Height = 20784 + 12 = 32784 m.
17. Suppose height of hill DC = x km.
Distance between two stones AB = 1 km.
Suppose distance of stone B from hill = y km.
In BCD,
In rt. ABC,
(1)
(2)
BC =
In rt. ABD,
tan =
tan
=
1
h =
AB
BC
h
BC
h
h
tan
AB
BD
h
BC + p
tan . (BC + p)
(1)
+p
tan
= tan
h
Q BC = tan from (1)
h + p. tan
= tan
tan
h tan = h. tan + p. tan . tan
h tan h tan = p. tan . tan
h (tan tan ) = p. tan . tan
p. tan . tan
h =
tan tan
p = 150 m, = 30, = 60
p. tan . tan
h =
tan tan
150. tan 30. tan 60
=
tan 60 tan 30
1
150.
3
3
=
3 1
( )
150
3
= 150
31
2
= 75 (1732) [Q
3 = 1732]
= 1299 m.
19. Let AB be the building, CD the vertical lamp post.
Let the horizontal distance between the building and
the lamp-post be x m.
Now, in ABC,
60
x
60
3 = x
60
x =
= 20
3
3
F 1 F 2 = F 1 M + MF2
tan 60 =
10 = a cos 60 + a sin 60
10 = a (05 + 0866)
10 = 1366a
10
a =
= 732 km.
1366
21. Let height of the tree = y m.
Distance of man standing on bank = x m.
In AEC,
tan 30 =
1
60 h
x
60 h
20
3
60 h = 20
h = 40 m.
(i) Hence, the horizontal distance between the building and lamp-post = 20
3 = 3464 m.
(ii) Difference between the heights of the building
and the lamp post
60 h = 60 40 = 20 m.
20. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular from B on F1 F 2 .
In rt. ABC,
AB
= tan 60
BC
y
=
3
x
y =
3x
(1)
In rt. ABD,
In rt. BMF1
BM
= sin 60
F1B
= BM = F1B sin 60 (1)
AB
= tan 30
BD
y
1
=
x + 40
3
3y = x + 40
In rt. BMF2
3. 3x = x + 40
BM
= sin 45
F2B
BM = F 2 B sin 45
From (1) and (2), F1B sin 60 = F 2 B sin 45
3x = x + 40
(2)
3x x = 40
2x = 40
x = 20
[From (1)]
3x = 1732 20 = 3464
F1M
= cos 60
F1B
F 1 M = F 1 B cos 60
F 1 M = a cos 60
MF2
In rt. BMF2
=cot 45 = 1
BM
MF2 = BM = F1 B sin 60
= a sin 60
[Using (1)]
In ABC,
BC
= tan 30
AB
x
1
=
AB
3
AB =
3x
BD
In ABD,
= tan 60
AB
x+5
=
3
AB
x +5
AB =
3
3x = x + 5
2x = 5
x = 25 m.
23. Let AB be the tower of height 50 m.
In ABC,
h
= tan
x
x =
In OBC,
(1)
h
tan
h
= tan
p+x
h
= tan
h
p+
tan
h = p tan +
h 1
h
tan tan
tan = p tan
h =
p tan tan
tan tan
p = 50 m., = 60, = 30
50 tan 60 tan 30
h =
tan 60 tan 30
=
In rt. BCD
BC
= cot 45
CD
BC = 50 1
BC = 50 m.
( 3) 1
3 1
50
50
3
=
= 50
2
2
3 1
3 3
= 25 (173) = 4325
In rt. ACD
[Q 3 = 173]
AC
= cot 30
CD
25.
In rt. OBC,
In rt. OBA,
BC
= tan 30
OB
16
1
=
OB
3
OB = 16
3 m
BA
= tan 45
OB
h
tan
tan
tan
= p tan
tan
50
AC = 50
3
= 50 (1732)
= 86600 m
Required distance, (1)
x = 866 50
x = 366 m
Also, determine the height of the tower if p = 50
metres, = 60, = 30.
24. Let BC = h = height of tower
OA = p, AB = x
(1)
(1)
BA
16
3
= 1
BA = 16
3 m
Height of the cliff = AB + BC
(2)
= 16
3 + 16
= 16
( 3 + 1)
= 16 (1732 + 100) m
= 43712 m
and distance between cliff and ship.
PQ
=
XQ
XQ =
Distance (XQ) =
2
2
PQ
3 PQ
3
3
2
3 94.64
=
3
= OB = 16
3 = 2771 m.
QP (Height) = 40 + x
26.
2 1732
9464
3
= 1093 m.
27. Height of the tree AB = 15 m.
=
In rt. QPX,
QP
= tan 60
XP
40 + x
=
3
XP
(1)
In rt. QRY,
QR
= tan 45
YR
QR
= tan 45
XP
x
= 1
XP
x = XP
Using the value of x in (1), we get
40 + x
=
3
XP
[Q YR = XP]
In rt. CBD,
BC
= sin 60
CD
(2)
x
=
15 x
3XP
40 =
3XP XP
40 =
( 3 1 ) XP
XP =
3 + 1
31
3+1
40
2x = 15
3 3x
2x +
3x = 15 3
x (2 +
3) = 15 3
( 3 + 1)
2
= 20 (1732 + 1)
= 20 2732 = 5464
2x = (15 x)
3
40 + XP =
40
x =
x =
x =
15
3
2+
3
15
3
2+
3
2
3
2
3
30
3 15 3
43
30 173 45
1
519 45
x =
1
x = 69 m
The tree broke at 6.9 metres from the ground.
x =
In ABC
AB
BD
1
30
=
BD
3
tan 30 =
BD = 30
3
Exercise B
1. (B) To find the value of sin we need hypotenuse. So,
using Pythagoras theorem :
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = 42 + 3 2 = 16 + 9 = 25
AC = 5
Height
4
Now,
sin =
=
Hypotenuse 5
Base
3
cos =
=
Hypotenuse 5
Height 4
tan =
=
Base 3
2. (C) Let C be the position of kite at a height h and AB
is horizontal line.
AC represents string. Now, in right angled triangle
ABC
We have to find AC, so using formula :
BC
sin 30 =
AC
1
h
=
2
AC
AC 100
h =
=
= 50 metre
2
2
Height of kite above the ground = 50 metre.
3. (D) Here, we have to find AB.
So using formula :
AB
cos 60 =
BO
Height
and
tan 60 =
Base
250
3 = Base
250
Base =
metre.
3
(2)
CD = BD BC = 30
3 30
Now,
= 30
( 3 1 )
= 30 (1732 1) = 30 0732
CD = 2196 metre 22 metre.
5. (C) OA is the tower.
We have to find AC + AB = CB
In ACO
50
tan 30 =
AC
1
50
=
AC
3
AC = 50
3
In AOB
tan 60 =
AB =
50
AB
50
AB + AC = 50
3 + 1 = 200 metre.
3
6. (C) Let AB is flag staff and AO is the tower now we
have to find AO.
In AOC
AO Height
tan 45 =
=
CO
Base
AO
1 =
CO
AO = CO
(1)
In BOC
OB
tan 60 =
OC
Or,
3 = OB
OC
3 OC = OB
3 AO = OB
3 AO = AB + AO
AO =
AO =
AB
31
3 + 1
31
31
3+1
10
10
10
( 3 + 1)
31
= 5
( 3 + 1) metre.
50
BC =
3
In ABD
AB
tan 30 =
BD
1
50
Or,
=
BD
3
In ADE
AD
ED
3 = BC
ED
tan 60 =
CD = 1 km
Now, In ABC,
tan 60 =
BC =
AB
h
=
BC BC
h
(1)
AB
BD
1
h
=
BD
3
Since,
Or,
CD = 1 km
BD BC = 1 km
h
3 h = 1 km
3
h =
3 km.
ED =
2000
3
= 2000 metre
AB = CD = CE ED
= 6000 2000 = 4000 metre
Distance AB 4000
Speed =
=
=
Time
t
18
4000
=
3600
1000 18
= 800 km/hr.
10. (A) Here, CD is a tower whose foot is C.
In ABC
AB
tan 2 =
AC
a
Or,
AC =
(1)
tan 2
CD
AC
CD = AC tan 1
a
CD =
tan 1
tan 2
CD = a tan 1 cot 2
tan 1 =
tan 30 =
[AD = BD]
In ACD
In ABD,
BD = h
2000
3
CE
CE = 6000 metre
(1)
BD = 50
3
(2)
Now, we have to find CD
CD = BD BC
= 50
3 50
3
150 50
=
3
100
=
metre.
3
(2)
3.X
(1)
ED
h
=
CD 100 X
CAT Complete Course | 93
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
h
100 X
(2)
3.X
100 X
AB
BC
60
tan (60 45) =
BC
tan 15 =
60
tan (60 45)
60
=
tan 60 tan 45
1 + tan 45 tan 60
BC =
100 X = 3X
4.X = 100
X = 25 metre
h = 25
3 metre.
12. (A) AB is the light house and C is the boat. We have
to find BC.
In ABC
Or,
BC =
60
31
1+
3.1
3 + 1 metre.
3 1
= 60
Ratio
Proportion
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by divisionRatio is the relation which one quantity bears to
another of the same kind, the comparison being made by
considering what part, multiple, one quantity is of the
other. Therefore, every ratio is an abstract quantity.
a
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind, then
b
is known as the ratio of a and b. Therefore, the ratio of
two quantities in the same units is a fraction that one
quantity is of the other.
When two ratios are equal, the four quantities composing them are said to be proportional.
The equality of two ratio is called proportion a, b, c,
d are said to be in proportion if a : b = c : d or a : b :: c :
d.
In a proportion, the first and fourth terms are known
as extremes, while second and third terms are known as
means. Hence, a and d are extremes and b and c are
means. Hence a and d are extremes and b and c are means
of the proportion a : b :: c : d.
In a proportion we always have :
Product of extremes = product of means
ad = b c
Illustration 3.
If 0.75 : X : : 5 : 8, then find X.
Solution :
Since, these quantities are in proportion.
So, product of means = product of extreme
0.75
5
Or,
=
X
8
Or,
X = 0.15 8
Or,
X = 1.2
Illustration 4.
Find a fourth proportional 6mn2 : 9m3n :: 4mn3 : ?
Solution :
Let fourth proportional is p; then 6mn2 : 9m3n ::
4mn3 : p
p = 6m3n2
a
, written as a : b.
b
Thus, a to b is a ratio
Continued Proportion
Illustration 5.
An object is 20 m long casts a shadow 25 m long. At
the same time another object kept merely casts a shadow
30 m. long. Find the length of the second object.
Solution :
Ratio of length of the object to its shadow would be
the same.
20
X
=
25
30
20 30
X =
=46
25
X = 24 m.
Illustration 6.
An object 1.6 m long casts a shadow 1.4 m long. At
the same time another object kept nearby casts a shadow
6.2 m long. Find the length of the second object.
Solution :
Ratio of length of the object to its shadow would be
the same.
or
Properties of Proportion
If
b
a
c
(iii)
a
ab
(v)
a
a+b
(vii)
c+d
a : b : c = n1 n2 : m1 n2 : m1 m2
b
d
Illustration 7.
c+d
a 3 b 4
If = , = , Find a : b : c.
d
b 5 c 7
c+d
Solution :
cd
a : b : c = 3 4 : 5 4 : 5 7 = 12 : 20 : 35
a+c ac
=
a 2 b 4
c 7
b+d bd
Suppose there are three ratio = = = and =
b 3 c 5
d 15
Relation among More than Two Quantities
Now, to find the value of a : b : c : d. First of all we
equate the common term b in the two ratio and then the
(1) The number of quantities are three
same process is repeated to equate the common term c.
A a
B X
If
=
=
B b
C Y
LCM of 3 and 4 = 12
a 24 8
b 43
Then, A : B : C = Product of all numerators : First
=
=
and =
two ratio and then the
b 3 4 12
c 53
denominator Second Numerator : Product of all denosame process is repeated to equate the common term c.
minator
LCM of 3 and 4 = 12
A:B:C = aX : bX : bY
a
2
4 8
b
4 3 12
Pictorial representation is
=
=
and =
= .
b
3
4
12
c
5 3 15
A: B = a
b
Now, LCM of 15 and 7 = 105
b 12 7 84
c 7 15 105
A B
C
=
=
and =
=
c 15 7 105
d 15 15 225
B :C = X
Y
Again, we have to equate b for first two ratios
Follow the arrow diagram and multiply to get
a 8 7 56 b 84 c 105
=
= , =
, =
A : B : C
b 12 7 84 c 105 d 225
(i)
96
d
c
b
=
d
cd
=
d
ab
=
cd
a
c
= , then
b
d
a
(ii)
=
c
a+b
(iv)
=
a
a+b
(vi)
=
ab
a
(viii)
=
b
2x + 3y
18
=
3x + 5y
19
x
+ 3
y
2k + 3 18
=
=
2k + 5 19
x
3 + 5
y
2
x 33
=
y 16
Solution :
a : b : c : d = 56 : 84 : 105 : 165.
Or
1 1 2 4 2 1 5 4
3 5 + 7 5 : 3 5 + 7 5
= 31 : 74
Illustration 15.
A and B are two alloys of gold and copper prepared
by mixing metals in proportion 7 : 2 and 7 : 11 respectively. If equal quantities of alloys are melted to form a
third alloy c , then find the proportion of gold and copper
in C.
CAT Complete Course | 97
Solution :
7 7 21
9 + 18 = 18
2 11 15
Copper = + =
9 18 18
In alloy c,
Gold =
and
21 15
:
= 7 : 5.
18 18
Illustration 16.
A and B started a joint firm. As investment was
thrice the investment of B and period of his investment
was two times the period of investment of B. If B got Rs.
4000 as profit, find their total profit.
Solution :
Ratio of investment of A and B = 3 2 : 1 1
= 6:1
1
Share of B = Total profit = 4000
7
Illustration 17.
a
b
c
If
=
=
, what is the value of each of
b+c c+a a+b
the fraction ?
Given that (a, b, c > 0).
Solution :
If each of the ratio is equal to K, then a = (b + c) K,
b = (c + a) K and c = (a + b) K.
Hence,
or,
or,
So,
a + b + c = (2a + 2b + 2c) K
(a + b + c) 2K(a + b + c) = 0
(a + b + c) (1 2K) = 0
1
K =
2
Illustration 18.
If
Find
a : b = c : d and e : f = g : h,
(ae + bf) : (ae bf).
Solution :
a c
e g
=
and
=
b d
f h
ae
cg
=
bf
dh
ae + bf
cg + dh
=
ae bf
cg dh
(Applying componendo and Dividendo)
Direct Proportion
If A is direct proportional to B, then as A increases B
also increases proportionally. For example the relation
between speed, distance and time, speed is directly proportional to distance, when time is kept constant.
98
If is therefore important to note here that the variation is direct and proportional. If one quantity is doubled
the related quantity will also be doubled.
Other examples of direct proportion are :
(a) Simple Interest Vs Time (principal and rate being
constant)
(b) Density Vs Mass ( volume being constant )
(c) Force Vs Acceleration ( mass being constant )
Direct Variation
If A is said to vary directly as B, then as A increases
B also increases but not proportionally. This variation is
denoted by A B or A = KB, where K is a constant.
For Example, the total cost of production is directly
related to the number of items being produced.
Here, the variation is direct but not proportional.
Inverse Proportion
A is inversely proportional to B means if A increases
B decreases proportionally. If speed is doubled, time
taken to cover the same distance is reduced to half.
Other examples of inverse proportion are
(a) Density Vs volume (mass being constant)
(b) Number of person Vs time taken to complete the
work. (work being same )
Inverse Variation
If A is inversely related to (or) varies inversely as B,
then if B increases as A decreases but not proportionally.
1
This relation can be expressed mathematically as A
B
1
A = K , where K is a constant.
B
Here, the variation is inverse but not proportional.
Illustration 19.
A can do a piece of work in 12 days, B is 60% more
efficient than A. Find the number of days that B takes to
do the same piece of work.
Solution :
Ratio of efficiencies of
A and B = 100 : 160 = 5 : 8
Since, efficiency is inversely proportional to the
number of days, hence ratio of days taken to complete the
job is 8 : 5.
5
1
So, number of days taken by B = 12 = 7 days.
8
2
Illustration 20.
The speeds of three cars are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4.
Find the ratio between the times taken by these cars to
travel the same distance.
Solution :
Speed is inversely proportional to time taken.
1 1 1
Hence, ratio of time taken by these cars = : : =
2 3 4
6 : 4 : 3.
Exercise A
1. The ratio of the numbers of gents to ladies in a party
was 2 : 3. When 20 more gents joined the group, the
ratio was reversed. The number of ladies in the party
was
(A) 16
(B) 24
(C) 30
(D) 36
2. A man ordered 4 pairs of black socks and some pairs
of brown socks. The price of a black pair is double
that of a brown pair. While preparing the bill, the
clerk interchanged the number of black and brown
pairs by mistake which increased the bill by 50%.
The ratio of the number of black and brown pair of
socks in the original order was
(A) 4 : 1
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 4
(D) 1 : 2
3. A and B compared their incomes and found that A's
income was to that of B as 7 : 9 and that the third of
A's income was Rs. 30 greater than the difference of
their incomes. Find the difference of the income of
two
(A) Rs. 180
(B) Rs. 240
(C) Rs. 320
(D) Rs. 160
4. In a large office, 3/4th of the staff can neither type
nor take shorthand. However 1/5th can type and 1/3rd
can take shorthand. What proportion of people can
do both ?
(A) 13/40
(B) 17/60
(C) 1/5
(D) 3/40
5. What must be added to two numbers that are in the
ratio 3 : 4, so that they come in ratio 4 : 5
(A) 1
(B) 6
(C) 5
(D) 3
6. A person bought two bikes for Rs. 15,000. He sold
one of them for a profit of 10% and another for a
loss of 5% and on whole he found that he neither
gained nor loss. What is the CP of each bike ?
(A) Rs. 5,000, Rs. 10,000
(B) Rs. 7,500, Rs. 7,500
(C) Rs. 8,000, Rs. 7,000
(D) Rs. 9,000, Rs. 6,000
7. Divide Rs. 1,350 in three parts such that 12 times the
first is equal to 5 times the second and 6 times the
third
(A) 500,100,750
(C) 300,600,450
8. If x : y :: 5 : 2, the value of 8x + 9y : 8x + 2y is
(A) 22 : 29
(B) 29 : 22
(C) 61 : 26
(D) 26 : 61
(D) 34
(B) 9 : 5
(C) 1 : 6
(D) 1 : 7
(B) 10
(C) 52
(D) 11
Exercise B
1. If a : 5 : : 10 : 25, then find a ?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(E) 6
2. Find the mean proportion of 08 and 02 ?
(A) 04
(B) 06
(C) 05
(D) 03
(E) 07
3 Find the third proportion to 0016 and 0024 ?
(A) 0036
(B) 0024
(C) 0016
(D) 0020
(E) 0040
4. Find the mean proportional of 9 and 16 ?
(A) 10
(B) 11
(C) 12
(D) 13
(E) 14
5. Find the fourth proportional to 5, 6 and 150 ?
(A) 100
(B) 120
(C) 140
(D) 160
(E) 180
6. Given that A : B = 5 : 2 and B : C = 3 : 2. Find
A:C?
(A) 4 : 7
(B) 5 : 3
(C) 3 : 5
(D) 4 : 5
(E) 5 : 4
7.
5
1
is what part of ?
48
16
(A) 5/3
(B) 1/3
(A) 11 : 76
(B) 75 : 76
(C) 2/3
(D) 4/3
(C) 11 : 75
(E) 2 : 3
(D) 1 : 3
(E) 7/3
100
8. If 2X + 3Y : 3X + 5Y = 7 : 8, then find X : Y ?
(A) 11 : 7
(B) 8 : 11
(C) 7 : 11
(D) 5 : 11
(E) 11 : 5
(D) 120
(B) 2,00,000
(C) 2,45,000
(D) 3,00,000
(E) 3,50,000
22. In what proportion must a number be added, so that
(A) 5 : 9
(C) 1 : 3
(E) 9 : 5
G:L = 2:3
G
2
=
L
3
G + 20
3
or
=
L
2
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
G = 16
L = 24
2. (C)
3. (A)
A:B = 7:9
A
B = 9
7
A
Also,
= 30 + B A
3
Putting the value of B, we get
..(i)
.(ii)
9A
A
= 30 + A
3
7
2
5
1
of the first part and of the second part are together
3
1
equal to of the original number ?
4
(B) 2 : 5
(D) 1 : 4
A
3 = 30 + 2A
7
A = 630
CAT Complete Course | 101
Difference of income
=
630
3 30 = 180
3
1 1
= + X
4
5 3
7
X =
60
5. (A) Let x be added to them.
Then, 3 + x : 4 + x : : 4 : 5
(3 + x) 5 = (4 x) 4
15 + 5x = 16 + 4x
x = 16 15
= 1
1 must be added.
6. (A) According to the question gain on 1st
= loss on 2 nd
= 10% of CP of the 1st
4. (B)
= 5% of CP of the 2nd
10
=
of CP of 1st
100
5
=
of CP of the 2nd
100
CP of Ist
=
CP of 2 nd
5
100 5
=
=
100 10 10
Sum of the ratio = 5 + 10 = 15
5
CP of the 1st bike =
15000 = Rs. 5000
15
and CP of the 2nd bike
10
=
15000 = Rs. 10000
15
7. (D) We have, 12 (1st part)
= 5 (2nd part)
= 6 (3rd part) = x(say)
x
1st part =
12
x
x
2nd part = , 3 rd part =
5
6
The ratio, 1st part : 2nd part : 3rd part
x x x
=
: :
12 5 6
On multiplying all the terms by 60,
1st part : 2nd part : 3rd part
60x 60x 60x
=
:
:
12 5
6
= 5x; 12x : 10x
= 5 : 12 : 10
102
1st part =
Rs. 1350
27
= Rs. 250
12
2nd part =
Rs. 1350 = Rs. 600
27
10
3rd part =
Rs. 1350
27
= Rs. 500.
x
5
8. (B)
=
y
2
x
8 +9
8x + 9y
y
=
8x + 2y
x
8 +2
y
29
=
22
9. (A) Let As income be = 4x
As expenses, therefore = 4x 25
Let Bs income be
= 5x
Bs expenses,
Therefore, = 5x 50
We know that the ratio of their expenses
= 5:6
4x 25
5
=
5x 50
6
Therefore,
x = 100
a 2
a
12 43 + 35 = 0
b
b
where
12x2 + 43x + 35 = 0
a
x =
b
(3x 7)(4x 5) = 0
7
x =
3
5
or
x =
4
a
7
=
b
3
a
5
or
=
b
4
11. (A)
x2 + 4y2 = 4xy
can be written as
6(2 + x) = 5(5 + x)
x = 13
15. (B) Let the required quantity be x. Then,
p+q+x
(p + q)2
=
pq+x
(p q) 2
2
(p + q + x)(p q) = (p q x)(p + q)2
(p + q) (p q)2 + (p q)2x
= (p q)(p + q)2 + x(p + q)2
x[(p + q)2(p + q)2] + (p q) (p q)2
(p + q) (p + q)2
x =
4pq
= a4 + b4 + 2a2 b2
p2 q2
=
AD BC = {a4 + b4 + ab(a2 + b2 )}
2p
{a4 + b2 + 2a2 b2 }
q2 p2
=
2p
= ab(a2 + b2) 2a2b2 ab(a2 + b2 2ab)
16.
(C)
Let
the
two
numbers
be
5x and 7x.
= ab(a b) 2 > 0
5x 3
2
[Q a, b, 0 ab > 0 and (a + b)2 > 0]
Then,
=
7x 3
3
AD > BC
15x 9 = 14x 6
A:B > C:D
x = 3
3
3
2
2
2
2
Hence, (a + b ) : (a + b ) > (a + b ) : (a + b)
Hence, the numbers are 15 and 21.
2
2
3x 4y
5x 6y
13. (A) Let
A = a b ,
17. (D)
=
2x
3y
4x
5y
2
2
B = a +b ,
3(x/y) 4
5(x/y) 6
=
C = ab
2(x/y) 3
4(x/y) 5
and
D = a+b
[Dividing numerator and denominator by y]
We know that
3a 4
5a 6
=
A:B > C:D
2a 3
4a 5
x
iff
AD > BC
where
= a
y
2
2
We have AD = (a b ) (a + b)
12a
and
BC = (a2 + b2 ) (a + b)
2a2 4a + 2 = 0
AD BA = (a + b)(a + b)2 (a2 + b2 ) (a b)
a2 2a + 1 = 0
= (a + b) {(a + b)2 (a b)}
(a 1) 2 = 0
= (a - b) (2ab)
a = 1
= 2ab (a b) > 0
[Q a > b > 0]
x
1
=
y
1
AD > BC
x2 4xy + 4y2 = 0
(x 2y)2 = 0
Therefore,
x = 2y,
x/y = 2,
Hence, the ratio of x to y is 2 : 1.
12. (A) Let A = a3 + b3
B = a2 + b2
C = a2 + b2
and
D = a+b
We know that
A:B > C:D
iff
AD > BC
Now, AD = (a3 + b3) (a + b)
x:y = 1:1
18. (D) Since, (2x + 1) : (3x + 13) is the sub-duplicate
ratio of 9 : 25, therefore
2x + 1
=
3x + 13
9
25
2x + 1
3
=
3x + 13
5
10x + 5 = 9x + 39
x = 34
5 7
14 15
1
=1:6
6
20. (B) Let the present ages be 5x and 7x years.
5x 18
8
Then,
=
7x 18
13
x = 10
=
Exercise B
a
10
=
5
25
a = 2
(A) If X be the required mean proportion, then
(08)
X
=
X
(02)
X2 = 08 02
X = 04
(A) Let a be the third proportion.
Now, 0016 : 0024 : : 0024 : a
0024 0024
Or,
a =
0016
a = 0036
(C) Let the mean quantity = X
Now, 9 : X : : X : 16
X2 = 9 16
X = 12
(E) Let the fourth proportional be a.
Now, 5 : 6 : : 150 : a
5
150
Or,
=
6
a
a = 180
A
5
(B) Since,
=
B
2
B
3
and
=
C
2
A B
5 2
=
B C
2 3
5
=
3
A:C = 5:3
5
1
(A) Required part will be the ratio of and
48
16
5
48 5
Part =
=
1 3
16
1. (A)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
104
2X + 3Y
7
=
3X + 5Y
8
X
2 +3
Y
7
Or,
=
X
8
3 +3
Y
X
X
Or,
16 + 24 = 21 + 35
Y
Y
X
Or,
5 = 11
Y
X
11
Or,
=
Y
5
X : Y = 11 : 5
9. (B) Let ratio between two numbers is 2 : 5.
Numerator = 2 X
8.
(E) Given
Denominator = 5 X
According to question,
2X + 2
3
=
5X + 2
2
Or,
Or,
4X + 4 = 15 X + 6
11X = 2
2
X =
11
= 6:7
b
=
3
c
=
4
d
=
7
a : b : c : d = 10 : 15 : 12 : 14
12.
13.
14.
15.
Second Method :
a = Product of numerators
a = 2 5 6 = 60
b = Denominator of Ist ratio product
of numerator of rest ratios
= 3 5 6 = 90
c = 4 3 6 = 4 18
d = 347
a : b : c : d = 10 : 15 : 12 : 14
(A) Let the numbers be 5X, 3X, 4X.
Then, (5X)2 + (3X) 2 + (4X) 2 = 800
50X2 = 800
X = 4
So, the numbers are 12, 16 and 20.
(D) In the first mixture
2
Amount of milk = 50 = 20 liters
5
Amount of water = 30 litres
If X litres of water is added to the mixture, then
20
1
=
30 + X
3
60 = 30 + X
X = 30 litres
Amount in rupees
(C) Number of coins =
Value of coins in rupees
Number of one rupee coin = X
2X
Number of 50 paisa coin =
= 4X
1
2
Number of twenty five paisa coin
5X
=
= 20X
1
4
Given :
X + 4X + 20X = 1000
25X = 1000
X = 40
Number of rupee coin = 40
Number of fifty paisa coin = 160
Number of twenty five paisa coin
= 800
Total value of coins
1
1
= 1 40 + 160 + 800
2
4
= 40 + 80 + 200
= Rs. 320
(A) In First vessel :
1
2
Quantity of water = and milk =
3
3
In Second vessel :
2
5
3
and
milk =
5
In resultant vessel :
1
part of mixture of First vessel is taken and
5
4
part of mixture of Second vessel is taken
5
So,the ratio of water to milk in the new vessel
Quantity of water =
1 1 2 1 2 4 3 4
+ : +
3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5
=
1 2 8 12
15 + 25 : 15 + 25
5 + 6 40 + 36
:
75
75
11 76
=
:
75 75
= 11 : 76
16. (E) Let six years ago their ages were 3X, 2X and X
respectively.
Now, according to question,
Sum of present ages = 90
Or, (3X + 6) + (2X + 6) + (X + 6) = 90
Or,
6X + 18 = 90
Or,
6X = 72
X = 12
Cs present age = 12 + 6
= 18 years
a
b
17. (B) Let
=
b+c
c+a
c
=
=k
a+b
a = (b + c)k
(1)
b = (c + a)k
(2)
c = (a + b)k
(3)
Now, Adding equation (1), (2) and (3), we get
a + b + c = (2a + 2b + 2c)k
1
k =
2
18. (B) Let the number of coins be X, 3X, 5X and 7X.
Now, X coin of one rupees = X rupees
3X
3X coins of fifty paise =
rupees
2
5X
5X coins of twenty paise =
rupees
4
7X
7X coins of ten paise =
rupees
10
=
According to question,
3X 5X 7X
X+
+
+
= 2225
2
4
10
89X
Or,
= 2225
20
Or,
X = 5
Number of rupee = 5
Number of 50 paise coin = 15
Number of 25 paise coin = 25
Number of 10 paise coin = 35
19. (A)
Let numerator = X
Denominator = Y
X5
1
=
Y5
2
X+2
2
and
=
Y+2
3
From equation (1)
2X Y = 5
From equation (3)equation (2), we get
X = 10 + 2 = 12
Y = 20 5 = 15
12 4
Fractional number =
=
15 5
Now,
(1)
(2)
(3)
Sons share = 8X
Wifes share = 12X
Daughters share = 15X
Now according to question,
15X 8X = 49,000
Or,
7X = 49,000
X = 7,000
Total worth of property
= 8X + 12X + 15X
= 35X
= 35 7000 = 2,45,000
22. (A) Always remember, when a number is to be
divided in the proportion assume the number as First
divided in X : 1.
X
First part =
X+1
1
Second part =
X+1
Given :
1
4
6X + 5
1
=
15(X + 1)
4
=
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
That is 20 : 15 : 12 : 10
Total number of pens
2 X 1 1
5 X + 1 3 X + 1
24X + 20 = 15X + 15
24X 15X = 15 20
9X = 5
5
X =
9
Required proportion = X : 1
= 5:9
23. (A) Number of passengers care 2X, 3X and 5X
Rate = X, 2X4X
Since, income = Number of passenger rate
= income in the ratio
= 2 : 6 : 20
Income from A. C. sleeper class
2
=
56000
28
= Rs. 4,000
Income of Ram =
Income of Raju =
Expense of Ram =
Expense of Raju =
Now, saving amount of Ram =
Saving amount of Raju =
24. (D)
3X
2X
5Y
3Y
3X 5Y
2X 3Y
=
=
=
=
2000
2000 (1)
Saving of Raju
2X 3Y
X = 2Y
(2)
Rams income = 3X
= Rs. 6,000
40
35
30
Now, 100
= 11,950
14
21
15
+
+
100X
5 6 5 8 5 7
14 21 15 1
= +
+ 100X
6 8 7 5
7 21 15
= +
+ 20X
3 8 7
392 + 441 + 360
=
168
or
1193 20
X
168
= 11950
11950 168
Or,
X =
1193 20
X 84
Salary or income of Shyam
100
21 84
40
Rs. 4,410
= Rs. 4,425
=
Mixture or Alligations
Solution :
Using formula :
C2 Cm
Cm C1
025 1
=
=
075 3
(C) When two mixtures of same ingredients mixed in
different ratios
Mixture has ingredients (A, B) in X : Y
Mixture has ingredients (A, B) in a : b
X
The First mixture ratio of quantities =
Y
a
Second mixture has ratio of quantities =
b
Now, M unit of mixture first and N unit of second
mixture are mixed to form a resultant mixture with
ingredients (A and B) in AA : AB .
Case I : When AA and AB are to be found out
A
Quantity of ingredient A
= A
Quantity of ingredient B
AB
Ratio =
+ N a +a b
X
+
Y
=
Y
M
+ N a +a b
X + Y
a + b AA + AB
=
AA
X
AA + AB X + Y
Quantity of ingredient A in mixture-I =
C
C + D (M + N)
D
C + D (M + N)
Illustration 4.
Three litres of water is added to a certain quantity of
pure milk costing Rs. 6 /litre. If by selling the mixture at
the same price as before, a profit of 20% is made. What is
the amount of pure milk in the mixture ?
Solution :
Since, selling price of mixture = cost price of mixture
120
Or,
C.P. of mixture = 6
100
6 10
Or,
C.P. of mixture =
=5
12
Ratio milk and water is given by
Milk
50
=
=5
Water
65
Since,
C.P. of water = 0
For 3 litres of water.
Quantity of milk = 5 3 = 15 litres.
Illustration 5.
How many kg of sugar at 34 paise/kg must Raju
mix with 25 kg of salt at 20 paise/kg. So, that he may,
on selling the mixture at 40 paise/kg. gain 20% on the
outlay ?
Solution :
Using formula :
100
Cost price of mixture = 40
= 32 paise
120
Using formula :
A
32 20 12
Ratio of quantity = 34 =
=
=6
A20 34 32 2
So,
A34 = 6 A20
= 6 25 = 150 kg.
Illustration 6.
Two equal glasses filled with mixtures of alcohol and
water in the proportion of 2 : 3 and 2 : 1 respectively
were emptied into a third glass. What is the proportion of
alcohol and water in the third glass ?
Solution :
Using formula :
X
a
+N
X + Y
a + b
AA
=
AB
Y
b
M
+N
X + Y
a + b
M
M = N
X
2
Given
=
Y
3
a
2
and
=
b
1
2 2
+
AA
5 3 16 8
=
=
=
AB
3 1 10 5
+
5 3
So, in third glass, alcohol and water are in proportion
of 8 : 5.
R
Amount of A Left
= 1
Amount of A originally present M
X
Amount of A Left
= 1 r
Amount of A originally present X0
So,
So,
X
Amount of A left = X0 1 r
X0
n
Xr
1 X
0
Amount of A left
=
n
Amount of B left
Xr
1 1
X0
Illustration 7.
In two alloys, copper and zinc are related in the
ratios 2 : 1 and 2 : 3 respectively. After alloying together
12 kg of the first alloy, 10 kg of the second and a certain
amount of zinc and alloy is obtained in which copper and
CAT Complete Course
109
x = 2 kg.
Illustration 8.
In two alloys, the ratio of copper and zinc are 5 : 4
and 1 : 2. How many kg of the first alloy and of the
second alloy should be melted together to obtain 24 kg of
a new alloy with equal contents of copper and zinc ?
Solution :
Here, two alloys having same ingredients are mixed
to obtain a new alloy.
Amount of each alloy is to be found out
individually.
X
5
So, In First mixture copper =
=
X+Y 9
a
1
Copper in Second mixture =
=
a+b 3
AA
In the resultant mixture =
= copper
AA + AB
=
So, now
1
2
AA
X
X + Y AA + AB
C
=
D
AA
a
AA + AB a + b
5 1
9 2
=
1 1
2 3
C
3 1
= =
D
9 3
So,
C
Amount of First alloy =
24
C+D
=
1
24 = 6 kg
4
Illustration 9.
Six kilograms of sugar at Rs. 15 /kg and 5 kgs of
sugar at Rs. 20 /kg are mixed together and the mixture is
sold at a 11% profit. What is the selling price per kg of
the mixture ?
Solution :
Cost price per kg of mixture is given by
6 15 + 5 20
=
6+5
90 + 100 190
=
=
11
11
Now, Selling price / kg of mixture
110 190
=
= Rs. 19 / kg.
100 11
Illustration 10.
Two liquids are mixed in the proportion of 2 : 1 and
the mixture is sold at Rs. 12 per litre at a 20% profit. If
the First liquid costs Rs. 2 more per litre than the second.
What does it cost / litre ?
Solution :
Since, mixture is sold at 20% profit.
100
So, cost price of the mixture =
12 = Rs. 10
120
Let the price of First liquid = Rs. x /litre
The cost price of Second liquid = Rs. (x + 2) / litre
2x + 1 (x + 2)
Now, Cost price of mixture =
3
3x + 2
10 =
3
28 = 3x
x = Rs.
28
/ litre.
3
Illustration 11.
Sea water contains 10% salt by water. How many
litre fresh water must be added to 80 litre of sea water for
the content of salt in solution to be made 4% ?
Solution :
Amount of salt present in 80 litre of sea water
10
= 80
= 8 kg
100
After adding x litre of fresh water mixture = 80 + x
8
4
Now,
=
80 + x
100
Or,
200 = 80 + x
Or,
x = 120 kg.
Illustration 12.
A sum of Rs. 6.25 is made up of so coins which are
either 10 paise or 5 paise coins. How many of it are of 5
paise coins ?
Solution :
Let, In the mixture :
Number of coins = m
625 625
Price of mixture =
=
paise
80
80
625
10
5 paise coins
80
Now,
=
10 paise coins
625
5
80
800 625 175 7
=
=
=
625 400 225 9
Illustration 13.
A mixture contain milk and water in ratio of 4 : X.
When 30 litres of the mixture and 6 litre of water are
mixed the ratio of milk and water becomes 2 : 1. Find the
values of x ?
Solution :
Amount of mixture = 36 litres
2
Amount of milk = 36 = 24 litre
3
1
Amount of water = 36 = 12 litre
3
On mixing,
Amount of milk
4
=
Amount of water
X
24
4
Or,
=
6
X
Or,
X6 = 6
Or,
X = 1 litre.
Illustration 14.
2
A dishonest milkman fills up his bucket which is th
3
full of milk, with water. He again removes 2 litres of his
mixture from the bucket and adds an equal quantity of
water. If milk is now 60% of the mixture. What is the
capacity of the bucket in litres ?
Solution :
Let Y be the capacity of bucket.
Y = original amount of mixture
Amount of mixture removed = 2 litre
2
So,
Milk = (Y 2)
3
1
Water = (Y 2) + 2
3
2
(Y 2)
3
60 3
Now,
=
=
1
100 5
(Y 2) + 2
3
2 (Y 2)
3
Or,
=
Y2+6
5
Or,
(2Y 4) 5 = 3 (Y + 4)
Or,
10Y 20 = 3Y + 12
7Y = 32
32
Y =
7
Illustration 15.
Three equal glasses are filled with a mixture of spirit
and water. The proportion of spirit to water in each glass
is 1 : 2, 2 : 3 and 3 : 1 respectively. The contents of three
glasses are emptied into a single vessel. What is the
proportion of spirit and water in the vessel ?
Solution :
1 2 3
+ +
Amount of Spirit
3 5 4
Now,
=
Amount of Water
2 3 1
+ +
3 5 4
20 + 24 + 45 89
=
=
40 + 36 + 15 91
Exercise A
1. In what proportion must tea at Rs. 72/kg be mixed
with tea at Rs. 90/kg in order to obtain the mixture
worth Rs. 85 / kg ?
5
7
(A)
(B)
18
3
3
13
(C)
(D)
7
5
5
(E)
13
2. In what proportion water is mixed with pure milk in
order to make a profit of 25% by selling it at cost price?
(A) 3 : 4
(B) 4 : 5
(C) 1 : 6
(d) 1 : 5
(E) 1 : 4
3. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water in the
ratio 7: 5 and 17 : 4 respectively. In what ratio
mixtures from two vessels should be mixed to get
a new mixture containing milk and water in the ratio
3:2?
22
7
(A)
(B)
105
12
88
17
(C)
(D)
7
21
3
(E)
5
4. There are n vessels of sizes, C1 , C2 , C3 , Cn
containing mixtures of milk and water in the ratio
a1 : b 1 , a2 : b 2 a n : b n respectively. The
contents are emptied into a single large vessel. Find
the ratio of milk to water in the resulting mixture ?
5. Three glasses of sizes 3 litres, 4 litres and 5 litres
contain mixture of milk and water in the ratio of 2 : 3,
3 : 7 and 4 : 11 respectively. The contents of all the
CAT Complete Course
111
(A) 1 : 4 : 4 : 5
(C) 3 : 2 : 4 : 5
(E) 1 : 2 : 4 : 5
(B) 1 : 2 : 4 : 4
(D) 5 : 2 : 4 : 5
Exercise B
1. Shyam buys spirit at Rs. 75 /litre adds water to it and
then sells it at 91 /litre. What is the ratio of spirit to
water if his profit in deal is 30%?
(A) 75 : 91
(B) 91 : 130
(C) 71 : 20
(D) 75 : 16
(E) 70 : 30
(B) 115 km
(C) 1967 km
(D) 8667
(A)
b n
a
a
(C)
nb
(B)
bn
a
b
(D) 1
a
(B) 13 : 15
(C) 64 : 61
(D) 61 : 64
(E) 4 : 5
10. A vessel contains mixture of liquids X and Y in the
ratio 3 : 2. When 20 litres of the mixture is taken out
and replaced by 20 litres of liquid Y, the ratio
changes to 1 : 4. How many litres of liquid X was
there initially present in the vessel ?
(A) 8 litres
(B) 28 litres
(C) 18 litres
(D) 22 litres
(E) 12 litres
(E) 19167 km
5. The expenditure and saving of an employee are in
the ratio 3 : 2. His income increases by 15% but at
the same time his expenditure also increases by 20%.
Find increase or decrease in his savings ?
(A) Decrease 75%
(B) Decrease 5%
(E) Increase 5%
6. A sum of Rs. 250 is divided among 10 students. Each
boy gets Rs. 20 where as a girl gets Rs. 30. Calculate
the number of boys in class ?
(A) 5
(B) 6
(C) 4
(D) 3
(E) 7
7. A sum of Rs. 21 is made up of 60 coins which consist
of either 50 paise or 25 paise. How many are there of
25 paise coins ?
(A) 24
(B) 36
(C) 40
(E) 30
(D) 20
(B) 12 gm
(C) 4 gm
(D) 5 gm
(E) 2 gm
12. A heard of 2 legged and 4 legged animals give a
head count as H. When legs are counted, it comes to
L numbers. Find the number of 4 legged animals in
terms of H and L ?
L
L+H
(A) + H
(B)
2
2
LH
(C) L H
(D)
2
L
(E) H
2
13. There were two different iron alloys of total weight
50 kg. The first contains 40% less iron than the
second. Determine the percentage of iron in the first
alloys, if it is known that there were 6 kg of iron in
the first alloy and 12 kg in the second ?
(A) 15%
(B) 35%
(C) 20%
(D) 55%
(E) 60%
CAT Complete Course
113
a1 c1
a2 c2
an cn
a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + + an + bn :
b1 c1
b2 c2
bn cn
a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + + an + bn
2 3 4 3 5 4
2 + 5 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 11 :
3 3 7 4 11 5
3 + 2 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 11
6 12 20 9 28 55
= +
+ : +
+
5 10 15 5 10 15
56 124
= :
15 15
=
= 56 : 124 = 14 : 31.
6. (A) Here, the given per cent figures indicate the fraction of spirit in the mixture.
Concentration of water in four vessel are 50%, 40%,
25% and 10% respectively.
In the resultant mixture :
Spirit : Water = (05 + 06 + 075 + 09)
: (05 + 04 + 025 + 01)
= 275 : 125 = 11 : 005
= 11 : 5
7. (A) The total amount of milk
= 2 06 + 3 08 + 5 09
= 12 + 24 + 45 = 81 litres
Milk concentration in the resultant mixture
81
=
100
2+3+5
81
=
100 = 81%
10
Water concentration in the resultant mixture
= 100 81 = 19
Milk : Water = 81 : 19
8. (E) Given milk has 75% concentration water which
is to be added has 0% milk concentration.
Find concentration of solution is 60%
By allegation rule :
Water should be added to the given milk in the ratio
15 : 60 = 1 : 4
Quantity of water to be added
1
= 80 = 16 litres.
5
4
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
5
12
Exercise B
91
100 = Rs. 70
130
Assuming cost of water is Rs. 0.
Now, using allegation rule, we get Required ratio of
spirit is 71 : 20.
2. Given Capacity of each cup be 100 mL.
After first operation, first container will have 300 mL
of alcohol and second container will have 300 mL
alcohol and 600 mL water.
Ratio water to alcohol in the second container
= 9:3=3 : 1
After second operation, the quantity of water and
3
alcohol left would be 300 = 225 mL
4
1
and
300 = 75 mL
4
Now, Quantity of water in first container = 225 mL
Alcohol = 75 + 300 = 375 mL
So, ratio of water and alcohol
225 3
=
=
375 5
So, clearly there are different ratios
Second ratio > First ratio
Y > X
1. (C) S.P. of the mixture =
115
Number of 50 paise =
2
60 = 24
5
b
1 a of whole
b 2
= 1 of whole
a
Quantity of liquid A left after second operation
Quantity of liquid A initially present
= 1
From n times :
Quantity of liquid A left after nth operation
Whole quantity of liquid A initially present
= 1
5
1
= th part of cask
20
4
9. (C)
1 3 4 3
1 5 = 5 of the whole
64
20 litres
125
So, Quantity of water left after third withdraw
64
= 20
20
125
125 64
61
=
20 =
20 litre
125
125
Final ratio of wine to water
64
20
125
64
=
=
61
61
20
125
Wine : Water = 64 : 61.
10. (C) % of liquid Y initially present in the vessel
2
=
100 = 40%
3+2
% of liquid Y finally present in the vessel
4
=
100 = 80%
1+4
First solution in which the percentage of liquid Y is
40%.
The second solution is liquid Y which is being
mixed and it has 100% liquid Y.
=
L
= H 2H
2
L L
= H+ = H
2 2
13. (C) Let the weight of two alloys be a and b respectively.
a + b = 50
Let the percentage iron content in the second alloy
be x %.
Then, the percentage iron content in the first alloy
= (x 40)%
Quantity of iron in the second alloy
x
=
a
100
2 3 5 4 6 6 9 7
3 + 8 + 9 + 14
1 3 3 4 3 6 5 7
:
+
+
+
8
9
14
3
5
9
3
5
= 2 + + 4 + : 1 + + 2 +
2
2
2
2
12 + 14 6 + 8
=
:
2 2
26 14
:
= 13 : 7.
2 2
15. (B) Let number of 6 legged insects = X
Number of 4 legged insects = 80 X
According to question ,
420 = 6 X + 4 ( 80 X)
420 = 2X + 320
100
X =
= 50
2
So, 6 legged insects = 50
4 legged insects = 80 50 = 30.
117
km
hr
1000 metre
3600 sec
5
m/sec
18
If we have v km/hr
Then in m/sec it is given by
5
V km/hr =
V m/sec
18
Similarly, if speed is V km/hr
Speed = V.
=
km
hr
V 1000 metre
60 minutes
Speed (km/hr) = V
118 | CAT Complete Course
50
metre/minutes
3
= 132/60 hrs.
Distance
Now, Speed =
Time
132 60
=
= 60 km/hr.
132
Illustration 2.
If Rams car speed is 60 km/hr, then find the time
taken by the car to travel a distance of 1200 km.
Solution :
Distance
Since,
Time =
Speed
1200
=
= 20 hours.
60
Illustration 3.
Find the distance if Rameshs bikes speed is 80
m/sec and it takes time 60 minutes.
Solution :
Distance = Speed Time
= 80 m/sec 60 min
= 288000 m = 288 km
Average Speed
= 18
=
=
1
km/sec = 0005 km/sec
200
1
km
=
200 1
minutes
60
60
=
= 03 km/minutes
200
=
s1 t1 + s2 t2 + s3 t3 + + sn tn
t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn
d1 + d2 + d3 + + dn
d1 d2 d3
d
+ + + + n
s1 s2 s3
tn
s1 + s2 + s3 + + sn
n
Illustration 4.
If Gitas car covers 73 km in 68 sec., 135 km in 82
sec., 89 km in 76 sec. and 63 km in 44 sec., respectively.
Then, find the average speed of the Gitas car.
Solution :
From formula :
Total Distance Covered
Average Speed =
Total Time Taken
d1 + d2 + d3 + d4
Average Speed =
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4
Illustration 7.
Sita covers a distance d1 km at V1 km/hr and, then d2
km at V2 km/hr. Find his average speed during the whole
journey.
Solution :
Time taken to travel d1 km at V1 km/hr is
t1 =
t2 =
d2
V2
d1 + d2
d1 d2
+
V1 V2
d1 + d2
d .V + d .V
1 2 2 1
Average Speed for Same Distance
Average speed = V1 V2
10 m
1
minutes
60
= 600 metre/minutes.
Illustration 6.
Rams bike speed is 5 m/sec, then find bike speed in
km/hr or km/sec or km/minutes.
Solution :
Now, Bike speed = 5 m/sec
1
5
km
1000
36
18
=
=5 =5
1
10
5
hr
3600
Bike speed = 18 km/hr
(2)
(1)
Average Speed =
73 + 135 + 89 + 63
60
68 + 82 + 76 + 44
360 60
=
= 80 km/hr.
270
d1
V1
Illustration 5.
If Sonalis car speed is 36 km/hr, then find cars is
speed in metre/second or metre/minutes.
Solution :
km
3600 sec
V1.V2
V + V
1
2
Product of speeds
Sum of speeds
Illustration 8.
A train covers a distance between A and B. If it
travels from A to B with speed 40 km/hr and from B to A
with speed 60 km/hr, then find the average speed of the
train.
Solution :
Since, distance between A and B is fix.
So,
V1.V2
V1 + V 2
Average speed = 2
Average speed = 2
40 60
40 + 60
= 48 km/hr.
CAT Complete Course | 119
Illustration 9.
Sonu covers 50 km of his journey at 20 km/hr and
the remaining distance at 30 km/hr. If the total journey is
of 110 km. What is his average speed for the whole
journey ?
Solution :
Since, distances are different.
So time taken to cover 50 km t1
50
t1 =
= 25 hr
20
Time taken to cover 60 km t2
60
t2 =
= 2 hr
30
Total Distance Covered
Now, Average speed =
Total Time Taken
110
110
=
=
25 + 2 45
1100 220
=
=
km/hr.
45
9
Illustration 10.
A train goes from A to B at speed V1 km/hr and is late
by t 1 hour. If it goes at V2 km/hr it reaches t2 hours early.
Now, find the distance taken between A to B.
Solution :
Let the distance between A to B = d kms
d
Time taken to reach with speed V1 =
V1
d
and time taken to reach with speed V2 =
V2
According to question,
d
d
t =
+t
V1 1
V2 2
Or,
Now,
1 1
V V = t1 + t2
1 2
V1.V2
d =
(t1 + t2)
V2 V1
Illustration 11.
Monu goes to school from his house at speed 20
km/hr and is late by one hour. If he goes at 30 km/hr he
reaches 2 hours early. Find the distance between his
house and school.
Solution :
Given Speeds are V1 = 20 km/hr
V2 = 30 km/hr
t1 = 1 hour
t2 = 2 hours
From the formula :
V1.V2
d =
(t1 + t2)
V2 V1
120 | CAT Complete Course
20 30
600
(1 + 2) =
3
30 20
10
d = 180 km.
=
Illustration 12.
Ram covers his onward journey at speed V1 km/hr
and covers the return journey of equal distance at speed
V2 km/hr. If the total time taken by Ram is T hours for
whole journey. What is the one way journey distance ?
Solution :
Let the one way journey distance = d
d
Time taken during onward journey = t1 =
V1
d
Time taken during return journey = t2 =
V2
Now, according to question,
T = t1 + t2
d
d
T =
+
V1 V2
V1.V2
d =
T
V1 + V 2
Illustration 13.
An old man walks to his office at 4 km/hr and returns
to his house at 2 km/hr. If he spends total 5 hours on his
to and for walking. What is the distance between his
house and office ?
Solution :
According to question,
V1 = 4 km/hr
V2 = 2 km/hr
T = 5 hours = t1 + t2
V1.V2
Now,
d =
T
V1 + V 2
42
8
20
=
5 = 5 = km.
4+2
6
3
Relative Speed
Case I : When two bodies move with speed V1
km/hr and V 2 km/hr respectively in the same direction.
A
V1
V2
A
V1
V2
(T2 T3 )(T4 T3 )
(T2 T1 ) + (T4 T3 )
(10 7)(14 7)
(10 5) + (14 7)
37
= 7+
12
Required time = 7 +
= 7+
7
3
=7+1
4
4
= 8 hrs 45 minutes.
Illustration 17.
When a person covers the distance between his house
and office at 60 km/hr. He is late by 15 minutes. But
when he travels at 80 km/hr he reaches 5 minutes early.
What is the distance between his house and office ?
Solution :
We assign,
Late time as positive and early time as ve.
So,
T1 = 15 minute
T2 = 5 minute
Given speeds are V1 = 60 km/hr
V2 = 80 km/hr
According to formula :
Distance between his house and office
V1 V2
=
(T T2 )
V2 V1 1
=
80 60
[(15 + 5) minute]
80 60
80 60 20
hrs. = 80 km.
20
60
IInd Method
15
d
=
60
60
5
d
T
=
60
80
T+
(1)
(2)
60 60
60 80
d = 80 km.
Illustration 18.
Two persons X and Y start their journey at the same
time in opposite directions from two points and after
passing each other they complete their remaining journey
in T1 and T2 hours respectively. Then, find the ratio of
speed of X and Y.
Solution :
A
V1
B
V2
d
V1 + V 2
d
Time taken to move from A to Z =
V1 + V 2
d
Distance traveled by X = AZ = V1
V1 + V 2
Time taken when they meet =
Similarly,
Distance travelled by Y = BZ = V2
d
V1 + V 2
d
V1 + V 2
d
V1 + V 2
BZ (T1 ) =
V2 V d+ V
1
2
V1
(1)
AZ (T2 ) =
V1 V d+ V
1
2
V1
(2)
According to question,
Ratios of X and Y = T1 : T2
V2
V
1 T1
=
V1 T2
V
2
V22
T
V = T1
1
2
V2
V =
1
V1 : V2 =
T1
T2
T2 : T1 .
Illustration 19.
Ram starts his journey from Patna to Delhi and
Simultaneously Shyam starts from Delhi to Patna. After
crossing each other they finish their remaining distance in
1
2 and 7 hours respectively. What is Shyams speed if
3
Rams speed is 21
3 km/hr ?
Solution :
213
=
7 :
73
=
122 | CAT Complete Course
7:
3:1
Rams speed
=
Shyams speed
Or,
Shyams speed =
21
3
= 21 km/hr.
Illustration 20.
A train leaves Delhi at 6 a.m. and reaches Kanpur at
11 a.m. Another train leaves Kanpur at 7 a.m. and reaches
Delhi at 1 p.m. At what time do the two trains meet ?
Solution :
Let the distance between Delhi and Kanpur by d
km.
Let the speed of train leaving from Delhi is X
and Let the speed of train leaving from Kanpur is Y.
d
d
Now,
Xs speed =
= km/hr
11 6 5
d
Ys speed = km/hr
6
Let the both the trains meet at t hour after 6 a.m.
Now, Distance travelled by A in t hour
d
= t
5
Distance travelled by B in (t 1) hour
d
= (t 1)
6
Now, Total distance = d
d
d
t + (t 1) = d
5
6
t t1
Or,
+
= 1
5
6
6t + 5 (t 1)
Or,
= 1
30
Or,
11t 5 = 30
Or,
11t = 35
35
t =
hours
11
2
t = 3 hours or at 911 am they will meet.
11
V > U
1 S
+a
2 T
1
1 480
=
+ 8 = (96 + 8)
2 5
2
=
= 10 m/sec
Distance l
Now, Length of the train =
=
Time
V
90
=
= 9 metres.
10
Illustration 24.
A train of length 120 metres is moving with speed 54
km/hr. How much it will take to cross a plateform of
length 120 meters ?
Solution :
5
Given Speed of train, V = 54 km/hr = 54
18
= 15 m/sec
Length of the train, l1 = 120 m
Length of the platforms l2 = 120 m
l1 + l2 120 + 120
=
V
15
240 80
=
=
15
5
1
104 = 52 km/hr
2
1 S
a = 12 480
8
2 T
5
1
(96 8) = 44 km/hr.
2
Illustration 22.
Ram traveling at 60 km/hr reach his school from his
house 40 minutes earlier. If he had traveled at 50 km/hr
he would have reached 10 minute late. How far is the
school ?
Solution :
= 16 seconds.
Illustration 25.
Two trains X and Y start simultaneously from
stations A and B and move towards each other at speed
V1 and V2 km/hr respectively. At the point where they
meet, one train has covered a km more than the other.
Now, find the distance between A and B.
Solution :
Let
V1 > V2
According to question,
d 40
d 10
+
=
60 60
50 60
1 1 2 1 4+1
d = + =
6
50 60 3 6
Or,
Or,
Illustration 23.
A train is moving with speed 36 km/hr. How much
time it will take to cross a standing pole, the length of the
train is 90 m ?
Solution :
Speed of train, V = 36 km/hr
5
= 36
18
65 5
5 6 10 = 6
d = 250 km.
According to question,
V1 t V2 t = a
Or,
t =
a
V1 V2
Total Distance = V1 t + V2 t
= t (V1 + V2 )
V1 + V 2
km.
V1 V2
Total Distance = a
Illustration 26.
Let two trains start from Delhi and Bombay and move
towards with speed 60 km/hr and 50 km/hr respectively.
At the meeting point it is found that train from Delhi has
traveled 20 km more than the train coming from Bombay.
Find the distance between Delhi and Bombay ?
Solution :
In our question,
V1 = 60 km/hr
V2 = 50 km/hr
a = 20 km
Then,
V1 + V 2
V1 V2
60 + 50
= 20
60 50
Distance = a
= 20
110
= 220 km.
10
Illustration 27.
Two trains of lengths l1 and l2 metres run on parallel
tracks. When moving in the same direction, the faster
train passes the slower one in T1 seconds. But when they
are moving in opposite directions at same speeds as
earlier, they cross each other completely in T2 seconds.
Find the speeds of the trains.
Solution :
Let the speed of faster train = V1 km/hr
Let the speed of slower train = V2 km/hr
When they are running in the same direction.
Relative Speed = (V 1 V2) km/hr
Then, T 1 = time taken to cross each other in the same
direction
l +l
= 1 2
V1 V2
l +l
Or,
V 1 V2 = 1 2
(1)
T2
When they are running in opposite direction
Relative Speed = V1 + V2
T2 = Time taken to cross each other in opposite
direction
l +l
= 1 2
V1 V2
l +l
V1 + V 2 = 1 2
(2)
T2
Solving equation (1) and equation (2), we get
V1 =
l1 + l2 T1 + T2
2 T . T m/sec
1 2
V2 =
l1 + l2 T1 T2
2 T . T m/sec
1 2
T1 + T2
m/sec
T1 . T2
T T2
V2 = l 1
m/sec.
T1 . T2
V1 = l
Illustration 28.
Two trains of lengths 1 km and 2 km run on parallel
tracks. When running in the same direction the faster
train crosses the slower one in 20 seconds. When running
in opposite directions at speed same as their earlier
speeds, they pass each other completely in 10 seconds.
Find the speed of each train.
Solution :
l1 = 1 km
l2 = 2 km
T1 = 20 sec
T2 = 10 sec
Now, according to above formula,
V1 =
l1 + l2 T1 + T2
2 T . T m/sec
1 2
(1 + 2)1000 20 + 10
2
20 10
3000
30
2
20 10
900
=
= 225 m/sec
4
=
V2 =
=
l1 + l2 T1 T2
2 T . T m/sec
1 2
3000 20 10
2
20 10
10
200
= 75 m/sec.
= 1500
Illustration 29.
A train running at 54 km/hr passes a tunnel completely in 5 minutes. While inside the tunnel it meets
another train of three-fourth of its length traveling at 72
km/hr and passes it completely in 8 seconds. Find the
length of the trains and of the tunnel.
Solution :
Speed of the first train = 54 km/hr
5
= 54 = 15 m/sec
18
Since, it passes tunnel completely in 5 minutes.
If l be the length of train and d be the length of
tunnel.
Distance
Speed
l+d
5 60 sec =
15
Or,
l + d = 75 60 m = 4500 m
Now, relative speed of the trains
= 15 + 20 = 35 m/sec.
Total distance covered in crossing the trains
3
7
= l+ l= l
4
4
Then,
Time required =
In this case
Down-stream Speed = (V + U) m/sec.
From equation (1) and equation (2)
T1 + T2
T2 T1
V = W
Here,
S
T
V1 V2 = a
(1)
(2)
1 S
+a
2 T
1 S
a
2 T
T1 = 90 min
T2 = 100 min
W = 60 m/sec
Now,
T1 + T2
T2 T1
V = W
90 + 100
100 90
(2)
= 60
= 60
190
10
V = 1140 m/sec.
Illustration 32.
A man can run a ship in still water at V km/hr. In a
stream flowing at W km/hr. If it takes T hours to run to a
point and come back. Find the distance between the two
points.
Solution :
Down-stream speed = (V + W) km/hr
Up-stream speed = (V W) km/hr
Let the distance between the two points = d km
Sum of time taken down-stream and up-stream
equals total time.
d
d
+
= T
V+W VW
T (W + V)(V W)
Or,
d =
2.V
V 2 W2
km.
2.V
d = T
Illustration 33.
Ramu can swim down-stream 30 km in 3 hours and
up-stream 24 km in 3 hours. Find his speed in still water
and also the speed of the current ?
Solution :
30 km
Down-stream =
= 10 km/hr
3 hr
24 km
Up-stream =
= 8 km/hr
3 hr
1
Speed in still water = (10 + 8) = 9 km/hr
2
1
Speed of the stream = (10 8) = 1 km/hr.
2
Illustration 34.
Gita can Swim down-stream d1 km in T1 hours and
up-stream d2 in T2 hours. Find her speed in still water and
speed of current.
Solution :
d
Now, down-stream speed = 1 km/hr
T1
d
Up-stream speed = 2 km/hr
T2
Speed in still water =
1 d1 d2
+
km/hr
2 T1 T2
1 d1 d2
km/hr.
2 T1 T2
Illustration 35.
Reena swims a certain distance down-stream in T1
hours and returns the same distance up-stream in T2
hours. If the speed of the stream be W km/hr. Find the
Reenas speed in still water.
Solution :
Let the speed of Reena in still water = V km/hr
Now, down-stream speed = (V + W) km/hr
Up-stream speed = (V W) km/hr
According to question,
The distance covered down-stream and up-stream
are equal.
So, (V + W) T 1 = (V W) T2
T1 + T2
T 1 + T2
V = W
T + T2
V = W 1
km/hr.
T2 T1
Exercise A
1. In a stream running at 2 km/hr a boat goes 6 km. upstream and back again to be the starting point is 33
minutes. Find the speed of the boat in still water ?
126 | CAT Complete Course
(A) 12 km/hr
(C) 22 km/hr
(E) 30 km/hr
(B) 15 km/hr
(D) 25 km/hr
2. A man can row 20 km up-stream and 25 km downstream in 8 hours. Also he can row 30 km up-stream
and 45 km down-stream in 10 hours. Find the speed
of the man in still water ?
75
75
(A)
km/hr
(B)
km/hr
16
8
75
75
(C)
km/hr
(D)
km/hr
4
2
(E) 75 km/hr
3. A boat covers a certain distance down-stream in 2
5
hours, while it comes back in hours. If the speed of
2
stream be 4 km/hr. What is the speed of the boat in
still water ?
(A) 45 km/hr
(B) 224 km/hr
(C) 36 km/hr
(D) 18 km/hr
(E) 25 km/hr
4. A train running at 54 km/hr takes 15 seconds to pass
a platform. Next it takes 12 seconds to pass a man
walking at 6 km/hr in the same direction in which the
train is going. Find the ratio between the length of
the train and the length of the platform ?
(A) 43 : 34
(B) 28 : 23
(C) 32 : 13
(D) 14 : 11
(E) 7 : 5
5. A train A starts from Patna at 6 p.m. and reaches
Banaras at 7 p.m. while another train B starts from
Banaras at 6 p.m. and reaches Patna at 7:30 p.m. The
two trains will cross each other. Find the time when
they will crossing each other ?
(A) 6 : 24 pm
(B) 6 : 36 pm
(C) 6 : 48 pm
(D) 6 : 54 pm
(E) 6 : 18 pm
6. Two trains, one from Delhi to Patna and the other
from Patna to Delhi, start simultaneously. After they
meet, the trains reach their destination after 16 hours
and 64 hours respectively. What is the ratio of their
speeds ?
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 3 : 2
(C) 4 : 3
(D) 5 : 3
(E) 4 : 1
7. Two train 4001 and 1432 are 120 km apart. The train
4001 starts from A at 6 a.m. and travels towards B at
45 km/hr another train starts from B at 7 a.m. and
travels towards A at a speed of 25 km/hr. At what
time they meet ?
(A) 8 : 04 am
(B) 7 : 36 am
(C) 7 : 12 am
(D) 8 : 44 am
(E) 9 : 12 am
10. Walking at
20. There are two different roads between two cities. The
first is 20 km longer than the second A car travels
along the second road and covers the distance
1
between the cities in 3 hours. Another car travels
2
1
along the second road and covers the distance in 2
2
hours. If the speed of the first car is 40 km/hr less
than that of the second car, then what is the speed of
faster car ?
(A) 60
(B) 80
(C) 120
(D) 160
(E) 200
21. Taruna can row a boat d1 km up-stream and d2 km
down-stream in T1 hours. He can row d1 km upstream and d2 km down-stream in T2 hours. Then
find the down-stream speeds ?
d d d1d2
d d d1d2
(A) 1 2
(B) 1 2
d1 T2 T1 d2
d2 T2 T1 d1
d d d1d2
d d d1d2
(C) 1 2
(D) 1 2
d1 T1 T1 d1
d1 T2 T2 d1
d d d2d2
(E) 1 1
d1 T2 T1 d1
22. A pedestrian and a cyclist start simultaneously
towards each other from towns X and Y. Which are
80 km apart and meet two hours from start, then they
continue their journey and the cyclist arrive at X 20
hours earlier than the pedestrian arrive at Y. Find the
ratio of their speeds ?
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 1 : 3
(C) 1 : 4
(D) 1 : 9
(E) 1 : 8
23. Sita and Soni start simultaneously from point P
towards Q, 60 kms. apart. Sitas spee is 4 km/hr less
than Sonis speed. Sita after reaching Soni turns back
and meets Sita at 12 km from Soni. Find Sitas
speed ?
(A) 20 km/hr
(B) 16 km/hr
(C) 24 km/hr
(D) 12 km/hr
(E) 9 km/hr
Exercise B
1. Sita sees his friends standing at a distance of 240
metres from his position. She increases her speed by
50% and hence takes 20 seconds now to reach her.
(i) If she travels at the original speed, how much
time will she take?
(ii) What was her original speed ?
(A) 30 sec; 8 m/sec
(B) 40 sec; 6 m/sec
(C) 24 sec; 10 m/sec (D) 36sec.
(E) None of these
128 | CAT Complete Course
2. Ramesh arrives at his office 30 minutes late everyday. On a particular day, he reduces his speed by
25% and hence arrived 50 min. late instead. Find
how much speed he should increase so that he will be
on time on a particular day ?
(A) 50%
(B) 75%
(C) 100%
(D) 125%
(E) 150%
3. A car traveled 30% of time at a speed of 20 km/hr,
40% of time at a speed of 30 km/hr and rest of the
journey at a speed at 40 km/hr. What is the average
speed of the car for the entire journey ?
(A) 25 km/hr
(B) 45 km/hr
(C) 30 km/hr
(D) 60 km/hr
(E) 15 km/hr
4. A thief steals a car at 10.30 a.m. and drives it at 60
km/hr. The theft is discovered at 1100 a.m. and the
owner sets off in another car at 75 km/hr when will
he overtake the thief ?
(A) 1230
(B) 100
(C) 115
(D) 145
(E) 130
5. A man travels 600 km partly by train and partly by
car. If he covers 400 km by train and the rest by car,
it takes him 6 hours and 30 minutes. But if he travels
200 km by train and rest by car, he takes half an hour
longer. Find the speed of the car ?
(A) 50 km/hr
(B) 60 km/hr
(C) 65 km/hr
(D) 75 km/hr
(E) 80 km/hr
6. A cart race track has a circumference of 3000 m the
length of the race is 9000 m. The fastest and the
slowest cart meet for the first time after the start of
the race at the end of the length in 10 minute. All the
carts start at the same point and fastest cart moves at
twice the speed of the slowest cart, what is the time
taken by the fastest cart to finish the race ?
(A) 30 minutes
(B) 25 minutes
(C) 20 minute
(D) 40 minutes
(E) 45 minutes
7. The local shuttle service trains which travel at a
uniform speed run at regular intervals, Sunita,
walking down along the railway track at uniform
speed, found that every 8 minutes there is a local
train coming in opposite direction and every 24
minutes, there is a local train overtaking her from
behind. What is the time gap between one local train
passing a stationary point on the railway route and
the immediately next local train in the same direction
passing the same point ?
(A) 12 minutes
(C) 18 minutes
(E) 24 minutes
(B) 15 minutes
(D) 20 minutes
11.V2 240.V 44 = 0
Or,
(V 22)(11.V + 2) = 0
V = 22,
2
V
11
= 24 20
V+U V+U
15
= 4
V+U
15
V+U =
(3)
4
Now, putting the value of (V + U) equation (1), we
get
20
25
+
= 8
V U 15
4
20
20 4
= 8 =
VU
3 3
V U = 15
130 | CAT Complete Course
(4)
X
X
Y+ Y
60
90
Y Y (3 + 2)Y
Or,
1 =
+
=
60 90
180
5.Y = 180
180
Or,
Y =
= 36 minutes
5
Clearly, they cross each other at 6:36 pm.
6. (A) According to the formula,
Or,
X =
T2 : T1
=
64 : 16
= 8:4=2:1
7. (A) Now, Let they meet after t hours of 6 am.
Now, Total distance remains fix.
120 = 45.t + 25 (t 1)
(t > 1 hour)
Or,
120 = 70.t 25
145
Or,
t =
hour
70
145
Or,
t =
60
70
= 124.3 minutes = 2hrs 4 minutes
Hence, they will meet at 8:04 am.
5
8. (D) Speed of the first train = 54 = 15m/sec
18
5
Speed of the second train = 36 = 10m/sec
18
If the distance between A and B = X m
Now, when they meet then time is fix.
X
X + 150
So,
=
= 300 m.
10
15
9. (C) Let speed of Z = a m/min
Now, Speed of Y = 3.a m/min
Speed of X = 6.a m/min
Ratio of speeds X : Y : Z = 6a : 3a : a
= 6:3:1
Since, Distance remains constant.
So,
1 1
Ratio of time = : : 1
6 3
= 1:2:6
5
of the usual time.
4
According to question,
5
of the usual time usual time = 10
4
1
Or,
of the usual time = 10
4
Usual time = 10 4 = 40 minutes.
11. (D) Since, policeman and thief move in the same
direction.
So, Relative speed = 16 12 = 4 km/hr
Since, Speed of the policeman is greater than the
thief.
So, Time taken by the policeman to cover 1200 m
1200 metre 1200
=
=
4 km/hr
5
4
18
18
= 300
5
New time taken
= 60 18 = 1080 seconds
1080
=
minutes = 18 minutes
60
In 18 minutes the distance covered by the thief
5
= 12 18 = 60 metres
18
The total distance covered by the thief before he is
catched = 60 metres.
12. (C) According to question,
Distance is fixed.
So, Average speed is given by
2V1V2
18 36
=
=2
V1 + V 2
18 + 36
=
Speed
Time
4
New Speed = of the usual speed
5
2 18 36
= 24 km/hr.
18 + 36
3
2V V
2
1000
=
3
15
V+ V
2
CAT Complete Course | 131
6V
1000
=
5
15
1000 25
V =
= 5555 km/hr.
18
1020
14. (B) Each train has to cover a distance of
km =
2
510 km
Let the speed of MumbaiChennai Express = x
km/hr
510
So, time taken by it to reach Wadi-junction is =
x
hr
Now, speed of ChennaiMumbai Express = (x + 10)
km/hr
510
Now, Time taken to reach Wadi-junction =
x + 10
According to question ,
510
510
+2 =
x + 10
x
10
Or, 510
= 2
x (x + 10)
Or,
510 5 = x 2 + 10x
Or, x 2 + 10x 2550 = 0
Or,
x =
=
10
102 + 4 2550
2
10 10
1 + 102
2
Or,
x = 5 5
103
Or,
x = 5 + 5
103 km/hr
x 45 km/hr
a
km/hr
4
But it has traveled (300 a) km to reach the meeting
point.
Time taken to reach the meeting points is
Its
Speed =
300 a
300 a
=4
a
a
4
300 a
9a
= 4
300 a
a
4 (300 a)2
{2 (300 a)}2
2 (300 a)
Or,
2 300
120 km.
a 120
Speed of train moving towards Patna is =
= 30
4
4
km/hr and Speed of train moving towards Delhi is
300 120
= 20 km/hr.
9
16. (C) Since, the trains are 100 km apart.
Since, trains are moving in opposite direction.
So, Relative speed = 55 km/hr + 45 km/hr
= 100 km/hr
So, time taken to collide the train
Distance
=
Relative speed
100
=
= 1 hour
100
So, the distance covered by bird in 1 hour
= 80 1 = 80 km.
17. (B) Since, the trains are running in the same direction.
So, Relative speed = 72 54 = 18 km/hr
5
= 18 = 5 m/sec
18
Time taken by the trains to cover each other
= Time taken to cover
Or,
9a2 =
=
3a =
5a =
a =
=
y
1
The ratio of speeds are 1 : 1.
20 (D) Let the length of first road be a km and so the
length of the second road will be (a 20) km.
Speed of car I = x km/hr
Speed of car II = (x + 40) km/hr
According to question ,
a
7
=
(1)
x
2
a 20
5
and
=
(2)
x + 40
2
Now, putting the value of a in equation (2), we get
7
x 20
2
5
=
x + 40
2
7x 40
5
Or,
=
2 (x + 40)
2
Or,
7x 40 = 5x + 200
Or,
2x = 240
Or,
x = 120 km/hr
x + 40 = 120 + 40 = 160 km/hr
(1)
(2)
1
(d d d1 d2 ) = T1 d2 T 2 d2
V 1 2
d d d1d2
V = 1 2
km/hr
T1 d2 T 2 d2
d2
T d T 2 d2
= T1 d1 1 2
U
d1 d2 d1d2
T1 d1 d2 d1 T1 d2 d1T1 d2 + d1 T2 d2
=
d1 d2 d1d2
d2 (d1T2 T1 d1 )
=
d1 d2 d1d2
d1 d2 d1d2
U =
km/hr.
d1 T2 T1 d1
Now,
22. (D) The pedestrian and the cyclist both are moving in
opposite direction.
Let the speed of pedestrian = a km/hr
The speed of cyclist = b km/hr
Now, relative speed = (a + b) km/hr
Now,
Distance = Speed Time
Or,
80 = 2 (a + b)
a + b = 40
80 80
+
= 20
b
a
4
4
Or,
= 1
a 40 a
4(40 2a)
Or,
= 1
(40 a)a
Or,
160 8a = 40a a2
Or,
Or,
a2 48a + 160 = 0
a =
48
(48) 2 4 160 1
21
48
1664
2
48 40
Or,
a =
2
Or,
a = 44; 4
Q a + b = 40 and b cannot be in negative. So, a = 44
not possible and by a = 4 ; b = 36.
So, the required ratio is 4: 36 = 1 : 9
23. (B) Let Speed of Soni = V km/hr
Let Speed of Sita = (V 4 ) km/hr
Or,
a =
2 (V + 4)
V
V
Sonis speed
Sitas speed
=
=
=
=
=
3 (V 4)
8 + 12 = 20
20 km/hr
20 km/hr
16 km/hr.
Exercise B
1. (A) (i) Let the Sitas original speed = V
3
Now, after increasing speed the final speed = V
2
2
Now, she will take T time to travel the same
3
distance.
According to question,
2
T = 20
3
T = 30 sec.
Now, her original time to reach her friend = 30 sec.
Distance
(ii) Original speed =
Original Time
240
=
= 8 m/sec.
30
2. (C) If the initial speed = V
3
New speed = V
4
4
New time = T (Where T = original time)
3
Now, According to question,
4
T T = 50 30 = 20
3
Hence,
T = 60 minutes
Mean if he will covers his journey in 30 minutes
(Half of initial time) he will be on time.
So, Desired Speed = double of initial speed (as we
know that Distance is constant).
3. (C)
Let time taken = T hr
Now, the distance traveled in 30% of time of
20 km/hr = 03 T 20 = 6 T km
The Distance traveled in 40% of time of
30 km/hr = 04 T 30 = 12 T km
The distance traveled in 30% of time in 40 km/hr
= 03 T 40 = 12T
Total Distance
Now, Average Speed =
Total Time
6T + 12T + 12T
=
T
= 30 km/hr.
4. (B) In an half hour the distance traveled by the thief
1
= 60 = 30 km
2
134 | CAT Complete Course
= 13 7
V
V
600
= 6
V
V = 100 km/hr
From putting the value of V in equation (2), we get
200 400
+
= 7
100 U
400
Or,
= 72=5
U
U = 80 km/hr.
6. (A) Let the speed of the slowest cart = x m/min
The speed of the fastest cart = 2x m/min
Thus, when they meet for the first time, the fastest
cart takes one around more than the slowest cart.
That is the fastest cart move 3000 more with relative
speed of (2x x) m/min in 10 minutes.
3000
= 10
2x x
x = 300 m/min
So, time taken by the fastest cart to complete the race
9000
is
=
= 30 minutes
300
7. (A) The time internal between the train = t
The distance between any two consecutive trains
coming in the same direction as Sunita at
where
a = speed of train
b = speed of Sunita
Now,
and
at
= 8
a+b
at
= 24 min
ab
a+b ab
1 1
4
+
= +
=
at
at
8 24 24
2a 1
=
=
at 6
t = 12 minutes.
8. (E) In the Ist case,
When the fly is moving alongside the train.
Relative speed of the trains
= 60 + 90 = 150 m/sec
Time taken for the two trains to collide
150 m
=
= 1 second
150
The speed of the fly = 5 m/sec
In the IInd case,
Now, Distance covered by the fly = 5 m
After this it covers a distance of 10 + 25 + 55 = 90 m
Total distance covered by the fly = 90 + 5 = 95 m
Now, this is the distance between two cars.
Now, Relative speed of the cars
= 20 m/sec + 30 m/sec
= 50 m/sec
Time taken by the cars to collide
95 19
=
=
sec
50 10
Now, speed of the fly = 2 5 = 10 m/sec
Distance traveled by the fly
19
= 10 = 19 m
10
Total Travel by the fly = 95 + 19 = 114 m.
9. (B) Time taken by the man is in the ratio of 5 : 3 : 2 : 5
from X to U, U to V, V to W and W to Y respectively.
Let this time will be 5a, 3a, 2a, 5a.
So, total time taken = 5a + 3a + 2a + 5a = 5 hours
1
Or,
a = hour
3
Time From U to V = 3a = 1 hour = 60 minutes
1
Time From W to Y = 5a = 5 = 100 minutes
3
Now, Required difference
= 100 60 = 40 minutes.
10. (E) Let length of the trains are a metre and b metre
respectively and V and U are their speed respectively.
When they move in opposite direction.
Time taken to cross each other
a+b
=
=5
V+U
To find V we need a, b and U.
1
part of the tank
x
3
In one minute pipe A can fill part of the tank
x
In one minute (A + B) can fill
1 3 4
= + = part of the tank
x x x
CAT Complete Course | 135
40
tank
x
According to question,
40
2
=
x
3
x = 60
So, B can fill the tank in 60 minutes.
A can fill the tank in 20 minutes.
In Second Case,
B can fill the tank in 60 minutes.
So A can fill the tank in 20 minutes.
15. (E) From (ii)
1
In one hour A can fill
part of the tank.
16
1
Let us suppose in one hour B can fill part of the
x
tank.
1
150 1 3
Now, From (i)
=
=
16
100 x 2x
x = 24
1 1
+ part of the
16 24
5
part of the tank
48
1
part of the tank
24
10
= 5 days
(v) Since, the farmer can dig one trench in 100 days
The farmer can dig 5 trench in 500 days.
Illustration 2.
7 persons can do a certain piece of work in 21 days.
(i) How many persons required to do the same
work in 14 days ?
1
th of the trench ?
20
(v) In how many days he can dig 5 such trench?
Solution :
(i) A farmer in 100 days can dig a trench.
1
A farmer in one day can dig
th trench
100
1
(ii) A farmer in one day can dig
th trench
100
4
A farmer in 4 days can dig
th trench
100
1
=
trench
25
(iii) Since, the farmer can dig a trench in 100 days
3
3
The farmer can dig th trench in 100
4
4
= 75 days
1
100
(iv) The farmer can dig th trench in
days
20
20
(iv) In how many days he can dig
(3)
137
Illustration 3.
80 persons can do a certain job in 5 days. How many
persons are required to do the same job in 20 days ?
Solution :
Here, we have
W1 = W2
P 1 T1
P T2
Given
= 2
W1
W2
P 1 T1 = P 2 T2
T P1
Or,
P2 = 1
T2
Here, P1 = 80, T1 = 5 days, T 2 = 20 days
80 5 = P 2 20
P 2 = 20 persons.
Illustration 4.
10 persons can make 40 toys in 5 hours. How many
toys can 8 persons make in 10 hours ?
Solution :
Given that P 1 = 10, P 2 = 8, T1 = 5 hours, T2 = 10 hours,
W1 = 40 days, W2 = ?
P 1 T1
P T2
= 2
W1
W2
10 5
8 10
Or,
=
40
W2
40 8
W2 =
5
W2 = 64 toys.
Illustration 5.
25 men can cut 10 trees in 5 hours. In how many
hours 20 men can cut 15 trees ?
Solution :
Given that P1 = 25, P 2 = 20, W1 = 10 trees, W2 = 15
trees, T1 = 5 hours, T2 = ?
P 1 T1
P T2
= 2
W1
W2
20 T2
25 5
Or,
=
10
15
25 75 75
T2 =
=
hours.
200
8
Illustration 6.
A man C can do a work in X days and another man
D can do the same work in Y days, then show that C and
XY
D together can do the some work in
days ?
X+Y
Solution :
Man C can do a work in X days
1
man C can do in one day work
X
1
Similarly, in one day man D can do work
Y
138
X + Y
XY
X + Y
work is done by A and B together in
XY
Since,
one day
=
=
=
5 + 25 30
6
25
=
6 hours = 25 hours.
6
Illustration 8.
A and B can together does a piece of work in 20
days, B alone can do it in 5 days. In how many days can
A alone do it ?
Solution :
XY
A and B can together do a piece of work in
X+Y
days.
According to question,
20 =
Or,
5X
X+5
20X + 100 = 5X
100
X =
days.
3
Illustration 9.
Ram, Shyam, Rahim and Abdul can do a piece of
work in X, Y, Z and W days respectively. In how many
days they can do this work if they work together ?
Solution :
1
In one day Ram can do work
X
1
In one day Shyam can do work
Y
1
work
Z
1
In one day Abdul can do work
W
Now, in one day all can do together can do
1 1 1 1
+ + + work
X Y Z W
Then, they can together do the same work in
1
=
days
1 1 1 1
+ + +
X Y Z W
X.Y.Z.W
=
days
Y.Z.W + X.Z.W + X.Y.W + X.Y.Z
Illustration 10.
A, B, C and D can do a piece of work in 3, 6, 9 and
12 days respectively. In how many days they can do this
work if they work together ?
Solution :
According to formula,
A, B, C and D can do a piece of work in
3 6 9 12
=
6 9 12 + 3 9 12 + 3 6 9 + 6 9 12
36
=
days.
25
Illustration 11.
X and Y can do a piece of work in a days Y and Z in
b days, Z and X in c days. How long would each take to
do the same work separately ?
Solution :
1
In one day X and Y can do together work
(1)
a
1
In one day Y and Z can do together work
(2)
b
1
In one day Z and X can do together work
(3)
c
1
In one day X, Y and Z can do together
2
In one day Rahim can do
1 1 1
a + b + c work
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2 a b c a
1 1 1 1
+
2 b c a
1 1 1 1
+
2 b c a
1
1 1 1 1
+
2 b c a
2abc
days
c.a + a.b b.c
Similarly,
2abc
a.b + b.c c.a
2abc
Y alone can do the work =
1
1 1
1+ +
10
2 3
1 6 + 3 + 2
10
6
1 11
10 6
11
So (X + Y + Z)s one day work =
120
120
So (X + Y + Z)s can work =
days
11
11 days.
Illustration 13.
X and Y together can do a piece of work in 24 days,
Y and Z together can do it in 12 days. X starts the work
and works on it for 8 days, then Y takes it up and works
for 10 days. Finally Z finishes the work in 16 days. In
how many days can each do the work when doing it
separately ?
Solution :
1
(X + Y)s one day work =
(1)
24
1
(Y + Z)s one day work =
(2)
12
Now, according to question,
8
2 14
1 =
+
+
24 12 d
8 + 4 14
1 =
+
24
d
1 14
1 = +
2 d
d = 28
=
139
=
12 28 28 12
16
1
=
=
28 12 21
Hence, Y can do it in 21 days individually .
1
1
X individual =
21 24
87
1
=
=
3 7 8 168
Hence, X can do it in 168 days individually.
Illustration 14.
X and Y can do a work in 12 days while Y and Z can
2
do it in 6 days. After X had worked on it for 3 days and
3
Y for 4 days, Z finished the work in 7 days. In how many
days could each do the work separately ?
Solution :
Let the daily work of X, Y and Z be a, b, c respectively, then we can write
1
a+b =
12
1
a =
b
(1)
12
3
b+c =
20
3
c =
b
(2)
20
3.a + 4.b + 7.c = 1
(3)
Now, putting the value of a and b in equation (3)
b + 4.b + 7 b = 1
12
20
1 21
6b + +
= 1
4 20
5 + 21
Or,
6.b =
1
20
26 20
=
20
6
6.b =
20
1
b =
20
1
1
53
a =
=
12 20 4 3 5
2
1
=
=
4 3 5 30
3
1
1
c =
=
20 20 10
1 1 1
a, b and c are
, ,
respectively.
30 20 10
Therefore, a, b and c can do the work separately in
30, 20 and 10 days respectively.
Or,
140
Illustration 15.
A tank can be filled in 40 minutes but there is a
leakage in it which can empty the full tank in 80 minutes.
In how many minutes it can be filled ?
Solution :
In 40 minutes one tank is filled.
1
In one minute part of tank is filled.
40
In 80 minutes one tank is made empty.
1
In one minute part of tank is made empty
80
1 1
part of tank is filled
40 80
21 1
=
part of tank is filled
80
80
Concept of Efficiency
A man has efficiency 50 per day it means he can do
1
2
Illustration 17.
A is twice as efficient as B and is therefore able to
finish a piece of work in 40 days less than Q. Find the time
in which A and B can complete the work individually ?
Solution :
Efficiency of
A:B = 2:1
A requires 2.X days and B requires X days.
According to question,
2.X X = 40
Or,
X = 40
2.X = 2 40 = 80 days
X = 40 days
Thus, A can finish the work in 80 days and B can
finish the work in 40 days.
Illustration 18.
If 25 persons can do a piece of work in 5 days then
calculate the number of persons required to complete the
work in 10 days ?
Solution :
We know that
Number of persons / man / workers X days = work
We represent the person / man / worker = P
Day = D
Work = W
Now, For the same work
P 1 . D1 = W1
(1)
P 2 . D2 = W2
(2)
P 1 . D1 = P 2 . D2
25 5 = P 2 10
25 5
Or,
P2 =
10
25
P2 =
persons
2
Illustration 19.
6 boys and 8 girls finish a job in 6 days and 16 boys
and 10 girls finish the same job in 4 days. In how many
days working together 1 boy and 1 girl can finish the
work ?
Solution :
We have
Job = work = Person Day
In Ist case,
6(6.B + 8.G) = Work
(1)
4(16.B + 10.G) = Work
(2)
Now, from equation (1) and (2), we get
( 64 + 36). B + (48 40).G = 0
28.B + 8.G = 0
28.B = 8.G
Or,
14.B = 4.G
7.B = 2.G
(3)
Clearly, the work of 2 girls is equal to 7 boys.
In Ist cast,
2
12
6 boys = 6 girls =
girls
7
7
6 boys + 8 girls =
12
7 + 8 = 68
girls
68
girls finish the a job in 6 days
7
68
1 girl finish the a job in
6 days
7
408
=
days
7
408
1 girl finishes the a job =
days
7
7
Again, 8 girls + 6 boys = 8 boys + 6 boys
2
= 34 boys
34 boys finish the job in 6 days
1 1
+ part
12 36
3+1 1
= part of tank
36
9
Both the pipes can fill one tank in 9 minutes.
=
141
Clearly, Formula :
Second Method :
100
12
25
=
%
3
100 25
Efficiency of pipe Y =
= %
36
9
Now, Efficiency of both the pipe to fill tank
Efficiency of pipe X =
25 25
3 + 9 % = 100
%
9
1
d2
1
d3
Solution :
1
3
1
Gitas one day work =
6
Now, shares ratio of Sita and Gita is given by
1 1
Sitas share : Gitas share = : = 2 : 1
3 6
Since, total wage = Rs. 120
2
So,
1 1 1
Gitas 4 days work = 1 + =
2 3 6
1 1 1
: : =3:2:1
2 3 6
3
Sanjays share = 360 = Rs. 180
6
2
Sheelas share = 360 = Rs. 120
6
1
Gitas share = 360 = Rs. 60
6
Exercise A
1. 10 men can make 20 shirts in 5 days working 5
hours/day. How many shirts can 20 men make in 10
days working 8 hours/day?
2. Ram can type 800 pages in 25 days working 5 hours/
day. In how many days he can type 1000 pages
working 10 hours per day?
3. 6 workers can make 12 toys in 5 days working 4
hours per day. How many toys can 12 workers make
in 8 days working 10 hours per day?
4. X can do a piece of work in 20 days while Y can do
it in 5 days. In how many days can X and Y working
together it?
143
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise B
1. Ram can do a piece of work in 8 days, Shyam can do
it in 10 days, with the help of Rahim, they finish it in
4 days. In how many days Rahim complete the whole
work alone ?
2. Gita is twice as good a workman as Lila and therefore
Gita takes 5 days less than Lila to finish the work
individually. If Gita and Lila working together
complete the work in 5 days, then how many days
are required by Lila to complete the work alone ?
3. Ganga, Jamuna and Janki can do a piece of work,
working together in one day. Ganga is five time
efficient as Janki and Jamuna takes the trice the
number of days as Janki takes to do it alone. What is
the difference between the number of days taken by
Ganga and Jamuna ?
4. Rajesh is renowned packager of fruits in Patna. He
packs 24 apples or 36 guavas everyday working 6
hours per day. His wife Reena also helps him. She
packs 20 apples or 25 guavas working 5 hours per
day. Rajesh has to pack 4000 apples and 4400 guavas
with the help of his wife. They work alternatively,
each day 8 hours. His wife started packaging on the
first day and works on every alternate days. Similarly
144
9.
10.
11.
23.
24.
25.
26.
145
P 2 = 20
W2 = ?
T2 = 8 10
= 80 hours
From formula,
W1
P 1 T1
20
W2 = 20 80
= 128 shirts.
10 25
2.
W1 = 800,
W2 = 1000
T1 = 25 5 = 125 hours, T2 = ?
P 1 = 1,
P2 = 1
P 2 T2
P 1 T1
=
W2
W1
T2
25 5
Or,
=
1000
800
5
T2 = 5 25
4
5
Now 10 days = 5 25
4
5 5 25 125
Days =
=
4 10
8
5
Days = 15
8
3. Given
6 workers in 5 days working 4 hours per day can
make 12 toys
So, 1 worker in 5 days working 4 hours per day can
12
make = toys
6
Or, 12 workers in 5 days working 4 hours/day
12 12
=
toys
6
Or, 12 workers in one day working 4 hours/day
12 12
=
toys
65
Or, 12 workers in 8 days working 4 hours/day
12 12
=
8
65
Or, 12 workers in 8 days working 10 hours/day
12 12 8
=
10 toys
654
= 96 toys
4. In 20 days X can do a piece of work.
1
1 day X can do a piece of th work.
20
Similarly,
1
In 1 day Y can do = th work
5
W2 = P 2 T2
1 1
20 + 5 th work
4+1 5
=
20
20
1
= th work
4
1
Q X and Y together can do th work in one day
4
X and Y together can do 1 work in 4 days.
1
5.
Rams one day work =
th work
24
1
(Ram + Shyam)s one day work =
th work
16
Now, Shyams one day work
=
1 1
16 24 th work
32
1
= th work
8 3 2 48
Clearly, Shyam can do the work in 48 days.
1
6.
Sitas one day work = th work
3
1
Gitas one day work = th work
6
1
Radhas one day work =
th work
12
1
Shalanis one day work = th work
9
So, (Sita + Gita + Radha + Salani)s one day work
=
1 1 1 1
3 + 6 + 12 + 9 th work
12 + 6 + 3 + 4
25
th work =
36
36
36
They can together do the work in days.
25
7. (Ram + Rahim)s one day work
1
= th work
(1)
8
(Rahim + Krishna)s one day work
1
=
th work
(2)
12
(Krishna + Ram)s one day work
1
=
th work
(3)
16
Adding equation (1) + equation (2) + equation (3),
we get
2 (Ram + Rahim + Krishna)s one day work
=
1 1 1
8 + 12 + 16 th work
6 + 4 + 3 13
= th work
48
48
=
96 12
96
5
=
th work
96
13 1 13 6
Rahims one day work =
=
96 16
96
7
=
th work
96
96
Ram can do the work in days
5
96
Rahim can do the work in days
7
Krishna can do the work in 96 days.
1
8. Now, (Ram + Raju)s one day work =
(1)
15
1
(Raju + Rakesh )s one day work =
(2)
20
1
(Ram + Rakesh )s one day work =
(3)
12
Now, 2 (Ram + Raju + Rakesh)s one day work
1
1
1
=
+
+
15 20 12
4 + 3 + 5 12
=
=
60
60
(Ram + Raju + Rakesh)s one day work
12
1
=
=
(1)
120 10
Now, Rakeshs one day work
1
1 32 1
=
=
=
10 15 30
30
Hence, Rakesh can do the work in 30 days.
1
1
1
Rams one day work =
=
10 20 20
Hence, Ram can do the work = 20 days
1
1 65 1
Rajus one day work =
=
=
10 12 60
60
Hence, Raju can do the work in 60 days.
9. According to question,
4 men is equivalent to 5 women
4 men = 5 women
5
1 men = women
4
8 men = 10 women
CAT Complete Course
147
Now,
= 31 w
since 15 m = 11 w
11
88
8m =
8w = w
15
15
No. of required women
88
= 31 = 31 5
15
= about 26 women
12. (Gita + Ram + Shyam)s daily earning
900 300
=
=
= Rs. 75
12
4
(Ram + Shyam)s daily earning
300
=
= Rs. 60
5
(Shyam + Gita)s daily earning
320
=
= Rs. 40
8
Now, Gitas daily earning = Rs. 15
Rams daily earning = Rs. 35
Shyams daily earning = Rs. 25
13. (5 G + 4 B)s daily earning
660
= Rs.
= Rs. 220
3
(10 B + 20 G )s daily earning
3500
= Rs.
= Rs. 700
5
According to question,
5G + 4B
In 1st case Rs. 1 earned by
220
10B + 20G
In 2nd case Rs. 1 earned by
700
5G + 4B
10B + 20G
=
220
700
Now,
Or,
In Ist case,
148
Since,
31
w
58
(3)
(1)
(2)
2B = 3G
(3)
2
10
5G = 5 B = B
3
3
10
5G + 4B =
B + 4B
3
22
=
B
3
According to question,
(2)
6B = 9 G
15 m + 35 w = 30 m + 24 w
15 m = 11 w
(2)
11
11
3m = 3 w = w
15
5
11
31
3m + 4w =
w + 4w = w
5
5
31
w
5
(1)
35 G + 28 B = 22 B + 44 G
5 (3 m + 7 w) = 6 ( 5 m + 4 w)
31
40w
58
22
B can earn Rs. 220 in one day
3
2
26
6 B + 4 G = 6 B + 4B = B
3
3
26
B can earn Rs. 700 in one day
3
3 26
= 220 26
22 3
= Rs. 260 in one day
26
B earn Rs. 1 in =
1300
3
260
26
1 1300
B earn Rs. 1300 in =
= 5 days
3
260
So, In 5 days 6 boys and 4 girls can earn Rs 1300.
14. Let the number of inlet water taps = a
Number of out let taps are = 8 a
Since, the tank can be filled by each tap in 36 hours.
a
Therefore, part filled by a taps in 1 hours =
36
Now, Similarly
8a
Part emptied by (8 a) out let taps in 1 hour =
48
a 8a
Net part filled in 1 hour =
36 48
4a 3(8 a)
=
12 3 4
7a 24
=
12 3 4
36 4
The tank will be full in
hours on opening all
7a 24
the taps together.
According to question,
36 4
= 6
7a 24
Or,
24 = 7a 24
Or,
48 = 7a
48
a =
7
a 7
1
15. In one hour the inlet of 2 cm diameter can fill of
4
the tank.
In 1 hour the inlet of 4 cm diameter can fill
1 42
= 1 tank
4 22
Clearly, inlet of 4 cm diameter can fill tank in 1 hour.
Similarly,
In 1 hour the inlet of 6 cm diameter can fill
1 62 36 9
1
= 2=
= = 2 tank
4 2
16 4
4
4
Clearly, inlet of 6 cm diameter can fill tank in hour
9
1
Now, the inlet of diameter 2 cm can fill
part of
4 60
tank in 1 minute
Now,
1
part of tank
60
in 1 minute.
The inlet of diameter 6 cm can fill
9
part in 1
4 60
minute.
Now,
In
one
fill
1
1
9
240 + 60
+
part of tank
4
60
1+4+9
240
14
7
=
=
240 120
120
Clearly, three inlets can fill
minutes = 1715 min
7
=
Now, since
1 m3
= 1000 litres
2 m3
= 2000 litres
560
80 + 30 + 20 + 10
= 4 minutes
CAT Complete Course
149
1000 560
80 30 + 20 + 10
440
=
= 55 minutes
80
Exercise B
Similarly,
1400 1000
80 30 20 + 10
400
=
= 10 minutes
40
2000 1400
Time to fill from D upto Top =
80 30 20 10
600
=
= 30 minutes
20
Total time = 4 + 55 + 10 + 30
= 495 minutes.
18. Let A can fill or empty X% of the tank in an hour.
So, B, C, D and E can fill / empty 2X, 3X, 4X and
5X per cent of tank in one hour respectively.
Now, A and D can fill (X + 4X) = 5X per cent of
tank in one hour.
In 4 hours they can fill 20 X per cent of tank. But
they take 4 hours to fill the tank.
20X = 100
X = 5
Case II : C, D and E act as input and A and B act as
output.
So, 3X + 4X + 5X (X + 2X) = 9X
= 9 5 per cent of tank gets filled in 1 hour
100
So, Time taken to fill tank =
hours
45
Case I : A, D and E act as input and B and C act as
out put.
X + 4X + 5X (2X + 3X) = 5X
= 5 5 per cent of tank gets filled in 1 hour
100
So,
Time taken =
25
100 100
Difference =
25 45
100
10
=
=
hours
15 2 3 9
19. Let the ith person be able to do the job in Xi days.
Since, n people are working all possible pairs, each
person works exactly (n 1) days.
Total work done = (n 1)
Time to fill from C upto D =
1 1 1
X + X + X + + X1
1
2
3
n
All persons working together in a single day would
be able to do
1 1 1
1
+ + + + of the work.
xn
x1 x2 x3
W=
150
1.
Ist
method
100 25
=
= 125%
8
2
100
Efficiency of Shyam =
= 10%
10
100
Efficiency of (Rahim + Ram + Shyam) =
= 25%
4
Now, Rahims efficiency = 25 (10 + 125)
= 25%
100
Now, Rahim can do the same work alone in
= 40
25
days
Efficiency of Ram =
Second Method :
Rahims 1 day work = Ram, Shyam and Rahims 1
day work (Shyam 1 day work + Ram 1 day work)
=
1 1 1 1
4 10 8 = 40
=
12
8
8
Or,
5.X = 33
33
X =
7 pipes.
5
100
6.
Efficiency of inlet X =
= 4%
25
100
Efficiency of inlet Y =
= 5%
20
Efficiency of X and Y together
100
=
9 = 9%
25 4
25 4 100
Pipes X and Y together can fill tank in
=
9
9
hours
100
Now, If the efficiency of Z be a%, then
hours
9
the capacity of tank which will be filled
=
According to question,
Amount of water is being emplied by Z at a% per
hour, then
= 125 days
100 100
a 1a = 5
9 9
Again
Rajesh packs 36 guavas working 6 hours/day
36
Rajesh packs
8 guavas working 8 hours/day
8
Rajesh pack 48 guavas working 8 hours/day
(3)
Similarly,
25
His wife packs
8 guavas working 8 hours/day
5
40 guavas is packed working 8 hours/day
100 100
a
9 9
(4)
Or,
Or,
20 100 9a
= 1
9a 9
Or,
261a = 2000
2000
a =
261
100
2000
Hence, in
hours
% tank is filled only, hence
9
261
2000
the remaining 100
% of the capacity will be
261
151
2X
hours
3
When the pipe R is also opened then it takes
2X 2X 3
=
+
3
3 4
2X X 7X
=
+ =
3
2
6
Now, in one hour pipe P, Q and R working together
fill
6
1
1
6
=
+
=
7X 2X R 7X
R = 2.X
Hence, in 2.X hours pipe R can empty the whole tank
7X
= 21
6
X = 18
Now,
2.X = 36 hours.
8. From the last statement,
Efficiency of Sona, Mona and Soni = 50%
From the first statement ,
Soni takes 2 days more than Sona.
From the second statement,
Mona had worked for 6 days and Sona had worked
for 3 days only.
Number of days taken by Sona = 6
Efficiency = 1666%
It means Sona has completed 1666 3 = 50% work
in 3 days
Time required =
1 1
+ work
15 10
2+3
1
= work
532 6
5
Both together can do in 5 days = work
6
1
Rest work = work
6
Given Ramu can complete 1 work in 10 days
=
152
1
10
work in
days
6
6
10
=
days 3 days
3
Required days taken by Ramu = 5 + 3 8 days
Now, Both together can do the same work in 6 days
Required difference in the number
= 8 6 = 2 days.
10.
A
B
C
Efficiency
3
6
2
Number of days
3.X
6.X
2.X
According to question,
3.X 2.X = 12
Or,
X = 12
Number of days taken by A = 36
Number of days taken by B = 72
Number of days taken by C = 24
In 72 days B can completes the work
1
So in 2 days B can completes work
36
1
Similarly, in 2 days C can work work
12
Now, Total work done in 2 days
1
1
4 1
=
+
=
= work
36 12 36 9
8
Rest work =
9
Since, in 36 days A can finish the work.
8
8
So, work is finished by A in 36 days = 32 days.
9
9
11. Days
1
2
3
X
Y
Z
4
6
8
1
1
1
Work in one day
4
6
8
Now, in 3 days X, Y, Z can do
1 1 1
6 + 4 + 3 13
+ + =
=
work
4 6 8
64
24
11
Rest work =
work
24
Day
4th
5th
6th
X
Y
Z
1
1
1
Work in
4
6
8
Now, X and Y can do
1 1
3+2 5
+ =
=
work
4 6
12
12
13 5 23
In 5 days Total work done =
+
=
work
24 12 24
1
Rest work =
24
Ramu can complete
1 1 1 1 1 6 + 4 + 3
+ +
=
52 2 3 4 52 12
1 13 1
=
52 12 48
5
M complete the work in 6 days
2
5 1
= 3 days.
2 5
16. We represent men as M and women as W
6M + 5 W = 4
(1)
4M + 2 W = 7
(2)
In Ist caseWork will be complete in One day by
(24 M + 20 W)
and, in IInd caseWork will be complete in One day
by (28 M + 14 W)
Hence,
24 M + 20 W = 28 M + 14 W
4M = 6W
2M = 3W
M
3
=
W
2
So, Amount received by men
3
= 48 = Rs. 72
2
17. In 12 days 4 boys and 6 girls can complete one work
In one day (4 12 B + 6 12 G) can complete
one work
(1)
5 M complete the work in 6
Similarly,
In one day (7 7 B + 8 7 G) can complete one
work
(2)
Now, From (1) and (2), we get
48 B + 72 G = 49 B + 56 G
16 G = B
(3)
153
Total work = 33 30
= 990 girls 1 day
1
First days work =
44
990
1
Second days work =
43
990
1
Third days work =
42 and so on
990
So, the total work in 44 days
1
=
(44 + 43 + 42 + )
990
We know the Sum of natural Number
n (n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n is
2
=1
990
2
Hence, in 44 days Total work will be completed.
20. According to question, we have
X
Y
Z
Efficiency
1
2
Days
3
1
1
We know
Efficiency
Days
154
So,
X
Efficiency
3
Number of days
2
Number of days taken by X =
Y
2
3
8
Z
6
1
3
Number of days taken by Y = 8 = 4
6
1 4
Number of days taken by Z = 8 =
6 3
1 1 1+2 3
One day work of (X + Y) = + =
=
8 4
8
8
1 3
One day work of (Y + Z) = + = 1
4 4
3 1 6+1 7
One day work of (X + Z) = + =
=
4 8
8
8
Hence, the work will be finish on 2nd day.
1
21. Since,
Efficiency
Number of days
So, Sita can do a piece of work in 15 days
15
Gita can do a piece of work in
days
2
1
Sitas one day work =
15
2
Gitas one day work =
15
Let Gita joined Sita after X days, then
X
In X days Sita can do work =
15
Now,
Rest day = 11 X
(Gita + Sita)s one day work
1
2 1
=
+
=
15 15 5
11 X
Now, Both can do in (11 X) day work =
5
11 X X
+
= 1
5
15
3 (11 X) + X
Or,
= 1
15
Or,
33 3.X + X = 15
Or,
18 = 2.X
Or,
X = 9 days
So, they work together for 2 days.
22. Let the work will be finished in d days
1
Ranis one day work =
9
1
Sheelas one day work =
18
1
Sonis one day work =
24
d
Now, in d days Sonis work =
9
d2
18
d4
and in (d 4) days, Sheelas work =
24
d d2 d4
Now,
+
+
= 1
9
18
24
8d + 4 (d 2) + 3 (d 4)
= 1
924
92
Hence, d = 6 days.
15
3
23. Work of a boy for one hour = girls work for 1 hour
2
Again, Work of a boy for 1 day
In (d 2) days, Ranis work =
9
girls work for 1 day
5
9
So,
1 boy = girl
5
9
Or,
Or,
1
= (5 X + 8 Y + 12 Z) 42
5
3 9
2 75 girls for 1 day
Now,
25. Let the capacities large, medium and small ships are
represented by X, Y and Z respectively.
Now, According to question,
2.X = 5.Z
(1)
2.Y = X + 2.Z
(2)
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
5.Z
9
2.Y =
+ 2.Z = Z
2
2
9
Y = Z
(3)
4
Let the required number of journey is a, then
a (20 X + 14 Y + 24 Z)
1 1 1 1 1
X + =
2 15 3 10 3
2X
1
=
30
3
2X
1
=
30
3
X = 5 hours
Or, a 20
5.Z
9
+ 14 Z + 24.Z
2
4
1 5.Z
425 5 2 + 8 49 Z + 12.Z
25
1
63
a 50 +
+ 24 = + 18 + 12 42
2
2
5
100 + 63 + 48 25
a
= 2 + 18 + 12 4251
2
211
85 1
a
=
42
2
2 5
85 1
a =
42
211 5
=
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
= 17 journeys.
26. Let a be the capacity of cistern.
1
Since, Pipe X in one hour can fill = part of cistern
15
2
Pipe X in 2 hours can fill = part of cistern
15
2
Similarly, pipe Y in 2 hours can fill =
part of
20
cistern
According to question : Cistern if full
So,
Or,
Or,
Or,
a a
+
10 = 0
15 20
a + 2 hr.
a + 2 60
7a 600
= 0
60
a + 2 60
a + 14.a 1200 = 0
a = 80 litres
Hence, the cistern capacity is 80 litres.
CAT Complete Course
155
30
80
+ 60b
= 60
100
300
60a
Or,
18a + 48b = 60
(1)
In Second case,
First machine finishes the work in
2 60b
b
= 40 days
3
a
a
and Second machine finishes the work in
3 60.a
a
= 18 days
10
b
b
b
a
Then
40 18 = 6
a
b
b
We put
= C
a
18
40.C
= 6
C
Or,
20.C2 9 = 3.C
Or,
20.C2 3.C 9 = 0
2
Or,
20.C 15.C + 12.C 9 = 0
Or,
5.C (4.C 3) + 3 (4.C 3) = 0
Or,
(4.C 3)(5.C + 3) = 0
3 b
Or,
C = =
4 a
28. Let V be the volume of the tank. a be the time taken
by the second pipe to fill the tank.
Or, a + 5 = time taken by the first pipe to fill the pool
a 4 = time taken by the third pipe to fill the pool
V
V
V
Or,
+
=
a+5 a
a4
2.a + 5
1
Or,
=
(a + 5)a
a4
Or,
a2 8a 20 = 0
Or,
(a 10)(a + 2) = 0
Or,
a = 10
Hence, the time taken by the third pipe to fill the tank
is 10 4 = 6 hours.
29.
Total area to be laid = 4 (10 15)
+ 2 (12 10)
= 600 + 240 = 840 sq. feet
In one hour, Ram can lay
12 10
=
= 60 sq. feet
2
In one hour, the friend can lay
12 10
=
= 40 sq. feet
3
In 9 hours, Ram can lay = 9 60 = 540 sq. feet
Remaining job = 840 540 = 300
156
=
30 50 1500
So, Required time taken = 75 minutes
31. The ratio of amount of work done by a man, women
and a child is 2 : 5 : 7.
The amount of work done by a man = 2.a
The amount of work done by a women = 5.a
The amount of work done by a child = 7.a
Total work done by man = 2.a 5 = 10.a
Total work done by women = 5.a 8 = 40.a
Total work done by children = 10 7.a = 70.a
So, Total daily wages amount = Total work done by
men + Total work done by women + Total work
done by children
So,
512 = 120.a
512 128
a =
=
120 30
Total wages of twelve men + Fifteen women + Eight
children
= 12 2.a + 15 5.a + 8 7.a
= 24.a + 75.a + 56.a
= 155.a
128
= 155
30
128
64
= 31
= 31
6
3
1984
=
3
32. Pipe P can fill in 12 hours one tank
1
Pipe P can fill in 1 hours th tank
12
Similarly,
1
In 1 hour pipe Q can fill th part of the tank
18
1 1
+ th in one
12 18
hour
In one hour (P + Q) can fill
3+2 5
=
= th tank
4 9 36
36
(P + Q) can fill the tank in
hours
5
1 1 1
9 + 12 15 part of tank
20 + 15 12
23
=
part of tank
3 4 5 3 9 20
9 20
180
Clearly, the tank will be full in
hours =
23
23
hours.
34. Since, the Quantity of water is proportional to square
of its diameter.
1
In one hour in inlet of 1 cm. diameter can fill
10
of the tank
In one hour in inlet of 2 cm. diameter can fill
1 22 4
=
of the tank
10 12 10
Similarly,
In one hour the inlet of 3 cm. diameter can fill
1 32 9
= of the tank
10 12 10
1
4
In one hour three inlets of diameter can fill
+
10 10
9 14
+ =
of the tank
10 10
7
= of the tank
5
5
Hence, the whole tank will get filled in
60
7
300
minutes =
minutes
7
35. Since, pipe X can fill one cistern in 14 hours.
1
So, In one hour pipe X can fill = th part of cistern
14
1
In one hour pipe Y can fill = th part of cistern
16
Now, In one hour pipes X and Y can fill
1
1
15
=
+
=
14 16 112
112
Time taken by these pipes to fill the tank =
15
= 7 hours 28 minutes
Since, Due to leakage, time taken is given by
T = 7 hrs. 28 min. + 32 min. = 8 Hrs.
=
1
In one hour (two pipes + leak) can fill = part of
8
cistern
Now, In one hour leak can empty water
15 1
1
=
=
112 8 112
Leak will empty the full cistern in 112 hours.
1
36. Since, In one minute pipe X can fill part of tank
30
1
In one minute pipe Y can fill part of tank
20
1
In one minute pipe Z can fill
part of tank
10
In one minute (X + Y + Z) can fill
1
1
1 11
=
+
+
=
30 20 10 60
In 3 minutes (X + Y + Z) can fill
11 11
= 3 =
60 20
3
Individually Pipe Z can fill in 3 minutes =
10
3 20 6
Now,
Required ratio =
=
10 11 11
37. Let the first boy do a% of the job in a day so 2nd will
do 2a% 3rd will do 4a% and 4th will do 8a% in a day.
All of them working together will take 5 days to
complete a job i.e. in one day they are finishing 20%
of the job.
So, we get a + 2.a + 4.a + 8.a = 20
20 4
Or,
a =
=
15 3
Since, 2nd and 3rd working together will finish
4
6.a% = 6
3
= 8% of the job in a day
So, Time taken by 2nd and 3rd
100 25
1
=
=
12 days
8
2
2
32
and fourth will finish 8a% = % of the job in a day
3
100
300
and fourth will take =
3=
9 days
32
32
1
1
Hence,
extra days = 12 9 = 3 days.
2
2
157
11
SIMPLE INTEREST
Transaction of money after takes places among
banks, individuals, business and other concerns.
Solution :
P rt
100
1200 5 2
=
= Rs. 120
100
P rt
(ii)
S.I. =
100
2
1
Here, time = 2 months = year = year
12
6
1800 10 1
Now,
S.I. =
= Rs. 30
100
6
730
(iii) Time = t = 730 days =
year
365
3650 730
Now,
S.I. =
100 365
= 12 73 = Rs. 876
(i)
S.I. =
rt
(P P 1 ) (P2 > P1)
100 2
Formula of Amount :
Amount = Principal + Interest
P rt
A = P+
100
r t
100
A = P 1 +
Or,
A = S.I. 1 +
t = Time Period
P = Principal
where
where
100
r t
158
Change in S.I. =
Again,
X = r or t
A = Amount
A1 A2
r or t =
100
A1 X2 A2 X1
Illustration 2.
If Given P = Rs. 120, r = 2% per annum, and t = 5
years. Then Find A = ?
Solution :
From given formula,
A = P 1 +
r t
100
A = 120 1 +
= 120
5 2
100
11
= Rs. 132.
10
Illustration 3.
Find the following :
(i) A = Rs. 7200, r = 10% per annum, t = 5 years,
P=?
(ii) P = Rs. 600,r = 3% per annum, t = 12 months,
A = ?
(iii) S.I. = 150, P = Rs. 2000, r = 12% per annum,
t=?
(iv) S.I. = 120, P = Rs. 5000, t = 3 months, r = ?
Solution :
(i)
r t
100
10 5
7200 = P 1 +
100
A = P 1 +
3
2
P = 2400 2 = Rs. 4800
(ii) From given formula
Or,
7200 = P
A = P 1 +
r t
100
A = 600 1 +
103
= Rs. 618
100
P rt
100
2000 12 t
100
15
5
5
=
= years
2 12 4 2 8
5
15
12 months = months
8
2
P tt
100
3r
5000
12 100
= 600
(iii)
S.I. =
Or,
150 =
Or,
t =
t =
(iv)
S.I. =
120 =
3 12
100 12
Or,
Or,
12 4
= r
5
48
= r
5
r = 96% per annum.
Illustration 4.
At what rate of interest per annum will a sum double
itself in 5 years ?
Solution :
Let required principal = X
According to question,
Amount after 5 years = 2.X
Interest = 2.X X = X
P rt
S.I. =
100
Xr5
Or,
X =
100
Or,
r = 20%
(D) Repayment of debt in equal InstallmentsLet
Ram borrows an amount Rs. M and he returns it in equal
installments at a rate r% annum if i is annual installment.
Now, Borrowed amount = M
ri
n (n 1)
= n.i +
100 Y
2
where Y = no. of installments per annum
Y = 1, when each installment is paid
yearly.
Y = 2, when each installment is paid halfyearly.
Illustration 5.
What annual installment will discharge a debt of Rs.
4800 due in 5 years at 10% simple interest
Solution :
Using formula,
ri
n (n 1)
M = n.i +
100 Y
2
M = Rs. 4800, n = 5, Y = 1, r = 10%, i = annual
installment
10 i 5 4
4800 = 5.i +
100 1
2
i
= 5.i +
10
10
6.i = 4800
i = Rs. 800.
COMPOUND INTEREST
The difference between the final amount (A) obtained
at the end of the last unit of time and the original principal
(P).
Compound Interest C.I. = A P
CAT Complete Course
159
r
A = P 1 +
100
2
A = P 1 +
100
2t
r
A = P 1 +
200
2892 2562
2562
= 1200
=
Illustration 8.
Shyam invests Rs. 25,000 in a bond which gives
interest at 10% per annum during the first year, 20%
during the second year and 25% during the third year.
How much does he get at the end of third year ?
Solution :
From question,
P = Rs. 25,000, r1 = 10%, r2 = 20%, r3 = 25%
Amount is given by
A = P 1 +
C.I. = A P
Illustration 6.
Find compound interest on Rs. 2000 at 5% per
annum, compounded yearly, for 2 years ?
Solution :
P = Rs. 2000, r = 5%, t = 2 years
Now,
r
A = P 1 +
100
2
5
= 2000 1 +
100
21 21
= 2000
= 5 441
400
A = Rs. 2205.
Illustration 7.
Find the compound interest on Rs. 1200 at 25% per
annum, compounded quarterly for 1 year ?
Solution :
Since, interest is compounded quarterly.
25
So,
Time = 4.X, r = %
4
4n
r
A = P 1 +
4 100
4
25
= 1200 1 +
4 100
17 4
= 1200
16
17 17 289
16 16 256
289 289
= 1200
256 256
C.I. = A P
289 289
= 1200
1200
256 256
= 1200
160
1200 545 33
= 32932.
256 256
r1
r2
r3
1 + 100
1 + 100
100
= 25000 1 +
10
20
1 + 100
100
1 +
= 25000
25
100
11 6 5
= Rs. 41,250.
10 5 4
Illustration 9.
Find the compound interest on Rs. 20000 for 3
1
2
r
2
A = P 1 +
1+
100
100
= 20000 1 +
20
100
10
1 + 100
216 11
= Rs. 38016
125 10
C.I. = A P = 38016 20000 = Rs. 18016
Illustration 10.
A certain sum of money becomes n times in t years
when compounded annually. In how many years will it
become nx times at the same rate of compound interest ?
Solution :
Using formula,
A = 20000
r
A = P 1 +
100
t
r
Or, n.P = P 1 +
100
n =
r
1 + 100
(1)
P =
r
nx = 1 +
100
r
n = 1 +
100
(2)
r
C.I. = P 1 +
1
100
2r r
= P 1 +
+
1
100 100
= P
r
r
2 +
100
100
x = CI SI =
=
P =
Pr
r 2pr
2 +
100
100 100
pr2
Pr
r
2 + 100
2 =
100
1002
x (100)2
(r) 2
Illustration 12.
A certain sum of money invested is compounded
yearly, becomes Rs. A1 in n years and Rs. A2 in (n + 1)
years. Find the sum and the rate of interest ?
Solution :
Rs. (A2 A1) is the interest on Rs. A1 in 1 year.
Using Formula :
100 I
P.t
I = Rs. (A2 A1)
r =
P = Rs. A1
t = 1 year
100 (A 2 A1)
r =
% per annum
A1
A = P 1 +
100
A
t
r
1 + 100
P =
100 (A 2 A1) n
1 + 100 A1
P =
A2
A
1
A1
A
P = A1 . 1
A2
Illustration 13.
A certain sum of money invested at compound interest, compounded annually becomes Rs. 8820 in 2 years
and Rs. 9261 in 3 years. Find the rate of interest and the
sum ?
Solution :
Rs. (9261 8820) = Rs. 441 is the interest on Rs.
8820 for 1 year.
441
r =
100
8820
r = 5% per annum
A
P =
t
r
1 + 100
8820
5
1 + 100
8820
441
400
P = Rs. 8000.
Illustration 14.
Divide Rs. 10387 into two parts, such that the first
part after 5 years is equal to the second part after 7 years,
compound interest being 10% per annum compounded
yearly ?
Solution :
Let the first part = Rs. X
Second part = 10387 X
5
10
Now, Amount after 5 years = X. 1 +
100
161
10
100
According to question,
11 5
11 7
= (10387 X)
10
10
X.
X = (10387 X)
Or,
Or,
121
100
221
121
X = 10387
100
100
X = 10387
Or,
121
221
= 47 121 = 5687
Second Part = Rs. 4700.
Exercise A
2
1. Find the simple interest on Rs. 15,000 at 2 % per
3
annum for 3 months ?
(A) Rs. 200
(B) Rs. 100
(C) Rs. 350
(D) Rs. 50
(E) Rs. 150
1
2. Find the simple interest on Rs. 20,000 at 7 % per
4
annum for the period from 4th Feb., 2005 to 18th
April, 2005 ?
(A) Rs. 290
(B) Rs. 450
(C) Rs. 190
(D) Rs. 390
(E) Rs. 150
1
3. A sum at simple interest of 6 % per annum amounts
4
to Rs. 25,000 after 4 years. Find the sum ?
(A) Rs. 12000
(B) Rs. 15000
(C) Rs. 8000
(D) Rs. 10000
(E) Rs. 20000
4. A sum of Rs. 1000 amounts to Rs. 1200 in 5 years at
simple interest. If the interest rate is increased by
1
3 %, it would amount to how much ?
2
(A) Rs. 1000
(B) Rs. 1200
(C) Rs. 850
(D) Rs. 1500
(E) Rs. 1375
5. Raju borrows Rs. 25000 for 2 years at 5% p.a. simple
1
interest. He immediately lends it to Rani at 7 % p.a.
2
for 2 years. Find his gain in the transaction per year ?
(A) Rs. 125
(C) Rs. 625
(E) Rs. 800
162
(B) 125%
(C) 55%
(D) 1633%
(E) 35%
7. Two equal sum of money were lent in at simple
1
1
interest at 12% p.a. for 2 years and 3 years respec2
2
tively. If the difference in interests for two periods
was Rs. 720. Then Find the each sum ?
(A) Rs. 650
Exercise B
1. Find compound interest on Rs. 225,00 at 4% per
annum for 2 years, compounded annually ?
(A) Rs. 5625
(B) Rs. 1125
(C) Rs. 1416
(D) Rs. 1500
(E) Rs. 1836
(B) 1 year
(C) 15 years
(D) 2 years
(E) 25 years
4. Find the annual installment that will discharge a debt
of Rs. 1,60,000 due in 5 years at 10% per annum
simple interest ?
(A) Rs. 16000
(B) 7%
(C) 6%
(D) 9%
(E) 10%
8. Rajesh set up a factory by investing Rs. 50,000.
During the first three successive years, his profit were
5, 10 and 15% respectively. If each year profit calculated on previous years capital. Find his total profit ?
163
1000 r 5
100
r = 4%
Now, New rate of interest
15. Divide Rs. 5115 into two parts such that the first part
after 10 years is equal to the second part after 7 years,
compound interest being 20% per annum compounded yearly and find the difference between two
parts ?
(A) Rs. 3340
(B) Rs. 4440
(C) Rs. 5115
(D) Rs. 1875
(E) Rs. 1465
16. If the difference between C.I. and S.I. on a certain
sum at p% per annum for 3 years is Rs. q. Find the
sum ?
17. Krishna lends Rs. a in n parts in such a way that
interest on the first part is r1 % per annum for t1 years,
on the second part r2 % for t2 years and so on. If the
interest earned from each part for the corresponding
periods are equal. Find the ratio of each part ?
1
7
15
= 4 3 = 4 + % = %
2
2
2
5.
Exercise A
(B) Using formula,
P rt
100
2
8
3
Here, P = Rs. 15000, r = 2 % = %, t =
year
3
3
12
15000 8 3
Now,
S.I. =
= Rs. 100
100 3 12
(A)
Principal = P = Rs. 20000,
1
29
Rate = r = 7 % = %
4
4
24 + 31 + 18 73 1
Time = t =
=
= year
365
365 5
P r t 20000 29 1
S.I. =
=
100
100 4
5
50 29
=
= Rs. 290.
5
P rt
(E) Now,
S.I. =
100
X 25 4 X
=
=
100 4
4
Now,
Amount = Sum + S.I.
X
= X+
4
5X
25000 =
4
25000 4
X =
5
= 5000 4 = Rs. 20000
(E) Let initial rate of interest = r%
Given Principal = Rs. 1000; Amount = Rs. 1200;
Time = 5 years
P rt
S.I. =
100
S.I. =
2.
3.
4.
164
1000 15 5
100 2
= 25 15 = Rs. 375
Now,
Amount = Sum + S.I.
= 1000 + 375 = Rs. 1375.
(C) Interest on Rs. 25000
25000 5 2
=
= Rs. 2500
100
Now, Interest on Rs. 25000
25000 2 15
=
= Rs. 3750
100 2
Now, Amount gained by Raju = 3750 2500
= Rs. 1250 in two years
Now, Amount gained by Raju = Rs. 625 in one year.
(C) Let required time = x years
According to question,
1000 6 x
1200 11 5
=
100
100 2
55 11
Or,
x =
=
10 2
11
x =
%
2
(C) Now, Let sum of money = Rs. X
X 12 5 3.X
Now,
S.I. =
=
100 2
10
nd
In 2 case,
X 7 5 7.X
S.I. =
=
100 2
40
Now difference in simple interest
3.X 7.X 5.X
=
=
10 40
40
5.X
Now,
720 =
40
720 40
Or,
X =
= Rs. 5760.
5
Now,
200 =
6.
7.
8.
New S.I. =
(1)
(2)
120
6
b= b
(3)
100
5
Now, putting the values of a and b in equation (1),
we get
5
5
a + c + 2 c + 3.c = 90000
9
6
10 + 30 + 54
c
= 90000
18
94
c
= 90000
18
90000 18
810000
c =
= Rs.
= Rs. 17234
94
47
c =
9.
4 X 5 6X
=
100
5
Amount = Y +
Y 5 6 13.Y
=
(2)
100
10
(1)
For 6 years,
For 8 years,
Amount = [25300 (X + Y)] + [25300 (X + Y)]
58
100
7
= [25300 (X + Y)]
5
= [25300 (X + Y)] 1 +
Or,
6.X
=
5
Or, Y
7
25
25300 12
Y
7
25300 25
Y
12
Or,
253
7
= 25300
5 12
5
Y = 100 7 12
= Rs. 8400
C.I. = A P
26
4
= 22500
100
25
2
262
1
2
25
262 252
= 22500
= 1836
252
(3)
(4)
6 13 25 7
Or, Y
+
= 25300 75
5 12 12 5
1. (E)
C.I. = 22500
Now,
6 13
Y =
5 12
Exercise B
2
5
2
6.X
13
= 25300 Y +
Y 1 +
5
12
Or,
X =
A = P 1 +
According to question,
6.X
13.Y
=
5
10
12.X = 13.Y
13
13
Y=
8400 = Rs. 9100
12
12
Z = 25300 (9100 + 8400)
= 25300 17500 = Rs. 7800
Now, Sums are Rs. 8400, Rs. 9100, Rs. 17500
Difference between third and first is
= 17500 8400 = Rs. 9100.
10. (C) Let the sum be Rs. X.
In Ist case,
7
28
S.I. = X
8=
X
(1)
2 100
100
In 2nd case,
11 12
66
S.I. = X
=
X
(2)
2 100 100
According to question,
66
28
X
X = 57
100
100
38
Or,
X = 57
100
57 100
Or,
X =
38
3
= 100 = Rs. 150.
2
Now,
6a (20000 a) 8
+
= 1280
100
100
2a + 20000 8
2a
2a
a
20000 16000
=
=
=
=
=
128000
160000 128000
32000
16000
4000
165
3. (D) Let
6. (D)
P = Rs. 2000
(i) Interest is compounded quarterly
9 3
So, Time =
= year
12 4
11 =
P r t 1200 5 t
=
100
100
11 = 60t
nt
r
C.I. = P 1 +
1
100 n
8 4
1
+
= P
1
100 4
3
51
(1)
When rate is 6%
12 =
P r t 1600 6 t
=
100
100
12 = 96t
(2)
According to question,
60t + 96t = 312
8 4
C.I. = 2000 1 +
1
100 2
t = 2 years
4. (D) Let each installment per annum = Rs. x
First installment is paid after 1 year and hence will
remain with the lender for the remaining (5 1) = 4
years.
Similarly, second installment will remain will the
lender for 3 years.
(iii)
n = 1
3
C.I. = 2000 1 +
1
100 1
27
Amount = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5
P rt
100
Now,
1 =
100 + rt
A = P+1=P
100
Or,
100 + 10 4 100 + 10 3
100
100
A = x 100 + 10 2 100 + 10 1
+
+
0
100
100
7. (A)
r
Using formula, C.I. = P 1 +
1
100
r
C.I.1 = P 1 +
1
100
Let us suppose 1 +
16000 = x 5
x = Rs. 32000
5. (A) Interest on Rs. 1000 at 5% for 1 year
1000 5 1
=
= Rs. 50
100
This Rs. 50 Rohit would have lost even if the rate of
interest had not been reduced.
So, the loss of interest due to reduction in the rate of
interest.
= 75 50 = Rs. 25
Reduction in the rate of interest = (5 4)% = 1%
Rs. 1 is lost on every Rs. 100
Rs. 25 is lost when amount = Rs. 2500
So, Rohits total amount in the account initially
= 2500 + 1000 = Rs. 3500
166
r
= a
100
In
2nd
(1)
Case,
C.I.2 = P 1 +
1
100
434 = P (a3 1)
From equations (1) and (2), we get
a3 1
434
=
a2 1
272
2
a +a+1
434
=
a+1
272
a2
434
+1 =
a+1
272
2
a
81
=
a+1
136
(2)
136a2 81a 81 = 0
9
r
Or,
a = =1+
8
100
r
1
=
100
8
r = 8%.
8. (E) Since, profit for each year is on the previous
years capital.
So, its similar to compound profit
Now, Using formula,
Or,
C.I. =
1 + 5 1 + 10
100 100
50000
15
1 + 100 1
5
1 + 100
21 11 23
1
20 10 20
1313
20 10 20
5 9261
1 + 100
50
1313 = 164125.
4
9. (B) Let
Sum = P
For First case,
P rt
I1 =
100
=
A 1 = I1 + P =
Or,
3 5
4800 = P 1 +
100
Or,
4800 = P 1 +
P =
= 50000
= 50000
41
t
=
120
20
41
t =
years = 6 year 10 month.
6
10. (A) Let each equal installment be of Rs. a.
Since, installment is paid after one year and hence it
includes interest for one year and the principal sum.
Or,
3
= P 23
20
20
4800 20
23
a = Rs. 18522.
So,
(1)
I. =
In Second case,
Sum = P 2 ; t = 3 years; r = 5%
P rt
I2 =
100
A 2 = I2 + P = P +
Or,
I =
P 2 3 5 3 P2
=
100
20
In Third case,
Sum = P 3 ; t = 4 years ; r = 3%
P5t
100
t
5600 = P 1 +
20
P r t P1 5 t P1
=
=
100
100
5
(2)
So,
P3 4 3 P3 3
=
100
25
P 1 + P2 + P3 = 24000
I =
Since,
t
1 + 20
Or,
Or,
56 23
=
48 20
Or,
7 23
=
6 20
t
1 + 20
25
20
+ 5 + = 24000
3
3
60
= 24000
3
I = 1200
P 1 = Rs. 6000; P2 = Rs. 8000; P3 = Rs. 10000
Hence, the value of biggest part is Rs. 10000.
CAT Complete Course
167
a a
a 5 + 3 3 1
100
1
1
7
920 = a
+
+
100 150 5 100
30 + 20 + 42
920 = a
3000
a = Rs. 30000.
13. (E) Since, a certain sum of money increased by 50%
in 3 years.
3
In 3 years, x becomes = X
2
In next 6 years, X will become
S.I.2 = P 1 +
Now,
Or,
Or,
Since,
Or,
Or,
3
9
Y= Z
2
4
2 4
X:Y:Z = 1: :
3 9
P =
100
r
2 + 100
900 300
=
= Rs. 75.
12
4
15. (E) Let the first part be Rs. a and second part is Rs b.
Now, First part for 10 years
10
6 10
20
= a 1 +
= a 5
100
X:Y:Z = 9:6:4
(1)
C.I. S.I. = 12
60
S.I. for First year =
= 30
2
Since, C.I. is the sum of simple interest of First year
and Second year.
6
20
= b
100
5
7
= b 1 +
According to question ,
6 10
6 7
= b
5
5
C.I. = 72
pr
= 30
100
S.I. = 60
168
(2)
r
12
=
100
30
Pr
= 30
100
12
P
= 30
30
X =
Pr
r
2 + 100
100
72
=
30
3 3
.Y
2
Now,
72 =
3 3
3
4
2 .X = 32 .Y = 32 .Z
Pr
r
+ P 1 +
r
100
100 100
72 = 30 2 +
Similarly,
3 4
In 12 years Z will become .Y
2
72 =
3
3 3
X = .X
2 2
2
Pr
100
r
r
100 100
So,
P r1
100
Or,
Since,
b
=
a
6 3 216
5 = 125
a + b = 5115
216
a+
a = 5115
125
Or,
a =
125
5115
341
q =
ap p2
3p
+
+33
100 (100) 2 100
q =
ap2 p + 300
1002 100
a = 125 15
a = Rs. 1875
b = 5115 1875 = Rs. 3340
Hence, desired result is b a = 3340 1875
= Rs. 1465.
16. Let Sum be Rs. a.
S.I. =
S.I. =
a p 3 3ap
=
100
100
C.I. = a
p 3
1 + 100 1
C.I. = a 1 +
C.I. = a
C.I. S.I. =
p3
3p2
3p
+
+
1
3
2
(100) (100) 100
p p2
3p
+
+3
100 (100) 2 100
3ap
ap p2
3p
+
+ 3
2
100 (100) 100
100
q (100)3
p2 (p + 300)
17. Let Sum a is divided into n parts P1 , P2 , P3 , Pn
and I be the equal interest earned on each part.
100 I
Then,
P1 =
r1 t1
100 I
P2 =
r2 t2
a =
100 I
Pn =
rn tn
100 I 100 I 100 I
P 1 : P2 : P3 P n =
:
:
r1 t1 r2 t2 r3 t3
100 I
:
rn tn
1
1
1
P 1 : P2 : P3 P n =
:
:
r1 t1 r2 t2 r3 t3
1
:
rn tn
169
12
Plane Geometry
Point
Point is a basic concept in Geometry and is
hypothetical too.
Straight Line
1. At least two distinct points can define a line.
A
Parallel
Two lines are said to be in parallel if
(i) They lie in the same plane.
(ii) They do not intersect, though how far they are
extended.
Perpendicular Lines
If two lines make an angle of 90 with each other,
then these lines are said to be perpendicular.
Through point O, infinite lines pass.
4. A line has only length no width.
5. Given two distinct points, there is one and only
one line that can contain both the given points.
If A and B are two distinct points, then there is only
one line which contain both the points.
6. CollinearIf two or more points are said to be
collinear if these point lie on the same line.
Line Segment
A line segment is a part of a line.
1. It has definite length and two end points.
2. It can not be extend on both sides.
3. Every line segment has one or only one mid point.
AB is the part of PQ. So, AB is line segment.
Ray
A ray has one end point and extends in the other
direction up to infinity.
It is represented by the symbol
Angles
An angle is the bending between two rays which
have same end points but different direction.
Here, are two rays having the same end point O.
The end point O is known as vertex.
OA and OB are called the arms.
is known as angle. it is represented by the
symbol and AOB = BOA = Every angle
divides the whole space around itself in two parts :
Types of Angles
1. Acute AnglesIf measurement of an angle is less
than 90, then such angle is said to be acute angle.
A = CAB = BAC is acute angle.
ABC = 180
8. Reflex AngleAn angle with measure more than
180 and less than 360 is called a reflex angle.
Here,
1 = 3
and
2 = 4
where, 1 and 3 are vertically opposite angles.
2 and 4 are vertically opposite angles.
CAT Complete Course
171
Triangles
Here,
XY = YZ
YXZ = XZY
(c) ScaleneScalene triangles have all three sides of
different length and all angles of different measure.
PR RQ PQ
(2) Based on Measure of the AnglesThere are
three types of triangles
(a) Acute TriangleA triangle in which all the
angles are acute (< 90) is called as an acute angle triangle.
PST ~ PQR
PR
PQ
=
PS
PT
ST
=
RQ
AC = Hypotenuse
BC = Base
AB = Perpendicular
Pythagorean Theorem is based on right angled
triangle.
Pythagorean TheoremIt states that the square of
the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the lengths of the legs.
(AC) 2 = (BC)2 + (AB)2
ABC ~ ABD
AC
AB
=
AB
AD
(AB) 2 = AC AD
(b)
ABC ~ BCD
AC
BC
=
BC
CD
(BC)2 = AC CD
(c)
ABD ~ BCD
AD
BD
=
BD
CD
(BD) 2 = AD CD
(B) If two triangles are equiangular, their corresponding sides are proportional.
In
ABC ~ XYZ
If
A = X
B = Y
C = Z
AB
AC BC
Then,
=
=
XY
XZ YZ
Congruence of Two TrianglesTwo triangles are
congruent if and only if one of them can be made to
superpose on the others, so as to cover if exactly.
(A) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence PostulateIf the two sides and the angle included in one
triangle are congruent to the corresponding two sides and
the angle included in another triangle then the two
triangles are congruent.
ABC A'B'C'
(a)
173
B = B'
AB = A'B'
BC = B'C'
(B) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence PostulateIf two angles of one triangle and the side they
include are congruent to the corresponding angles and side
of another triangle the two triangle are congruent.
B = E
C = F
BC = EF
ABC DEF
(C) Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence PostulateIf any two angles and a non-included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of
another, then the two triangles are congruent.
A = P
B = Q
BC = QR
ABC PQR
(D) Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate
If all the sides of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding sides of another triangles then the triangles
are congruent.
XY = X'Y'
XZ = X'Z'
YZ = Y'Z'
XYZ X'Y'Z'
(E) Right-Angle-Hypotenuse-Side (RHS) Congruence PostulateThis postulate is applicable only to right
triangles. If the hypotenuse and any one side of a right
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of another right another then the two
triangles are congruent.
Here,
PR = P'R'
Q = Q' = 90
PQ = P'Q'
PQR
P'Q'R'
1. AltitudeAn altitude is the perpendicular dropped
from one vertex to the side opposite the vertex. If
measures the distance between the vertex and the line
which is the opposite side.
Since, every triangle has three vertices, it has three
altitudes.
Here,
AD BC
AB = Altitude
2. OrthocentreThe perpendiculars drawn from the
vertices to opposite sides meet at a point called orthocenter of the triangle.
Clearly, altitudes AB, CF and BE cut at a point O.
So, O is the orthocenter of ABC.
174
Exercise A
1. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angled at A, if
AD BC, such that AD = a, BC = b, CA = c, AB =
a, then
1
1
1
1
b2
(A) 2 = 2 + 2
(B) 2 = 2 2 2
a a
b
a c (b c )
1
1 1
1
1 1
(C) 2 = 2 + 2
(D) 2 = 2 + 2
a a
c
a b
c
2. If ABC is an equilateral triangle and AD BC, then
AD2 is equal to
3
(A) CD2
(B) 2DC2
2
(C) 3DC2
(D) 4DC2
3. The circum-radius of an equilateral triangle of side
12 cm will be
(A) 2
3 cm
(B) 3
3 cm
(C) 4
3 cm
(D)
22 cm
5
8
3
(D)
7
(B)
1
QR2 ,
4
(A) 32 cm2
(C) 50 cm2
(B) 24 sq. cm
(C) 72 sq.cm
(D) 80 sq. cm
1+
5
2
II. x >
2
1+
5
(A) I only
(B) 5 : 3
(C) 5 : 8
(D) 8 : 5
(A) 12
( 3 1 ) cm
(C) 12
3 cm
( 3 1 ) cm
(B) 6
(D) 6
3 cm
CAT Complete Course
175
(3 3) cm
2
(C) 4 ( 3
3) cm
3
(A) 2
(3 3) cm
2
(D) 4 (
3) cm
3
(B) 4
(A) 45
(B) 35
(C) 25
(D) None of these
29. If two supplementary angles differ by 50, then the
smaller angle is
(A) 115
(B) 75
(C) 65
(D) None of these
30. In the adjoining figure, if AOB is a line, then the
value of x is
(A) 5/2
(B) 3
(C) 2/1
(D) 3/2
26. In the given figure CD is parallel to AB then y is
(A) 60
(B) 100
(C) 80
(D) 40
27. In a ABC, A = 50. If the internal bisectors of
angles B and C meet in O, then the measure of
BOC is
(A) 115
(B) 120
(C) 125
(D) 130
28. If the angles (3x 40) and (2x 20) are complementary, then the value of x is
176
(A) 75
(C) 45
(B) 55
(D) 35
Exercise B
1. The sum of interior angles of a polygon is twice the
sum of its exterior angles. The polygon is
(A) Octagon
(B) Nonagon
(C) Hexagon
(D) Decagon
2. A regular polygon has 54 diagonals. The number of
sides of the polygon is
(A) 9
(B) 10
(C) 12
(D) 15
3. The sides of a Pentagon are produced to meet so as
to form a star shaped figure, as shown below. The
sum of the angles at vertices of the star is
(A) 2 right angles
(B) 3 right angles
(C) 4 right angles
(D) 5 right angles
4. If each interior angle of a regular polygon is 10 times
its exterior angle, the number of sides in the polygon
is
(A) 10
(B) 12
(C) 22
(D) 24
5. If a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius
r, then the perimeter and area hexagon will be
3
2r2
4
(A) 6r
(B) 5r,
3
3r2
2
3
3r2
3
3r2
(D) 5r,
2
4
6. The radius of a circle is 20 cm. The radii (in cm) of
three concentric circles drawn in such a manner that
the whole area is divided into four equal parts, are
(C) 6r,
(A) 20
2, 20 3, 20
(B) 10
3/3, 10 2/3, 10/3
(C) 10
3, 10 2, 10
(A) 40
(B) 50
(C) 60
(D) 70
15. In the figure, O is centre of circle, ACB = 30. Then
BDC will be
(A) 6 cm
(C) 5 cm
(B) 9 cm
(D) 8 cm
(A) AD = AB + BC + CA
(B) 2 AD = AB + BC + CA
(C) 3 AD = AB + BC + CA
(D) 4 AD = AB + BC + CA
11. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 7 times
the sum of its exterior angles. The number of sides in
the polygon is
(A) 14
(B) 16
(C) 18
(D) 20
12. In the adjoining figure the radius of the smallest
circle (r) is
(A) 3
3 cm
(C) 2 cm
(A) 30
(B) 45
(C) 60
(D) 75
16. A circle has two parallel chords of length 6 cm and 8
cm. If the chords are 1 cm apart and are on the same
side of the diameter- parallel to them, then the
diameter of the circle is
(A) 5 cm
(B) 6 cm
(C) 10 cm
(D) 12 cm
17. In the figure AB is the diameter of the circle with
centre O. CD cuts AB at E such that OE = EB. If CE
= 9 cm and ED = 3 cm, then the diameter of the
circle will be
(A) 8 cm
(B) 10 cm
(C) 11 cm
(D) 12 cm
18. In the figure, find X
(B) 3 cm
(D) None of these
177
(A) 100
(B) 120
(C) 90
(D) 130
20. In the figure, the value of x is
(A) 15
(B) 65
(C) 70
(D) 85
21. In the above question the value of y is
(A) 15
(B) 65
(C) 70
(D) 85
22. The angle of a hexagon are x, 2x + 4, 2x + 4, x 10,
x 10, and 2x + 21, the value of x is
(A) 45
(B) 60
(C) 79
(D) 85
23. In the adjoining figure, ABC is
(A) 40
(B) 60
(C) 70
(D) 120
24. In the figure O is the center of the sector OAB,
BOA = 90. A semicircle ABC is constructed with
AB as diameter. If OA = 1 m, then the area of the
shaded part will be
(A) m2
(B)
1 2
m
2
(C) 300 m2
(D) 5000 cm2
25. In the adjoining figure, the respective values of a, b
and c are
178
(A) 45
(B) 70
(C) 90
(D) 120
28. In the adjoining figure. Find the value of angle a and
b
2.
1
1
ab
ac = ab or a =
2
2
c
Now,
a2 + c2 = b2
ab 2 2
c + c = b2
b2
a2 = 2 (b2 c2)
c
1
b2
= 2 2 2
2
a
c (b c )
(3) BC
(C)
We have AD =
2
3 DC 2 =
=
3DC
2
or
AD2 = 3 DC2
(B) Area of triangle =
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
=
3
3 3
= 4
3 cm
1
2
(B)
RS SQ2 = QR2
4
1
2
2
2
2
(PR PS ) (PQ PS ) = QR2
4
1
2RS = RQ
4
RS
5
=
RQ
8
(A)
AB = BC = AC (given)
1
BP = BC
4
AD is perpendicular to BC.
1
1
AD = DC = BC or AB
2
2
PD = BD BP
1
1
= BC BC
2
4
1
1
= BC or AB
4
4
AP2 = AD2 + PD2
(Pythagorean theorem)
= (AB2 BD2 ) + PD2
1
1
= AB2 AB2 +
AB2
4
16
AB2
=
[16 4 + 1]
16
13AB2
=
16
AP2
13
=
AB2
16
1
(D) Angle BDC = 90 + A
2
1
= 90 + (60)
2
= 120.
(C) The two triangles are similar.
3
X
Therefore,
=
4
2
4X = 6
6
or
X = = 15.
4
8.
(A)
=
=
||
=
=
=
OAB
OA
=
AB
OA
=
12
p1
(since OC = OD)
q1
(OB = AB)
CD)
p1
q=q
CDO (A.A.A.)
CD
DO
6
18
6 12
OA =
= 4 cm.
18
AC = OC OA
= (18 4) = 14 cm.
9. (C) Triangle PAB and PRQ
P = P [Common]
PAB = PRQ [Given]
PBA = PQR [Property]
So,
PAB PRQ [by A.A.A. property]
PQ
PB
=
PR
PA
PQ
PR BR
=
20
8
PQ
20 4
=
20
8
20 16
PQ =
= 40 cm.
8
AQ = PQ PA
= (40 8) = 32 cm.
10. (C) ABC and ADC are similar triangles
AB
CA
=
XY
CY
AB CY 4CY
XY =
=
(i)
CA
CA
DC
AC
=
XY
AY
6AY
XY =
(ii)
AC
From equations (i) and (ii)
4CY
6AY
=
CA
AC
CY
6 3
= =
AY
4 2
CY + AY
3
= +1
AY
2
5
=
2
6AY 6 2
or
XY =
=
AC
5
12
XY =
5
= 24 cm
11. (D) Given that OA = OB = AB
AOB = 60
Now, extend AO so that it meets the circle at the
point C. Join BC,
p
q
Since, AB
q1
q1
179
1
AOB
2
1
= 60 = 30
2
Again, since APBC is a cyclic quadrilateral,
So,
APB = (180 30) = 150
(C) If
BC = X
Then,
DE = 2X,
FG = 3X,
HI = 4X, [By similar triangles]
Area of
DEGF = 20 units
1
= (2X + 3X) h = 20
2
[DEFG is a trapezium and h = Distance between
two parallel lines]
20 2
Xh =
=8
5
1
Area of BCDE = (X + 2X) h
2
1
3
= 3X h = (Xh)
2
2
3
= 8 = 12 units.
2
(D)
ST || QR
Q = S,
R = T
TPY = TSP = 77
(C) L3 is drawn parallel to L1 and L 2 .
Let
= 1 + 1
Now,
+ 1 = 18
and
+ 1 = 18
+ 1 + + 1 = 36
and
( 1 + 1) =
Hence, + + = 360
Required answer = 360
(D) Since,
SR || BC
AS = AR
Since,
A = 60,
ASR is equilateral.
Let
AR = X,
PQ = SR = X
In RQC RQC,
C = 60
RQ X
sin 60 =
=
RC Y
12.
13.
14.
15.
or
ABC =
3 = X
2
Y
or
3Y = 2X
12 + 20 + 24 56
=
2
2
= 28
Here, a = 10 cm,
b = 14 cm
and c = 16 cm
Area =
s(s a) (s b) (s c)
=
28 16 8 4
=
4 74484
= 32
14 cm2
(A)
BC2 = AC2 AB2
= (13) 2 (5) 2
2
BC = 144
BC = 12 units.
1
Area of ABC = AB BC
2
1
= 5 12
2
= 30 sq.units.
(C) The sum of any two sides should be greater than
the third side.
Here, (18 + 95) cm = 78 cm
(B)
Perimeter = 24 cm
Then third side is = 24 (10 + 8)
1
Area of the triangle = 8 6
2
= 24 sq. cm.
(A) Here, the property of the triangle i.e., sum of the
two sides of a triangle must be greater than third side
is used.
a
(i)
ax < a +
x
1
x < 1+
x
x2 x 1 < 0
1+
5
Therefore,
x <
.. (i)
2
a
(ii)
ax + a >
x
1
x+1 >
x
2
x +x1 > 0
1+
5
Therefore,
x >
(ii)
2
Combining equation (i) and equation (ii)
1+
5 > x > 1 + 5
2
2
Therefore, only I is the true.
(B) Area of PUR = Area of PQR
Area of UQR
1
1
= QR PS QR UT
2
2
1
= QR[8 3]
2
5
= QR
2
16. (B)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
s =
1
and Area of URQ = 3 QR
2
Therefore,
5
3
PUR : UQR = QR : . QR
2
2
= 5:3
22. (B)
AB = 12 sin 30
1
AB = 12 = 6 cm
2
AB
tan 45 =
BD
AB = BD = 6 cm.
(12) 2 = 62 + (6 + x)2
2
12 62 = (6 + x)2
144 36 = (6 + x)2
108 = 36 + 12x + x2
2
x + 12x 72 = 0
12
144 + 4 72
x2 =
2
12
144 + 288
x =
2
12
432 12 12
3
=
=
2
2
Taking +ve sign
and
B = D
and
APD = CPB
Thus, PCB and APD are similar
CP
CB
Hence,
=
PA
AD
2 1
= =
4 2
AD
2
=
CB
1
26. (A)
CD // AD
ABC = DCE
i.e.,
3x = y
Now, 3x + 2x + 4x = 180
9x = 180
x = 20
y = 3x
y = 3 20 = 60
27. (A) ABC
A + B + C = 180
B + C = 180 50
= 130
In BOC
6
31
B
C
+ O +
= 180
ve is not taken because distance can be negative.
2
2
(360 2 120)
130
23. (D)
AOD =
O = 180
2
2
= 60
O = 115
So, area of shaded portion
2
28.
(D)
Given
angles
are complementary i.e., sum of two
r sin
=
r2
angles
is
90.
360
2
3x 40 + 2x 20 90
3
16
5x = 90 + 60
60
2
=
16
360
2
= 150
8
x
= 30
.
=
4
3
3
29. (C) NoteTwo angles are said to be supplementary
2
= 4
3 cm2
if their sum is 180.
3
x (180 x) = 50
24. (D) In ABC, given that
2x = 50 + 180
A + B = 100
(i)
A B = 30
(ii)
2x = 230
230
2A = 130
x =
= 115
2
130
A =
3x + 15 = 180
B = 35
3x = 180 15
25. (C)
AP PB = DP PC
3x = 165
AP
PC
=
PD
PB
x = 55
12 + 12
3
2
6
36
181
Exercise B
1. (C) We have, Sum of exterior of a polygon = 360.
Hence, sum of interior angles = 720 which is true for
a hexagon.
2. (C) From the formula :
= n C 2 n = 54
n
=
n = 54
2n 2
n (n 1)
=
n = 54
2
n2 3n 108 = 0
2
n 12n + 9n 108 = 0
n(n 12) + 9(n 12) = 0
n = 12
or
n = 9
ve is not possible
there are 12 sides.
3. (A) Formula for the sum of angles of the vertices of a
star of n sided polygon = (n 4) 180. For pentagon
we have (5 4) 180 = 180 = 2 right angles.
360
4. (C) Each exterior angle of n sided polygon =
,
n
360
and interior angle = 180
360
360
n
360
360
180
= 10
n
n
11 360
= 180
n
11 360
n =
= 22
180
5. (C) We have, Radius of circle = side of hexagon = r.
Hence, Perimeter = 6r
3
3 Side2 = 3 3 r2
Area =
2
2
6. (C)
Total Area = (20) 2 = 400
Each area = 100
Let R1 be the radius of the smallest circle.
Then,
R1 2 = 100
R 1 = 10 cm
(R2 2 R 1 2 ) = 100
= 10
or
R 2 = 10
2 cm
(R 3 2 R 2 2) = 100
or
R 3 = 10
3 cm
Short cut : From options check the ratio of areas.
7. (C) Transverse common tangent divides the line
joining the centres of two circles in the ratio of their
radii internally i.e., 10 : 6.
8. (B) The direct common tangent divides the line C1 C 2
in the ratio of their radii i.e., 7 : 5 externally.
182
AD = AB + BD = AB + BF
Also,
AD = AE = AC + CE = AC + CF
2AD = AB + AC + BF + CF
= AB + AC + BC
11. (B) Let the side of a polygon is n.
According to question,
2(n 2) 90 = 7 360
7 360
n2 =
= 14
180
n 2 = 14
n = 16
The number of sides in the polygon = 16
12. (C) We have in triangle OBD
(r + 3)2 = 32 + (6 r)2
or
r = 2 cm
13. (B) Angle ADC is a right angle (angle in a semicircle).
So,
BD2 = AB BC
or
36 3 = 4 BC
36 3
or
BC =
= 27 cm
4
Now, Shaded Area = Area of bigger semi-circle
Area of smaller semi-circle
2
2
1 31
1
1 27
(2)2
2 2 2
2 2
14. (C)
So,
15. (C)
and
1 961
729
4
2 4
4
1
[961 745]
8
[216] =
8
=
ACD =
ABC =
ABC =
ACB =
ABC =
BAC =
BDC =
216
8
27
180 150 = 30
180 (90 + 30)
180 120 = 60
30,
90 (Angle in a semi-circle)
60
60 = BAC
(Angle in a same segment)
(r2 32)
(r2 42) = 1
or
or
r = 5 cm
(on trying different options)
Diameter = 2 5 = 10 cm.
OE = EB =
2
AE EB = CE ED
3a a
= 93
2
2
3a2 = 4 9 3
a2 = 4 9 = 36
a = 6 cm
So,
Diameter = 2 6 = 12 cm
(A) ACB and ABC are equal. Since, two tangents
from an external point are equal and so the triangle is
equilateral because
A = 60,
ACB = ABC
= 60 (each)
So,
x = A + ACB
= 60 + 60 = 120
(B)
a = 90
(angle in semi-circle)
AB = AD (given)
b = d = X = X1
a + X + b + d = 180
90 + 3X = 180, X = 30
BAD = a + X
= 90 + 30 = 120
(A)
c = 80 (angle in alt. seg.)
z + 20 + 45 = c (ext. angle of triangle)
z + 20 + 45 = 80
z = 15,
x = z = 15(angle in same seg.)
80 + y + z = 180 (adj. angle on st. line)
(B) 80 + y + 15 + 20 = 180
y = 65
(C) The sum of angles of a regular hexagon is
= 720
x + 2x + 4 + 2x + 4 + x 19 + x 10 + 2x + 21
= 720
9x + 9 = 720
9x = 720 9
9x = 711
x = 79
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
a a
a + 2 2 = 9 3
ABC = 120
24. (B) Area of segment
1
1
ABD = r2 (OA) (OB)
4
2
1
=
4 2
Area of the shaded part
=
1
1
(AB/2)2
2
4 2
25.
26.
27.
28.
(12 + 12) 1
1
=
4 2
2
2
1 1
= + = m2
4 4 2 2
(C)
a = 70
Also,
a + b = 180
b = 180 70 = 110
C = 2OTS
C = 2 70 = 140
(A)
OA = OB = 5 cm
AN = 4 cm
and
BM = 3 cm
ON2 = OA2 AN2
ON2 = 52 42 = 25 16
ON2 = 9
or
ON = 3 cm
In OBM, by Pythagorean theorem
OM2 = OB2 BM 2
OM2 = 52 32 = 25 9
OM2 = 16,
OM = 4
Distance between chords
= OM ON
= 4 3 = 1 cm
(B)
ADB = 2AEB
AEB = 70
So, AEB + ACB = 180
ACB = 180 70 = 110
and ACB + BCD = 180
BCD = 180 110 = 70
(C)
BOD = 2a
170
a =
= 85
2
and
b = 180 85
= 95
183
13
Mensuration
AD =
(A) TRIANGLE
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
It is known as Heros Formula.
1
Area = Base Height
2
(ii) Right Angled TriangleHere, ABC is right
angled triangle of height h and base b.
1
Now,
Area = Base Height
2
Perimeter = b + h + p
1
Area = p b
2
(iii) Isosceles right angled triangleLet ABC is a
isosceles right angled triangle where
AB = BC
Now, if
a2
a 2
2 = 23 a
Perimeter = 3a
Height =
3 a
2
1
Area = Base Height
2
A =
1
3 a
a
2
2
A =
3 a2
Illustration 1.
If a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and S the semiperimeter of the triangle. Find the area of the triangle in
terms of a, b, c and S.
Solution :
We draw AD BC.
Now,
2S = a + b + c
a+b+c
S =
2
If
CD = X
BD = a X
If
AD = h
(1)
BC = AB = X
AC2 CD2
b2 = h2 + X 2
(2)
h2 = c2 (a X)2
b2 X2 = c2 a2 X2 + 2aX
2aX = b2 c2 + a2
a2 + b2 c2
X =
2a
h2 = b2 X 2
a2 + b2 c2 2
2a
= b2
(3)
1
Base Height
2
1
= ah
2
1
a
2
a2 + b2 c2
2a
3 25
b2
3 5 metre2
4
Illustration 4.
1
1
Find the lengths of the three sides of a triangle 20
= a
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
=
S (S a)(S b)(S c) .
=
54 34 3 17
Illustration 2.
=
6 9 6 4 3 17
Find the area of triangle whose sides are 5, 12 and 13
= 6 3 2
51
metres.
Greatest side = 51 metre
Solution :
Area
Height =
We see that 52 + 12 2 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132
Side
So, given triangle is right angled triangle whose
6 3 2
51 = 36 metre.
hypotenuse = 13 metre
=
51
51
1
Now, Area of ABC = Base Height
Illustration 5.
2
The sides of a triangle are in the proportion 3 : 4 : 5
1
= 5 12 = 30 metre2 .
and
its perimeter if 48 metres. Find the area of the
2
triangle. Is it a right angle triangle ?
Illustration 3.
Solution :
The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 15 metre.
Let sides are 3X, 4X and 5X.
Find its area and the length of any of its altitudes.
Now,
perimeter = 3X + 4X + 5X
Solution :
48 = 12 X
Let a be the side of equilateral triangle.
48
Or,
X =
=4
12
Since, in equilateral triangle all sides are equal.
Sides are 12 metre, 16 metre, 20 metre.
So,
perimeter = 3a
=
15 = 3a
a = 5 metre
Area of equilateral triangle =
3 (Side)2
3 (5)2
3 25 metre2
Area of triangle =
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
Since S = Semi perimeter so S = 24
Area of triangle
=
185
Illustration 6.
One side of a triangular lawn is 50 metre and the
other two sides are equal. If the cost of paying the lawn is
Rs. 3500 at 25/square metre. Find the length of each
side.
Solution :
Now, we draw a perpendicular AD to the base BC.
Now, In right angled triangle ACD
h =
56 =
a2 252
2
2
2
56 + 25 = a
3136 + 625 = a2
a =
a =
Or,
a = 16
3 metre
Area of ABC =
=
48
3 a2 3 (16 3)2
3 16 16 3
= 168
3 metre2.
Illustration 8.
A ladder 25 metre long is placed against a wall with
its foot 7 metre from the wall. How far should the foot be
drawn out so that the top of the ladder may come down
by half the distance that the foot is drawn out ?
Solution :
Let X1 Y1 be the ladder of length l.
a = distance of point X 1 from foot.
X2Y2 be the new position of the ladder.
Now, In X1 OY1
Or,
l 2 = h2 + 7 2
(i)
In X 2 OY2
3761 metre.
3 a2 = 1 6 a + 1 8 a
4
2
2
+
| CAT Complete Course
Or,
Illustration 7.
In the adjoining, equilateral triangle ABC, three perpendiculars OE, OF, OG are drawn from point O to the
three sides. If the perpendicular measure 6 metre, 8 metre
and 10 metre respectively. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution :
Now, joining the points B and O and O and C.
We get BOC as a triangle whose heights OE and
base is BC.
1
Now, Area of BOC = BC OE
2
1
= a6
2
Similarly, Area of ACO
1
= a8
2
1
Area of AOB = a 10
2
Now, Area of ABC = Area of AOB + Area of
BOC + Area of AOC
186
3 a2 = 24 a
4
2
a2 252
1
Now, Area of triangle = 50 h
2
1
= 50
a2 252 (1)
2
Since,
Rate of cost = 25 / metre2
Total cost = 3500
3500
So, Area of the triangle =
(2)
25
Now, From equation (i) and equation (ii), we get
3500
1
= 50
a2 252
25
2
35000 2
Or,
a2 252
25
50
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
1
10 a
2
l2 =
a 2
h 2 + (7 + a)2
(ii)
l = 25
h2
= 252 72
= (25 + 7) (25 7)
= 32 18
h = 24 metre
Now,
Or,
Or,
Or,
(25) 2 =
2
24 a2 + (7 + a)2
a2
+ 49 + 14a + a2
4
49 = 10a +
5a2
+ 49
4
a
5a 2 = 0
4
Or,
a = 0 not possible
Or,
a = 8 metre
Illustration 9.
If the perimeter of a right angled isosceles triangle is
Now,
(i)
2
2 + 2 = a + a + 2a
Or,
Or,
Or,
So,
( 2 + 1)
2 (
2 + 1)
= 2a +
2a
=
2 (
2 + 1)a
2
=
2 metre
2
b =
2 2 = 2 metre
a =
b = 2 metre
Hypotenuse = 2 metre
a2 + b2 = 52
(i)
Perimeter = 2 (a + b)
14 = 2 (a + b)
a+b = 7
(ii)
Now, putting the value of b in equation (i), we get
a2 + (7 a)2 = 52
Or,
a2 + 49 14a + a2 = 25
Or,
2a2 14a + 49 25 = 0
Or,
2a2 14a + 24 = 0
Or,
a2 7a + 12 = 0
(a 3)(a 4) = 0
a = 3, 4
b = 4, 3
Now, Area of the rectangle = a b
= 12 cm2 .
Illustration 11.
The length of a rectangle exceeds its width by 20
meter and the area of the rectangle is 300 metre2 . Find the
dimensions of the rectangle.
Solution :
Let the breadth of the given rectangle be a metre.
Now,
its length = (a + 20) metre
Area = 300 metre2
a (a + 20) = 300
Or,
a2 + 20a 300 = 0
Or, a2 + 30a 10a 300 = 0
Or, a (a + 30) 10 (a + 30) = 0
Or,
(a 10) (a + 30) = 0
a = 10, 30
If,
a = 10 metre
Then,
length = 30 metre
Illustration 12.
A table cover 4 metre 3 metre, is spread on a
meeting table. If 35 cm of the table cover is hanging all
around the table. Find the cost of polishing the table top
at Rs. 205 per square metre.
Solution :
ABCD is our required area of table.
Now,
length of table = 4 2 035
= 4 07 = 33 metre
Breadth of the table = 3 2 035
= 3 7 = 23 metre
Now, Area of the table = 33 23
= 759 metre2
The cost of polishing the table
= 759 205
= Rs. 155595
Then,
Since,
187
Illustration 13.
There is a square field whose side is 44 metre a
square flower bed is prepared in its centre leaving a
gravel path all round the flower bed. The total cost of
11
laying the flower bed and gravelling the path at Rs.
4
3
2
and Rs. /metre respectively is Rs. 4904. Find the width
2
of the gravel path.
Solution :
Let the width of the gravel path = a metre
Now, Side of square flower bed = (44 2a) metre
Area of the flower bed = (44 2a)2 metre2
Area of square field = 44 44 = 1936 metre2
Now, Area of the gravel path
= Area of the field Area of the flower bed
= 1936 (44 2X)2
= 1936 (1936 176X + 4X2)
= (176 X 4X2 ) metre 2
Cost of lying the flower bed
11
= (44 2X)2
4
2
= 11 (22 X)
Cost of gravelling the path
3
= (176X 4X2 )
2
= 6 (44X X2 )
According to question,
11 (22 X)2 + 6 (44 X2) = 4904
Or,
Or,
Or,
X = 2, 42
X = 2
Hence, the width of the travel path is 2 metre.
Illustration 14.
A rectangular grass plot 8 metre 6 metre has roads,
each 1 metre wide, running in the middle of its one parallel
to length and the other parallel to breadth. Find the cost
of gravelling the road at Rs. 2 /metre2 .
Solution :
From figure it is clear that Area of rectangular road
ABCD = 1 8 = 8 metre2
Similar, Area of rectangular road = 6 1 = 6 metre2
But ABCD is consider twice in the measuring of
area of roads.
So,
188
Area of road = 6 + 8 1 1
= 14 1 = 13 metre2
A0 Aw2 2
metre2
4w
Illustration 17.
A ground of length 120 metre and breadth 100 metre
has pavements of uniform width 25 metre all around it,
both on its outside and inside. Find the total are of the
pavements.
Solution :
For rectangle ABCD which is interior part of
rectangle ABCD.
Its
189
AD = DC
and
ADC = 60
DAC = DCA
We know that In ACD
Sum of angles = 180
Or,
2 DAC + 60 = 180
2 DAC = 120
DAC = 60
DCA = 60
Clearly, ACD is an equilateral triangle.
So,
Area of ACD =
=
3 (Side)2
3 (10)2 = 25 3 metre2
4
Now, Area of ABC :
AC = 10 metre
If S be the semi-perimeter then
10 + 7 + 5
S =
= 11 metre
2
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
=
11 1 4 6 = 2
66 metre2.
Area =
Illustration 20.
The cross-section of a canal is a trapezium in shape if
the canal is 12 metre aside at the top, 18 metre wide at the
bottom and the area of the cross-section is 2400 metre2.
Find the depth of the canal.
Solution :
28
(28) 2 4 96 2
d1 =
We know that Area of trapezium is given by
22
1
28 2 2
49 48
= Height (Sum of parallel sides)
d1 =
2
4
Here, 12 metre, 18 metre are if depth of the canal is h
28 4
d1 =
metre.
4
32 24
1
d1 =
,
Now,
2400 = h (12 + 18)
4 4
2
d1 = 8, 6
2400 2 = h 30
d2 = 6, 8
2400 2
h =
= 80 2
We
take
d
=
8 metre and d2 = 6 metre
1
30
1
h = 160 metre.
Now,
Area = Product of diagonals
2
Illustration 21.
1
= 8 metre 6 metre
Parallel sides of a trapezium are 15 metre and 25
2
metre, while non-parallel sides of equal length each is
41
= 24 metre2.
metre. Now, find the area and height of the trapezium.
Illustration 23.
Solution :
In a four sided field, the longer diagonal is 24 metre
and the perpendicular from the opposite vertices upon the
longer diagonals are 16 metre and 18 metre. Find the area
of the field.
Solution :
Let ABCD be the such field whose diagonal AC is
24 metre.
190
1
(h1 + h2 ) AC
2
1
= 24 (16 + 18)
2
= 12 34 = 408 metre2 .
n 180
n
Now, In right angled triangle OBN
360 180
NOB =
=
2n
n
180
NB
a
Or,
sin
=
=
n
OB 2 R
R =
Area of polygon =
=
=
=
=
Area of polygon =
180
a
cosec
2
n
1
n Height Base
2
n ON AB
2
180
n R cos
AB
n
2
180
n R cos
a
n
2
n a2
180
180
cosec
cos
2 2
n
n
180
1
n a2 cot
4
n
Now, In ONB
a
NB 2
sin BON =
=
OB R
180
= a
n 2R
sin
R =
180
a
cosec
2
n
Area of AOB =
1
Height Base
2
1
ON AB
2
180
1
R cos
a
2
n
180 180
1
a
a cosec
2
2
n n
180
1
a2 cot
4
n
180
1
Area of polygon = n a2 cot
4
n
If r be the radius of in-circle.
Now,
Now,
r = ON =
180
a
cot
2
n
Area of in-circle = r2
=
=
180
a2
cot2
4
n
180
a2
cot2
4
n
Illustration 24.
Find the area of a regular hexagon whose side is 5
metre.
Solution :
Using the formula
Area of regular hexagon = 3a2
3
2
= 3 52
= 25
=
3
2
3
3
2
75
3 metre2.
2
191
Illustration 25.
Find the difference between the area of a regular
hexagon each of whose side is 24 cm and the area of the
circle inscribed in it.
Solution :
We know that the area of an sided regular polygon is
180
1
n a2 cot
4
n
and area of the in-circle is
180
a2
cot2
4
n
x
x
3 cm.
tan 60 =
2
2
In regular hexagon OD = OE = ED
Each side of inner hexagon
Now,
180
1
Required area = n a2 cot
4
n
180
a2
cot2
4
n
= 864
3 1447 66 cm2 .
3 32
(1)
36
S
Each sides of square =
4
S2
Now,
Its area =
16
(2)
S
6
3
3 S
2
6
x
3 cm.
2
3 ( K)2
4
3
3 x2 3
2
4
9
=
3 x2 cm2 .
8
3 (AB)2
4
3 x2
2
3
3 x2
2
Ratio =
9
3 x2
8
4
= =4:3
3
=
Illustration 26.
Compare the area of an equilateral triangle, a square
and a regular hexagon of equal perimeter.
Solution :
Let the perimeter of each polygon be S.
S
Now, each side of equilateral triangle =
3
3 S
4 3
OK =
= OK = K =
1
= 6 (24)2 cot 30
4
1 22
(24)2 cot2 30
4 7
= 144 6
3 144 22
3
7
Its area =
Illustration 27.
Each side of a regular hexagon measures X cm. By
joining the mid points of each side, another hexagon is
formed inside it. Find the ratio of areas of outer and inner
hexagons.
Solution :
Let ABCDEF is a regular hexagon of side X cm.
Now, OD bisects angle EDC.
ODK = 60
Now,
Circumference = d
(ii)
Area =
=
r2
d 2
=
2
d2
4
2
r
4
1
=
r2 r2 . sin
360
2
=
sin
360 2 r2
Area of Semi-circle =
Area =
=
Now,
3 (Side)2
3 4r2 =
3 r2
4
Area of sector = 3
=
60
r2
360
r2
2
3 r2 r2
Now,
Shaded area =
=
3 2 r2
360 circumference of circle
l =
2r
360
l =
Illustration 28.
A piece of wire is bent in the shape of an equilateral
triangle of each side 132 metre if it is bent again to form
a circular ring. Find the diameter of the ring.
Solution :
Each side of the equilateral triangle = 132 metre
Now, perimeter of the equilateral triangle
= 3 132 metre = 396 metre
Since, the some triangle piece of wire is bent again to
form a circular ring.
So, Perimeter of triangle = Circumference of the
circular ring
Or, 396 = 2r
396 7
r =
2 22
r = 063 metre.
Illustration 29.
The hands of a clock are 14 cm and 7 cm respectively.
Find the difference between the distances traversed by
their extremities in 2 days 4 hours.
Solution :
Total time = 2 days + 4 hours
= 2 24 + 4
= 52 hours
CAT Complete Course
193
42 2
(42 2)2 + 4 1 (42)2
2
w =
42 2 42 2
2
2
w = 42 42
2 = 42 ( 1 2)
Considering the + ve value
w = 42 ( 1
2) cm.
Illustration 31.
Ram by walking diametrically across a circular grass
plot, finds that it has taken him 30 sec. less than if he has
kept to the path round the outside. If he walks 45 meters
per minute. Find the circumference of the glass plot.
Solution :
Let ACBD is the circumference of grass plot whose
value is a.
Now, When Ram walks across AOB
a
Distance = X1 =
194
While,
Path ACB = X2 =
a
2
45
metre/sec.
60
3
= metre/sec.
4
a a 135
2 = 4
Or,
a =
135 2
4
( 2)
157
a = 675
metre
57
l 2 + b2 + h2
(iv) Area of the four walls = 2h (l + b)
(v) CubeIf all the edges of a cuboids are equal in
length, it is called a cube.
Now, Total area of the cube = 6a2
Volume of the cube = a3
Diagonal of the circle =
3a
Illustration 32.
Find the volume, the surface area and the diagonal of
a cuboids 12 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm high.
Solution :
Here, we have
l = 12 cm.
b = 4 cm.
h = 3 cm.
l 2 + b2 + h2
=
144 + 25 = 13 cm.
Diagonal =
Illustration 33.
A plot of land in the form of a rectangle has a
dimension 120 m 112 m. A drainlet 20 m wide is dug
all around it on the outside and the earth dug out is evenly
spread over the plot, increasing its surface level by 34 m.
Find the depth of the drainlet.
Solution :
Let a m be the depth of the drainlet.
Now,Volume of drainlet
= (160 10 a + 160 10 a + 112 10 a
+ 112 10 a)
= (5440) m3
Now,Volume of earth spread out over the plot = 112
120 34 m 3
Clearly, The Volume of earth spread over the plot
= Volume of the drainlet
Or,
5440 a = 112 120 34
112 120 34
a =
5440
a = 84 m.
Illustration 34.
A class room is 8 m long 6.4 m wide and 54 m high.
It has one door 2 16 m and three windows, each
measuring 1 m 1 m. The interior walls are to be colour
washed. The contractor charges Rs. 5 per sq. m. Find the
cost of colour washing.
Solution :
Total area of the four walls = 2 (l + b) h
Here, we have
l = 8m
b = 64 m
h = 54 m
Total area of the four walls = 2 (8 + 64) 54
= 2 144 54
= 15552 m2
Area of the door = 2 16 = 32 m2
Area of windows = 3 1 m 1 m = 3 m2
The required area to be washed = Total area of the
four walls (Area of the door + Area of windows)
= 15552 (32 + 3)
= 15552 62 = 14932 m2
Now, Cost of the colour washing
= Required area Cost
= 14932 5
= Rs. 7466.
Illustration 35.
The cost of white washing the walls of a room at
Rs. 24 per m2 is Rs. 640 and the cost of carpeting the
floor at Rs. 64 per m 2 is Rs. 320. There are two almirahs
each of size 24 m 1 m and four doors each of size 24
m 2 m. If the length and breadth are in the ratio 1 : 2.
Find the dimensions of the room.
Solution :
Since, the ratio of length and breadth are 1 : 2.
So, Let length = a
Breadth = 2a
Area of the floor = a 2a
= 2a2
Now, Cost of carpeting the floor
= 2a2 64
320 = 2a2 64
3200
Or,
a2 =
2 64
a = 5m
Breadth = 10 m
Let height of the wall = h m
Area of two almirahs = 2 24 1 = 48 m 2
Area of four doors = 4 24 2 = 192 m2
Now, Area of the four walls
= (l + b) h
= (5 + 10) h
= 15 h m2
According to question,
The cost of white washing the walls = Area of the
walls excluding almirahs and door rate
640 = {15 h (192 + 48)} 24
640 10
Or,
= 15 h 24
24
800
Or,
+ 24 = 15 h
3
872
Or,
= h
3 15
872
h =
m.
3 15
Illustration 36.
One iron-solid is a cuboids of dimensions 12 m 24
m 36 m. It is melted and cubes each of side 4 m are
molded from it. Find the number of cubes formed.
CAT Complete Course
195
Solution :
Volume of iron-solid = 12 m 24 m 36 m
= 12 24 36 m3
Volume of one cube = 4 4 4 m3
Now, Number of each cubes
Volume of iron solid
=
Volume of one cube
12 24 36
=
444
= 3 6 9 = 162.
Illustration 37.
A cuboids has dimensions a m b m c m. If its
length and breadth increases by 25%, then find the
percentage increase in the lateral surface area of the
cuboids if breadth is the half of length.
Solution :
Let a be the length and b be the breadth of the
cuboids respectively.
Now, after 25% increment.
25 5
Length = l = l + l
= l
100 4
25 5
and
Breadth = b = b + b
= b
100 4
Since, lateral surface area = Area of four walls
= 2 (l + b) h
5 5
Final Lateral surface area = 2 l + b h
4 4
l
b =
2
Since, it is given
5 5
= A = 2 l + b h
4 4
3
= 5 lh
4
Initial lateral surface area
= A = 2 (l + b) h
3
= 2 lh
2
15
A
4
Now,
=
A
3
15 1 5
=
= = 3lh
4 3 4
A
1
1
=
A
4
% increase in lateral surface area
=
196
A
1 A 100 = 25%.
Illustration 38.
A water tank of thickness 10 m measures externally
220 m, in length, 180 m in breadth and 120 m in height.
Find its external and internal surface area and the maximum weight of water that it can store. 1 m3 of water
weighs 1 gm. What is the weight of the tank if 100 m3 of
its material weight 250 kg ?
Solution :
Let l, b and h be the external length, breadth and
height of the tank.
Similarly, l, b and h be the internal length, breadth
and height of the tank.
Now, l = 220 m, b = 180 m, h = 120 m
l = 220 20 = 200 m
b = 180 20 = 160 m
h = 120 20 = 100 m
Now, External volume = V = 220 180 120 m3
Internal Volume = V = 200 160 100 m3
Volume of water in the tank = V
Now, Weight of the water = V 1 gm
200 160 100
=
kg
1000
= 3200 kg
Volume of material of the tank = V V
= 22 18 12 10 3 20 16 103 m3
= 1552 103 m3
Now, Weight of the material =
= 3880000 kg.
197
Illustration 42.
A goodown building is in the form such that its upper
part is semi-cylindrical of radius 7 m while the inner
portion of the godown is cuboidal form of dimension
14 m 5 m 21 m. Find the volume of the godown and
the total interior surface excluding the floor.
Solution :
Here, we have
r + h = 21 m
Since,
r = 7m
h = 14 m
l = 14 m breadth = b = 5 m
Since, Diameter of semi-cylindrical part is 14 m, so
diameter is along the length of the godown.
Now, Height of cylindrical part = b = 5 m
r2 h
Volume of semi-cylindrical part =
2
2
22 (7) 5
=
7
2
= 11 7 5 m3
= 385 m.3
Volume of cuboidal form of the godown
= lbh
= 14 5 14 m3
= 980 m3
Total Volume of godown = 385 + 980
= 1365 m3
Total surface area excluding the floor
= Interior surface of semi-cylindrical part
+ Interior surface of cuboidal form
= r (r + h) + 2 (l + b) h
22
=
7 (7 + 5) + 2 (74 + 5) 14
7
= 22 12 + 28 19
= 264 + 532 = 796 m 2
Illustration 43.
A lead pencil consists of a cylinder of wood with a
solid cylinder of graphite filled into it. The diameter of the
pencil is 14 mm, the diameter of the graphite is 7 mm and
the length of the pencil is 20 cm. Calculate the weight of
the whole pencil, if the specific gravity of the wood 07
gm/cm3 and that of the graphite is 35 gm/cm3 .
Solution :
Given for pencil,
Radius = 7 mm
Height = 20 cm
Now,
Volume of the pencil = r2 h
198
22
7 7 20 10 2 cm3
7
= 440 7 10 2 cm3
For Graphite,
7
= 35 cm
2
Height = 20 cm
Volume of the graphite = r2 h
Radius = r =
22 7
10 2 20
7 2
2
= 11 10 7 10 2 cm3
Volume of wood = Volume of pencil
Volume of graphite
= (44 7 10 1 77 10 1) cm3
= 7 10 1 (33) cm3
Mass of wood = Volume Density
= 7 33 10 1 07 gm
= 1617 gm
Mass of graphite = 77 35
= 2695 gm
So,
Total weight = 2695 + 16170 gm
= 18765 gm.
(H) CONE
A right circular cone is a solid generated by revolving a line segment which passes through a fixed point and
which makes a constant angle with a fixed line.
Height of the ConePerpendicular drawn from
vertex C to the base on the circular base.
Slant height of the ConeThe length of the segment
BC is called the slant height of the cone.
Now, Curved surface area of the cone
1
= length of the arc of the sector radius of the
2
base
1
Curved surface area of cone = 2 r l
2
= rl
Total surface area of the cone = Curved surface area
+ Area of the base
= rl + r2
= r (l + r).
Illustration 44.
The radius of the base and the height of a right
circular cone arc respectively 14 cm and 35 cm. Find the
curved surface area, total surface area and the volume of
the cone.
Solution :
Here,
r = 14 cm
h = 35 cm
r 2 + h2 =
142 + 35 2
= 5416 314
= 7
4 + 25 = 7
29
Curved surface area or lateral surface area = rl
22
=
14 7
29
7
= 22 2 7
29
= 308
29
Total surface area of the cone
= r (l + r)
22
=
14 7
29 + 14
7
1
100
= 17007 kg.
Illustration 46.
The interior of a building is in the form of cylinder of
diameter 14 m and height 10 m, surmounted by a cone
whose vertical angle is a right angle. Find the area of the
surface and the volume of the building.
Solution :
= ( rl + r2 )
10
1000
(
)
22 2 7 (2 +
29 )
308 (2 +
29 ) cm
According to question,
Radius of the base of cylinder = 7 m = r1
Radius of the cone = r2 = 7 m
Now, In AOB
BAO = 45
BO
sin 45 =
AB
BO
7
AB =
=
= 7
2m
sin 45
1
1 2
1 22
r h = 14 14 35
3
3 7
22 2 14 35 3
=
cm
3
Illustration 45.
An iron pillar has part in the form of a right circular
cylinder and remaining in the form of a right circular
cone. The radius of the base of each of cone and cylinder
is 6 cm. The cylindrical part is 120 cm high and the
conical part is 8 cm high. Find the weight of the pillar if
one cubic cm of iron weighs 10 gm.
Solution :
For conical part r = 6 cm
h = 8 cm
l =
r 2 + h2 =
62 + 8 2
l = 10 cm
1
Volume = r2 h
3
1
= 62 8
3
= 12 8 = 96 cm3
For cylindrical part h = 120 cm, r = 6 cm
Volume = r2 h = 62 120
= 36 120
= 4320 cm3
Volume of iron = Volume of conical part
+ Volume of cylindrical part
= 96 + 4320
= 5416 cm3
Mass of iron = Volume of iron density
AO =
=
(AB) 2 (BO) 2
(7
2)2 (7)2 = 7 m
199
Solution :
When the semi-circular sheet is bent into an open
conical cup, the radius of the sheet becomes the slant
height of the cup and the circumference of the sheet
becomes the circumference of the base of the cone.
Slant height of the conical cup = 14 cm.
If r be the radius of the conical cup.
Circumference of the base of the conical cup =
Circumference of the sheet
2 r = 14
r = 7
Now,
l 2 = r 2 + h2
l 2 r2
h =
(14) 2 (7) 2 = 7
3 cm
h =
h = 7 1732 = 1212 cm
Depth of the cup = 1212 cm
Also, capacity of the cup = Volume of the cup
1
= r2 h
3
1 22
= 7 7 1212
3 7
= 60226 cm.3
Illustration 48.
The radii of the ends of a bucket of height 24 cm are
21 cm and 14 cm. Find its capacity.
Solution :
Using the properties of similar triangles between
AOB and AOE.
OB
AO
7
h
Now,
=
or =
OE
AO 21 h + 24
2
2
h
Or,
=
3
h + 24
h = 48 cm.
Now, Volume of cone ADE
1 21
= (24 + 48)
3 2
2
=
=
=
=
Volume of cone ACB =
=
=
Capacity of bucket =
=
200
1 22 21 21
72
3 7
2
2
11 21 36
396 21
8316 cm3
1
(7)2 48
3
1 22
7 7 48
3 7
154 16 = 2464 cm3
8316 + 2464
10780 cm.3
(I) PYRAMIDS
Right Pyramid :
1
Base area Height
3
1
= Ah
3
1
Slant Surface area = Slant height base side
2
1
= lbn
2
n = number of sides
Whole Surface Area = Base Area + Total Slant Arc
For A right pyramid on a triangular base, each edge
of the pyramid is a metre.
OR A regular tetrahedron of a metre edge.
a3
Volume =
6
2
a3
For Square Base =
3
2
Illustration 49.
A right pyramid 6 m high has a square base of which
the diagonal is 10 m. Find its volume.
Solution :
Let ABCDE be our required pyramid
OA = h = 6 m.
If side of the base be a.
Volume =
Now,
Or,
2
10 = a
2
diagonal = a
a =
Now,
10
Area of base = A =
a2
10
=
= 50 m2
Now,
1
Ah
3
1
= 50 6
3
= 100 m3
Illustration 50.
Find the volume of a pyramid formed by cutting off a
corner of a cube whose edge is 8 m by a plane bisects
three conterminous edges.
Solution :
Let the edge of the given cube = 8 m
ABCO is our required pyramid.
Now,
AO = BO = OC = 4 m
Here, AO, BO, OC are perpendicular to each other.
If BOC is base.
1
4 4 = 8 m2
2
1
Volume of pyramid = A h
3
1
= 84
3
32 3
=
m
3
Illustration 51.
A right angled triangle of which the sides are 10 m
and 24 m in length, is made to turn round its hypotenuse.
Find the volume of the double cone thus formed.
Solution :
Let ABC be the right angled triangle.
where
ABC = 90
AB = 10 m
BC = 24 m
AC =
(AB) 2 + (BC) 2
(10) 2 + (24)2 = 26 m
Since, cone is made by rotating ABC along AC.
So, radius of base of the required cone = BO = OD
Now, ABC and BOC are similar.
AB
AC
So,
=
BO
BC
10
26 13
Or,
=
=
X
24 12
120
X =
m
13
AB = 10
120
BO =
13
AO =
So,
1 120
=
288
3 13
13
2
1 120 50 288
3 13 13 13
2
1 120
388
m3
3 13
13
2
Illustration 52.
A cone is 100 m high and its slant height is inclined
30 to horizon. Find the area of its curved surface.
Solution :
According to question,
ABO = 30
Since, in right angle AOB
h AO
sin 30 = =
l AB
1
100
=
2
AB
l = 200 m
BO r
Now,
cos 30 =
=
AB l
3 = r
2
200
r = 100
3 m
Area of lateral surface = rl
22
=
100
3 200
7
= 314 2 104
3 m.2
(10) 2
1
(OB)2 OC
3
120 2
13
13
10
50
5= m
13
13
CO = 26 AO = 26
50
13
288
m
13
1
Volume of cone ABC = (BO)2 AO
3
=
1 120
=
50
3 13 13
2
Illustration 53.
The base of a prism is quadrilateral ABCD if its
height is 12 m and AB = 9 m, BC = 40 m, CD = 28 m,
AB = 9 m, BC = 40 m, CD = 28 m, DA = 15 m, B = 90.
Find the volume.
Solution :
According to question,
AB = 9, BC = 40
Now, In right angled triangle ABC
(AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
= (9) 2 + (40)2 = 1681
AC = 41 m.
Now, Area of the base = Area of ABC
+ Area of ACD
1
= 9 40 + Area of ACD
2
In ACD
AD = 15, DC = 28, AC = 41
CAT Complete Course
201
If
S = Semi-metre =
15 + 28 + 41
= 42 m
2
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
=
42 1 27 14
=
6 79327
Area =
= 6 7 3 = 42 3 = 126 m2
Area of the base = 180 + 126
= 306 m2
Volume of the prim = Area of base Height
= 306 12 = 3672 m.3
(J) SPHERE
A sphere is a solid figure generated by a complete
revolution of a Semi-circle around of its diameter which
is kept fixed.
The centre and the radius of the Semi-circle are also
the centre and radius of the sphere.
Let a sphere of radius r has centre O. Now,
(i)
Surface Area = 4 r2
4
(ii) Volume of the Sphere = r3
3
For a hemisphere of radius r.
(i)
Curved surface area = 2 r2
(ii)
Total Surface area = 2 r2 + r2
Total Surface area = 3 r2
4
(iii)
Volume = r3
3
Let us consider a hollow spherical shell of external
radius R and internal radius r.
4 22
21 21 21
3 7
= 88 0441 metre3
=
Illustration 55.
A spherical lead ball of radius 10 cm is melted and
small lead balls of radius 5 mm are made. Find the total
number of possible lead balls.
Solution :
Since, small lead balls are melted from the spherical
lead ball.
So, Volume of the spherical lead ball = Number of
small lead balls Volume of one small lead ball
4
4
Or,
(10 cm)3 = n (5 mm)3
3
3
Or,
4
4 5
(10 cm)3 = n cm
3
3 10
10 10 10 10 10
10 = n
555
Or,
n = 8000
Illustration 56.
A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 24 cm
contains a liquid. This liquid to be filled in cylindrical
bottles of radius 3 cm and height 5 cm. How many bottles
are required to empty the bowl ?
Solution :
2
Volume of the hemispherical bowl is given by r3
3
2
Now, Volume of hemispherical bowl = (24)3
3
Volume of the cylindrical bottle = R2 h
= 32 5
Now, n be the number of cylindrical bottle, then
2
(24)3 = n 32 5
3
2 24 24 24
Or,
n =
3
533
2 512
n =
5
Illustration 57.
A spherical ball of radius 4 cm is melted and recast
into three spherical balls. The radii of two of the balls
15 cm and 2 cm. Find the diameter of the third ball.
Or,
Solution :
Let R be radius of the initial spherical ball.
Now, r1 , r2 , r3 be the radii of the three spherical balls.
Now,
Or,
Or,
4
4
4
4
R3 = (r1 )3 + (r2 )3 + (r3 )3
3
3
3
3
R 3 = (r1 )3 + (r2 )3 + (r3 )3
43 = (15)3 + 2 3 + (r3 )3
Or,
Or,
64 = 225 + 4 + (r3 )3
(r3 )3 = 60 225 = 5775
R 3 = 23
r3 =
5775 cm.
Illustration 58.
A solid wooden toy is in the shape of a right circular
cone mounted on a hemisphere. If the radius of the
hemisphere is 42 cm and the total height of the toy is
102 cm. Find the volume of the wooden toy.
Solution :
Let R be the radius of solid wooden toy and h be the
height of the cone.
R + h = 10.2
42 + h = 10.2
h = 6 cm
2
Volume of hemispherical part = R3
3
2 22
= (42)3
3 7
1
Volume of conical part = R2 h
3
1
= (42) 2 6
3
44
Volume of wooden toy =
42 42 42
21
1 22
+ 42 42 6
3 7
= 26611 cm3
Illustration 59.
Find the thickness of a hollow sphere whose inner
diameter is 4 cm, if it weigh half as much as a solid ball
of the same diameter.
Solution :
Let R and r be the external and inner radii of the
hollow sphere.
Given
r = 2 cm.
Radius of solid sphere is also 2 cm.
If both are made of the same material, then density
remains constant.
Now,
Weight = Volume Density
4
Volume of solid sphere = 23
3
4
Volume of hollow sphere = (R3 23 )
3
Now, According to question,
4
4
(R3 23 ) d = 23 d
3
3
where d is the density of the material.
3
Now,
R 3 23 = 23
4
7
4
R = 2
Now,
74
Thickness = R r
=
7
2 cm.
4
Illustration 60.
Find the whole surface of a hemisphere if
(i) It is a solid one with a diameter 14 cm.
(ii) It is 1 cm in thickness and 14 cm in external diameter.
Solution :
(i) Radius of hemisphere = 7 cm.
Now, Total Surface area of hemisphere = 3r2
22
Total surface area = 3 72
7
= 66 7
= 462 cm2
(ii)
Thickness = 1 cm
External radius R = 7 cm
Internal radius = r = R thickness
= (7 1) = 6 cm
Exercise A
1. The foot of a ladder 13 m long is 5 m from a house
and its top reaches the upper part of a circular
window. When the foot is drawn away to a distance
of 7 m remote from the house, the top reaches the
lower edge of the window is
77 2
(A) 97 m2
(B)
m
2
7
(C) 9 m2
(D) None of these
14
2. Ram by walking diametrically across a circular grass
plot, finds that it has taken 30 seconds less than if he
had kept to the path round the outside. If he walks at
the rate of 60 m per minute, the diameter of the grass
plot is
(A) 27 m
(B) 2625 m
(C) 28 m
(D) 35 m
CAT Complete Course
203
(A) 250 m
(C) 275 m
(B) 270 m
(D) 345 m
(D) 184
[S (4) R (3, 4)] h (2 3)
is equal to
P (1)
S (2)
(A) 2
(B) 25
(C) 5
(D) 9
equal to
(A) 55
(B) 45
(C) 325
(D) 50
(B) 20 cm
(C) 18 cm
(D) 12 cm
19. Three concentric circles, numbered a1 , a2 and a3 are 26. The dimensions of the floor of a hall are 12 48 m2.
drawn in such a way that the circumference of a2 is
If square tiles of largest possible dimensions are to
the average of the circumferences of a1 and a 3 . The
be used to pave the floor such that none of the tiles
ratio of the area between a1 and a2 to that between a2
need to be broken, then the number of tiles to be used
and a3 will be (given that the radii are as 10 : 11 :
is
12)
(A) 2
(B) 5
17
15
(A)
(B)
(C) 4
(D) 10
19
17
27.
The
length
and
breadth
of
a rectangular plot of a land
21
(C)
(D) None of these
are
in
the
ratio
of
7
:
5.
The
owner spent Rs. 2400 for
23
surrounding
it
from
all
the
sides at the rate of Rs. 2
Directions (Q. 20 to 21)Refer to the following
per
metre.
What
is
the
difference
between the length
information to answer the question that follow.
and
breadth
of
the
plot
?
A piece of wire 20 m long is cut into two pieces, one
of which is bent into a circle and the other into the square
(A) 85 m
(B) 100 m
enclosing it.
(C) 127 m
(D) 250 m
20. The area of square outside the circle is
28. A 8 metres wide road is to be constructed surrounding
(A) 12 cm2
(B) 168 cm2
a square plot of area 225 m2 . If the unit cost of
(C) 3 cm2
(D) 1 cm2
construction is Rs. 310 per sq. m, then what is the
21. The ratio of the radius of circle to the perimeter of
total cost of construction ?
square is
(A) Rs. 15,000
(B) Rs. 2,28,160
(A) 1 : 8
(B) 8 : 1
(C) Rs. 2,28,350
(D) None of the above
(C) 5 : 4
(D) 2 : 3
29. If the side of an equilateral triangle is increased by
22. From a square plate of side 20 cm four squares each
25%, then its area will increase by
of side 4 cm are cut away as given in figure. The
(A) 4515%
(B) 5625%
perimeter of the figure is
(C) 70%
(D) 85%
30. In the figure drawn alongside, by how much would
the shaded area increase if the radii of both the inner
and outer circles get doubled ?
(A) 300%
(B) 500%
(C) 525%
(D) 800%
31. If the length, breadth and height of a cuboid are 5 m,
3 m and 2 m respectively, then its surface area is
(A) 62 m2
(B) 65 m2
(A) 75 cm
(B) 82 cm
(C) 30 m2
(D) None of these
(C) 64 cm
(D) 105 cm
23. A spherical ball of lead, 6 cm in diameter is melted 32. The length, breadth and height of a rectangular box
are 6 m, 5 m and 2 m respectively. How many cubic
and recast into three spherical balls. The diameter of
metres of sand will be needed to fill the box to a
two of these are 2 cm and 3 cm respectively. The
depth of 80 cm ?
diameter of the third ball is
(A) 985 m3
(B) 940 m3
(A) 565 cm
(B) 615 cm
(C) 780 cm
(D) 905 cm
(C) 30 m3
(D) 12 m3
24. A carpet 20 m long by 15 m wide is so placed on the 33. The number of bricks, each measuring 25 cm 12 cm
floor of a room that there is a border 30 cm wide all
45 cm, needed to construct a wall 10 m long, 5 m
round the carpet. What is the area of the floor of the
high and 50 cm thick, is
room ?
(A) 1500
(B) 1852
(A) 32964 m2
(B) 25345 m2
(C) 1659
(D) 1955
(C) 32136 m2
(D) 450 m2
34. Three cubes of copper are melted and formed into a
25. A rectangular park, with a side of 18 m long and 13 m
single cube of edge 12 cm, if edge of one cube is 6
wide is crossed centrally by two perpendicular concm and edge of second cube is 10 cm then the edge
crete roads, each 22 m and 43 m wide respectively.
of third cube ? The surface area of the new cube
The area of the park left is
formed is
(A) 9654 m2
(B) 10025 m2
(A) 8 cm, 44 cm2
(B) 8 cm, 864 cm2
2
2
(C) 12275 m
(D) 13746 m
(C) 6 cm, 144 cm2
(D) 6 cm, 864 cm2
CAT Complete Course
205
(B) 15
2 m
(C) 17 m
(D) 18
3 m
36. The volume of a right circular cylinder is 14850 cubic
centimeters. If the vertical height of the cylinder is
21 cm, then what is its lateral area ?
(A) 1239 cm2
(B) 1276 cm2
(D) 2250 cm2
(D) 2970 cm2
37. A right circular solid cylinder of base radius 3 cm
and vertical height 320 cm is melted to form 6 equal
solid spheres. If there is a process loss of 40% during
such formation, then what is the radius of each of the
solid sphere so formed ?
(A) 4
3 cm
(C) 7 cm
(B) 6 cm
(D) 75 cm
(B) 12
2 m
(C) 15
2 m
(D) None of these
39. The base radius of the right circular cone is 5 cm and
its vertical height is 42 cm. Its volume is
(A) 1156 cm3
(B) 1225 cm3
(C) 1100 cm3
(D) 1352 cm3
40. A sphere circumscribes a cube of side 'a'. How many
times the volume of cube is the volume of the
sphere ?
(A) 2
(B)
(C)
3/2
(D)
(B) 79
(C) 89
(D) 62
(B) 120%
(C) 5625%
(D) 85%
Exercise B
1. A circular garden of radius 84 m is to be surrounded
by a road 84 metre wide. What is the ratio of the
area of the road to that of the garden ?
(A) 11
(C) 021
(B) 121
(D) 011
(B) 75%
(C) 33%
(D) 59%
(D) 356 m
207
(A) 35
5 192
(B) 19
5 64
(C) 5
5 16
(D) 9
5 32
AC = 13 m
BC = 5 m
(AC) 2 (BC)2
=
(13) 2 (5) 2
AB =
169 25
144 = 12 cm
In IInd case
DB =
(DE)2 (BE)2
(13) 2 (12) 2
169 144
=
25 = 5 cm
So,
AD = AB DB
= 12 5 = 7 m
Diameter of circular windows = 7 m
7
So, Radius of window = = 35 m
2
So, Area of window = r2
6. (C)
8x = 400 352
8x = 48
x = 6 m.
Area of ABCD = Area [ ABC + ACD]
22 7
22 7 7 77 2
=
=
m.
7 2
7 2 2 2
2
2. (B) By the question, difference between circumference of semi-circle and diameter = Distance travelled in 30 seconds
30
r 2r = 60
60
r ( 2) = 30
22
2 = 30
7
8
= 30
7
r =
30 7 105
=
= 2625 m.
8
4
208
ABCD = 2 [ ABC]
11 + 13 + 20 44
S =
=
= 22
2
2
Area =
S (S a)(S b)(S c)
22 11 9 2 = 22 3 = 66 cm2
A = C
B = D
C = 55
and
= 5 450 + 5 200 (5 5)
So,
B + D = 250
= 2250 + 1000 25
Or
= 3250 25 = 3225 m2
Cost of graveling = 215 3225 m2 = 693375 m2.
B + B = 250
250
B =
= 125
2
2x = 10000
x = 5000 m
So, Distance travelled by carriage = 6x
= 6 5000 m = 30,000 m
= 30 km.
W1
V r 3
10. (A) Since,
= 1 = 13
W2
V2 r 2
r 3
98
= 13
14
r2
98 3
r1 3 =
r
14 2
and
r2 = 2 cm
98
r1 3 =
23
14
Let required radius = R.
R 3 = r1 3 + r2 3
98
=
8+8
14
8. (B)
98
14 + 1 8 = 8 8 = 64
11. (B)
R3
R
l:b
Length of the field
Breadth of the field
Area of field
21x2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
64
4 cm.
4:5
4x
5x
4x 5x = 20x2
4500
So,
=
=
=
=
=
=
225 m2
15 m
4 15 = 60 m,
5 15 = 75 m
2 [l + b]
2 [60 + 75]
x2
x
Length
Breadth
Length of railing
= 2 [135] = 270 m.
12. (C)
So,
13. (A)
i.e.,
14. (D)
S(x) = x2
P(x) = 4x
R (x, y) = xy
h (x, y) = 2 (x + y)
So, R (2, 3) = 6,
S (4) = 16
P(16 + 6) = P(22) = 4 22 = 88
H (88, 4) = 2 (88 + 4)
= 2(92) = 184
15. (B)
S (4) = 16
R (3, 4) = 12
P(1) = 4 1 = 4, h (2, 3) = 2 (2 + 3) = 10
16 12 10
4 10
= = 25
4
4
4 4
16. (B)
100 80 10
140
25 = 7 25 = 45
20
17. (B) Let, side of smaller square = x cm.
Side of larger square = (x + 10) cm
and
(x + 10)2 = 9(x2 )
x2 + 100 + 20x = 9x2
x = 5 or x =
20
8
AB BD DC CA
AC = BD = 30
2
CAT Complete Course
209
Time =
= 1448 minutes.
100
19. (C) Let the radii are be r1 , r2 , r3 respectively.
2r1 + 2r3
2r2 =
2
r + r3
r2 = 1
2
Area between a1 & a2 = r2 2 r1 2
r2 + r1
11 + 10 21
=
=
r3 + r2
11 + 12 23
(1)
24.
4x + x = 20
22
4x +
x = 20
7
28x + 22x
= 20
7
50x = 20 7
14
x =
m
5
25.
26.
14 2 196 2
Now, Area of square = =
m
5 25
r 2 22 7 7 154 2
Area of circle = =
=
m
2 7 5 5 25
27.
21. (A)
=
m
25
25
25
42
= 168 m2.
25
Radius of circle =
x 14 1 7
= =
2 5 2 5
210
4 2
4 3
4
+ + x3
3 2
3 2
3
3
27 = 1 +
27
+ x3
8
27
27 8 = 1 + x3
7 27
= x3 + 1
8
189 8
x3 =
= (required diameter)3
8
= (2x)3
181
= 8x3 = 8
= 565 cm.
8
(C) Length of the floor = (20 + 2 030)
= (20 + 060) = 2060 m
Breadth of the floor = (15 + 2 030)
= (15 + 060) = 1560 m
Area of floor = (2060 1560) m2 = 32136 m2.
(D) Area of the park = 18 13 = 234 m2
Area of Roads = 18 43 + 13 22 43 22
= 774 + 286 946
= 1060 946 = 9654 m2
Required area of roads = 234 9654
= 13746 m2 .
(C) Each dimension of the tile must be the H.C.F of
12 and 48, i.e., 12 m.
12 48
So, number of tiles required will be
= 4.
12 12
(B) The perimeter of the plot = 2 (7X + 5X)
= (24X) metres.
24X 2 = 2400
1200
X =
= 50
24
So,
length of the plot = 7 50 = 350 m
and
breadth of the plot = 5 50 = 250 m.
4 6
3 2
28.
= 736 sq.m.
Total Cost of construction
= 736 310 = Rs. 2,28,160
29. (B)
Area of equilateral =
3 a2
If a is increased by 25%.
25
a
i.e.,
a
=
100
4
i.e.,
side = a +
New area =
a 5a
=
4 4
9
100 = 5625%.
16
(D)
Shaded area = A = (r2 2 r1 2 )
New shaded area = A1 = [(3r2 )2 (3r1 )2]
= 9 (r2 2 r1 2 )
A A
Percentage Increase = 1
100
A
9A A
=
100 = 800%.
A
(A) The surface area of cuboid whole length, breadth
and height are l, b, and h respectively.
= 2 (lb + bh + hl)
= 2 (5 3 + 3 2 + 2 5) m2
= 2 (15 + 6 + 10)
= 2 (21 + 10) = 31 2 = 62 m2.
(D) Volume of the speed = (l b h)
= (6 5 040) m3
= (30 040) = 12 m3 .
(B) The number of bricks are
Volume of wall
1000 500 50
=
=
Volume of bricks
25 12 45
2000 500
=
= 185185
12 45
= 1852 (approx.).
(B) The volume of the new formed cube
= [Volume of smaller cubes]
=
32.
33.
34.
1728 1216
512 = 8 3
8 cm.
6 Side2 = 6 122
144 6 = 864 cm2 .
(152 + 12 2 + 9 2 )
=
450 =
(15) 2 2
= 15
2 m.
16
3 a2 25 1
2
16
3 a2 25 16
=
2
16
3 a2 9
=
2
16
3 a2 9
2
16
Increment in % =
100
3 a2
31.
=
=
=
=
=
3 25a2
Increment =
30.
x3
x3
x
Surface area
123 = 63 + 10 3 + x3
1728 = 216 + 1000 + x3
r 21 = 14850
7
66 r2 = 14850
14850
r2 =
= 225
66
r = 15 cm.
Lateral area = 2r h
22
= 2 15 21
7
= 1980 cm2 .
37. (B) (Vol. of solid cylinder) 06 = 6 Vol. of each
solid sphere
4
r2 h 06 = 6 r1 3
3
4
9 320 06 = 6 r1 3
3
9 32 3
= r1 3
4
r 1 3 = 23 33
38. (D)
r1 = 6 cm.
Length =
122 + 12 2 + 12 2
= 12
3
39. (C) Volume of right circular cone =
=
1 2
r h
3
1 22
25 42
3 7
= 22 50 = 1100 cm3
40. (C) If edge of cube = a, diameter of sphere = a
3
and radius = a
3/2.
Now ratio = a3 : 4/3 (a
3/2)3 = 1 : 3/2.
41. (B) ABC becomes the base circumference of the
cone thus generated and P becomes the vertex. Thus,
radius of cone can be found.
Circumference = ABC = 1/4 [2R]
= 1/4 [2 5] = 5/2 cm.
CAT Complete Course
211
{AP 2 OA2}
=
{52 (5/4)2}
Height of cone OP =
= 1/3 (5/4)2
{252 25/16}
= 79 cc.
42. (C) Old Surface area = 6a2
New Surface area = 6 (125a)2
(New Old)
Percentage Increase =
100%
Old
6 (125)2 a2 6a2
=
100
6a2
= [(125)2 1] 100
= [15625 1] 100
= 05625 100 = 5625%.
43. (D)
Old volume = lbh
New Volume = 2l 22b 45h
= (29.7) lbh
(New Old)
% increase =
100%
Old
(297 1) Old
=
100%
Old
= (297 1) 100%
= 287 100% = 2870%.
44. (B)
Wire = Cylinder
d 2
d2h
h=
4
2
Volume = r2 h =
According to question,
d2h
(05) 2 h
=
4
4
2
d h = 025d2 h
h
1
=
= 4 = h = 4h
h
025
(New Old)
% increase =
100%
Old
4h h
=
100%
h
3h
=
100% = 300% (increment)
h
4
45. (B)
V = r3 h
3
dV
4
dr
= 3r2
dt
3
dt
dr
121 = 4 (17)2
dt
dr
1
=
dt
4
212
= 8r
dt
dt
ds
1
= 8r
dt
4
ds
= 2r = 2 11 = 22 cm2/ min
dt
Surfance area of cone
5
46. (B)
=
Surface area of cylinder
6
rll
5
=
2rh
6
l
5
=
h
3
5
l = h
3
l 2 = r 2 + h2
25 2
h
9
25 9 2
h
9
16 2
h
9
r2
h2
r
h
= r 2 + h2
= r2
= r2
16
9
4
=
or 4 : 3.
3
=
5 (16 + 40 + 100)
3
5 156
=
= 260
3
4 x
3 2
= x3
2.
4x3
6
22
7 6
20
= x3
42
= x3 1
3.
According to question,
x3
20 = 4410
42
4410 42
x3 =
20
x3 = 21 21 21
x = 21 in.
50. (A) The section of the cone through the axis cut the
sphere in a circle which is the inscribed circle of the
equilateral triangle in which it cuts the cone. Hence,
the side of the equilateral is
4.
5.
a = 2
3.r
where r is the radius of the inscribed circle
= 2
3 6 ft = 123 ft.
3 a
Hence, the height of the equilateral triangle is =
6.
3 12 3 = 18 ft.
1
a
2
a
= 6
3 ft.
2
1
So, volume of cone = r2 h
3
1 22
= (6
3)2 18
3 7
22
=
36 3 6
7
18 36 22
=
7
= 203657 or 20366 c.ft (approx.)
=
Exercise B
1. (C)
84 1764
84 84
1764
=
= 021
84 10
4
93
Volume of big ball
3
(B)
=
Volume of small ball
4
33
3
= 9 3 = 27
(D)
Area of floor = 60 40
Area of carpet = (60 4) (40 4)
= 56 36
56 36
% required =
100 = 84%
40 60
2
1
(D)
33 = r2 150
3
3
2 27
= r2
150
27 9
r2 =
=
75 25
3
r = = 06 cm.
5
(B) Circumference of circle
22
= 2r = 2
7 = 44 cm
7
Perimeter of square = 4a = 44
a = 11
Area of square = 112 = 121 cm2.
(A) Let the height and radius of the base is n and r
respectively in cm.
and let v be the volume in c.c.
Then, v = mr2 h when m is constant by question
1540 = m 72 30
154
m =
3 49
22 2
rh = v
21
By substituting v = 264 and r = 6, h = ?
22
264 =
62 h
21
264 21
h =
= 28 cm.
22 36
(C) Let the volume of tank = V
V
A's one hour work =
8
V
B's one hour work =
6
According to the given condition the volume of the
tank
Required ratio =
7.
V V
8 + 6 10 5 = V
213
3V + 4V 240
5 = V
24
24V
5
7V 240 =
7V 24V
= 240
1
5
11V = 240 5
V = 109 litre.
25 cm
50 (5) = 45 cm
(45 5) cm = 40 cm
(35 5) = 30 cm
(45 40 30) cm3
(6 5 4) cm3
45 40 30
Number of bricks =
= 450.
456
4
V = r3
3
4
V = (1025r) 3
3
4
= r3 (107689)
3
9. (A)
=
=
=
=
=
=
V = V (10769)
V
= 10769
V
4 3
r
3
12r3 12 3
Number of sphere =
=
= 9 balls.
4 3
4
r
3
Volume of sphere =
12 + 1 2
=
2 units of distance. Also, the body diagonal will
be
12 + 1 2 + 1 2 =
3 units apart.
14. (C) Obviously more than 50% will remain outside.
15. (D) Volume of solid lead sphere =
4 1
Volume of 1 lead ball =
3 4
Number of balls =
214
h = 12r
= 12r3
4 3
4
3
4 1
3 4
16. (B)
X = 16/3 = 533 m.
R 2 + H2 =
2
4
Required surface area = surface area of greater cone
1
+ 2 Surface area of smaller cone
4
= ( R L) + 2 rl
4
1
5
5 + 2 1 1
2 2 4
4 4
8 + 1 9
5 +
5 =
5
= 5
4
32
32 32
= 376 cm2 .
= . (8 + X)2 .3
= (1 10769) 100
Here,
= 43 43 = 64 64
4 8
3 2
14
Consistent
Condition
Graph
Solution
Inconsistent
a1 b1
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
Intersecting Lines
(Point of intersection)
Unique (One) Solution
Coinciding Lines
(Overlapping)
Many(infinite) Solution
a1 b1 c1
=
a2 b2 c2
Parallel Lines
No Solution
CAT Complete Course | 215
a1 x + b1 y c 1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0
a2 x + b2 y = c2
a2 x + b2 y c 2 = 0
Quadratic Equations
1. Quadratic polynomialA polynomial of the
form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c when a 0 and a, b, c are real
numbers and x is a real variable, is called a quadratic
polynomial.
2. Quadratic equationAn equation p(x) = 0 where
p(x) is a quadratic polynomial, is called zeros of quadratic
equation i.e., ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0.
3. Zeros of quadratic equationsThose values of x
for which ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied are called zeros of
quadratic polynomial. If p() = a2 + b + c = 0, then
is called the zero of quadratic polynomial.
4. Roots of quadratic equationsIf , are the
roots of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then , are
called roots (or solutions) of the corresponding equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, which implies that p() = p() = 0
i.e., a 2 + b + c = 0 and a2 + b + c = 0.
5. Solution of a quadratic equation can be found by
two methods
(i) by factorization, (ii) by completion of square.
NoteBy completing the square, we get roots as
b +
b2 4ac
b
b2 4ac
,=
2a
2a
Where (b2 4ac) is called the discriminant, denoted
by D.
6. Nature of roots
(i) When D = 0, the roots of quadratic equation are
b
real and equal and each =
2a
(ii) When D > 0, the roots are real but unequal.
(iii) When D < 0, the no-real roots are possible.
=
216
Exercise A
1. Solve for x and y
ax + by = a b
bx ay = a + b
2. Solve for x and y
57
6
+
= 5
x+y xy
38
21
+
= 9
x+y xy
3. Solve for x and y
44
30
+
= 10
x+y xy
55
40
+
= 13
x+y xy
4. Solve for x and y
x y
+ + 1 = 15
10 5
x y
+ = 15
8 6
5. Solve for x and y
2x y
+ = 2
a b
x y
and
= 4
a b
6. Solve for x and y
2 2
1
+
=
x 3y
6
3 2
and
+ = 0
x y
Hence, find a for which y = ax 4.
7. Places A and B are 80 km apart from each other on a
highway. A car starts from A and another car starts
from B at the same time. If they move in the same
direction, they meet in 8 hours and if they move in
opposite directions they meet in 1 hour and 20
minutes. Find the speed of the cars.
8. The sum of two digit number and the number formed
by interchanging its digits is 110. If 10 is subtracted
from the first number. The new number is 4 more
than 5 times the sum of digits in the first number.
Find the number.
9. A man travels 370 km partly by train and partly by
car. If he covers 250 km by train and the rest by car,
it takes him 4 hours. But, if he travels 130 km by
train and the rest by car, he takes 18 minutes longer.
Find the speed of the train and that of the car.
10. A man travels 600 km partly by train and partly by
car. If he covers 400 km by train and the rest by car.
It takes him 6 hours and 30 minutes. But, if he
travels 200 km. by train and the rest by car, he takes
half an hour longer. Find the speed of the train and
that of the car.
21. Taxi charges consist of fixed charges per day and the
remaining depending upon the distance travelled in
kilometres. If a person travels 110 km he pays Rs.
690 and for travelling 200 km he pays Rs. 1050.
Express the above statements in the form of
simultaneous equations and hence find the fixed
charges per day and the rate per km.
22. A number consisting of two digits is seven times the
sum of its digits. When 27 is subtracted from the
number, the digits are reversed. Find the number.
23. A number consists of two digits. When it is divided
by the sum of the digits, the quotient if 6 with no
remainder. When the number is diminished by 9, the
digits are reversed. Find the number.
24. There are two classrooms A and B containing
students. If 5 students are shifted from Room A to
Room B, the resulting number of students in the two
rooms become equal. If 5 students are shifted from
Room B to Room A, the resulting number of students
in Room A becomes double the number of students
left in Room B. Find the original number of students
in the two rooms separately.
25. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 80 sq. units,
if its length is reduced by 5 units and the breadth is
increased by 2 units. If we increase the length by 10
units and decrease the breadth by 5 units, the areas is
increased by 50 sq. units. Find the length and breadth
of the rectangle.
26. For what value of k, does the quadratic equation 9x2
+ 8kx + 16 = 0 have equal roots.
27. If roots of the equation (a b)x2 + (b c)x + (c a)
= 0 are equal. Prove that 2a = b + c.
28. For what value of k the quadratic equation (k + 4)x2 +
(k + 1)x + 1 = 0 has equal roots.
29. Find the value of k so that the equation 9x2 kx +
81 = 0 has equal roots.
30. If the equation (1 + m 2 )x2 + 2mcx + (c 2 a2 ) = 0 has
equal roots. Prove that c2 = a2 (1 + m2).
31. Find the value of c for which the quadratic equation
4x2 2(c + 1)x + (c + 4) = 0 has equal roots.
32. Find whether the quadratic equation x2 x + 2 = 0
has real roots. If yes, find the roots.
33. If one root of the quadratic equation 2x 2 + ax + 3 = 0
is 1, find the other root, and the value of a.
34. Find the value of such that quadratic equation
( 3)x2 + 4( 3)x + 4 = 0 has equal roots.
35. Find the values of k so that quadratic equation x2
2x(1 + 3k) + 7(3 + 2k) = 0 has equal roots.
36. Find the values of p for which the x2 + p(4x + p 1)
+ 2 = 0 has equal roots.
5
37. One root of the equation 2x 2 8x m = 0 is . Find
2
the other root and value of m.
CAT Complete Course | 217
Exercise B
1. Ramesh travels 760 km to his home, partly by train
and partly by car. He takes 8 hours if he travels 160
km by train and the rest by car. He takes 12 minutes
more if he travels 240 km by train and the rest by
car. Find the speed of the train and the car separately.
2. A person invested some amount at the rate of 12%
simple interest and some other amount at the rate of
10% simple interest. He received yearly interest of
Rs. 130. But if he had interchanged the amounts
invested, he would have received Rs. 4 more as
interest. How much amount did he invest at different
rates?
3. A part of monthly expenses of a family is constant
and the remaining varies with the price of wheat.
When the rate of wheat is Rs. 250 a quintal, the total
monthly expenses of the family are Rs. 1000 and
when it is Rs. 240 a quintal, the total monthly
expenses are Rs. 980. Find the total monthly
expenses of the family when the cost of wheat is Rs.
350 a quintal.
4. The sum of the numerator and the denominator of a
fraction is 18. If the denominator is increased by 2,
1
the fraction is reduced to Find the fraction.
3
1
1
a b a + b
ax
1
1
= 2a
b a b + a a + b
+ by
Answers
Exercise A
x
ab
220
b2
a2
+ ab ab
y
b2
a2
323
17
=
x+y
1
17(x + y) = 323
x + y = 19
(iii)
Putting the value of (x + y) in (i), we get
57
6
+
= 5
19 x y
6
3+
= 5
xy
6
= 53=2
xy
2(x y) = 6
xy = 3
(iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
2x = 22
x = 11
Putting the value of x in (iii),
11 + y = 19
y = 19 11 = 8
x = 11, y = 8
44
30
3.
+
= 10
(i)
x+y xy
55
40
+
= 13
(ii)
x+y xy
Multiplying (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3 and subtracting
176 120
+
= 40
x+y xy
165 120
+
= 39
x+y xy
11
= 1
x+y
ax + by (a b) = 0
bx ay (a + b) = 0
Using cross multiplication method, we get
y
1
x
=
=
a
b
(a b )
(a b ) b
b
a
a
(a + b )
(a + b )
a b
1.
x
y
1
= 2
=
( a2 + b2 )
(a + b2 ) (a2 + b2 )
(a2 + b2 )
Or
x =
(a2 + b2 )
(a2 + b2 )
and
y =
(a2 + b2 )
Hence, x = 1 and y = 1
57
6
2.
+
= 5
(i)
x+y xy
38
21
+
= 9
(ii)
x+y xy
Multiplying (i) by 7 and (ii) by 2 and subtracting
399
42
+
= 35
x+y xy
76
42
+
= 18
x+y xy
Or
+ ab
1
b2
a2
x + y = 11
(iii)
44 30
+
= 10
11 x y
30
44
= 10
xy
11
30
110 44 66
=
=
=6
xy
11
11
6(x y) = 30
xy = 5
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
2x = 16
x = 8
Putting the value of x in (iii)
8 + y = 11
y = 11 8 = 3
x y
4.
+ + 1 = 15
10 5
x y
+ = 15
8 6
Multiplying (i) by 10 and (ii) by 24, we get
x + 2y + 10 = 150
or
x + 2y = 140
and
3x + 4y = 360
3 (iii) 3x + 6y = 420
(iv) (v)
2y = 60
y = 30
x + 2y = 140
and
y = 30
x + 60 = 140
x = 80
2x y
5.
+ = 2
a b
x y
= 4
a b
3x
By adding
= 6
a
3x = 6a
x = 2a
Putting the value of x = 2a in (i), we get
2a y
+ = 2
a b
y
= 2
b
y
= 24
b
y
= 2
b
y = 2b
x = 2a, y = 2b
You may also use cross multiplication method.
4+
2 2
1
+
=
(i)
x 3y
6
3 2
+ = 0
(ii)
x y
12 4
(i)
+ = 1
(iii)
x y
(Multiplying by 6)
12 8
Now, (ii)
+ = 0
(iv)
x y
(Multiplying by 4)
4
(iii) (iv)
= 1 or y = 4
y
Substitute y = 4 in (ii), we get
3 2
+
= 0
x 4
3 1
= 0
x 2
3
1
or
=
x
2
or
x = 6
Also,
y = ax 4
4 = 6a 4
or
6a = 0
or
a = 0
7. Let the speed of car, starts from A = x km/hr
and the speed of car, starts from B = y km/hr
According to the question,
8x = 8y + 80
(same direction)
{Q Distance = Speed Time}
6.
(iv)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(i)
and
4
4
x + y = 80
3
3
(opposite direction)
20 4
1 hr. 20 min. = 1 60 = 3 hr.
(ii)
4x + 4y = 240
4(y + 10) + 4y = 240
[From (i)]
4y + 40 + 4y = 240
4y + 4y = 240 40
8y = 200
y = 25
(i)
Distance
Q Time = Speed
130 240
18
+
= 4+
x
y
60
43
=
(ii)
10
Multiplying (i) by 2 and subtracting (ii) from it.
500 240
+
= 8
x
y
130 240
43
+
=
x
y
10
370
x
37
10
37x = 3700
x = 100
Putting the value of x in (i)
250 120
+
= 4
100
y
120
= 4 25
y
= 15
15y = 120
y = 80
+
=
hr.
x
y
2
(i)
Distance
Time = Speed
200 400
+
= 7 hrs.
(ii)
x
y
Multiplying (i) by 2 and subtracting (ii) from it
800 400
+
= 13
x
y
200 400
+
= 7
x
y
600
= 6
x
6x = 600
x = 100
Putting the value of x in (ii), we get
200 400
+
= 7
100
y
400
= 5
y
5y = 400
400
y =
5
y = 80
Speed of the train = 100 km/hr
and Speed of the car = 80 km/hr.
11. Let the fixed hostel charges be Rs. x
and the cost of food per day be Rs. y
According to the question,
x + 20y = 1000
x + 26y = 1180
Subtracting,
6y = 180
y = 30
Putting the value of y in (i)
x + 20(30) = 1000
x + 600 = 1000
x = 400
The fixed charge = Rs. 400
and the cost of food per day = Rs. 30
12. Let
tens digit be = x
and Units digit be = y
Number formed = 10x + y
If digits are reversed, then number formed
= 10y + x
(i)
(ii)
x = 2
y = 2x
= 22=4
Hence,
Number = 10 2 + 4 = 24
13. Let the digit at tens place = x
and the digit at units place = y
Number formed = 10x + y
When digits are reversed, then new number = 10y + x
According to the question,
10x + y = 3 + 4(x + y)
10x + y = 3 + 4x + 4y
6x = 3 + 3y
2x = 1 + y
y = 2x 1
(i)
Also, 10x + y + 18 = 10y + x
9x + 18 = 9y
x+2 = y
(ii)
Using the value of y in (ii), we get
x + 2 = 2x 1
2 + 1 = 2x x
3 = x
x = 3
Now,
y = x+2
y = 3+2=5
So,
the number = 10x + y
= 10 3 + 5 = 30 + 5 = 35
14. Let
tens digit = x
Units digit = y
Number formed = 10x + y
Sum of digits = x + y
The number formed when digits are interchanged
= 10y + x
According to the conditions
10x + y = 4 + 6(x + y)
and
or
and
10x + y 18 = 10y + x
4x = 4 + 5y
x2 = y
x
15. Let the fraction be =
y
According to the conditions
y = 2x + 4 and y 6 = 12(x 6)
So,
2x + 4 6 = 12(x 6)
(by putting the value of y)
12x 2x = 72 2 x(numerator) = 7
Y(denominator) = 18 (by putting the value of x)
7
Hence, the fraction is
18
16. Let the fixed hostel charges be Rs. x
and the cost of food per day be Rs. y.
According to the question
x + 25y = 1750
(i)
x + 28y = 1900
(ii)
Subtracting
3y = 150
y = 50
Putting
y = 50 in (i), we get
x + 25 (50) = 1750
x + 1250 = 1750
x = 500
Fixed
charges = Rs. 500
and
Cost of food = Rs. 50 per day
17. Let fixed charge of taxi = Rs. x
and running charges of taxi = Rs. y per km.
According to the question
x + 10y = 75
(i)
x + 15y = 110
(ii)
Subtracting,
5y = 35
y = 7
Putting the value of y in (i)
x + 70 = 75
x = 5
Person has to pay for traveling a distance of 25 km.
= x + 25y
= 5 + 25 (7)
= 5 + 175
= Rs. 180
18. Let fixed charges of taxi = Rs. x
and running charges of taxi = Rs. y per km
According to the question
x + 12y = 89
x + 20y = 145
(i)
(ii)
Subtracting,
8y = 56
y = 7
Putting the value of y in (i)
x + 84 = 89
x = 5
Now, person has to pay for traveling a distance of
30 km.
= x + 30y
= 5 + 30 (7)
= 5 + 210
= Rs. 215
19. Let fixed charges of taxi = Rs. x
and running charges of taxi = Rs. y per km.
According to the question
x + 10y = 68
(i)
x + 15y = 98
(ii)
Subtracting,
5y = 30
y = 6
Putting the value of y in (i), we get
x + 10y = 68
x = 8
20. Let the monthly rent of the house = Rs. x
and the mess charges per head per month = Rs. y
According to the question
x + 2y = 3900
(i)
x + 5y = 7500
(ii)
By subtracting, 3y = 3600
y = 1200
Putting the value of y in (i)
x + 2400 = 3900
x = 3900 2400
x = Rs. 1500
Monthly rent (x) = Rs. 1500
Mess charges per head per month (y) = Rs. 1200
21. Let the fixed charges of taxi per day = Rs. x
and the running expenses of taxi = Rs. y per km.
According to the question
x + 110y = 690
(i)
x + 200y = 1050
(ii)
Subtracting, 90y = 360
y = 4
Putting the value of y in (i)
x + 110 (4) = 690
x + 440 = 690
x = 690 440 = Rs. 250
Fixed charges (x) = Rs. 250
and Rate per km (y) = Rs. 4
224
x + 10y = 7x + 7y
10y 7y = 7x x
3y = 6x
y = 2x
(i)
and
x + 10y 27 = 10x + y
x + 10y 10x y = 27
9x + 9y = 27
x+y = +3
(Dividing by 9)
x + 2x = 3
[Q y = 2x from (i)]
Putting
x = 3
x = 3 in (i), we get
y = 2x
y = 23=6
Original number = 3 + 60 = 63
23. Let units place digit = x
and tens place digit = y
Original Number = x + 10y
Reversed Number = 10x + y
According to the question
x + 10y
6
=
x+y
1
6x + 6y = x + 10y
6x x + 6y 10y = 0
5x 4y = 0
4y = 5x
5x
y =
(i)
4
x + 10y 9 = 10x + y
x + 10y 10x y = 9
9x + 9y = 9
x+y = 1
(Dividing by 9)
x+
5x
= 1
4
5x
Q y = 4 from (i)
x = 4
Putting x = 4 in (i), we get
5x
y =
4
54
y =
=5
4
Original number = 4 + 10(5)
= 4 + 50 = 54
x y = 10
(i)
According to the IInd condition
x + 5 = 2(y 5)
x 2y = 15
(ii)
(10 + y) 2y = 15 (by putting x = 10 + y)
y = 25 and x = 35
In room A original number of students = 35 : in room
B original number of students = 25
25. Let length = x units and Breadth = y units
Then area of rectangle = x y sq. units
According to the Ist condition
xy (x 5) (y + 2) = 80
5y 2x = 70
(i)
According to the IInd condition
(x + 10) (y 5) xy = 50
xy 5x + 10y 50 xy = 50
or
2y x = 20
(ii)
Multiplying (ii) by 2
4y 2x = 40 and subtract from eq. (i)
We get
y = 30
Putting
y = 30 in equation (ii), So, x = 40
Hence, length is 40 units and breadth is 30 units.
26. a = 9, b = 8k, c = 16
D = b2 4ac
(8k)2
4(9) (16)
= 64k2 64 9
D = 0
+
+
c2
2bc 4ac +
+
= (2a b
c)2
a2
a2 (1
m 2 a2
m2 )
[Dividing by 4]
c2
= c2
4 (a b) (c a)
4a2
a2 + m2a2 c2 = 0
= 4c2 + 4 + 8c 16c 64
D = B 2 4AC
27. A = a b, B = b c, C = c a
c2
= [ 2(c + 1)]2 4 4 (c + 4)
k2 = 9 k = 3
b2
D = b2 4ac
64k2 = 64 9
= (b
k =
2916
k = 54
2
30. a = 1 + m , b = 2mc, c = c2 a2
D = b2 4ac
= (2mc)2 4 (1 + m2 ) (c 2 a2 )
= 4m2c2 4 (c2 a2 + m2c2 m2a2 )
= 4m2c2 4c2 + 4a2 4m2c2 + 4m2a2
64k2 64 9 = 0
c)2
28. a = k + 4, b = k + 1, c = 1
D = b2 4ac
= (k + 1)2 4 (k + 4)
= k2 + 1 + 2k 4k 16
= k2 2k 15
For equal roots. D = 0
k2 2k 15 = 0
(k 5) (k + 3) = 0
k = 5, 3
29. a = 9, b = k, c = 81
D = b2 4ac
= k2 4 9 81
= k2 2916
For equal roots. D = 0
k2 2916 = 0
4a2
+ 4bc 4ab
4(c2 2c 15) = 0
(c 5) (c + 3) = 0
c = 5, 3
32. a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
D = b2 4ac
= ( 1) 2 4 1 2
= 18
= 7
As D < 0, Roots are not real.
CAT Complete Course | 225
2x2 + ax + 3 = 0
(i)
As 1 is a root, therefore it must satisfies the equation.
2(1) 2 + a(1) + 3 = 0
a+5 = 0
a = 5
Put
a = 5 in (1)
2
2x 5x + 3 = 0
2x2 3x 2x + 3 = 0
x(2x 3) 1(2x 3) = 0
(x 1) (2x 3) = 0
3
x = 1,
2
3
Other root is .
2
34. Here, a = 3, b = 4( 3).
The quadratic equation will have equal roots.
If
b2 = 4ac
[4( 3)2] = 4( 3) 4
( 3)2 = 3
2
( 3) ( 3) = 0
( 3) ( 3 1) = 0
( 3) ( 4) = 0
= 3
or
= 4
But = 3 is not possible since it reduces the equation
to a constant. Hence, = 4.
35. Equation is x2 2x(1 + 3k) + 7(3 + 2k) = 0
Here,
a = 1,
b = 2(1 + 3k),
c = 7(3 + 2k)
Given that the equation has equal roots.
b2 4ac = 0
2
4(1 + 3k) 4 1 7 (3 + 2k) = 0
36k2 32k 80 = 0
9k2 8k 20 = 0 [Dividing
by 4]
2
9k 18k + 10k 20 = 0
9k(k 2) + 10(k 2) = 0
(9k + 10) (k 2) = 0
9k = 10
or
k = 2
10
k =
9
or,
k = 2
33.
226
5 2
5
2 8 m = 0
2
2
25
20 m
2
25 40 2m
15 2m
2m
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 15
15
m =
2
15
The equation is 2x 2 8x +
2
4x2 16x + 15 = 0
4x2 10x 6x + 15 = 0
2x(2x 5) 3(2x 5) = 0
(2x 3) (2x 5) = 0
3 5
x = ,
2 2
3
Other root is .
2
38. Here, a = 2k, b = 40, c = 25
D = b2 4ac
= ( 40)2 4 2k 25
= 1600 200k
For equal roots. D = 0
1600 200k = 0
k = 8
2
Equation is 16x 40x + 25 = 0
(4x 5)2 = 0
5 5
x = ,
4 4
5 5
Roots are ,
4 4
39. a = 9, b = 24, c = k
D = ( 24)2 4 9 k
= 576 36k
For equal roots. D = 0
576 36k = 0
k = 16
2
Equation is 9x 24x + 16 = 0
(3x 4)2 = 0
4 4
x = ,
3 3
4 4
Roots are ,
3 3
40. Let the original price of book = Rs. x
300
No. of books in Rs. 300 =
x
Reduced price of book = Rs. (x 5)
300
Then,
No. of books =
x5
300 300
Given
= 5
x5 x
300x 300(x 5)
= 5
x(x 5)
300x 300x + 1500
= 5
x(x 5)
1500 = 5 (x2 5x)
x2 5x 300 = 0
x2 20x + 15x 300 = 0
(x 20) (x + 15) = 0
x = 20, 15
Price can never be ve
Price = Rs. 20.
41. Let the original price of the toy = Rs. x
360
No. of toys in Rs. 360 =
x
Then,
Given
= 2
x2 x
360x 360(x 2)
= 2
x(x 2)
360x 360x + 720 = 2x2 4x
x2 2x 360 = 0
(x + 18) (x 20) = 0
x = 18, 20
xy = 2
x y = 360
(i)
(ii)
x = 2+y
Put
x = (2 + y) in (ii), we get
(2 + y)y = 360
2y + y 2 = 360
y2 + 2y 360 = 0
(y + 20) (y 18) = 0
y = 18, 20
When y = 18, x = 20
When y = 20, 18
45. Let two consecutive numbers be x and x + 1.
According to the question
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 85
x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 85 = 0
2x2 + 2x 84 = 0
x2 + x 42 = 0
[Dividing by 2]
2
x + 7x 6x 42 = 0
x(x + 7) 6(x + 7) = 0
(x 6) (x + 7) = 0
x6 = 0
CAT Complete Course | 227
or
x+7 = 0
x = 6
or
x = 7
When x = 6, numbers are 6 and 7
When x = 7, numbers are 7 and 6
46. Let two numbers be x and (15 x).
According to the question
1
1
3
+
=
x 15 x
10
15 x + x
3
=
x(15 x)
10
150 = 3x(15 x)
x2 15x + 50 = 0
[Dividing by 3]
x2 5x 10x + 50 = 0
x (x 5) 10 (x 5) = 0
(x 5) (x 10) = 0
x = 5 or x = 10
When x = 5, numbers are 5 and 10
When x = 10, numbers are 10 and 5.
47. Let original number of persons = x
The increased number of persons = x + 20
Total Amount = Rs. 9,000
According to the question
9000 9000
= 160
x
x + 20
Total Amount
Each got = No. of Persons
x + 20x 1125 = 0
x2 + 45x 25x 1125 = 0
x(x + 45) 25(x + 45) = 0
(x 25) (x + 45) = 0
x = 25
or
x = 45
But number of persons cant be ve
The original number of persons = 25
48. Let
the usual speed of plane = x km/hr
The increased speed of plane = (x + 250) km/hr
Distance = 1500 km
According to the question
1500 1500
1
=
x
x + 250
2
Distance
Time = Speed
228
x2 + 250x 750000 = 0
x2 + 1000x 750x 750000 = 0
x(x + 1000) 750(x + 1000) = 0
(x 750) (x + 1000) = 0
x = 750 or x = 1000
But speed can never be ve
Usual speed = 750 km/hr.
49. Let
length of base = x cm
Hypotenuse = (x + 2) cm
Altitude = (x + 1) cm
According to Pyth. Theorem
P 2 + B2 = H 2
2
x + (x + 1)2 = (x + 2)2
x2 + x2 + 1 + 2x = x2 + 4 + 4x
x2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3) (x + 1) = 0
x = 3, 1
Length can never be ve.
x = 3 cm
Here,
Base = 3 cm
Altitude = (x + 1) = (3 + 1) = 4 cm
Hypotenuse = 5 cm.
50. Let the no. of students who attended picnic = x
Nos of students who planned picnic = (x + 5)
Total Budget = Rs. 500
According to the question
500 500
= Rs. 5
x
x+5
Total Budget
Each contribution = No. of Students
5x(x + 5) = 2500
x2 + 5x 500 = 0
[Dividing by 5]
x2 + 25x 20x 500 = 0
x(x + 25) 20(x + 25) = 0
(x + 25) (x 20) = 0
x + 25 = 0
or
x 20 = 0
x = 25
or
x = 20
But number of students cannot be ve.
x = 20
Nos. of students who attended picnic = 20
6(x + 5) + 6x = x(x + 5)
6x + 30 + 6x = x2 + 5x
x2 + 5x 6x 30 6x = 0
x2 7x 30 = 0
x2 10x + 3x 30 = 0
(x 10) (x + 3) = 0
x = 10 or x = 3
Since, time cannot be ve.
The pipes would fill the cistern in 10 and 10 + 5
i.e., 15 minutes.
52. Let the time taken by one pipe = x minutes
Time taken by other pipe = x + 1 minutes
1
1
11
Then,
+
=
x x+1
30
8 30
Q 2 11 = 11
30(x + 1) + 30x
30x + 30 + 30x
2
11x 30x 30x + 11x 30
11x2 49x 30
=
=
=
=
11x(x + 1)
11x2 + 11x
0
0
49
(49) 2 + 4 11 30
22
x =
=
41
(41) 2 + 4 13 120
26
41
1681 + 6240
26
41
7921
26
41 89
=
26
130 48
=
or
26
26
24
= 5 or
13
Since, time cannot be ve.
x = 5 minutes
Time taken by Ist pipe = 5 minutes
and time taken by IInd pipe = 5 + 3 = 8 minutes
54. Let usual speed of aircraft = x km/hr
Reduced speed of aircraft = (x 100) km/hr
Distance = 2800 km
According to the question
2800 2800
= 30 minutes
x 100
x
=
Distance
Q Time = Speed
2800x 2800x + 280000
x(x 100)
x2 100x 560000
x2 800x + 700x 560000
x(x 800) + 700(x 800)
(x 800) (x + 700)
x
Speed can never be ve.
49
2401 + 1320 49
3721
=
22
22
49 61 110
12
6
=
=
or
= 5 or
22
22
22
11
Since, time cannot be ve.
x =
=
1 40
Q 3 13 = 13
=
=
=
=
=
1
hr.
2
0
0
0
0
800 or x = 700
D 2800 7
1
=
= = 3 hours.
S 800 2
2
55. Let usual speed of aircraft = x km/hr
Reduced speed of aircraft = (x 100) km/hr
Distance = 3,000 km
According to the question
3000 3000
= 1 hr
x 100
x
Time =
Distance
Q Time = Speed
(x 600) (x + 500) = 0
x = 600
or
x = 500
Speed can never be ve.
Speed = 600 km/hr
D 3000
Time =
=
= 5 hours.
S 600
56. Let usual speed of aircraft = x km/hr
Reduced speed of aircraft = (x 400) km/hr
Distance = 6,000 km
According to the question
6000 6000
= 30 minutes
x 400
x
Distance
Q Time = Speed
6000x 6000x + 2400000
1
= hr
x(x 400)
2
x2 400x = 4800000
x2 400x 4800000 = 0
(x 2400) (x + 2000) = 0
x = 2400 or x = 2000
Now,
XZ2 + ZY2 = XY2
r2 + 11r = 102
r2 + 11r 102 = 0
r2 6r + 17r 102 = 0
r(r 6) + 17(r 6) = 0
(r 6) (r + 17) = 0
r = 6 or r = 17
Rejecting the ve value, we get
r = 6 cm.
59. Let usual number of days of tour = x
After increasing number of days = (x + 4)
Total amount to be spent = Rs. 360
According to the question
360 360
= Rs. 3
x
x+4
360x + 1440 360x
3
=
x(x + 4)
1
x2 + 4x 480 = 0
[Dividing by 3]
2
(x + 24) (x 20) = 0
x = 24 or x = 20
But the number of days cannot be ve.
Original duration of tour = 20 days.
60. Let
the length of piece of cloth = x m
Increased length of piece of cloth = (x + 5)m
Total cost = Rs. 200
According to the question
200 200
= Rs. 2
x
x+5
Total Cost
Q Rate per metre = Length
= 120
x2 + 13x 30 = 0
x2 + 15x 2x 30 = 0
(x + 15) (x 2) = 0
x = 15 or x = 2
Since, the width cannot be negative.
Hence, width of the path = 2 m.
58. From XZY,
we get XZ = 9 + r cm
ZY = 2 + r cm
230
= Rs. 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2x2 + 10x
0
0
[Dividing by 2]
0
0
0
25 or x = 20
Exercise B
1. Let
=
=
=
=
=
x km/hr
y km/hr
760 km
160 km
760 160 = 600 km
= 8 hours
1
5
41
=
hours
5
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2, we get
480 1800
+
= 24
x
y
480 1040
82
+
=
x
y
5
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
760
38
=
y
5
38y = 760 5
760 5
y =
38
= 100 km/hr
Substituting the value of y in (i), we get
160 600
+
= 8
x
100
160
+6 = 8
x
160
= 86
x
160
= 2
x
2x = 160
x = 80 km/hr
Speed of the train = 80 km/hr
(i)
= 8
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
12x 10y
+
= 130
100 100
6x + 5y = 6500
(i)
If the amounts invested are interchanged, then yearly
interest
10x 12y
=
+
= 134
100 100
y = 700
Putting
y = 700 in (i), we get
6x + 5 700 = 6500
x = 500
3. Let the constant expenditure = Rs. x
and consumption of wheat = Rs. y quintals.
Then, total expenditure = x + y Rate per quintal
1000 = x + 250y
(i)
and
980 = x + 240y
(ii)
Subtracting,
20 = 10y
y = 2
Putting
y = 2 in (i), we get
1000 = x + 2 250
1000 = x + 500
x = 1000 500
= 500
Total expenses when the price of wheat is Rs. 350
per quintal
= 500 + 350 2
= 500 + 700
= Rs. 1200
x
4. Let the fraction be
y
Then,
x + y = 18
(i)
x
1
and by IInd condition
=
(ii)
y+2 3
y + 2 = 3x
y = 3x 2
Putting value of y in equation (i), we get
x + 3x 2 = 18
x = 5
Putting
x = 5 in in equation (i), we get
y = 13
5
Hence, required fraction is
13
CAT Complete Course | 231
5y = 1000
y = 200
Putting value of y in equation (i), we get
2x + 600 = 2000
x = 700
and hence the value of one table (1x) and 5 chair
(5y) is Rs 1700.
6.
Father
Son
Let the present age of x years
y years
5 years ago,
(x 5) years (y 5) years
After 5 years,
(x + 5) years (y + 5) years
As per the question
After 5 years
(x + 5) = 3(y + 5)
x + 5 = 3y + 15
x 3y 15 + 5 = 0
x 3y 10 = 0
(i)
5 Years ago
(x 5) = 7 (y 5)
x 5 = 7y 35
x 7y + 35 5 = 0
x 7y + 30 = 0
(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
x 3y = 10
(i)
x 7y = 30
(ii)
4y = 40
y = 10
Putting the value of y in (i), we get
x 3 (10) = 10
x 30 = 10
x = 40
Present age of the father = 40 years
and Present age of the son = 10 years
7. Let the number of oranges with A be x
and number of oranges with B be y.
Then,
x + 10 = 2(y 10)
and
From (i),
x 10 = y + 10
(ii)
x 10 y 10 = 0
x y 20 = 0
(iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
2y x 30 = 0
y + x 20 = 0
y = 50
Putting the value of y in (iv), we get
x 50 20 = 0
x 70 = 0
x = 70
Number of oranges with A = 70
and Number of oranges with B = 50
8. Let
the speed of the train = x km/hr
and speed of the bus = y km/hr
Total distance = 300 km
Distance travelled by train = 60 km
Distance travelled by bus = 300 60 = 240 km
60 240
+
= 4 hours
(i)
x
y
II-Distance travelled by train = 100 km
Distance travelled by bus = 300 100
= 200 km
100 200
10
+
= 4 hours + hrs
x
y
60
25
=
hr
(ii)
6
Multiplying (i) by 5 and (ii) by 3, we get
300 1200
+
= 20
(iii)
x
y
300 600
75
+
=
(iv)
x
y
6
By subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
600
45
=
y
6
45y = 3600
(iii)
y = 80
2y 20 x 10 = 0
2y x 30 = 0
232
(i)
From (ii),
x = 60
Speed of the train = 60 km/hr
and Speed of the bus = 80 km/hr.
Father
Son
Let the present age of x years
y years
10 years ago,
(x 10) years (y 10) years
After 10 years,
(x + 10) years (y + 10) years
As per the question,
Ist condition,
x 10 = 12(y 10)
x 10 = 12y 120
y = 12
Now, Putting the value of y in (i), we get
x 2 (12) = 10
x 24 = 10
x = 24 + 10 = 34
Fathers age = 34 years and Sons age = 12 years
10.
Father
Son
Let the present age of x years
y years
After 3 years,
(x + 3) years (y + 3) years
As per the question,
x = 3(y) + 3
x = 3y + 3
(i)
According to the question
x + 3 = 2(y + 3) + 10
x + 3 = 2y + 6 + 10
x 2y = 6 + 10 3
x 2y = 13
(ii)
Putting x value in equation (ii), we get
3y + 3 2y = 13
y = 10
Putting this y value in equation (i), we get
x = 33
11. Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by 52, the
L.C.M. of 13 and 4, we get
8(2x + 3y) = 156 + 13(x y)
16x + 24y = 156 + 13x 13y
or
3x + 37y = 156
Multiplying both sides of equation (ii) by 6, the
L.C.M. of 3 and 6, we get
9.
12.
13.
14.
15.
8y + 10x = 12x + 43
or
2x + 8y = 43
Multiplying both sides of equation (ii) by (a2 b 2 ),
we get
ax{(a + b) (a b)} + by{ (a + b) (a b)}
= 2a(a b)
or
ax(2b) + by( 2a) = 2a(a b)
or
bx by = a b
(2x 3y 13)2 + (3x + 5y + 9)2 = 0
2x 3y 13 = 0
3x + 5y + 9 = 0
(Q For any real numbers a and b a2 + b2 = 0 a
= 0 and b = 0)
Let
2x = u and 3y = v
Then, u + v = 17 and 4u 3v = 5
x+y8
x + 2y 14 3x + y 12
=
=
2
3
11
x+y8
x + 2y 14
=
2
3
x + 2y 14
3x + y 12
and
=
3
11
3x + 3y 24 = 2x + 4y 28
and 11x + 22y 154 = 9x + 3y 36
and
xy = 4
2x + 19y = 118
3x 5y = 0
(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3, we get
3x + 3y = 192
(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii), we get
8y = 192
y = 192 8 = 24
Putting y = 24 in (i), we get
x + 24 = 64
x = 64 24 = 40
Hence, the present age of A is 40 years and the
present age of B is 24 years.
CAT Complete Course | 233
y = x8
y = 8x
(i)
If I increase my speed by 6 km/hr it takes me 1 hour
20 minutes.
i.e., 80 minutes less
(x + 6) 8
80
= y (x + 6) 8 43
60
20(x + 6)
= y
3
20(x + 6)
= 8x
[Using (i)]
3
4x = 120;
x = 30
Putting x = 30 in (i), we get y = 8 30 = 240
Hence, the distance between the two cities A and B
is 240 km.
19. Let the number of persons in Ist condition = x
and the 2nd condition no. of persons = (x + 15)
Amount divided = Rs. 6500
According to the question
6500 6500
= Rs. 30
x
x + 15
6500x + 97500 6500x
30
=
x(x + 15)
1
x2 + 15x 3250 = 0
x2
[Dividing by 30]
(x + 65) (x 50) = 0
x = 65
or
x = 50
Number of persons = 50
x2 + x2 + 16 + 8x = 656
2x2 + 8x 640 = 0
x2 + 4x 320 = 0
[Dividing by 2]
2
x + 20x 16x 320 = 0
234
(x + 20) (x 16) = 0
x = 16, 20
Side can never be ve.
Side of one square = 16 cm
Side of another square = 16 + 4 = 20 cm.
21. Let the side of the square be x cm.
Side of the another square be (x + 4) cm
Equation as per the question
x2 + (x + 4)2 = 400
x2 + x2 + 8x + 16 400 = 0
2x2 + 8x 384 = 0
x2 + 4x 192 = 0 [Dividing by 2]
(x + 16) (x 12) = 0
x = 16
or
x = 12
As the length of the square cannot be ve.
x = 12
(x 12) (x + 20) = 0
x = 12,
or
x = 20
Since, Breadth cannot be ve.
x = 12 cm = Breadth
and
Length = 12 + 8 = 20 cm.
23. Let the altitude of triangle = x cm
Then,
Base = (x + 10) cm
1
Area of triangle D = B H
2
1
600 = x (x + 10)
2
1200
+ 10x 1200
2
x + 40x 30x 1200
(x + 40) (x 30)
x
x2
=
=
=
=
=
x2 + 10x
0
0
0
40, 30
= 1 hour
x 12 x
Distance
Q Time = Speed
240x 240x + 2880
1
=
x(x 12)
1
x2 12x = 2880
(x 60) (x + 48) = 0
x = 60
or
x = 48
= hr
x x + 15
2
Distance
Q Time = Speed
90x + 1350 90x
1
=
x(x + 15)
2
2700 = x2 + 15x
x2 + 15x 2700 = 0
(x + 60) (x 45) = 0
x = 60
or
x = 45
= 2 hr
x
x+5
Distance
Q Time = Speed
300x + 1500 300x
2
=
x(x + 5)
1
1500 = 2x(x + 5)
2
2x + 10x 1500 = 0
x2 + 5x 750 = 0
[Dividing by 2]
x2 + 30x 25x 750 = 0
x(x + 30) 25(x + 30) = 0
(x 25) (x + 30) = 0
x = 25
or
x = 30
Q Since the speed cannot be ve.
Usual Speed = 25 km/hr.
27. Let the consecutive natural numbers be n and (n + 1).
As per the question,
n2 + (n + 1)2 = 313
n2 + n2 + 1 + 2n = 313
2
2n + 2n 313 + 1 = 0
2n2 + 2n 312 = 0
n2 + n 156 = 0
[Dividing by 2]
n2 + 13n 12n 156 = 0
n(n + 13) 12(n + 13) = 0
(n 12) (n + 13) = 0
n 12 = 0
or
n + 13 = 0
n = 12
or
n = 13
Since 13 is not a natural number.
Hence, the numbers are 12, and 12 + 1 i.e., 13.
28. Let the parts be x and (29 x).
As per the question,
(x)2 + (29 x)2 = 425
x2 + 841 + x2 58x = 425
2
2x 58x + 841 425 = 0
x2 29x + 208 = 0
[Dividing by 2]
x2 16x 13x + 208 = 0
x(x 16) 13(x 16) = 0
(x 16) (x 13) = 0
x = 16
or
x = 13
Hence, the parts are 16 and 13.
CAT Complete Course | 235
= 5
64 x2
5x2 7x 24 = 0
5x2 15x + 8x 24 = 0
5x(x 3) + 8(x 3) = 0
(x 3) (5x + 8) = 0
x3 = 0
or
5x + 8 = 0
x = 3
or
5x = 8
x = 3
or
x =
8
5
x 48x + 432 = 0
2
(x 36) (x 12) = 0
x 36 = 0
or
x 12 = 0
x = 36
or
x = 12
One number = 36, 12
and other number = 12, 36
Two numbers are 36 and 12.
31. Let the speed of stream = x km/hr
Speed of the boat in still water = 15 km/hr (given)
Speed of boat in downstream = (15 + x) km/hr
Speed of boat in upstream = (15 x) km/hr
Distance = 30 km
236
30
hour
15 x
30
Time taken by boat in downstream =
hour
15 + x
30
30
Total time taken =
+
15 x 15 + x
= 4 hours 30 minutes (given)
30(15 + x) + 30(15 x)
1
= 4
(15 x) (15 + x)
2
450 + 30x + 450 30x
9
=
225 x2
2
900
9
=
225 x2
2
9x2 = 225
x2 = 25
x =
25 = 5
x 23x + 3x 69 = 0
(x 23) (x + 3) = 0
x 23 = 0
or
x+3 = 0
x = 23
or
x = 3
But 3 is not a whole number
x = 23.
33. Suppose one natural number = x
IInd natural number = x + 1
According to the question
x(x + 1) = 20
x2 + x = 20
x2 + x 20 = 0
x2 5x 4x 20 = 0
x(x + 5) 4(x + 5) = 0
(x + 5) (x 4) = 0
x+5 = 0
or
x4 = 0
x = 5
or
x = 4
But x = 5 is not a natural number
Hence, two consecutive natural numbers are 4, 5.
38.
39.
40.
B 2 4AC = 0
(b c)2 4(a b) (c a) = 0
b2 + c2 2bc 4(ac a2 bc + ab) = 0
41.
(2a b c)2 = 0
2a (b + c) = 0
2a = b + c
Hence, proved.
Roots are real and equal.
B 2 4AC = 0
(ac + bd)2 = 0
ac + bd = 0
The equation is p(q r)x2 + q(r p)x + r(p q) = 0
Since, the roots are real.
b2 4ac = 0
q2 (r p) 2 4pr(q r) (p q) = 0
q2 (r2 + p2 2rp) 4pr(pq pr q2 + qr) = 0
q2r2 + p2 q2 2prq2 4p2 qr + 4p2 r2
+ 4pq2 r2 4 pqr2 = 0
p2 q2 + q2 r2 + 4 r2 p2 + 2 pq2 r 4 p2rq = 0
(pq + qr 2rp)2 = 0
pq + qr 2rp = 0
1 1
2
+ =
p r
q
The equation is (1 + m2)x2 + 2mcx + (c2 a2 ) = 0
The roots are real and equal. D = 0
D = B 2 4 AC
4( c2 + a2 + m2 a2 ) = 0
c2 + a2 + m2 a2 = 0
a2 (1 + m2) = c2
Let the original average speed of the cyclist be
x km/hr.
Distance from A and B = 14 km
Time taken to cover a distance of 14 km at
14
original speed = hrs.
x
When speed is decreased by 1 km/hr new speed =
(x 1) km/hr.
Time taken to cover 14 km at reduced speed
14
=
hr.
(x 1)
According to the question
14
14
=
(x 1) x
x2 x =
2
x x 42 =
1
3
42
0
(x 7) (x + 6) = 0
x = 7, 6
Original average speed = 7 km/hr.
42. Let the rate of walking = x km/hr
Distance = 2 km
2
Time = hr
x
Again, Speed = (x + 1) km/hr
2
Time =
hr
(x + 1)
According to the question
2
2
1
=
x (x + 1)
6
2
1
=
x2 + x
6
x2 + x 12 = 0
(x 3) (x + 4) = 0
x = 3, 4, Rejecting x = 4
= 2
x
x+4
4
= 2
x2 + 4x
=
(x 400)
x
3
400 2
=
x2 400x 3
1600
720
x2 + 4x 1440 = 0
(x 36) (x + 40) = 0
x = 36, 40
Rejecting x = 40
x2 400x 960000 = 0
x =
400
(400) 2 + 4 960000
21
400
Number of books = 36
238
n + 4 = 2n
n = 2n 4
49 n = 4n2 + 16 16n
4n2 65n + 16 = 0
n =
65
65
3969
8
128 2
n =
,
8 8
1
n = 16, , But n become n N
4
Total number of swans = 16.
n =
15
tn = nth term = a + (n 1) d
So, 15th term = a + (15 1).d
= a + 14 d = 3 + 14 3 = 45.
Illustration 2.
Given A.P. is 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, Find the
common difference and the 10th term.
Solution :
Ist term = a = 4
Common difference = 7 ( 4) = 10 ( 7) = 3
10th term is given by = a + (10 1).d
= 4 + 9 ( 3) = 31.
Illustration 3.
1
3
5
Given A.P. is , 1, , 2, , Find its 115th
2
2
2
term.
Solution :
1
Ist term = a =
2
1 3
1
Common difference = 1 = 1 =
2 2
2
Now,
nth term = tn = a + (n 1).d
1
1
t115 = + (115 1)
2
2
115
t115 =
2
Illustration 4.
Find the Sum of n natural numbers.
Solution :
We known that
k2 (k 1)2 = 2 k 1
Now, when k = 1 12 02 = 2 1 1
k = 2 22 12 = 2 2 1
k = 3 32 2 2 = 2 3 1
k = 4 42 32 = 2 4 1
k = 5 52 42 = 2 5 1
k = n n2 (n 1) 2 = 2 n 1
n2 = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n) n
n2 = 2(Sum of natural numbers) n
n(n + 1)
Sum of n natural numbers =
2
Illustration 5.
Find the sum of n terms of an A.P. whose first
number is a and common difference is d.
Solution :
According to given condition
Arithmetic progression isa, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,
a + 4d, a + (n 1)d
CAT Complete Course | 239
n(n 1)
2
Sn =
n
[2a + (n 1) d]
2
Illustration 6.
Find the sum of 20 terms of an A.P. which is 5, 3,
1, 1, 5, 7,
Solution :
According to question
Ist term = a = 5; Common difference = d = 3 ( 5)
= 2; n = 20
20
Since, S 20 =
[2a + (20 1)d]
2
= 10[2 ( 5) + 19 2]
= 280
Illustration 7.
Find 20th term of the following A.P.
(i) 430, 415, 400, 385
(ii) (4x + 8y), (6x + 7y), (8x + 11y), (10x + 15y)
Solution :
(i) First term = a = 430
Common difference = d = 415 430 = 15
Now, tn = a + (n 1)d
t20 = 430 + (20 1) ( 15)
= 430 + 19 ( 15)
= 430 285 = 145
(ii) Given A.P. is (4x + 3y), (6x + 7y), (8x + 11y),
(10x+15y)
We consider above A.P. in two separated A.P.s 4x,
6x, 8x, 10x,
and 3y, 7y, 11y, 15y,
Now, xt20 = 4x + (20 1)2x = 4x + 38x = 42x
and
Now,
Illustration 8.
If Ist term of an A.P. is 10 and common difference is
5, write down the A.P.
Solution :
Ist term = a = 10
Common difference = d = 5
So, Arithmetic Progression is 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
40,
240
Illustration 9.
The first and 7th term of an A.P. are 7 and 49 respectively. Write the A.P.
Solution :
Since, we know that
n
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
[a + a + (n 1)d]
2
n
[a + nth term]
2
Sn =
n
[Ist term + nth term]
2
Sn =
n
[Ist term + Last term]
2
Illustration 10.
The first and last term of an A.P. consisting of 12
terms are 20 and 245 respectively. Write the A.P.
Solution :
Given
a = 20
Last term = 245
n = 12
From formula
12
S 12 =
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
12
=
[Ist term + Last term]
2
= 6 (20 + 245)
= 6 (265)
= 1590
Illustration 11.
If the first and last terms of an A.P. are 5 and 1025
and the Sum of terms is 2060, then find the value of n.
Solution :
a = 5
Last term = a + (n 1)d = 1025
n
S n = [Ist term + Last term]
2
n
2060 = [5 + 1025]
2
n = 4
Illustration 12.
Find the Sum of first n even natural numbers.
Solution :
The Ist n odd natural number start with 2.
An A.P. is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
So,
a = 2, d = 2
n
S n = [2.a + (n 1)d]
2
n
= [2 2 + (n 1) 2]
2
n
= (2n + 2)
2
Even = n(n + 1)
Illustration 13.
Find the Sum of first n odd natural numbers.
Solution :
Given A.P. is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
a = 1, d = 2
n
S n = [2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
= [2 1 + (n 1) 2]
2
S odd = n2
Illustration 14.
Find the sum of the squares of the first n natural
numbers.
Solution :
Given series is 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 + 6 2 + + n2
Now, we have k3 (k 1)3 = 3k2 3k + 1
13 03 = 3 12 3 1 + 1
Putting
k = 1
Putting
k = 2 23 1 3 = 3 22 3 2 + 1
Putting k = 3 33 23 = 3 32 3 3 + 1
Putting
Now,
k = n
n3 (n 1) 3 = 3 n2 3n + 1
n3 = 3(12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2) 3 (1 + 2
+ 3 + 4 + + n) + n
n(n + 1)
+n
2
or
n3 = 3(Sn ) 3
or
3
n3 = 3S n (n2 + n) + n
2
or
3
3S n = n3 + (n2 + n) n
2
=
1
[2n3 + 3n2 + 3n 2n]
2
n
[2n2 + 3n + 1]
2
Sn =
n(2n + 1) (n + 1)
6
Sn =
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
8 = 1
n
The arithmetic mean represents a point about which
the numbers balance. For example, if unit masses are
placed on a line at points with co-ordinates X 1 , X2 , X3 ,
, Xn , then the arithmetic mean is the co-ordinate of
the centre of gravity of the system. In statistics, the
arithmetic mean is commonly used as the single value
typical of a set of data. For a system of particles having
unequal masses, the centre of gravity is determined by a
more general average, the weighted arithmetic mean. If
each number xi is assigned a positive weight wi, the
weighted arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of the
products w ixi divided by the sum of the weights. In this
case,
X w + X2 w 2 + X3 w 3 + + Xn w n
8 = 1 1
w 1 + w2 + w3 + + wn
A.M. = 8 =
Solution :
Ist term = a
(n + 2)th term = b
Mp = 1
b = a + (n 1)d
ba
d =
n+1
w 1 + w2 + w3 + + wn
their product; g =
x1x2x3xn.
= f1
So,
2nd term = a + d
b a an + a + b a b + an
= a+
=
=
n+1
n+1
n+1
b a
n + 1
3rd term = a + 2d = a + 2
=
an + a + 2b 2a 2b + (n 1)a
=
n+1
n+1
Putting k = n n4 (n 1) 4 = 4 n3 6 n2 + 4n 1
n4 = 4(13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + + n3) 6(1 2 + 2 2
+ 32 + + n2) + 4(1 + 2 + 3 + 4
+ + n) n
or
Solution :
(i) Arithmetic mean =
=
(ii) Arithmetic mean =
=
3 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 21 + 24
6
84
= 14
6
a + 4a + 9a + 6a + 20a
5
40
a = 8a
5
Illustration 16.
Insert n arithmetic means between a and b with n
arithmetic means and the two given quantities a and b,
the total number of terms will be (n + 2). Further all the
terms will be in A.P.
242
n4 = 4S n 6
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
+4
n(n + 1)
n
2
or
or
So,
4S n = n4 + 2n3 + n2
4S n = n2 (n2 + 2n + 1)
n(n + 1) 2
Sn =
2
Illustration 18.
Find the sum of the series of n terms
(42 12 ) + (52 22 ) + (62 32 ) + (72 42 ) +
Solution :
The given series is combination of two series 42, 5 2 ,
2
6 , 72 . and 12 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 ,
nth term = a + (n 1)d = 4 + (n 1)1
=n+3
2
2
2
2
nth term of series = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
nth term = n2
Now, nth term of the given series = (n + 3)2 n2
= n2 + 6n + 9 n2
= 6n + 9
n
So,
S n = n = 1 (6n + 9)
n(n + 1)
+ 9n
2
= 3n + 3n2 + 9n
= 3n2 + 12n = 3n(n + 4)
= 6
First term = a = 2
8
Common ratio = r = = 2
4
Tn = 2.(2)n 1 = 2n
Illustration 19.
Find the common ratio of the following G.P.
(i) 15a2 , 45a4 , 135a6 , 405a8 ,
(ii) 6, 42, 234, 2058,
Solution :
(i)
Ist term = 15a2
Second term
Common ratio =
First term
45a4
=
= 3a2
15a2
(ii)
Ist term = 6
Second term
Common ratio =
First term
42
=
=7
6
Illustration 20.
Find the nth term of a G.P. whose Ist term is a and
common ratio be r.
Solution :
t1 = Ist term = a
t2 = 2nd term = t1 r = a r = a r2 1
t3 = 3rd term = t2 r = a r r = a r2 = a r3 1
t4 = 4th term = t3 r = a r2 r = a r3 = a r4 1
t5 = 5th term = t4 r = a r3 r = a r4 = a r5 1
tn = nth term = a rn 1
Illustration 21.
Find the sum of n terms of a G.P.
Solution :
Let
Ist term = a
Common ratio = r
If Sn be the sum of n terms.
So, S n = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + + arn 1(1)
Now, multiplying equation (1) with r, we get
rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn
Now, Sn r Sn , then we get
S n = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn 1
r Sn = ar ar2 ar3 arn 1 arn
(1 r)Sn = a arn
Sn = a
(1 rn )
1r
when r < 1
When r > 1
rn 1
r 1
Sn = a
Illustration 22.
A finite G.P. consists of 6 terms. If its first and last
terms are 5 and 84035. Find the G.P.
Solution :
Ist term = a = 5
n = 6
Last term T 6 = 84035 = a. r5
84035 = 5 r5
16807 = r5
75 = r 5
r = 7
So, G.P. is 5, 35, 245, 1715,
Illustration 23.
Find the sum of first 5 terms of G.P. whose first term
is 2 and common ratio is 3.
CAT Complete Course | 243
Solution :
n = 5, a = 2, r = 3
Using Formula
rn 1
r 1
35 1
= 2
= 243 1 = 242
31
S5 = a
Illustration 24.
Find the sum of 6 terms of a G.P. whose first term is
1
5 and the common ratio is
2
Solution :
a = 5 = Ist term
Common ratio (r) = 2
rn 1
r 1
1 1
26
S 6 = 5
1
1 2
Sum = S n = a
G.M. =
(a + b) (a2 b2 ) (a b)
= (a2 b2 )
Now, there are two G.M. = a2 b2 and (a2 b2 )
(a2 b2 )
So, Ist common ratio =
=ab
(a + b)
(a2 b2 )
2nd common ratio =
= (a b)
(a + b)
Illustration 25.
Find the missing terms in the following G.P.
96,
,
,
,
486
Solution :
Clearly, a = 96,
t5 = ar4
(ii)
r<1
26 1
63 315
= 5 32
=
32
25
= 5
G.M. =
X1.X2 .X3 .X4 . Xn
3
2
3
Fourth term = 216 = 324
2
Illustration 26.
The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 63 and their
product is 1728. Find the numbers.
Solution :
a a
Let the three numbers in G.P. be a, , 2
r r
According to question
a a
a + + 2 = 63
(1)
r r
a a
or
a 2 = 1728
(2)
r r
a3
or
= 1728 = (4 3)3
r3
a
or
= 12
r
x3
G.M. =
r =
3 2
= 72 3 = 216
2
or
(i) 5x, 20
81 3
=
16 2
r4 =
3
Second term = 96 = 48 3 = 144
2
or
(i) 5x, 20 x3
486 = 96 r4
1 1
+ = 63
r r2
1 1
12.r 1 + + 2 = 63
r r
a 1 +
r2 + r + 1
= 63
r2
or
12.r
or
or
or
12.r2 51.r + 12 = 0
12.r2 48.r 3.r + 12 = 0
or
12.r(r 4) 3(r 4) = 0
1
r = 4, r =
a = 48, 3
4
Clearly, there are two G.P. which are
3 3 3
3, ,
,
,
4 16 64
and 48, 48 4, 48 42 , 48 43,
Illustration 27.
The sum of first five terms of a G.P. is 93 and the
sum of first ten term is 3069. Find the G.P.
Solution :
Now,
So,
and
rn 1
r 1
r5 1
S5 = a
r 1
r10 1
S 10 = a
r1
Sn = a
S 10
r10 1
3069
= 5
= r5 + 1 =
S5
r 1
93
2976
= 25
93
r = 2
r5 =
25 1
= a 31
21
S5 = a
93 = a 31
a = 3
Illustration 28.
If A and G are A.M. and G.M. of a, b, then find the
equation having a, b as its roots.
Solution :
Since, a, b are two numbers
a+b
A.M. =
=A
2
a + b = 2.A
(1)
Again,
G.M. = G =
ab
G =
ab
a.b = G2
(2)
1 1 1 1
,
,
,
are in A.P.
X1 X2 X3 X4
Illustration 29.
2 1 2 1 2
is a H.P.
11 7 17 10 23
Show that
Solution :
The new sequence formed by reciprocals of the terms
11
17
23
of the given sequence is
, 7,
, 10,
2
2
2
11
3
Now,
7
=
2
2
17
3
7 =
2
2
17
3
10
=
2
2
23
3
10 =
2
2
Since, the difference between two consecutive terms
of the new sequence is always same.
So, they form an A.P. and Given sequence is in H.P.
Illustration 30.
3
1
The first and 16th terms of a H.P. are
and
2
2
respectively. Find its 6th term.
Solution :
We know that nth term of an A.P. is
tn = a + (n 1)d
where a = first term ; d = common difference
SOME IMPORTANT
POINTS IN A.P.
1. If a is the first and d be the common difference of an
A.P. and if AP having m terms, then nth term from
the end is equal to the (m n + 1)th term from the
beginning. So, nth term
from the end = tm n + 1 = a + (m n)d
2. If a constant is added to or subtracted from an A.P.,
then the resulting sequence is also an A.P. with some
common difference.
3. In a finite A.P., the sum of terms equidistant from the
beginning and end and is always equal to the sum of
first and last term of the series.
tm + tn (m 1) = t1 + tn for all n = 1, 2, 3,
Short Cuts
(a) If A.M., G.M. and H.M. between a and b are in A, G
and H respectively, then
a+b
A=
, G =
ab , H = a2ab
2
+b
a + b 2ab
Therefore, A H =
2
a+b
2
= ab = G = A H
2
G = AH
(b) Always
A.M. G.M. H.M.
Hence,
A GH
(c) The way of assuming terms in A.P.
(i) , , +
(ii) ( 3), ( ), ( + ), ( + 3)
(iii) ( 5), ( 3), ( ), ( + ), ( + 3),
( + 5)
(i)
, , r
r
4. If between two given quantities a and b, we have to
(ii) 3 , , r, r3
insert n quantities a, A1, A2, A3, An , b such that
r r
a, A1, A2, A3, An , b are in A.P., then we say A1,
(iii) 2 , , , r, r2
A2, A 3 , An are n arithmetic means between a
r r
and b.
where = Ist term, r = common ratio
SOME IMPORTANT
POINTS IN G.P.
1. The nth terms from the end of a finite G.P. consisting
of m terms is arm n
where
a = Ist term
r = Common ratio
2. The nth term from the end of G.P. with last term l
and common ratio r is
l n 1
l
r
3. a, b, c three nonzero numbers are in G.P. if b2 = ac.
4. If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by
the same nonzero constant, then it remains a G.P.
with the same common ratio.
5. In a finite G.P., the product of the terms equidistant
from the beginning and the end is always the same
and is equal to the product of first and the last term.
246
Exercise A
1. A.M. between the roots of a quadratic equation is 5
and G.M. is 4, then find the quadratic equation.
2. If A, G, H are A.M., G.M. and H.M. between three
given numbers a, b and c, then the equation having a,
3G3
b, c as its roots is X 3 3 AX2 +
G3 = 0.
H
3. If in an A.P., the sum of m terms is equal to n and the
sum of n terms is equal to m, then find the sum of
(m + n) terms.
4. If (b + c), (c + a), (a + b) are in H.P., then what is the
series of a2 , b2 , c2 ?
5. If the ath, bth and cth terms of a G.P. are P, Q, R
respectively, then show that
P b c Qc a Ra b = 1
6. If for a G.P. if T m + n = P and Tm n = Q, then find out
Tm.
10
r = 1 (r + 1)2 .
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Exercise B
1. Find the Sum of series
(i) (a + b) + (a2 +2b) + (a3 + 3b) + to n terms.
(ii) (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3)
+ + n terms.
2. The fifth term of a G.P. is 81, whereas its second
term is 24. Find the series and sum of its first eight
terms.
3. The first term of an infinite G.P. is 1 and any term is
equal to the sum of all the succeeding terms. Find the
series.
CAT Complete Course | 247
4. If x = 1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + to
(|a| < 1)
2
3
y = 1 + b + b + b + to
(|b| < 1)
2
2
3
3
Now, find out 1 + ab + a .b + a b +
5. In an increasing G.P., the sum of the First and the
last term is 66. The products of the second and the
last but one term is 128 and the sum of all the terms is
126. How many terms are there in the progression ?
6. The Sum of three numbers in G.P. is 14. If the first
two terms are each increased by 1 and the third term
decreased by 1, the resulting numbers are in A.P.
Find the numbers.
7. In a set of four numbers the first three are in G.P. and
the last three in A.P. with common difference 6. If
the first number is the same as the fourth. Find the
four numbers.
8. Three numbers from a G.P. If the 3rd term is
decreased by 64, then the three numbers thus
obtained will consecutive on A.P. If the second term
of this A.P. is decreased by 8 a G.P. will be formed
again determine the numbers.
9. The consecutive digits of a three digit number are in
G.P. If the middle digit be increased by 2, then they
form an A.P. If 792 is subtracted from this number
the we get the number consisting of same three digits
but in reverse order. Find the number.
10. If p, q, r, s, t form an A.P. Find the values of p 4q +
6r 4s + t.
11. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is (2n2 + 3n). Find
the tn term and common difference.
12. If one G.M. G and two arithmetic means A and B be
inserted between any two given numbers, then show
that G2 = (2A B) (2B A).
13. In a G.P. of real numbers, it is given that T1 + T2 +
T3 + T4 = 30 and
T1 2 + T2 2 + T3 2 + T4 2 = 340 determine G.P.
14. Find the sum of n terms of the series
3
5
7
9
+
+
+
+
12 12 + 2 2 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2
6n
=
n+1
15. If a, b and l be the first, second and the last term of a
G.P. respectively, then find the sum of the G.P.
16. If Sn , S2n and S3n are the sum of first n, 2n and 3n
terms respectively of a G.P., then show that
S n (S3n S2n) = (S2n Sn )2
17. If a, b and c are in A.P., then
10ax + 10, 10bx + 10, 10cx + 10
[x 0]
Find the series of given numbers.
18. Find the value of 9 1/3 91/9 91/27 .
19. Find the sum of series whose mth term is 6m(m + 2)
where m = 1, 2, 3, and series has total number
to terms = n.
248
Answers
m+n
{2a + (m + n 1)d}
2
By putting the value of a and
Sm + n =
Exercise A
1. Let roots are a and b.
According to question
Sm + n =
a+b
2
a+b
5 =
2
a + b = 10
m+n
2
A.M. =
ab
4 =
ab
ab = 16
(2)
If a, b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then
X2 (a + b) X + ab = 0
or X2 10 X + 16 = 0
2. According to question
3A = a + b + c
(1)
3
G = a bc
(2)
(3)
3G3
H
If l, m, n be the roots of a cubic equation, then
X3 (l + m + n)X2 + (lm + ln + nm)X lmn = 0
3G3
So,
X3 3 AX2 +
X G3 = 0
H
3. Let a be the Ist term and d is the common difference.
According to question
S m = Sum of m terms
a b +b c +c a =
m
{2a + (m 1)d} = n
(1)
2
n
S n = {2a + (n 1)d} = m
(2)
2
2n
From equation (1) = {2a + (m 1)d}
m
2m
From equation (2)
= {2a + (n 1)d}
n
Now, equation (1) equation (2), we get
2(n2 m2)
= (m n)d
mn
2(m + n)
d =
mn
2n
and now, From equation (1) 2a = (m 1)d
m
2n
2(m + n)
2a =
+ (m 1)
m
mn
2
2
n + m + mn m n
a =
mn
=
2(m + n 1) (m + n)
mn
m +n 1
[m 2 + n2 + mn m n
2
mn
{m 2 + 2mn + n2 m n}]
m+n
=
( mn)
mn
= (m + n)
= 2
(1)
G.M. =
1
1 1 1 1
= + +
H
3 a b c
m2 + n2 + mn m n
2
mn
Sm + n
,
,
are in A.P.
b+c c+a a+b
Now,common difference remains constant.
1
1
1
1
So,
c+a b+c
a+b c+a
2
1
1
2b + a + c
=
+
=
c+a
a + b b + c (a + b) (b + c)
or 2(ab + b2 + bc + ac) = (2b + a + c) (c + a)
or 2ab + 2b2 + 2bc + 2ac = 2bc + 2ab + a2 + c2
+ 2ac a2 + c2 = 2b2
Thats mean a2, b2 , c2 are in AP.
5. Let
Ist term = X
Common ratio = Y
Now,
P = X Ya 1
Q = X Yb1
R = X Yc1
Now, P b c = (XYa 1) (b c) = Xb c Y(a 1) (b c)
Qc a = (XYb 1) (c a) = Xc a Y(b 1) (c a)
R a b = (XYc 1) (a b) = Xa b Y(c 1) (a b)
P b c Qc a Ra b = X0 Y0 = 1
Hence, proved P b c Qc a Ra b = 1
6. Let a be the Ist term
Now,
r = common ratio
Tm + n = P = a r m + n 1
(1)
Tm n = Q = a rm n 1
(2)
P 2n
P
= r2n r =
Q
Q
Now,
(3)
P = a rm + n 1
P
P = a
Q
m+n1
2n
Q
a = P
P
m+n1
2n
(4)
Tm = a rm 1
Q
= P
P
Q
= P
P
Q
= P
P
Tm =
m+n1
2n
m1
2n
P
Q
m+n1
2n
m 1
Q
2n
P
m+n1 m1
2n
2n
PQ
7. Let
= 2
n 2a + (n 1)d
n
2a + (m 1)d
m
or
=
2a + (n 1)d
n
Now, replaying m by (2m 1) and n by (2n 1), we
get
2a + 2(m 1)d
2m 1
=
2a + 2(n 1)d
2n 1
a + (m 1)d
2m 1
or
=
a + (n 1)d
2n 1
tm
2m 1
=
tn
2n 1
or
b a b 2a2
=
a+b a+b
2a2
H 2b =
a+b
2
Ha =
=
250
2b a b
2ab
a= a
a+b
a+b
a b
2ab a2 ab
=a
a+b
a + b
2a + 2b
=2
ba
H+a H+b
+
= 2
Ha Hb
9. We know that
+
23
Now,
33
+ +
n3
n(n + 1) 2
=
2
= H2
(ii)
13
H 2a = 2a
2ab
4a2 b2
(H 2a) (H 2b) =
=
(a + b)2 a + b
a b 2ab b2 ab
=
a+b
a + b
a b
= b
a + b
1
1
1
+
=
+
Ha Hb
a a b b a b
a + b a + b
a + b 1 1
=
+
a b a b
(a + b) (a b) 1 1
(a b)ab = a + b
2b + a + b
2ab
(iii)
H+a =
+a=a
a+b
a+b
3b + a
= a
a+b
2b + a + b
2ab
H+b =
+b=b
a+b
a+b
3a + b
= b
a+b
H+a
a(3b + a) 3b + a
=
=
Ha
a(b a) b a
3a + b
H+b
=
Hb
ab
3a + b 3b + a
H+a H+b
+
=
+
Ha Hb
ba ba
H b = b
2
r = 1 (3n3 + 2n) = 3 8(82+ 1)
8(8 + 1) (17)
6
8
= 3 16 81 + 9 17
3
= 3888 + 408 = 4296
10
10
2
10. r = 1 (r + 1) = r = 1 (r2 + 2r + 1)
+2
10(10+ 1) (21)
10 11
+2
+ 10
6
2
5
= 11 21 + 55 2 + 10
3
= 35 11 + 110 + 10 = 385 + 120 = 505
11. (i) 3b + 12b2 + 48b3 + 192b4 + 768b5
1st term = 3b
2nd term = 12b2
Common ratio = 4b
3b + 12b2 + 48b3 + 192b4 + 768b5
= 3b + 3(4b)b + 3b(4b)2 + 3b(4b)3 +
n
= r = 1 3b(4b)n 1
=
We have 5 term, so n = 5
r = 1 3b(4b)n 1
n(n + 1)
+ 9n
2
= 3n(n + 1 + 3)
= 3n(n + 4)
13. We can write the above series as
(12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + )
(1)
+ (32 + 4 2 + 5 2 + 6 2 + )
(2)
2
2
2
2
+ (3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + )
(3)
2
Now, rth of 1st = r
rth of 2nd = (r + 1)2
rth of 3rd = (2r + 1)2
Now, rth term = r2 + (r + 1)2 + (2r + 1)2
tr term = r2 + r2 + 4r + 4 + 4r2 + 4r + 1
= 6
Now,
r = 1
= 6r2 + 8r + 5
n
tr = r = 1 (6r2 + 8r + 5)
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
= 6
+8
6
n(n + 1)
+ 5n
2
= (n2 + n) (2n + 1) + 4n2 + 4n + 5n
= 2n3 + n2 + 2n2 + n + 4n2 + 9n
= 2n3 + 7n2 + 10n
= 16
+ 48 n(n + 1)6(2n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)
+ 60
+ 28n
2
Sn =
r+2 r+3
1 1
t1 =
3 4
1 1
t2 =
4 5
1 1
t3 =
5 6
=
=
=
1
1
tn =
n+2 n+3
1
1
S n = t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn =
3 n3
n
Sn =
3(n + 3)
16. When n is even n = 2m
Then, 3 5 + 7 9 + 11 13 + 15 17 +
S n = ( 2) + ( 2) + ( 2) + m times
S n = 2m
n
S n = 2 = n when n is even.
2
When n is odd n = 2m 1
3 5 + 7 9 + 11 13 + 15 17 +
= (3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + + m terms)
(5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + (m 1) terms)
2m 2
S n = 3 + ( 5 + 7) + ( 9 + 11) +
2
= 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + (m 1) times
= 3 + 2 (m 1)
= 2m + 1
S n = n + 1 where n is odd
CAT Complete Course | 251
or
or
1
2
Common difference (d) = 19 20 =
3
3
Let n be the number of terms.
Using formula
n
S n = [2a + (n 1)d]
2
or
300 =
2
n
40 + (n 1)
2
3
or
300 =
n 120 2n + 2
2
3
n 122 2n n(61 n)
=
2
3
3
or
n2 61n + 900 = 0
or n2 36n 25n + 900 = 0
or n(n 36) 25(n 36) = 0
n = 25, n = 36
It has double answers.
Because, the last eleven terms (36 25) are present
whose sum is zero.
18. Let Ist term = a
Common difference = d
According to question
t3 = a + 2d = 7
(1)
or
300 =
t7 = a + 6d = 3 7 + 2 = 23
Now, from equations (1) and (2), we get
4d = 16
d = 4
a = 7 2d = 7 8 = 1
20
Now, S 20 =
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
= 10 [2 ( 1) + 19 (4)]
= 740
19. Let Ist term = a
Common difference = d
8
Now, S 8 = [2a + (8 1)d]
2
= 4 [2a + 7d]
64 = 8a + 28d
16 = 2a + 7d
19
S 19 =
[2a + (19 1)d]
2
19
361 =
[2a + 18d]
2
19 = a + 9d
Now, equation (1) equation (2), we get
38 16 = 18d 7d
252
(2)
22 = 11d
d = 2 and a = 1
n
So,
Sn =
[2 1 + (n 1) 2]
2
= n2
20. Let the number of the sides of the polygon = n
Ist angle of the polygon = 120
d = 5
Now, Sum of all the interior angles = (n 2)
180 (1)
n
Sum of angles =
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
=
[240 + (n 1) 5] (2)
2
Since, equation (1) and equation (2) are equal.
n
(n 2) 180 = [235 + 5n]
2
or (n 2) 180 2 = 5n(47 + n)
or
n2 + 47n = (n 2) 72
or n2 25n + 144 = 0
or
n = 9, 16
If n = 16
Tn = a + (16 1)d
= 120 + 15 5 = 195
Since, interior angle can not be greater than 180.
Hence,
only n = 9 acceptable.
21. Ist term of the series = log a
a2
a
Common difference = log log a = log
b
b
= Constant
n
So,
Sn =
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
=
n
a
2 log a + (n 1) log
2
b
n
2
a
n log b + log ab
4 1
= years
12 3
(2)
or
or
168 =
n
1
2 8 + (n 1)
2
3
(48 + n 1)
3
(n + 47) n = 168 2 3
168 2 = n
or
n2 + 47n 168 2 3 = 0
or n2 + 63n 16n 168 6 = 0
or
n(n + 63) 16 (n + 63) = 0
n = 16
So, 16 boys are present in class.
23. Let Ist term = a
Common difference = d
tm = a + (m 1)d = n
tn = a + (n 1)d = m
From equations (1) and (2), we get
(m 1)d (n 1)d = n m
or
(m n)d = n m
d = 1
a + (m 1) ( 1) = n
or
a = n+m1
Now, tm + n = a + (m + n 1)d
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
= (m + n 1) + (m + n 1) (1)
tm + n = 0
24. Let d be the common difference.
First term = 1
Last term = 31
Since, m terms are inserted between 1 and 31 so, 31
is the (m + 2)th term of A.P.
Now,
31 = tm + 2 = a + (m + 2 1)d
31 = a + (m + 1)d
(1)
a + 7d
5
=
a + (m 1)d
9
4a = 5md 5d 63d
or
4a = 5md 68d
or
(5m 68)d = 4
30
or (5m 68)
= 4
m+1
or
(5m 68) 30 = 4m + 4
or
75m 68 15 = 2m + 2
or
73m = 1022
1022
or
m =
= 14
73
25. Let the three numbers of A.P. are , , + .
According to question
+ + + = 15
3 = 15 = 5
2
2
and ( ) + + ( + )2 = 83
or (5 )2 + 25 + (5 + )2 = 83
or
2(25 + 2) = 83 25 = 58
or
25 + 2 = 29
or
2 = 4 = 2 2
or
= 2
or
or
or
d2 14d 7 = 25
or
d2 14d 32 = 0
or
d2 16d + 2d 32 = 0
12, 5, 22,
(2)
(3)
A + (p 1)d = a
a b
p q
A = a (p 1)
Now,
or
Now,
=
a(p q) (p 1) (a b)
pq
aq + pb + a b
A =
pq
p+q
Sp + q =
[2A + (p + q 1)d]
2
A =
p + q a(1 q) + b(p 1)
a b
2
+ (p + q 1)
2
pq
p q
CAT Complete Course | 253
p+q
1
[2a(1 q) + 2b(p 1) + (p + q 1)
2
pq
(a b)]
p + q
a b
a+b+
2
p q
= a + (n 1)d
= p + (n 1)q
L1
=
=4
a
p
=
a
= 4p
(1)
(2)
(3)
p + (n 1)q = 4a
4p a
d
=
4a p
q
n
(a + b)
Sn
2
a + 4p
=
=
=2
S1n
n
p
+ 4a
(p + L1 )
2
and
2p = 7a
a
p
Or
= =k
2
7
d
28k 2k
=
= 26
q
8k 7k
L
p
7
=
=
L1
a
2
29. Ist term of all A.P.s = 1
Now, nth term of 1st A.P. = 1 + (n 1) 1 = n
nth term of 2nd A.P. = 1 + (n 1) 2 = 2n 1
nth term of 3rd A.P. = 1 + (n 1) 3 = 3n 2
Similarly,
nth term of nth A.P. = 1 + (n 1)n = n2 (n 1)
Now, their sum is
S n = [n + 2n 1 + 2n 2 + + n2 (n 1)]
n(n + 1) n 2
= (n + 1)
2
2
n
n
= [2 1 + (n 1)1] = [2 1 + (n 1)1]
2
2
n
= [2 2 + (n 1)3]
2
n
= [2 3 + (n 1)5]
2
+ S2 + S3 + + Sm
S n = n + (n 1)
30. Now, S 1
S2
S3
Now, S1
n
n
= [2 1 + (n 1)1] + [2 2 + (n 1)3]
2
2
n
n
+ [2 3 + (n 1)5] + + [2 m
2
2
+ (n 1) (2m 1)]
254
n
= [(2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + + 2 m)
2
+ (n 1) (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + (2m 1)]
n m(m + 1)
2
+ (n 1)m 2
2
2
n
= (m2 + m + n m2 m2)
2
n
= m(mn + 1)
2
31. Let 1st term = a
Common ratio = r
Here, r < 1
Now, Sum of infinity terms =
a
1r
1
a
=
8
1r
25
a
or
=
8
1r
1
1
and
ar =
a=
2
2r
1
25
2r
=
8
1r
or
25(1 r)r =
2
or
25r 25r + 4 =
2
or
25r 20r 5r + 4 =
or 5r(5r 4) r(5r 4) =
3
(1)
4
0
0
0
4 1
or
r = ,
5 5
1
or
ar =
2
4
5
where
r =
a=
5
8
1
5
When
r =
a=
5
2
32. Odd numbers between 1 and 1000 are
3, 5, 7, 9 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 999
Now, odd numbers divisible by 3 are 3, 9, 15, 21,
993, 999
Now,
Ist term = 3
Common difference = 6
Last term = 999
If nth term be 999
Then, 3 + (n 1)6 = 999
or
6n 3 = 999
or
6n = 1002
or
n = 167
167
Sn =
(first + Last terms)
2
167
167
(3 + 999) =
501
2
2
S n = 501 167
Sn =
S n = 83667
33. (a) Let the four terms of A. P. are 3, ,
+ , + 3.
According to questions
3 + + + + + 3 = 20
4 = 20
= 5
and ( 3)2 + ( )2 + ( + )2 + ( + 3)2 = 120
or
2( + 52 ) + 2( 2 + 2) = 120
or
2 + 52 = 30
or
25 + 52 = 30
= 1
When
= 1
Numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8
When
= 1
Numbers are 8, 6, 4, 2
(b) Let the four terms of A. P. are 3 , ,
+ , + 3
3 + + + + + 3 = 32
4 = 32
= 8
and ( 3)2
+ (
)2
+ (
+ )2
+ ( + 3)2 = 276
or
or
2 + 52 = 69
or
64 + 5 2 = 69
or
or
5 2 = 5
= 1
When
= 1
Numbers are 5, 7, 9, 11
When
= 1
Numbers are 11, 9, 7, 5.
34. Let four consecutive terms of A.P. are 3, ,
+ , + 3.
According to question
+ + 3 + + + 3 = 28
or
4 = 28
or
= 7
(1)
( 3) ( + )
8
=
( ) ( + 3)
15
2
2
or
15( 2 3 ) = 8( 2 + 2
32)
or
72 46 212 = 0
or
7 49 46 7 212 = 0
32 + 46 49 = 0
or
= 1,
or
49
3
Suitable value of = 1
Now, numbers are 4, 6, 8, 10.
Exercise B
1. Given series can be written as
(a + a2 + a3 ++ n terms) + (b + 2b + 3b ++ n terms)
First Series
Second Series
First SeriesIs in G.P. whose First term = a
Common ratio = a
Now,
its Sum = a
rn 1 an 1
r 1 = a a 1
an 1 b
+ n(n + 1)
a1 2
Net Sum = a
1 x2(1 xn ) y2(1 yn )
x y 1 x
1 y
2. Let
First term = a
Common ratio = r
Fifth term = ar4 = 81
Now,
r3 =
81 27 3
=
=
24 8 2
24
2 = 16
3
Series is
16, 24, 36, 54,
Sum of its first eight terms
Now,
a =
= a
r8 1
r 1
3 1
2
16
1
2
8
38 28
2
28
81 81 32 8
= 16
2
32 8
= 16
6561 256
2
16
1
= 6305
8
3. Let
First term = a = 1
Common ratio = r
According to question
Tn = Tn + 1 + Tn + 2 + Tn + 3 + +
Sum = a
a rn 1 = a rn + a rn + 1 + +
arn
or
a rn 1 =
1r
n
1
or (1 r) r
= rn
or
rn 1 rn = rn
rn
or
= 2 rn
r
1
r =
2
1 1 1
So, series is 1, , ,
2 4 8
4.
x = 1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 +
= Sum of infinity series whose common ratio is less
than 1.
1
=
a+1
1
y =
or y (1 b) = 1
1b
1 y1
b = 1 =
y
y
Now, 1 + a.b +
+ to
1
y1 x1
1
y
x
a3 .b3
+
1
=
=
1 a.b
6.
Let
a (1 + r + r2 ) = 14
or
2(ar + 1) = (a + 1) + (a.r 2 1)
or
2(ar + 1) = a(1 + r2 )
a(1 + r2 2r) = 2
1 + r + r2
14
=
=7
1 + r2 2r
2
or
1 + r2 + r = 7 + 7 r2 14r
6r2 15r + 6 = 0
2r2 5r + 2 = 0
r = 2,
7.
First term = a
Common ratio = r
(a 6) 2 = a(a + 6)
(r > 1)
36 12a = 6a
Number of terms = n
18a = 36
or
or
or
256
a + a rn 1 = 66
a r a rn 2 = a2 rn 1 = 128
128
a rn 1 =
a
128
66 a =
a
2
a 66a + 128 = 0
(a 2) (a 64) = 0
a = 2, 64
1
rn 1 = 32,
32
1
2
x.y
=
x+y1
5.
2(32r 1)
= 126
r1
or
32r 1 = 63 (r 1)
or
31r = 63 1 = 62
r = 2
(r > 1)
So,
rn 1 = 32, 2n 1 = 32 = 25
n = 6; r = 2; a = 2
Let First term of G.P. = a
Common ratio = r
Now, according to question
a + a.r + a.r2 = 14
or
or
a2.b2
rn 1
= 126
r1
8.
a = 2
So, Four numbers are 8, 4, 2, 8.
Let three numbers a, a, r, ar2 are in G.P. and
a, a, r, (ar2 64) are in A.P.
Now,
2ar = a + ar2 64
a (r2 2r + 1) = 64
(1)
(2)
9.
a = 9
Hence, numbers are 9, 3, 1 or 931.
10. Let d be common difference of the given A.P.
Now, p 4q + 6r 4s + t
or = p 4(p + d) + 6(p + 2d) 4(p + 3d) + (p + 4d)
= p 4p + 6p 4p + p 4d + 12d 12d + 4d
= 0
11. Given
S n = sum of nth term = Sn
S n = 2n2 + 3n
S n 1 = 2(n 1) 2 + 3(n 1)
(1)
(2)
nth term = S n S n 1
= 2(n 1) 2 + 3(n 1) (2n2 + 3n)
= 2(2n 1) ( 1) + 3 ( 1)
= 4n + 2 3n
tn = 2 7n
where we put n = 1
First term = 2 7 1 = 2 7 = 5
12. Let G be G.M. of X and Y, then
G2 = X.Y
(1)
Since, A and B be two arithmetic means between X
and Y.
(3)
2B A = Y
(2)
First term = a
Common ratio = b
a + ab + ab2 + ab3 = 30
a(1 + b + b2 + b3 ) = 30
a2 (1 + b2 + b4 + b6 ) = 340
Similarly,
1 b4
= 30
1b
1 b8
= 340
1 b2
2
a2 (1 b8) 1 b
340
=
1 b2
30 30
a(1 b4)
a2
or
(1 + b4 ) 1 b
17
=
1 b4 1 + b
45
or
17(1 + b + b2 + b3 ) (1 + b) = 45(1 + r4 )
or
or
or
14 b2 +
1
17 b + 1b 17 = 0
b2
1
b + b = X
Put
or
14(X 2 2) 17X 17 = 0
or
X = 2,
1
2
a = 2
Required G.P.s are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
and
16, 8, 4, 2, 1,
14. rth term of the given series is
3 + (r 1)2
tr = 2
1 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + r2
2r + 1
tr =
r(r + 1) (2r + 1)
6
=
6(2r + 1)
6
=
r(r + 1) (2r + 1) r(r + 1)
r + 1 r
1 1
=6
r(r + 1)
r r + 1
= 6
1 1
t1 = 6
1 2
CAT Complete Course | 257
1 1
t2 = 6
2 3
1 1
t3 = 6
3 4
1
1
tn = 6
n
n
+
1
1
t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn = 6 1
n+1
6n
n+1
15. Let last term will be nth term so l = arn 1
Since, b is second term so r = common difference
b
=
a
b n 1
l = a
a
=
b 1
a
r 1
a
=a
r 1
ba 1
n
Sum =
a(bl a2 )
bl a2
a=
2
a (b a)
ba
First term = a
Common ratio = r
=
16. Let
rn 1
r 1
rn 1 r3n 1
r2n 1
a
a
r1
r 1
r 1
rn 1 r3n 1 r2n + 1
= a2
r1
r 1
rn 1 2 2n
= a2
r
r 1
rn 1 2
= a
rn
r1
2
r2n rn
= a
r 1
2
r2n 1
rn 1
= a
a
r1
r 1
=a
258
(
9
1 +1 + 1 +
3 9 27
1 1 1
1
+ +
+
+ are in G.P.
3 9 27 81
1
1
1 3 1
=
= =
3
1 3 2 2
1
3
S n = 91/2 = 3
19. Given tm = 6m(m + 2)
n m = 1 tm = n m = 1 6m(m + 2)
n
= m = 1 (6m2 + 12m)
Sn =
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
n(n + 1)
+ 12
6
2
= n(n + 1) (2n + 7)
20. We divide the series in two parts such as
62 + 7 2 + 8 2 + 9 2 + nth
(1)
and 32 + 4 2 + 5 2 + 6 2 + nth
(2)
rth term of First series
= [6 + (r 1) 1]2
= (r + 5)2
rth term of Second series
= [3 + (r 1) 1]2
= (r + 2)2
Now, rth term the net series
= (r + 5)2 (r + 2)2
= (2r + 7) (3)
= 6r + 21
n
n
Now,
S n = r = 1 tr = r = 1 (6r + 21)
= 6
= 6
n(n +1)
+ 21n
2
= 3(n2 + n) + 21n
Sn = 3n2 + 24n
21. Let
or
= [S2n Sn ]2
17. Since, a, b, c are in A.P.
So,
2b = c + a
2bx = (c + a) x
18. Given 9 3 9 9 9 27
or
First term = X
Common difference = Y
p
a = [2X + (p 1)Y]
2
a
1
= X + (p 1)Y
p
2
q
b = [2X + (q 1)Y]
2
b
1
= X + (q 1)Y
q
2
r
[2X + (r 1)Y]
2
c
1
= X + (r 1)Y
r
2
a
b
c
= (q r) + (r p) + (p q)
p
q
r
c =
or
1
1
X + 2 (p 1)Y + X + 2 (q 1)Y
1
+ X + (r 1)Y
2
= 0
22. Given series is divided into three different parts, such
as
22 + 3 2 + 4 2 +
(1)
42 + 5 2 + 6 2 +
(2)
2
2
2
5 + 7 + 9 +
(3)
rth term of series first
= [2 + (r 1) 1]2 = (r + 1)2
rth term of series second
= [4 + (r 1) 1]2 = (r + 3)2
rth term of series third
= [5 + (r 1) 1]2 = (r + 4)2
Now, rth term of net series
= tr = (r + 1)2 + (r + 3)2 + (r + 4)2
n r = 1 tr
n
S n = r = 1 [(r + 1)2 + (r + 3)2 + (r + 4)2 ]
n
= r = 1 (3r2 + 16r + 26)
Sn =
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
n(n + 1)
+ 16
+ 26n
6
6
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
=
+ 8n(n + 1) + 26n
2
= n[2n2 + 3n + 1 + 16n + 16 + 52]
= n(2n2 + 19n + 69)
23. Given series can be written as
(53 + 7 3 + 9 3 + 11 3 + ) + (33 + 5 3 + 7 3 + 9 3 + )
Its rth term of first series
= [5 + (r 1) 2]3
= (2r + 3)3
Its rth term of second series
= [3 + (r 1) 2]3
= (2r + 1)3
Now, rth term of the given series
= 3
n
r=1
(16r3 + 48 r2 + 60 r + 28)
n(n + 1) 2
= 16
+ 48 n(n + 1)6(2n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)
+ 28n
2
= 4 n2 (n + 1)2 + 8n(n + 1) (2n + 1) + 30n(n + 1)
+ 28n
= 4 n2 (n2 + 2n + 1) + 8n(2n 2 + 3n + 1) + 30n 2 +
30n + 28n
= 2n[2n(n2 + 2n + 1) + 4(2n2 + 3n) + 15n + 33]
= 2n[2n3 + 4n2 + 2n + 8n2 + 12n + 15n + 33]
= 2n[2n3 + 12n2 + 29n + 33]
24. Now, rth term of the given series is
1
r+1r
tr =
=
r(r + 1) r(r + 1)
1
1
=
r r+1
1 1
Now,
t1 =
1 2
1 1
t2 =
2 3
1 1
t3 =
3 4
1 1
t4 =
4 5
1
1
tn =
n n+1
1
1
t1 + t2 + t3 + tn = 1
=
n+1 n+1
1
Sn =
n+1
25. Given series is 7 + 77 + 777 + 7777 + n terms
= 7[1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + n terms]
7
= [9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + n terms]
9
7
= [10 1 + 102 1 + 103 1 + 10 4 1 + n terms]
9
7
= [(10 + 102 + 10 3 + 10 4 + + 10n) n]
9
+ 60
10n 1
7
10
n
9
10 1
7 10
(10n 1) n
9 9
S1 = 4
1)2
m(m + 1) (2m + 1)
m(m + 1)
4
+m
6
2
2
m(2m2 + 3m + 1) 2m(m + 1) + m
3
m
m
=
[4m2 + 6m + 2 6m 6 + 3] = (4m 2 1)
3
3
m
=
(2m 1) (2m + 1)
3
and, rth term of S 2 series
=
= [2 + (r 1) 2]2 = (2r)2
= 4r2
n = 2 T2 = 4a + 2b + c = 8
n = 3 T3 = 16a + 3b + c = 22
Solving them in First equation, we get
a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
Tn = 4n 1 + 2n
S n = 4n 1 + 2n
Its Sum
=
2
m(m + 1) (2m + 1)
3
Sn = 1
4n 1
n(n + 1)
+2
41
2
1
(4n 1) + n2 + n
3
n = 1 T1 = a + b + c = 3
m
2
(2m 1) (2m + 1) m(m + 1) (2m + 1)
3
3
Sum = m(2m + 1)
= (X 1 2 + X2 2 + X3 2 + + Xn 2 ) + 2[X 1 X2 + X2 X3
+ X3X4 + + X1Xn]
Case-IWhen n is odd.
= Xi2 + 2XiXj
Let
n = 2m + 1
Now, We put X1 = 1, X2 = 2, X3 = 3, X4 = 4,
where
m = 0, 1, 2, 3
Xn = n, we get
= (1 + 2 + 3 + + n)2
Sum = m(2m + 1)
= 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2
+ 2 XiXj
n 1
=
(n) = n2 (n 1)
2
Case-IIn is even.
Let
or
n = 2m
(m = 1, 2, 3, )
Sum = m (2m + 1)
n
= (n + 1)
2
or
n(n + 1) 2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
+ 2 XiXj
2 =
6
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
2 XiXj =
2
3
2
n(n + 1) 3n2 + 3n 2n 1
2
6
27. We can write
+
+ +
as
2
n(n + 1) 3n + n 1
(13 + 2 3 + 4 3 + + 303 + 31 3 + 32 3 + + 503)
=
2
6
(13 + 2 3 + + 303)
30. rth term of the given series is
50(50 + 1) 2 30(30 + 1) 2
= [n + (r 1) 1]r
=
2
2
= (n + r 1)r
2
2
50 51 30 31
= nr + r2 r
=
2 2
Now, Sum = (nr + r2 r)
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
= (25 51)2 (15 31)2
= n
+
2
6
= 25[(255)2 (93) 2 ]
n(n + 1)
2
= 25 348 162
313
260
32 3
503
n(n + 1)
2n + 1
n+
1
2
3
n(n + 1) 3n + 2n + 1 3
2
3
n(n + 1) 5n 2
2
3
31. (r1)th term of the given series is
tr 1 = (r 1) (r w) (r w 2 )
=
Now, S =
tr
r=1
[(r 1) (r w) (r w2)]
r=1
(r 1) (r2 + r + 1)
r=1
(r3 1)
r=1
(w3 = 1, w2 + w = 1)
=
32.
1
n2 (n + 1)2 n
4
S n = Sum of cubes of the first n terms of an A.P.
= 13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + + n3
Sn =
n(n + 1) 2
2
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
+ d3
6
2
n
[4a3 + 6a2 d(n + 1) + 2ad2 (n + 1) (2n + 1)
4
+ d3 n(n + 1)2 ]
1 n
= [2a + (n + 1)d] [2a2 + 2ad(n + 1)
2 2
+ d2 n(n + 1)]
S1
=
[2a2 + 2ad(n + 1) + d2 n(n + 1)]
2
33. Let the work finish in n days when the workers
started dropping, so that the total number of workers
who worked all these days is the sum of A.P.
= 150 + 146 + 142 + + n terms
n
= [2 150 + (n 1) ( 4)]
2
= n(152 2n)
=
43
[2 203 + (43 1) 7]
2
43
=
[406 + 42 7]
2
43
=
[406 + 294]
2
43
=
700 = 43 350
2
= 15050
Numbers divisible by 3 are 201, 204, 207, 498
First term = 201
=
Common difference = 3
or
or
nth term = a + (n 1) d
498 = 201 + (n 1) 3
297 + 3 = 3n
n = 100
100
S3 =
[2 201 + 99 3]
2
100
=
[402 + 297]
2
= 50 699 = 34950
Numbers divisible 7 and 3 are 210, 231, 252, 483
483 = 210 + (n 1) 21
or
23 = 10 + n 1
or
n = 14
n
S 21 = [2 210 + (n 1) 21]
2
14
S 21 =
[2 210 + 13 21]
2
= 7 (420 + 273)
= 7 693 = 4851
262
(x1 + x2 + x3 + + xn )
n
Weighted Average
The concept of weighted Average is used when we
have two or more groups whose individual averages are
known.
Suppose in a class, there are 2 students each of 20
years, 3 of 21 years, 4 of 22 years and 5 of 23 years, then
their average age is given by :
(2 20) + (3 21) + (4 22) + (5 + 23)
2+3+4+5
2
3
4
5
=
20 + 21 + 22 + 23
14
14
14
14
306
=
years.
14
2
3
4
5
Here,
,
,
and
are called the weights of
14 14 14
14
each category of students.
Example 2. What is the average concentration of a
mixture if 3 L of 36 % sulphuric acid is added to 9 L of
24% sulphuric acid solution ?
Solution : The average concentration of the combined mixture is the weighted average
3
9
=
36 +
24
12
12
( )
()
= 9 + 18 = 27%
In other words, weights are the fraction of the number
in that category with respect to the total students in that
class. This average is also called the weighted average of
that class.
Average Speed
If a (body) certain distance is covered in parts at
different speeds, the average speed is given by :
Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken
As, if a body travels d1, d2 , d3 , dn distances, with
speeds s1 , s2 , s3 , sn in time t1, t2 , t3 , tn respectively,
then the average speed of the body through the total
distance is given by :
CAT Complete Course | 263
1
Number of different speeds
n
d + d2 + + dn
Average speed = 1
t1 + t2 + tn
Average speed =
=
=
s1 t1 + s2 t2 + sn tn
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + tn
d1 + d2 + d3 + + d n
d1 d2 d3
d
+ + ++ n
s1 s2 s3
sn
Short Cut
If you travel equal distances with speeds u and v,
2uv
then the average speed over the entire journey is
(u + v)
If a man changes his speed in the ratio m : n, then the
ratio of times taken becomes n : m .
Example 3. Let the distance between two points A
and B be d and speed in travelling from point A to B be x
km/hr and from point B to A be y km/hr.
Solution :
Then, average speed =
=
Total distance
Total time
2d
d d
+
x y
2xy
x+y
2 30 10 600
=
= 15 km/hr.
30 + 10
40
(x + 8) =
10
x = 20
6n
(n +1)(2n + 1)
6
(d) The average of cubes of natural numbers till n
n2 (n + 1)2
is =
4n
n (n + 1)2
4
(e) The average of first n consecutive even numbers is (n +1).
( f ) The average of first n consecutive odd numbers is n.
(g) The average of squares of first n consecutive
2(n + 1)(2n + 1)
even numbers is
3
(h) The average of squares of consecutive even
(n + 1)(n + 2)
numbers till n is
3
(i) The average of squares of consecutive odd
n (n + 2)
numbers till n is
2. Number System
Number system is the key concept in every branch of
mathematics. The use and scope of number system is
unlimited. The system deals with the nomenclature, use
and properties of number. The chapter is a brief introduction of number and its application in different
competitive questions. Its scope in this book is limited
keeping in view our domain of competitive examination.
The number system that we use in over every day life is
called decimal system. This is because there are 10 digits
(0, 1, 2,, 9,) .
2 3
4, 4965896, 314592
Rational numbers can be further sub-divided into
two parts-integers and fractions.
(i) Integers : Integers are the set of all nonfractional numbers lying between and + . Hence,
integers include negative as well as positive nonfractional numbers. Integer is denoted by Z or I.
I = { , 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,, + }.
(Note that 0 is neither a positive nor a negative
integer)
(ii) Fractions : A fraction includes two parts,
3 9 11
numerator and denominator , ,
etc.
7 5 7
Integers can be further subdivided into negative
number and whole numbers have two sections zero and
positive numbers popularly called as natural number.
Natural Numbers : Set of natural numbers is
denoted by N
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,, }
CAT Complete Course | 265
Operation of Numbers
(a) Finding a unit digit in a product :
Example 1. Find the unit digit in the product (289
156 439 151).
Solution : Product of units digits in given numbers
= (9 6 9 1)
= 486
Unit digit in the given product is 6.
Example 2. Find the unit digit in the product (366
41
6 753).
Solution : We know, unit digit in 34 is 1.
unit digit in 364 is1
Hence, unit digit in 366 = 1 3 3 = 9
Unit digit in every power of 6 is 6.
Therefore, unit digit in 6 41 = 6
Unit digit, in 74 is 1
Unit digit in 752 is1
Hence, Unit digit in 753 = 1 7 = 7
Therefore, product of units digit in the given
numbers
266 | CAT Complete Course
x + y = 6(a + b ) + 5
So, it is clear that on dividing numbers (x + y) by 6 it
leaves a reminder 5.
Example 2. A number when divided by 256 give a
reminder 77. when the same number is divided by 16,
what would be the remainder ?
Solution : We know that if a number N is divided by
256, leaves the remainder 77.
Then, N = 256x + 77 where x is the quotient
= (16 16x + 16 4 + 13)
N = 16 (16x + 4) + 13
Therefore, number N leaves remainder 13, when it is
divided by number 16.
Example 3 : If N 3 mod 6, what is the remainder
when N2 is divided by 6 ?
Solution : N 3 mod 6, means that number divided
by 6 leaves a remainder 3.
In other words, N = 6x + 3
N2 =
=
=
=
Factorisation
It is the process of splitting any number into the form
of its basic prime factors.
For example, 24 = 2 2 2 3 = 23 3
24 is expressed in the factorised from in terms of its
basic prime factors. This is the factorisation form of 24.
Example 6. Calculate the total number of factors of
12.
Solution : 12 can be expressed as 2 n 3
Here, the powers of 2 can be one of (0, 1, 2) and that
of 3 can be one of (0, 1) . So, the total possibilities, if you
take the two combinations are 3 2 = 6.
In general, for any composite number C, which can
be expressed as C = am bn c p where a, b, c,
are all prime factors and m, n, p, are positive integers, the
number of factors is equal to (m + 1) (n + 1) (p + 1)
Example 7. Find the total number of factors of 576 .
Solution : The factorised form of 576 is
(24 24) = (23 3) (23 3) = (26 32)
Therefore , the total number of factors is
(6+ 1) (2+1) = 21.
Important Result
A number having odd factors is always a perfect
square.
e.g. ,
64 = 26 = (6 + 1) = 7
144 = 24 32 = (4 + 1)(2 + 1) = 15
36 = 22 32 = (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 9
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a b) 2 = a2 + b2 2ab
(a + b)2 (a b) 2 = 4ab
(a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2 )
(a2 b2 ) = (a + b) (a b)
(a3 + b3 ) = (a b) (a2 ab + b2 )
(a3 b3 ) = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca
1
1
1
= (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2
2
2
2
a4 + a2 b2 + b4 = (a2 + ab + b2) (a2 ab + b2 )
a3 + b3 + c 3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c 2 ac
bc ab)
If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3 = 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
a4 + b4 + c4 2a2 b2 2b2 c2 2c2a2
= (a + b + c) (a + b c) (b + c a) (c + a b)
3. Partnership
Partnership : When two or more than two persons
run a business jointly, they are called partners and the deal
is known as partnerships. It can be simple or compound
type.
Simple Partnership : When investments of all the
partners are for the same time, the profit or loss is divided
among them in the ratio of their investments.
Compound Partnership : When investments are for
different times, then equivalent capitals are calculated for
a unit of time by multiplying the capital with the number
of units of time.
1. If A and B are two partners and A invest MA
money for TA time and B invest MB money for TB time ,
the ratio of share of profit of A and share of profit of B is
T A MA : TB MB
TAMA
Share of Profit of A =
TAMA + TB MB
TBMB
Share of Profit of B =
TAMA + TB MB
2. If A, B and C are three partners and A invests MA
money for T A time, B invests MB money for T B time and
C invests MC money for TC time , the ratio of share of
profit of A, share of profit of B and share of profit of C is
T A MA : TB MB : TC MC
TAMA
Share of Profit of A =
TAMA + TB MB + TC MC
TBMB
Share of Profit of B =
TAMA + TB MB + TC MC
TCMC
Share of Profit of C =
TAMA + TB MB + TC MC
CAT Complete Course | 267
4. Divisibility
Rules of Divisibility
Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 2, if its
last digit ( units place ) is either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 e.g., each
of the numbers 21674 , 31856, 20018 , 43560 is divisible
by 2. We note that all even numbers are divisible by 2.
Divisibility by 3 : A number is divisible by 3, if the
sum of its digits is divisible by 3 .
Example 1. Which of the following numbers is
divisible by 3 ?
(i) 98730527 (ii) 17096528
(iii) 93476388.
Solution : Sum of digit in (i) is 41, since 41 is not
divisible by 3, hence the given number is not divisible by
3.
Sum of digit in (ii) is 38 , since 38 is not divisible by
3, hence the number (ii) is not divisible by 3.
Sum of digit in (iii) is 48, since 48 is divisible by 3 ,
hence number (iii) is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4 : A number is divisible by 4, if the
number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
Example 2. Which of the following numbers is
divisible by 4?
(i) 6897956
(ii) 6893573
Solution : It is clear that number formed by the last
two digits in (i) is 56 , which is divisible by 4, hence the
entire number is divisible by 4. In (ii) the last two digits is
73, which is not divisible by 4 hence the number is not
divisible by 4.
Example 3. If abc3d is divisible by 4, find the value
of d.
Solution : For the number to be divisible by 4, the
number formed by the last two digit i.e., 3d should be
divisible by 4. Hence, d should be replaced by 2 or 6.
Divisibility by 5 : A number is divisible by 5, if the
last digit is either 0 or 5. For example, 2635, 12970,
38525, ..
Example 4. What is the remainder if a number 3ab9
is divisible by 5 ?
Solution : For the number 3 ab 9 to be divisible by
5, the last digit should be either 0 or 5. Now, since the
last digit 9 exceeds 5. Therefore, (9 5) = 4 would be the
remainder .
268 | CAT Complete Course
5. Area
1. Area
1. Rectangle = bh
Area = 47 = 28
7
4
2. Parallelogram = bh
Area = 84 = 32
m A + m B + m C + m D + m E = (5 2)
180 = 540
4
8
3. Rhombus =
1
d d
2 1 2
Area = 2 . 810 = 40
5. Triangle =
1
bh
2
Area = 2 (6)(22) = 66
6. Equilateral Triangle =
Area =
3 a2
3 62 = 9
3
4
2. In a parallelogram :
(a) Opposite sides are parallel.
(b) Opposite sides are congruent.
(c) Opposite angles are congruent.
(d) Consecutive angles are supplementary.
(e) Diagonals bisect each other.
(f) Each diagonal bisects the parallelogram into two
congruent triangles.
3. In a rectangle, in addition to the properties listed
in (2) above;
(a) All angle are right angles.
(b) Diagonals are congruent.
4. In a rhombus, in addition to the properties listed
in (2), above;
(a) All sides are congruent.
(b) Diagonals are perpendicular.
(c) Diagonals bisect the angles.
5. A square has all of the properties listed in (2) (3)
and (4) above.
6. The apothem of a regular polygon is perpendicular
to a side, bisect that side, and also bisect a central angle.
OX is an apothem.
It bisects AB, is perpendicular to AB,
and bisect angle AOB
7. Trapezoid =
Area =
1
h (b1 + b2 )
2
1
5 (6 + 10) = 40
2
6
5
1
(3) (6 5) = 45
2
10
Polygons
1. The sum of the measures of the angles of a
polygon of n sides is (n 2) 18.
Since, ABCDE has 5 sides.
CAT Complete Course | 269
1
1
1
1
1
5
Note2 + 3 + 4 + 23 + 68 + 22 + 34 = ?
3
6
2
2
3
6
6. Simplification
Fractions
A fraction is a number which represents a ratio or
division of two whole number (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
p
(integers). A fraction is written in the form of
q
p( numerator)
q (denominator)
6
For example, is a fraction, it represents taking 6 of
7
7 equal parts, or dividing 6 into 7.
A fraction with 1 as the denominator is the same as
the whole number which its numerator.
0
23
For Example, = 0 or
= 23
1
1
Noteq cannot be equal to zero.
Fraction are primarily of five types
()
7
7 7
It means that a mixed fraction is always an improper
fraction.
4. Compound Fraction : A fraction of a fraction is
4
9 4 9
known as compound fraction, e.g., of =
5 11 5 11
5. Complex Fraction : Any complicated combination of the other type of fractions, e.g.,
1
3
4
3
2 of
; of
3
2 7
2
1+
3+
3
1
2+
1+3
Mixed Number
A mixed number consists of a whole number and a
fraction.
3
3
For example, 11 is a mixed number. It means 11 +
4
4
Any mixed number can be changed into a fraction.
3
For example, write 11 as a fraction
4
47
11 4 = 44 and 44 + 3 = 47 so, fraction is
4
270 | CAT Complete Course
(2 + 3 + 4 + 23 + 68 + 22 + 34 = 156)
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
+
+ + + + + + =3
3 6 2 2 3 3 6
) = 159
Ratio
1. InvertendoIf a : b : : c : d, then b : a :: d : c
a
b
is known as the ratio of a and b. Therefore, the ratio of
two quantities in the same units is a fraction that one
quantity is to the other.
a
Thus, a to b is a ratio
, written as a : b.
b
2. AlternendoIf a : b :: c : d, then a : c :: b : d.
()
Proportion
The equality of two ratios is called proportion. a, b,
c, d are said to be in proportion if a : b = c : d
or a : b :: c : d.
In a proportion , the first and fourth terms are known
as extremes, while second and third terms are known as
means. Hence, a and d are extremes and b and c are means
of the proportion a : b :: c : d.
In a proportion we always have :
Product of extremes = Product of means
ad = bc
Continued Proportion
Four quantities : a , b , c , d , are said to be in a
continued proportion, if
a b c
a : b = b : c = c : d or = =
b c d
Three quantities are said to be in continued proportion, if
a : b = b : c or, ac = b2
In this relationship, b is said to be the mean proportional between a and c and c is said to be a third
proportional to a and b.
Example 1. An object 16 m long casts a shadow
14 m long. At the same time another object kept nearby
casts a shadow 62 m long. Find the length of the second
object.
Solution : Ratio of length of the object to its shadow
would be same.
16 : 14 = x : 62
16 62
or
x =
= 708 m
14
3. ComponendoIf a : b :: c : d, then (a + b) : b ::
(c+ d) : d.
4. DividendoIf a : b :: c : d, then (a b) : b ::
(c d ) : d.
5. Componendo and DividendoIf a : b :: c : d,
then (a + b) : (a b) :: (c + d) : (c d).
Direct Proportion
If A is directly proportional to B then as A increases,
B also increases proportionally. For example, the relation
between speed, distance and time, speed is directly proportional to distance when time is kept constant.
It is therefore important to note here that the variation
is direct and proportional. If one quantity is doubled the
related quantity will also be doubled.
Other examples of direct proportion are :
(a) Simple Interest Vs Time (principal and rate being
constant).
(b) Density Vs Mass (volume being constant).
(c) Force Vs Acceleration (mass being constant).
Direct Variation
If A is said to vary directly as B , then as A increases
B also increases but not proportionally. This variation is
denoted by A B or A = KB, where K is a constant.
For example, the total cost of production is directly
related to the number of items being produced.
Here, the variation is direct but not proportional .
Inverse Proportion
A is inversely proportional to B means if A increases
B decreases proportionally. If speed is doubled, time
taken to cover the same distance is reduced to half.
Other example of inverse proportion are :
(a) Density Vs volume (mass being constant).
(b) Number of person Vs time taken to complete the
work (work being same).
Inverse Variation
If A is inversely related to (or) varies inversely as B,
then if B increases as A decreases but not proportionally .
1
This relation can be expressed mathematically as A
B
1
A = K , where K is a constant.
B
Here, the variation is inverse but not proportional.
CAT Complete Course | 271
8. Progression
A sequence of numbers, each of which is obtained
from its predecessor by the same rule.
Arithmetic Progression (AP)A sequence of terms
each of which, after the first, is derived by adding to the
preceding one , a common difference (Ex. 5, 9, 13, 17,
etc.) form an arithmetic progression.
And also, a number series which progresses in such a
way that the difference between two consecutive numbers
is common, is called the arithmetic progression.
In the above Ex (series) the difference between two
consecutive number is 4.
(a) The nth term of the AP is given by
Tn = a + (n 1) d
where
Sn =
[2 + 100] = 25 102 = 2550.
2
Example 2. The sum of first natural number from
one to fifty, is divisible by
(a) 3
(b) 51
(c) 5
(d) 25
(e) all
Solution :
n
Sum Sn =
[first name + last name]
2
50
=
[1 + 50] = 25 51 = 1275
2
Now, 1275 is divisible by each one of 3, 51, 5 and 25.
Hence option (e) is correct.
Example 3. Find the sum, if all 2 digit numbers are
divisible by 3.
Solution : All 2 digit numbers divisible by 3 are :
12, 15, 18, 21, 24,.99.
The above series is an AP, where a = 12 and d = 3.
To find the number of terms in the above series
Tn = a + (n 1)d
99 = 12 + (n 1) 3
272 | CAT Complete Course
99 12
= (n 1)
3
n = 30
The required sum
n
S n = (12 + 99) = 1665
2
Important Result of an AP
(i) Sum of n consecutive natural numbers
n (n + 1)
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .. + n) =
2
(ii) Sum of squares of n consecutive, natural numbers
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
(iii) Sum of cubes of n consecutive natural numbers
n2 (n + 1)2
(13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 + + n3) =
4
Geometric Progression (GP)A sequence of terms
in which the ratio of each term to the preceding one is the
same throughout the sequence (Ex. : 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32).
And also, a progression of numbers in which every
term bears a constant ratio with its preceding term, is
called geometrical progression.
The constant ratio is called the common ratio of the
GP.
Therefore, a ar, ar2 is a GP
where a = first term, r = common ratio
The nth term of GP is given by Tn = ar n 1
And sum of n terms of GP is given by :
a (1 rn )
Sn =
(1 r)
Example 4. How many terms are there in 2, 4 8, 16,
, 1024?
Solution : a = 2, r = 2
Then, nth term is given by ar n 1
1024 = 2 2n 1
1024
or,
2n 1 =
= 512
2
2n 2 1 = 512
2n = 210 or n = 10.
(12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + .. + n2) =
9. Percentage
The word percentage means per 100 or for each
hundred. A fraction whose denominator is 100 is called a
percentage and the numerator of the fraction is called the
rate per cent. It is denoted by the symbol %.
19
19% =
= 019
100
12
12
7
12 1
3
% =
=
=
= 0017
7
100 7 100 175
x
90
=
100
1500
100
[100100+ 200] = 22 3 = 66
Growth Rate
Growth is normally in absolute values whereas
growth rate is expressed in percentage terms. It could be
positive as well as negative. It is always with respect to
the previous value unless mentioned otherwise.
Change in Growth
Growth % =
100
Initial Value
X = 6
Solution :
Solution :
Percentage change in area =
200
= 8%
100
Example 6. The price of a Maruti car rises by 30% ,
while the sales of the car goes down by 20% . What is the
percentage change in the total revenue ?
Solution : Revenue = Price Sale
Hence, Percentage change in revenue
30 20
= 30 20
% = 4%
100
Therefore, revenue will increase by 4%.
Example 7. When the price of sugar was increased
by 32%, a family reduced its consumption in such a way
that the expenditure on sugar was only 10% more than
before. If 30 kg were consumed per month before, find
the new monthly consumption.
Solution : Let the original price be Rs. x per kg.
We know that Price Consumption = Expenses
Original expenses = x 30 = Rs. 30x
After increases, let the new consumption be y kg.
Given, new price = 132x
New expenses = 11 30x
11 30x
132x y = 11 30x y =
= 25 kg.
132x
Hence, new monthly consumption = 25 kg .
Example 8. From a mans salary, 10% is deducted
on tax , 20% of the rest is spent on education and 25% of
the rest is spent on food. After all these expenditures, he
is left with Rs. 2700. Find his salary .
Solution : Let the salary of the man be Rs. 100.
Then , after all the expenses he is left with :
100 09 08 075 = Rs. 54.
If he is left with Rs. 54, his salary = Rs. 100
If he is left with Rs. 2700, his salary would be
100
=
2700 = Rs. 5000.
54
= 20 10
Solution :
200
[20 + 10 + 100
]% = 32%
Example 4. If the price of petrol increases successively by 20 % and then by 10% , what is the net change
in percentage terms ?
Net change in % =
ab
(a + b + 100
)%
A.
If, the price of a commodity increases by r%, then
reduction in consumption, so as not to increase the
expenditure :
r
100 %
100 + r
( )
(
(
( )
[ ]
% Profit =
(ambl 1) 100%
SP = CP + Profit
= CP + 15% of CP
15
= CP 1 +
100
CP 115
100
115
=
600 = 690
100
=
(100 + Gain %) CP
100
SP = CP loss
= CP 20% of CP
20
= CP 1
100
4
600 = 480
5
[
]
100 Loss %
= [
] CP
100
SP = CP + Profit
= 100 + 10 = Rs. 110.
The difference between marked price and selling
price is the discount.
Discount = MP SP
= 130 110 = Rs. 20
Discount
Discount % =
100
Marked Price
20
200
=
100 =
= 1538
130
13
Note : Discount percentage is always calculated on
print price unless specified .
False Weight
Example 4. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his
goods at cost price but uses a weight of 960 g for a kg
weight. Find his gain per cent.
Solution : Suppose the cost price of 1kg of goods is
Rs. 100.
Therefore, cost price of 960 g of goods will be
Rs. 96.
Since, he is selling 960 g (Using a false weight
instead of 1 kg ), the selling price of 1 kg would be, i.e.,
Rs. 100.
Therefore, profit = SP CP
= (100 96) = Rs. 4
Profit
Hence, Profit % =
100
CP
4
1
=
100 = 4 %
96
6
II Method
Gain % =
Error
100]
[(True Value)
(Error)
Gain % =
100 % = 4 %
960
6
180 = 12 CP
and
180 = 08 CP
180
CP =
= Rs. 150
12
180
and
CP =
= Rs. 225
08
Total cost price = (150 + 225) = Rs. 375
Total selling price = (180 + 180) = Rs. 360
Hence,
loss = CP SP
= (375 360) = Rs. 15
15
and
Loss % =
100 = 4%
375
In case, where the selling price of two articles is same
and one is sold at the loss of x % and another is sold at a
profit of x% . Or in other words, the profit % and loss %
is same and selling price is same. This transaction always
has a loss and such loss % is
(a) ( a)
= a + ( a) +
100
Common loss or gain % 2
=
10
20 2
In the above case loss % =
= 4%
10
[
(
( )
= 1% loss.
Example 7. By selling 20 posters, a person recovers
the cost price of 25 posters. Find the gain or loss percentage.
Solution : Given, SP of 20 poster = CP of 25 poster
Now, suppose SP of 20 poster = CP of 25 poster
= Rs. 100
100
SP of 1 poster = Rs.
= Rs. 5
20
100
= Rs. 4
25
Since, SP > CP hence this transaction will yield a
profit.
Profit = Rs. (5 4)
= Re. 1 and profit %
1
= 100 = 25%
4
Example 8. Toffees are bought at 12 for a rupee and
are sold 10 for a rupee. Find the profit or loss percentage.
Solution : CP of 12 toffees = SP of 10 toffees = Re. 1
1
CP of 1 toffee = Re.
12
1
and SP of 1 toffee = Re.
10
Since, SP > CP, hence there is a gain in this transaction.
Gain = SP CP
1 1
1
= Re.
= Re.
10 12
60
1
60
Gain % =
100 = 20%
1
12
Example 9. If a commission of 20% is given on
retail price, the profit is 60%. Find the profit percentage
when the commission is increased by 5% of the retail
price.
Solution : Let the retail price be Rs. 100 .
Then,
SP = Rs. 80 (after a discount of 20% )
Since,
Profit = 60%
SP
80
CP =
=
= Rs. 50
16
16
New
SP = Rs. 75
(after a commission of 25%)
SP of 1 poster = Rs.
Rule of Alligation
If two quantities are mixed in a ratio, then
Quantity of cheaper
CP of dearer Mean price
=
Quantity of dearer
Mean price CP of cheaper
CAT Complete Course | 277
x+y
QA + QB
Quantity of M1
rate of 6 km/hr, he reaches the station 5 minutes before
=
Quantity of M2
QA
the arrival of the train. Find the distance covered by him
a
Q + Q a + b
to reach the station.
A B
Solution : Difference in the times taken at two speeds
If a container originally contain x units of liquid and
1
y unit of liquid is taken out. If this operation is repeated n
= (7 + 5) = 12 min = hr
5
times. Then, final quantity of the liquid in the container
left is :
Now, let the required distance be x km.
y n
x x
1
x 1
units
=
or 6x 5x = 6
x
5 6
5
distance
12. Time, Speed and Distance
x = 6 km
Q time =
speed
The speed of a body is the defined as the distance
Example 2. If a student walks from his house to
covered by it in unit time. Or the speed of a body is the school at 5 km/hr, he is late by 30 minutes. However, if
rate at which it is moving .
he walks at 6 km/hr, he is late by 5 minutes only. Find the
(i) More distance, more time, at same speed.
distance of his school from his house.
(ii) More speed, less time, for same distance.
Solution : In both case the student is late.
(iii) More speed, more distance for same time.
Therefore, difference in timings :
Distance
Speed =
= (30 5) = 25 min
Time
25
5
or Distance = Speed Time
=
hr = hr
60
12
The expression shows that :
Let the distance be x km.
1. Distance and time are directly proportional. If
distances to be travelled were doubled, then the time taken
x x
5
=
would also be doubled at the same speed.
5 6
12
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 30
12
x = 125 km.
Example 3. A and B are two stations 350 km apart.
A train starts from A at 7 a.m. and travels towards B at 40
km/hr. Another train starts from B at 8 a.m. and travels
towards A at 60 km/hr. At what time do they meet ?
Solution : Let both the trains meet x hours after
7 a.m.
Then,
Distance moved by first train in x hours + Distance
moved by other train in (x 1) hours = 350 km.
40x + 60 (x 1) = 350
100x = 350 + 60
x = 41 hours
Hence, both the trains will meet at 6 minute past 11.
Example 4. Mr. X arrives at his office 30 minutes
late everyday. On a particular day, he reduces his speed
by 25% and hence arrives 50 min late instead. Find how
much time would he take to travel to his office if he
decides to be on time on a particular day ?
Solution :
3
New speed = S
4
4
New time = T
3
4
T T = 50 30
3
T
or
= 20
3
T = 60 minutes.
It was the time taken by X when he was 30 min late.
So, if he decides to come on time, he would take 30
minutes to travel.
Example 5. Excluding stoppages, the speed of bus is
54 km/hr and including stoppages, it is 45 km/hr. For how
many minutes does the bus stops per hour?
Solution : Due to his stoppages the bus travels 9 km
less.
Hence, time taken by the bus to cover 9 km is the
time used up at stoppages and time taken to cover 9 km
9
=
60 = 10 minutes.
54
Therefore, the bus stops 10 minutes per hour.
Example 6. A is twice as fast as B and B is thrice as
fast as C. The journey covered by B in
(a) 18 min (b) 27 min (c) 38 min (d) 9 min
Solution : Let the speed of C be x km/hr, then speed
of B = 3x km/hr and speed of A = 6x km/hr. Therefore,
the ratio of speed of A, B and C = 6 : 3 : 1 and ratio of
1
time taken by A, B and C to cover the same distance = :
6
1
: 1 = 1 : 2 : 6.
3
6x 5x =
Average Speed
#
Short cut
(1) If you travel equal distance with speeds u and v,
2uv
then the average speed over the entire journey is
(u + v)
(2) If a man changes his speed in the ratio m : n,
then the ratio of times taken becomes n : m.
Example 7. A person goes to Mansha Devi from Har
ki Pauri at the speed of 40 km/hr and comes back at the
speed of 60 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the
person for the entire trip.
Solution : It is given that distance travelled by the
person at different speeds are the same.
60 + 40
Hence, average speed calculated by
= 50
2
km/hr does not give the correct average speed.
Total distance
Thus, average speed =
Total time
In travelling equal distance with speeds u and v, the
2uv
average speed is expressed as
(u + v)
2 60 40
Hence, Average speed =
= 48 km/hr.
60 + 40
Example 8. What is the average speed if a person
travels at the speed of 20 km/hr and 30 km/hr ?
(a) For the equal interval of time.
(b) For equal distance.
CAT Complete Course | 279
Solution :
20 + 30
= 25 km/hr
2
However, it can also be solved by the basic formula
of average speed.
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
20 km + 30 km
=
1 hr + 1 hr
50
=
= 25 km/hr.
2
2uv
2 20 30
(b)
Average speed =
=
(u + v)
20 + 30
1200
=
= 24 km/hr.
50
Example 9. A car travelled for 30% of time at a
speed of 20 km/hr, 40% of time at a speed of 30 km/hr
and rest of the journey at a speed of 40 km/hr. What is
the average speed of the car for the entire journey ?
Solution : Let the total time taken in the entire
journey be 1 hr.
Then distance travelled in 30% of time at 20 km/hr
= 03 20 = 6 km
Distance travelled in 40% of time at 30 km/hr
= 04 30 = 12 km
Distance travelled in 30 % of time at 40 km/hr
= 03 40 = 12 km
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
6 + 12 + 12
=
= 30 km/hr.
1
Example 10. A car covers four successive 3 km
stretches at speeds of 10 km/hr, 20 km/hr, 30 km/hr and
60 km/hr respectively. What is the average speed of the
car for the entire journey ?
(a)
Average speed =
Solution :
Total distance = (3 + 3 + 3 + 3) = 12 km.
3
3
3
3
Total time =
+
+
+
10 20 30 60
6+3+21
= 3
60
12 3 3
= hr
60
5
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
12
=
= 20 km/hr
3/5
=
Relative Speed
The word relative means one with respect to
another. Basically relative speed is the phenomenon that
280 | CAT Complete Course
Distance to be covered = 30 km
Hence, time taken by the owner in overtaking the
thief
30
=
= 2 hrs.
15
Therefore, owner will overtake the thief at 2 hours
after 3 p.m., i.e., at 5 p.m.
Example 13. Mohit and Ajay are two friends whose
homes are 20 km apart. Both of them decide to meet
somewhere between their houses. Mohit rides at 8 km/hr
and Ajay at 10 km/hr. Mohit leaves his house at 800 a.m.
and Ajay leaves his house at 900 a.m.
(a) At what time they meet ?
(b) At what distance from Ajays house ?
Solution : Ajay leaves one hour after Mohit has
started. Hence at 9.00 a.m. Mohit would have travelled 8
km at a speed of 8 km/hr. Now, at 9.00 a.m. the distance
between Mohit and Ajay =(20-8)=12 km. which is to be
covered at a relative speed of (8+10)=18 km/hr.
12
Time taken =
60 = 40 min.
18
Thus, both of them will meet 40 minutes after 900
a.m., i.e., at 940 a.m.
(b) Distance travelled by Ajay in 40 minutes
40 400 20
2
= 10 =
=
km or 6 km
60 60
3
3
b : a =
ba
5 50
=
m/s
18 3
x = 200 m
Time =
= or 15 =
Speed
y
y
x
Speed (y) =
m/s
15
The train passes the platform 100 m long in 25
seconds.
Therefore, train will have to cover a distance of
x
(x + 100) metre with a speed of m/s.
15
(x + 100)
Speed =
25
x
(x + 100)
=
15
25
x = 150 m
CAT Complete Course | 281
6x =
2
Hence,
x = 25 km.
( )
( )
( )
()
()
()
( )
( )
(
(
)
)
7200 51 9
=
= Rs. 68850.
4 12 100
Example 2. At what rate percent per annum will a
sum of money double in 8 years ?
Solution : Let P = x, then a = 2x , S.I. = (2x x) = x,
t = 8 years
S.I. 100 x 100
R =
=
= 125%
PT
x8
Example 3. The simple interest on a sum of money
is 25% of the principal and the rate per annum is equal to
number of years. Find the rate per cent.
x
Solution : Let the principal be Rs. x, then S.I. = Rs.
4
Rate =
=
= 13%
PT
800 2
The difference in amount for two different time
periods is equal to the simple interest for the difference in
two different time periods .
Example 6. A man borrowed Rs. 24000 from two
money lenders. For one loan he paid 15% annum and for
the other 18% per annum. At the end of one year, he paid
Rs. 4050. How much did he borrow at each rate ?
Solution : Let the sum borrowed at 15% be Rs. x
then sum borrowed at 18% will be Rs. (24000 x).
x 15 1 (24000 x) 18 1
Therefore,
+
= 4050
100
100
Or,
r = 5%
800 8 3
Interest at 8% =
100
= Rs. 192
x+
+ x+
+x
100
100
] [
= Rs. 1092
28x 31x
+
+ x = 1092
25 25
or
28x + 31x + 25x = 1092 25
x = Rs. 325
Short cut : The annual payment that will discharge a
debt of Rs. A due in t years at r% rate of interest per
annum is :
100 1092
100A
=
3 12 (3 1)
Rt (t 1)
100t +
100 3 +
2
2
109200
=
= Rs. 325
336
Example 9. A sum was put at simple interest at a
certain rate for 2 years. Had it been put 3% higher rate, it
would have fetched Rs. 72 more ? Calculate the sum.
Solution : Let the sum be Rs. x and rate be r%.
x (r + 3) 2 x r 2
Then,
1280 =
100
100
= 72
Or, 2rx + 6x 2rx = 7200
x = Rs. 1200
Example 10. The rate of interest on a sum of money
is 4% per annum for the first 2 years, 6% per annum for
the next 3 years and 8% per annum for the period beyond
5 years. If the simple interest accrued by the sum for a
total period of 8 years is Rs. 1280, what is the sum ?
Solution :
Rate of interest for first 2 years = 4 2 = 8%
Rate of interest for next 3 years = 6 3 = 18%
Rate of interest for last 3 years = 8 3 = 24%
Total rate of interest for 8 years = 50%
P 50
Then,
1280 =
100
P = Rs. 2560
(Time of 8 years is already adjusted in the total rate
of interest calculation )
Compound Interest
Compound Interest : The interest charged every
year on the amount of last year is called compound
interest.
284 | CAT Complete Course
Amount = Principal
(1 + 100R )
A = P (1 + R 001)
Compound interest = Amount Principal.
Conversion Period : The time period after which the
interest is added each time to form a new principal, is
called conversion period. It may be one year, six months
or three months, i.e., annually, half-yearly or quarterly etc.
The following table will illustrate the conceptual
working of simple interest and compound interest.
Rate of interest per annum is 10%.
or
For the
Year
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Principal
SI
Principal
CI
1
2
1000
1000
100
100
100
110
1000
100
1000
1000 + 100
= 1100
1100 + 110
= 1210
121
2
Amount = p 1 +
100
(iii) When interest is compounded quarterly :
4
Amount = p 1 +
100
(iv) When interest is compounded annually but time
2
is in fraction , say 3 years
5
2 R
3
5
R
then,
Amount = p 1 +
1 +
100
100
(v) Present worth of Rs. x due in n years, hence is
given by :
x
Present worth =
R n
1+
100
Arrangement
Periods
for Different
Conversion
12
= 3% per quarterly, P = 12000
4
3 4
Amount = 12000 1 +
100
Solution : R =
Amount = 16000 1 +
100
A = P (1 R 001)n
21 21 21
(where, n is the number of conversion periods)
= 16000
20 20 20
# The rate of growth may vary from one to the other
= Rs. 18522
conversion period . In that case the formula becomes :
100 + 10
= 1452000
11 =
100
CI = (4033625 30500)
= Rs. 983625
Example 13. Find the compound interest on
Rs. 12000 at 12% per annum for 1 years, compounded
quarterly.
SI =
Given,
x 10 2 x
=
100
5
21x x
= 631
100 5
x = Rs. 63100
(
( ) (
)
)
11
R
= 1+
10
100
R = 10%
Example 18. A sum of money placed at compound
interest doubles itself in 4 years. In how many years will
it amount to eight times itself ?
r 4
Solution : Given,
2P = P 1 +
100
4
r
or,
1+
= 2
100
)
[(1 + 100r ) ]
r
P (1 +
100)
or,
= (2) 3 = 8
12
or,
= 8P
23 6
=
100 100
SI
6
10000 200
=
=
CI
100 609
203
200
200
SI =
CI =
10150
203
203
SI on 1 rupee =
= Rs. 100
If on a certain sum of money , the SI of 2 years at
the rate r% per annum is Rs. X, then the difference in
the compound interest and simple interest is given by
Xr
Rs.
. This formula is applicable only for 2 years .
200
( )
Hence,
P = Rs. 500
105 105
A = 500
= Rs. 55125
100 100
CI = (55125 500) = Rs. 5125
CI SI = 5125 50 = Rs. 125
( )
( )
( )
Example 22. Find the difference between the compound interest and simple interest for Rs. 2500 at 10%
per annum for 2 years.
Solution : Using the above formula :
R 2
Difference = sum
100
10 2
= 2500
= Rs. 25
100
( )
( )
i.e.,
and the cistern will get filled in
m n
mn
mn
hours.
mn
( )
( )
( )
( )
Part B
Numbers
3 11
Example 2 =
4 4
3
is fractional part.
4
In general, for any composite number C, which can
be expressed as
C = am bn c p
where a, b, c are all prime factors and m, n, p
are positive integers.
So, the total number of factor is given by = (m + 1)
(n + 1) (p + 1)
(e) Compound FractionA fraction of a fraction
is known as compound fraction.
4 9
Example or
5 11
4 9 36
=
5 11 55
2 4 8
=
3 3 9
(f) Complex FractionAny complicated combination of other type of fractions.
1
3
Example 2 or
3
2
1+
3
4
3
of
3
2
3+
1
1+
2+3
5. Rational NumberIf a number can be expressed
p
in the form of where q 0 and where p and q are
q
integers, then the number is called rational number.
9 1 5
27 3
Example , , ,
,
25 3 2
51 5
Important pointsFractional numbers and integers
are the part of rational number.
6. Irrational Number If a number can not be
p
expressed in the form of , where q 0, then the number
q
is called irrational number.
In other words
Non-repeating and non-terminating type of decimals
are called irrational numbers.
Example
3, 2 + 3i, 3 i
3
Example
2, 4, 43767, 03333
7. Real NumberSet of all numbers that can be
represented on the number line are called real numbers. It
includes all number such as whole, fractional, integer,
rational, natural numbers.
8. Complex NumberIt is also known as imaginary
number.
Imaginary number is written in the form a + ib,
where a, b are real numbers.
i = imaginary unit whose value is
1.
Those numbers which are inside root symbol with
negative sign are known as complex number.
10 X X = (13.3333)
(1.3333)
9X = 12
4
X =
3
Inverse proportion : A is inversely proportion to B
means if A increases B decreases proportionally.
Distance
Example : Speed =
If speed is doubled,
Time
time taken to cover the same distance is reduced to half.
1
Inverse Proportion : If A
B
It means A is inversely related to B.
1
A = k
Where k = constant
B
Here, variation is inverse but not proportional.
Illustration 4. Ram can do a piece of work in 24
days, Shyam is 60% more efficient than Ram. Find the
number of days that Shyam takes to do the same piece of
work.
Solution : Ratio of efficiencies of A and B = 100 : 160
= 5 : 8
Since, efficiency is inversely proportional to the
number of days.
Hence, ratio of days taken to complete to the job is
8:5
So, number of days taken by Shyam
5
= 24 = 15 days
8
Commensurable Ratio : It is the ratio of two
fractions or any two quantities which can be expressed
exactly by the ratio of two integers.
Example : The ratio of 10 m to 40 m. is 10 : 40 i.e.,
1 : 4 which is the ratio of two integers, So these are
commensurable quantities.
Incommensurable Ratio : It is the ratio of two
fractions or any two quantities in which one or both the
terms is a surd quantity. No integers can be found which
will exactly measure their ratio i.e., cannot be exactly
expressed by any two integers.
Example : The ratio of a side of a square to its
diagonal is 1 :
2 which can not be expressed as a ratio
of two integers. Thus, 1 and
2 are incommensurable
quantities.
Duplicate Ratio : It is compounded ratio of two
a2
equal ratios. Thus, duplicate ratio of a : b is 2 or a2 : b2 .
b
Illustration 5. Find the duplicate ratio of 4 : 5.
Solution : The duplicate ratio of 4 : 5 is 16 : 25.
Triplicate Ratio : It is the compounded ratio of
a3
three equal ratios. Thus, the triplicate ratio of a : b is 3
b
or a3 : b3 .
290 | CAT Complete Course
16 : 25 = 4 : 5
27 : 64 = 3 : 4
a y (a + y)2 a4 y4
(a2 y2)2
=
(a y)(a + y)2 (a2 y2)
= 1
Illustration 11. If ax + cy + bz = 0, cx + by + az = 0
and bx + ay + cz = 0, then show that a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc.
Solution :
Given
ax + cy + bz = 0
(1)
cx + by + az = 0
(2)
bx + ay + cz = 0
(3)
From equation (1) and (2), we get
( )
ac b2 : bc a2 : ab c2
x
y
z
Let
=
=
=k
ac b2
bc a2 ab c2
Then,
x = k (ac b2 )
y = k (bc a2 )
z = k ( ab c2)
Put them in equation (3) we get,
bk (ac b2 ) + ak (bc a2 ) + ck (ab c2) = 0
3 abc = a3 + b3 + c3
Test of Divisibility
(A) Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 2
when its unit digit is either even or zero.
Ex. : 4, 6, 8, 112, 13256 are divisible by 2.
3, 5, 7, 111, 11567 are not divisible by 2.
(B) Divisibility by 3 : A number is divisible by 3,
when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Ex. : 426 : 4 + 2 + 6 = 12 which is divisible by 3.
Hence, 426 is the divisible by 3.
5436 : 5 + 4 + 3 + 6 = 18 which is divisible by 3
Hence, 5436 is divisible by 3.
(C) Divisibility by 4 : A number is divisible by 4
when the number formed by its two extreme right digit is
either divisible by 4 or both these digits are zero.
Ex. : 524; 1032; 111524; 200; 400 are divisible by 4.
(D) Divisibility test by 5 : A number is divisible by
5, when its unit digit is either 5 or zero.
Ex. : 50,4500, 5155, 735 are divisible by 5.
(E) Divisibility test by 6 : A number is divisible by
6, when it is divisible by 2 as well as 3.
Ex. : 72; 840 are divisible by 6.
(F) Divisibility test by 8 : A number is divisible by
8, when the number formed by its three extreme right
digits is divisible by 8 or when these last three digits are
zeroes.
Ex. : 13248;11600;1000 are divisible by 8.
(G) Divisibility test by 9 : A number is divisible by
9 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
Ex. : 53973 : 5 + 3 + 9 + 7 + 3 = 27 is divisible by 9.
(H) Divisibility test by 11 : A number is divisible by
11 when the difference between the sum of the digits at
odd places and the sum of the digits at even places is
either 0 or divisible by 11.
Ex. : 34381567 sum of digits at odd places = 3 + 3 +
1 + 6 = 13
Sum of digits at even places = 4 + 8 + 5 + 7 = 24
Difference = 24 13 =11
Difference is multiple of 11 So, the given number is
divisible by 11.
(I) Divisibility test by 12 : A number is divisible by
12, when it is divisible by 3 or 4.
Ex. : 4716 ; 4 + 7 + 1 + 6 = 18 divisible by 3 and
last two digits 16 also divisible by 4.
3108 last digit 08 is divisible 4 and sum 12 is
divisible by 3.
So 4716, 3108 are divisible by 12.
(J) Divisibility test by 14 : A number is divisible by
14 when it is simultaneously divisible by both 2 as well
as 7.
Ex. : 460992, 2352 are divisible by 14.
n
n
1
+
5
1
Fn =
+
5 2 2
IMPORTANT POINTS
1.
i.e.,
(X + Y)2 = X2 + Y2 + 2.X.Y
(X Y ) 2 = X2 + Y2 2.X.Y
(X + Y)2 (X Y)2 = 4.X.Y
(X + Y)2 + (X Y)2 = 2 (X 2 + Y2 )
X2 Y2 = (X + Y) (X Y)
X3 Y3 = (X + Y) ( X2 + Y2 X.Y)
= (X + Y)3 3.X.Y (X + Y)
3
3
7. X Y = ( X Y) (X2 + Y2 + X.Y)
= (X Y)3 + 3.X.Y ( X Y)
3
3
8. X + Y + Z3 = (X + Y + Z) (X2 + Y2 + Z2 X.Y
Y.Z X.Z)
1
9. X2 + Y2 + Z2 X.Y Y.Z X.Z = [(X Y) 2 +
2
(Y Z)2 + (Z X) 2 ]
10. (X + Y + Z) 3 X3 Y3 Z 3 = 3 (X + Y) (Y + Z) (Z
+ X)
11. (X 2 + XY + Y2 ) (X2 XY + Y2) = X4 + X2 .Y2 + Y4
Perfect Number : If the sum of the divisions of N
excluding N itself is equal to N1, then N is called a perfect
number.
Example : 6, 28, 496, 8128
6 = 1 + 2 + 3 where 1, 2, 3 are the divisors of 6.
28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14, where 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 are
divisors of 28.
The sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of a perfect
numbers including that of its own is always = 2.
1 1 1 1
Example : For the perfect number 28; + + +
1 2 4 7
1
1
+ +
=2
14 28
Every even perfect number is of the form 2n - 1 (2n 1)
where 2n 1 is a prime number.
Example : N = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
Largest prime number 2132048 (2132049 1) which
consists of 39,751 digits.
Fibonacci Number : Form a sequence {an } where
an + 2 = a n + 1 + a n
where
a1 = 1, a2 = 1
e.g. , 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
nth Fibonacci number Fn is given by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercise
1
1. If X =
2+
3+
1
3 +
What the value of X ?
2+
(A)
6
15
6
3
15
2
(E) 1
(C)
(B)
3
15
4
(D)
6
15
4
12. 3 [2 {7 (6 3 2)}]
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 7
(E) 9
13. Simplify 063 + 037
(A) 1.00
(B) 1.05
(C) 1.01
(D) 1.10
(E) 1.21
14. What is the smallest number which must be added to
1953701 to obtain such which is
(i) Divisible by 3 or multiple of 3.
(ii) Divisible by 11 or multiple of 11.
(A) 1; 6
(B) 2; 7
(C) 2; 8
(D) 1; 9
(E) 1; 2
15. What is the minimum value of the expression (X2 +
X + 1) (Y2 + Y + 1) (Z2 + Z + 1), where X, Y, Z are
all positive integer ?
(A) 1
(B) 8
(C) 27
(D) Data insufficient
(E) Cannot be determine
16. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a + b + c = 5 and
ab + b c + a c = 3, then which of the following
equations best describes the largest value of a ?
13
1
(A)
(B)
3
3
(C) 13
(D) 1
(E) 3
17. We have
A (a, b) = a + b
B (a, b) = a b
C (a, b) = a b
For convenience A (a, b) is represented as A and so
on , Now
Which of the following is equal to a ?
(A)
A3 + C3 + 3B (C A)
2
1
3
A3 + C3 + 3B (C + A)
2
1
3
(D) 1
(E) None of these
18. If a2 + b2 = 1 the value of 2 (a6 + b6) 3 (a4 + b4) +
1?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 2
(E) 2
CAT Complete Course | 293
2 only
(ii) 7 only
(iii) 3 only
(v) 3 & 7 both
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5
23. Find the unit digit in the expression 71 + 82 + 93 +
104 + 11 5 ?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 1
(D) 4
(E) 5
1
?
(202 1)
2
(A)
21
1
(C)
2
6
(E)
7
Solution
1. (A)
1
1
1
+
+
+
(22 1) (42 1) (62 1)
20
21
3
(D)
21
(B)
X =
1
3+X
3+X
=
6 + 2X + 1
6X + 2X2 + X = 3 + X
2X2 + 6X 3 = 0
2+
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
62 + 4 3 2
22
If equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
b2 4ac
x =
2a
X =
X =
6 2
15 = 3 15
22
2
2. (B) L.C.M. of 4, 6 or 7 is
4, 6, 7
2
2, 3, 7
L.C.M. = 2 3 7 2 = 84
Required number = 84 + 2 = 86
3. (C) First of all we find the L.C.M. of 18, 24, 32
18, 24, 32 2
9, 12, 16 2
9, 16, 18 3
3, 12, 18 2
3, 11, 14
L.C.M. = 2 2 3 2 4 1 3 = 288
The bells will chime together again after 288 min.
= 4 hr. and 48 min.
4. (D) According to question :
Divisor = 555 + 445 = 1000
Divident = ?
Quotient = (555 445) 2
= 110 2 = 220
Remainder = 30
Divident = (Divisor Quotient) + Remainder
= (1000 220 ) + 30
= 220000 + 30
= 220030
5. (A) According to question :
Divisor = 55 + 45 = 100
Quotient = (55 45) 2 = 20
Remainder = 11
232
7.
8.
9.
10.
512 = 29
Total number of factors = 9 + 1 = 10
(B) According to question :
Divisor = 255 + 345 = 600
We have to find dividend
Now, Quotient = (345 255) 2
= 90 2
= 180
Since, Remainder = 20
So, Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
= 600 180 + 20
= 108000 + 20
Number = 108020
11. (B)
26 1
+
3 3
27
=
=9
3
12. (B) 3 [2 {7 (6 1)}]
= 3 [2 {7 5}]
= 3 [2 2]
= 30
= 3
X =
99
37
Similarly,
037 =
99
63 37
063 + 037 =
+
99 99
100
1
=
=1+
99
99
= 1 + 0.01
= 1.01
14. (D) Since, divisible by a and multiple of a are
equivalent expression i.e., if a number is divisible by
a then that number is a multiple of a.
We can also say that X is a factor or sub-multiple of
the number.
(i) For divisibility by 3,
Sum of digits must be divisible by 3.
So, 1 + 9 + 5 + 3 + 7 + 0 + 1 = 26
Since, we have to added smallest number
So, required number = 1
(ii) For divisibility by 11, the difference of sums of
digits at odd and even places must be either zero
or multiple of 11.
So, Difference = (1 + 5 + 7 + 1) (9 + 3 + 0)
= 2
Since, Here units place is at even place.
So, we have 11 2 = 9
and we add 9 to the number.
1953701 + 9 = 1953710
Clearly, 1953710 is divided by 11.
=
Y+
+
2
4
2
4
1 2 3
Z+
+
2
4
= minimum values of X, Y, Z are 1, 1, 1
respectively.
So, value = 3 3 3 = 27
16. (A) We know that
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
Or,
52 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 3
2
2
Or, a + b + c2 = 25 6 = 19
For the maximum value of a, the value of (b2 + c2)
must be minimum.
Now,
b2 + c2 = (b + c)2 2bc
Hence, b must be maximum for which b = c
Now, a + b + c = 5
a + 2b = 5
5a
b =
(1)
2
ab + bc + ac = 3
Or, ab + b2 + ab = 3
Or,
b2 + 2ab = 3
(2)
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
5a 2
5a
+ 2ac
= 3
2
2
Or, 25 10a + a2 + 4 (5a a2 ) = 12
Or,
3a2 + 10a + 25 = 12
2
Or,
3a 13a + 3a 13 = 0
a (3a 13) + 1 (3a 13) = 0
Or,
(a + 1) (3a 13) = 0
13
Or,
a = 1,
3
17. (A) A3 = (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
A3 = a3 + b3 + 2BA
C 3 = (a b) 3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
= a3 b3 3 BC
3
3
A + C = 2a3 + 3B (A C)
2a3 = A3 + C3 3B (A C)
A3 + C3 + 3B (C A)
a3 =
2
1)
(n
1)(n
+ 1)
18. (A) 2 (a6 + b6 ) 3 (a4 + b4 ) + 1
(n
+
1)
(n
1)
=
= 2 [(a2 )3 + (b2 )3] 3 [(a2)2 + (b2 )2] + 1
(n 1)(n + 1)
= 2 [(a2 + b2 )3 3a2 b2 (a2 + b2 )] 3 [(a2 + b2 )2
1
1
Tn =
2a2 b2 ] + 1
(n 1) (n + 1)
= 2 [1 3a2b2 ] 3 (1 2a2 b2 ) + 1
where n is even number.
= 2 6a2 b2 3 + 6a2 b2 + 1
1
1 1
Now, we can write T1 = 2
=
= 0
(2 1) 1 3
[( ) ] [( ) ]
[( ) ]
( )
[
[
]
]
1
1 1
=
42 1 3 5
1
1 1
Similarly,
T3 = 2
=
(6 1) 5 7
1
1 1
T4 = 2
=
(8 1) 7 9
1
1
1
T20 =
=
(202 1) 19 21
T120 = (22 1 1) + 42 1 1
1
1
+ 2
++
(6 1)
(202 1)
1 20
= 1 =
21 21
25. (D) Let the two numbers be X and Y.
According to question
Let certain divisor = z
and
T2 =
Divisor = 16a = 5b
5
5
a =
b=
16 = 5
16
16
Divisor = 16a = 16 5 = 80
Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
= 80 5 + 16
= 400 + 16
= 416
Set Theory
Types of Sets
(1) Finite Set : Finite set means number of element
is fixed or constant.
Example : Set of vowels of English alphabets {a, e,
i, o, u}.
(2) Infinite Set : The number of elements is infinite.
Example : Set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5
10,000 }.
(3) Empty Set or Null Set : The set which contains
no elements at all, is called an empty set or Null set. The
empty set is written as { } or .
Example : Set of even prime number greater than 5
is null set.
(4) Singleton Set : A set containing only one element
is a singleton set.
Example : Even number between 2 and 6 is 4. {4}.
(5) Equal Sets : Two sets are said to be equal if every
elements of one set is in the other set and vice-versa. So,
two elements A and B are equal if x A x B
A = B
(6) Equivalent Sets : Two sets A and B are equivalent if the elements of A can be paired with elements of
B, so that to each element of A there corresponds exactly
one element of B.
In other words number of elements in both the sets
are equal.
Example :
A = {a, b, c},
B = {1, 3, 5}
Then, A and B are equivalent.
(7) Subsets : Let A = {1, 3, 5 },
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
Since, each elements of set A is present in the set B.
So, A is subset of B.
Clearly, A set X is said to be subset of Y if and only
if each element of X is an element of set Y.
Clearly, X is subset of Y. And Y is super set of X.
It has some important properties :
(a) Every set is a subset of itself.
(b) A set having n elements has 2 n subsets.
(c) The empty set is a subset of every set A, .
(d) If A B and B C then A C.
(8) Universal Sets (U) : A set which contains all the
set in a given context is a universal sets.
Example :
A = {1, 3, 5, 4},
B = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13}
Now,
A B = {1, 3, 5 }
(6) Disjoint Sets : Two sets are said to be disjoint
sets if they have no common elements. That is A B =
Example :
A = {1, 3, 5, 9, 11 },
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
Now,
A B =
Some Important Formula :
If A, B, C are three infinite sets, then
(i) n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
(ii) n (A B) = n(A) + n(B)
if A and B are disjoint.
(iii) n(A B) = n(A) n(A B)
(iv) n(A B C ) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C)
n(A B) n(B C)
n(A C) + n(A B C)
(v) n(A 1 B1) = n{ (A B)1 }
= n() n (A B)
Some Important Laws :
(1) Commutative Laws : If A and B are two sets,
then
AB = BA
and
AB = BA
(2) Associative Laws : If A, B and C are three sets,
then
(A B) C = A (B C)
and
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(3) Distributive Laws : If A, B and C are three
sets, then
A (B C ) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(4) Identity Laws : A
= A where is null set.
A U = A U is universal.
(5) De-Margans Laws : If A and B are two sets
(A B)1 = A1 B1
(A B)1 = A1 B1
The notion of set belongs to primary mathematical
concepts. Here, are some examples of sets: the sets of
tables in a classroom, the set of residential houses in a
certain town, the set of whole numbers, the set of all
triangles which can be inscribed in a given circle, and so
on.
Objects contained in a set are elements of this set.
For instance, the set of natural numbers less than 7
consists of the following elements : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
We distinguish between finite and infinite sets. The
set of table in a classroom and the set of residential
houses in a town are finite: the tables and houses can be
CAT Complete Course | 299
Fig. 1
In arithmetic and algebra use is made of number sets,
that is, of sets whose elements are numbers.
First the natural numbers1, 2, 3, 4,. are considered.
The addition and multiplication of natural numbers
always yield natural numbers. But the subtraction of two
natural numbers does not always yield a natural number.
Therefore, negative whole numbers (integers) and the
number zero were introduced, thus extending the set of
natural numbers to the set of whole numbers 0, 1, 2,
3, 4.
The addition, multiplication and subtraction of whole
numbers always yield whole numbers. But the result of
division of one whole number by another is not always a
whole number, therefore fractions were introduced. There
appears the notion of a rational number i.e., of a number
a
of the form , where a and b are whole numbers, and b
b
0. The set of whole numbers has thus extended to the set
of rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is the
union of whole numbers and fractions. The four
arithmetic operations (except for division by zero)
performed on rational numbers always yield rational
numbers. But when taking a square root of a rational
number we do not always obtain a rational number.
Therefore, new numbers are added to rational numbers
which are called irrational.
Rational and irrational numbers from the set of real
numbers.
The modulus (or absolute value) of a real number a
is defined as the number a itself if a is positive; as zero if
a = 0; as the number ( a) if a is negative. The modulus
of a real number of a is denoted by |a| thus,
A=
{ aa ifif aa 00. }
Fig. 2
Now, we proceed to the geometric representation of
numbers. Let us take a straight line and a point O on it as
the initial point (the origin) for reckoning lengths. We
also choose a scale that is unit length, and a positive
direction along the line (Fig. 2). Then every real number
x will be associated with a definite point M, the abscissa
of which is equal to x.
In analysis, numbers are depicted in this way (for
greater pictorialness) by points.
A straight line with origin, scale, and positive
direction for reckoning lengths is called a number axis
(or a number line).
As is known from geometry any line segment OM
has a length expressed by a rational or irrational number.
Therefore, to every point M on the number axis there
corresponds a quite definite real number x, which is
positive if M lies on the right of O and negative if M lies
on the left of O. The modulus of the number x is equal to
the length of the line segment OM.
Conversely, to every real number x there corresponds
a definite point M which lies on the number axis at a
distance equal to |x| from the point O and is found on the
right of O if x > O and on the left of O if x < 0. For x = 0
the point M coincides with the point O. Thus, one-to-one
correspondence has been established between real
numbers and points of the number axis.
Consider the following number sets. If a < b, then the
set of real numbers x satisfying the inequalities a x b
is called a number interval (or simply interval) and is
denoted by the symbol [a, b].
Fig. 4
Besides finite interval discussed above, we often deal
with infinite intervals. For instance [a, + ] is the set of
numbers x satisfying the inequalities x a, (a, + ) is the
set of numbers x satisfying the inequality x > a and so on;
( , + ) is the set of all real numbers.
Infinite intervals are respected by rays on the
numbers axis.
For example, [ 2, + ) is the set of numbers x
satisfying the condition x 2; ( , 5) is the set of
numbers x satisfying the condition x < 5. (Fig. 4)
Venn DiagramVenn diagrams are the pictorial
representation of the inner-relationship among two or
more than two sets.
The universal set is represented by a rectangle.
The subset of the universal set is shown by
circles.
(i) Universal set and one subset.
Now, n (B S ) = 40
Total students in the institute
= n (B S)
= n (B) + n (S) n (B S)
= 80 + 50 40 = 90
Now given,
X + Y + Z + w = 100
(1)
Now, X + a + c + w = 65
(2)
Y + b + c + w = 75
(3)
Z + a + b + w = 85
(4)
Adding equations (2), (3) and (4), we get
X + Y + Z + 3w = 225
2 w + 100 = 225
w = 125/2 = 625
Hence, at least 62.5% of students like all the three
type of movies.
Illustration 3. In a survey of 100 students it was
found that 50 used the college library, 40 had their own
library and 30 borrowed books of these, 20 used both the
college library and their own, 15 used their own library
and borrowed books and 10 used the college library books
and 10 used the college library and borrowed books.
How many students used all the three sources of books ?
Solution : Let college library, own library, borrow
books are represented by A, B and C respectively.
So, Let w = All the three sources
302 | CAT Complete Course
100 = (20 + w) + (5 + w) + (5 + w)
+ (20 w) + (10 w) + (15 w) + w
Or,
w = 25
Illustration 4. In group of 1000 people, there are 750
people who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak
English. How many people can speak only Hindi ?
(1) 600
(2) 500
(3) 650
(4) 700
Solution : (1) Here n (H E)
= 1000, n(H) = 750, n(E) = 400
Using n (H E) = n(H) + n(E) n (H E);
1000 = 750 + 400 n (H E)
2X = 173 185 = 12
2X = 12 X = 6.
There are 6 complaints about all the three.
Illustration 9. The total number of complaints about
two or more than two categories is :
(1) 48
(2) 51
(3) 53
(4) 63
Solution : (3) Numbers of complaints about 2 or
more than two
= 20 + 6 +16 + 11 = 53.
79 x + 20 + 19 x + 11 + x + 16 + 40 x
= 173.
185 2x = 173.
x = 6.
Illustration 10. In a group of 70 people, 37 like
coffee, 52 like tea and each person likes at least one of
the two drinks. How many people like both coffee and
tea ?
(1) 19
(2) 21
(3) 17
(4) 15
Solution : (1) Let A be the set of people who like
coffee and B be the set of people who like tea. Then, n
(A B) = 70, n(A) = 37 and n(B) = 52.
We know that
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n (A B)
70 = 37 + 52 n (A B)
or
(A B) = 37 + 52 70 = 89 70 = 19
19 people like both coffee and tea.
Illustration 11. In a group of 65, people, 40 like
cricket and 10 like both cricket and tennis. Each one likes
at least one of the two games. How many people like only
tennis ?
(1) 35
(2) 25
(3) 30
(4) 20
Solution : (2) Let A be the set of people who like
cricket and B be the set of people who like tennis. Then,
n (A B) = 65, n(A) = 40 and n (A B) = 10.
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n (A B)
65 = 40 + n(B) 10
n(B) = 65 40 + 10 = 35.
CAT Complete Course | 303
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) n (A B)
= 50 + 20 10 = 70 10 = 60.
Hence, 60 people speak at least one of these two
languages.
People speak at least one of these two languages
= 10 + 10 + 40 = 60.
Short-cut : by Venn diagram.
Exercise
1. If A and B are two sets then (A B) (B A) (A
B) is equal to
(A) A B
(B) A B
(C) A
(D) B
2. Let be the universal set and A B C = . Then
{(A B) (B C) (C A)} is equal to
(A) A B C
(B) A (B C)
(C) A B C
(D) A (B C)
(A) 43
(C) 49
(B) 76
(D) None of these
x2 + y2 . Then f
is
(A) Many-one and into
(B) One-one and onto
(C) Many-one and onto
(D) One-one and into
is
(A) Injective
(C) Bijective
(B) Surjective
(D) None of these
6. (A)
(B) Reflexive
(D) An equivalence relation
18. Let R be the relation over the set of integers such that
mRn if and only if m is a multiple of n. Then R is
(A) Reflexive
(B) Symmetric
(C) Transitive
(D) An equivalence relation
19. Let A = {1,2,3,4} and R be a relation in A given by
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,2),(2,1),(3,1),(1,3)}
Then R is
(A) Reflexive
(B) Symmetric
(C) Transitive
(D) An equivalence relation
x y = k1m, y z = k2 m
8.
9.
x2
20. Let f : R R be a mapping such that f(x) =
1 + x2
Then f is
(A) Many one
(B) One-one
(C) Into
(D) Onto
Solutions
10.
{(A B) (B C) (C A)} = A B C
3. (A) (A B) (A B) = (A B) (A B)
= (A A') (A B) (B A') (B B)
= A {A (B B)} U = A' (A' ) U
= A A U =A =A
4. (B) A B = A
B A A B = B
5. (B) n(M P) = 20, n(M) = 12, n(M P) = 4
n(M P) = n(M) + n(P) n(M P)
20 = 12 + n(P) 4
n(P) = 12.
So, the required number
= n(P) n(M P) = 12 4 = 8.
11.
12.
15.
a+d = b+c
c+b = d+a
(c, d) r(a, b)
So, r is symmetric.
(a, b) r(c, d) and (c, d) r(e, f)
a + d = b + c, c + f = d + e
Adding , a + b + c + f = b + c + d + e
a+f = b+e
(a, b) r(e, f).
R is transitive
(A)
n(AxA) = n(A).n(A)
= 32 = 9.
So, the total number of subsets of AxA is 29 and a
subset of AxA is a relation over the set A.
(D) 13. (D) 14. (A)
(D)
f(x) = |x| is many-one and into.
f(x) = x |x| is one-one but into as f(x) will have only
rational values.
f(x) = sin x is onto but many one
3
1
f
=f
4
4
(B) 17. (A) 18. (A, C)
19. (A, B) 20. (A, C)
[ ( ) ( )]
16.
Logarithms
loga N
V. logb N =
(N > 0)
loga b
VI. logb a.loga b = 1.
2log22 15 = 23
loga N1
logb N1
=
loga N2
logb N2
log2 15
3
225
Illustration 3. Compute log3 5.log25 27.
By formula IV, we have
3
Log3 5.log25 27 = log3 5. log52 33 = log3 5. log5 3
2
And since, by formula VI, log3 5.log5 3 = 1, it follows
that log3 5.log25 27 = 3/2.
Illustration 4. Compute
( 9)
3
1
5 log5 3
( 9)
3
1
5 log5 3
1 1 log 5
3
3 5
(9 )
= (32/3)5 log 3 5
25
Illustration 5. Compute
27
log5 13
2log59
27
log5 13
2 log5 9
27
(27)
1/2 log 9 13
1
(3log3 13)3/8 = 3 3 13 3/8
27
whence it is clear that the given number is equal to
33/2 133/16
1
Illustration 6. Which is greater, log4 5 or log1/16 ?
25
By formula IV b, we have
1
Log1/16 = log42 5 2 = log4 5
25
So, that the two numbers are equal.
=
log1110
log11 3 log11 4 log11 10
= log112
Illustration 8. Prove that the ratio of the logarithms
of the two numbers is not dependent on the base; that is,
308 | CAT Complete Course
By formula V, we have
loga N1
log N
= logN2 N1 and b 1 = log N2 N1
loga N2
logb N2
whence it is clear that our equation holds true.
Illustration 9. Which is greater, log2 3 or log1/4 5?
Since, log 2 3 > 0 and log1/4 5 < 0, it follows that
log2 3 > log1/4 5.
Illustration 10. Which is greater, log5 7 or log 8 3 ?
Since, log5 7 > 1 and log8 3 < 1, it follows that
log5 7 > log8 3.
3
a if log a = 4.
ab
b
logab
15
(N 1 > 0, N2 > 0, N2 1)
logab
a = 4 1 ( 3) = 17
6
b 3 2
3+a
Illustration 13. Compute log 25 24 if log6 15 = and
log12 18 = .
We have the equation
1
Log25 24 = (log 5 3 + 3 log5 2)
2
3
1
log5 2 + log5 3
2
2
which shows us that we have to determine log5 2 and
log5 3. The equation log6 15 = yields.
=
x2
2 log4 4x4 = 2log4 |x| 1 2 8 log4 |x|
4
= 3 6 log4 |x|
It is clear that for x = 2 this expression is equal to 6.
Illustration 21. Solve the system of equations
Log2 xy = 5
x
log1/2 = 1
y
Using formulas I* and II* rewrite the system as
log2 |x| + log2 |y| = 5
log1/2 |x| log1/2 |y| = 1
Denoting z1 = loga |x|, z2 = log2 |y|, we get
z1 + z2 = 5
z1 z2 = 1
whence z1 = 2, z2 = 3, and so |x| = 4, |y| = 8.
But this does not mean that the original system has
four solutions :
x1 = 4,
y1 = 8,
x2 = 4,
y2 = 8
x3 = 4,
y3 = 8.
x4 = 4
y4 = 8
Because it is required that the expressions log 2 xy and
x
log1/22 be meaningful. They will clearly have meaning
y
only for x and y having the same signs. And so our
system will only have two solutions : x1 = 4, y1 = 8, and
x2 = 4, y 2 = 8.
Thus, using formulas I* and II* we acquired
extraneous solutions which were readily discarded in a
verification; now if we had used formulas I and II and
had rewritten the system as
log2 x + log2 y = 5
log1/1 x log1/2 y = 1
we would have lost the solutions x2 = 4, y 2 = 8.
Note also that the original system may be solved in a
different way by reducing it directly to the system
x 1
xy = 32, =
y 2
whence the required answer is obtained.
log4
Exercise
1. If log7 log5
(A) 1
(C) 2
(
x + 5 + x ) = 0, find the value of x
(B) 0
(D) None of these
n)
m
m(1 + n) n/2
(C) log
(D) log
(1
m)
n
n(n 1)
[
[
]
]
[ ]
[ ]
1
4. If log 3M + 3log 3N = 1 + log0008 5, then
3
9
9
(A) M9 =
(B) N9 =
N
M
3
3
(C) M3 =
(D) N9 =
N
M
5. If log 10 x log10
x = 2 logx 10, then a possible
value of x is given by
1
(A) 10
(B)
100
1
(C)
(D) None of these
1000
6. Let u = (log2 x)2 6 log2 x + 12, where x is a real
number. Then the equation x n = 256, has
(A) No solution for x
(B) Exactly one solution for x
(C) Exactly two distinct solutions for x
(D) Exactly three distinct solutions for x
7. If log 4 5 = a and log5 6 = b, then log 3 2 is equal to
1
1
(A)
(B)
2a + 1
2b + 1
1
(C) 2ab + 1
(D)
2ab 1
8. If log ax x, logbx x, logcx x are in HP, where a, b, c, x
belong to (1, + ), then a, b, c are in
(A) AP
(B) GP
(C) HP
(D) None of these
9. If log5 a.loga x = 2, then x is equal to
(A) 125
(B) a2
(C) 25
(D) None of these
81
25
16
10. The value of 3log
+ 5log + 7log
is
80
24
15
(A) log 2
(B) log 3
(C) 1
(D) 0
11. Let f(x) =
log10 x2. The set of all values of x for
(C) xyz
(D) None of these
(B) 1
(D) None of these
y logy z
is equal to
(B) y
(D) None of these
(A) n + , n Z
(B) 2n + , n Z
4
4
3
(C) 2n , n Z (D) None of these
4
24. The number of values of x [0, n], n Z, that
satisfy log|sin x| (1 + cos x) = 2, is
(A) 0
(B) n
(C) 2n
(D) None of these
89
r=1
(A) 10
(C) 0
log10 tan
r
is equal to
180
(B) 1
(D) None of these
+
5
4 8
(B)
5 5
(A)
(C) ( , 0) +
5
x+2
1
x
is
(A)
5 (0, + )
5
(B) [ , + )
2
(C) ( , 2) (0, + )
(D) None of these
28. The set of real values of x satisfying log1/2 (x 2 6x +
12) 2 is
(A) ( , 2]
(B) [2,4]
(C) [4, + )
(D) None of these
29. If log0.04 (x 1) log0.2 (x 1), then x belongs to the
interval
(A) [2, 1]
(B) (2, 1)
(C) [2, 1)
(D) (2, 1]
30. If log1/2 sin x > 0, x [0, 4], then the number of
5 1
2 1
5 1
(B) 0
32. If log
2 cosx) 2, 2 x 2, then
3 (sinx + 2
the number of solutions of x is
(A) 0
(B) Infinite
(C) 3
(D) None of these
Directions(Q. 33 to 36) Choose the correct options.
One or more options may be correct.
33. If log k x.log5 k = logx 5, k 1, k > 0, then x is equal
to
(A) k
(B) 1/5
(C) 5
(D) None of these
34. If x 2 + 4y2 = 12xy, x [1, 4], y [1, 4], then
(A) The greatest value of log2 (x + 2y) is 4
(B) The least value of log 2 (x + 2y) is 3
(C) The range of value of log2 (x + 2y) is [2, 4]
(D) The number of integral values of (x, y) is 2 such
that log2 (x + 2y) is equal to 3
10
1
1
(B) x lies between
and
100
10
1
1
and
100
10
1
100
Solutions
log7 log5 (
x + 5 + x) = 0
1. (B)
log5 (
x + 5 + x ) = 70 = 1
x + 5 + x = 51 = 5
2
x = 0
2.
3.
x = 0
(D) In an AP, the three terms a, b, c are related as 2b
=a+c
Hence, 2 [log 3 (2x 5)] = log3 2 + log3 (2x 7/2)
log3 (2x 5)2 = (2(x + 1) 7)
Substitute the choices, only x = 3 satisfies the conditions.
m2
m3
(D) S = log m + log
+ log 2 + .. n terms
n
n
m 2 m3
mn
= log (m
n 1)
n n2
n
= log
4.
(B)
5.
6.
(B)
(B)
Let
(n + 1)
= log m(n 1)
n
n(n + 1)
m 2
n(n 1)
n 2
n/2
1
log3 M + 3 log3 N = 1 + log0008 5
3
log3 5
log3 (M.N9)1/3 = 1 +
8
log3
1000
= 1 1/3 = 2/3
(M.N9 )1/3 = 32/3
N9 = 9/M
8/p = p2 6p + 12
8 p3 6p2 + 12p
(p 2) 3 = 0
p = 2
log2 x = 2 x = 4
Thus, we have exactly one solution.
7. (D) Here, 5 = 4a and 6 = 5b
Let
log32 = x. Then, 2 = 3 x
Now,
6 = 5b = (4a )b = 4 ab or 3 = 22ab 1
x(2ab 1) = 1
8. (B) Clearly, logx (ax), logx (bx), logx (cx) are in AP
1 +logx a, 1 + logx b, 1 + logx c are in AP
logx a, logx b, logx c are in AP
log a log c
log b
+
= 2
log x log x
log x
log a + log c = 2log b
ac = b2
9. (C) 10. (A)
11. (D) log10 x2 0 log 10 x2 log10 1
x2 1 x 1 or x 1
12. (A) {( 2)2 }log
2 (x 1)
> x+5
log 2 (x 1)2
or ( 2)
> x+5
2
or (x 1) > x + 5 or (x 4) (x + 1) > 0
13. (A) 14. (B)
x1
1
log01 x 2, then
2
35. If
1
1 4 log16 k
log10 x log10
x = 2 logx 10
21. (B) log16 x =
For exactly one
2
1/2 log10 x = 2 logx 10
solution, 4log16 k = 1
log10 x /logx 10 = 4
K4 = 16
log10 x = 2
k = 2, 2, 2i, 2i. But k is positive and real.
x = 1/100
22. (B) log 0.5 sinx + log0.5 cosx = 1
u = (log2 x)2 6(log2 x) + 12
log (sinx. cosx) = 1/2
(log2 x) = p
(1)
sin 2x = 1
u = p2 6p + 12
2x = , 2 + , 4 + ,
xu = 256 = 2 8
2
2
2
CAT Complete Course | 313
, + , 2 + ,
4
4
4
But log0.5 sinx, log0.5 cosx have to be real at the same
time. So, angles in the first quadrant only can be
considered.
x = , 2 +
4
4
(B) log cosx sinx 1 + logsinx cosx 1 = 0
Or
y + 1/y = 2 , where y = logcosx sinx
(y 1)2 = 0 or logcosx sinx = 1 or sinx = cos x
Also, sinx, cosx, tanx must be positive and sinx 1,
cosx 1.
(A)
1 + cosx = |sin x|2
= sin 2 x or cosx (1 + cosx) = 0
But 1 + cosx 0 for the value of the logarithm to be
real.
cosx = 0
sin x = 1 (not possible, because the base of the
logarithm cannot be 1)
(C) Value = log10 {tan1. tan 2. tan 3..tan 89)
= log10 {(tan1. tan 89)
(tan 44.tan46). tan 45}
= log10 1 = 0
(C)
|4 5x| > 2 = 4
5x
1 > 1
4
5x
1 > 1
4
5x
or
1 < 1
4
x > 8/5 or x < 0. So, the solution set
8
= ( , 0)
+
5
x+2
x+2 1
(A)
(02)1 or
x
x
5
2
Multiplying by 5x
5x (x + 2) x2 or 4x2 + 10x 0
5
x 0 or x
2
x+2
Also,
>0
x
x (x + 2) >0
x < 2 or x > 0
5
The solution set is ( , ] (0, + ).
2
1 2
(B) x2 6x + 12
or x2 6x + 8 0
2
or (x 2)(x 4) 0
log10 (x 1)
log10 (x 1)
(C)
log10 004
log10 (02)
1
1
log10 (x 1)
0
2log10(02) log10 (02)
1
log10 (x 1)
0
2log10(02)
log10 (x 1) 0 because log10 (0.2) < 0
x 1 100 x 2
Also x 1 > 0, i.e., x > 1.
23.
24.
25.
26.
x =
27.
28.
29.
()
2
1
required x = , 2 , 3 , 9 ,
4
4
4
4
10 , 11
4
4
31. (B) sin x cos2 x, because cos x must be a positive
proper fraction.
1 2 5
Or sin2 x + sin x 1 0 or sin x +
0
2
4
From the definition of logarithm, sin x > 0, cos x > 0,
cos x 1
5 0 < sin x 5 1
sin x + 1/2
2
2
2
32. (D) sin x + 2
2 cos x
3
( )
Or sin x + 2
2 cos x 3
1
Or sin x + cos1
1
3
1
sin x + cos1
= 1
3
(
(
)
)
1
x = n + ( 1)n cos1
2
3
For solutions in [ 2, 2], n = 0, 1, 1, 2
33. (B, C)
log5 x = logx 5
(log5 x)2 = 1
log5 x = 1
x = 5, 5 1
34. (A, C, D)
(x + 2y)2 = 16xy
or 2log2 (x + 2y) = 4 + log2 x + log2y
1
log2(x + 2y) = 2 + (log2 x + log2 y)
2
But 1 x 4, 1 y 4.
1
maxlog2(x + 2y) = 2 + (log 2 4 + log2 4)
2
1
minlog2(x + 2y) = 2 + (log 2 1+log21)
2
Also log2 (x + 2y) = 3
x + 2y = 8
This is satisfied by x = 2, y = 3; x = 4, y = 2.
1
1 1/2
1 2
35. (A, B, D) log1/10 x 2
x,
x
2
10
10
1
1
So,
x
100
10
( )
()
36. (A, B, C)
Taking logarithm,
Or,
3/4y3 + y2 5/4y
Or (y -1)(3y2 + 7y + 2)
Or (y 1)(3y + 1)(y + 2)
Hence,
log3 x
=
=
=
=
=
=
log3
3
1/2 (let log3 x = y)
0
0
1, 2, 1/3
3, 3 1/3, 3 2.
CONCEPT OF A FUNCTION
Methods of Representing Functions
When studying various phenomena of nature and in
our everyday practical activity, we come across quantities
of various character, such as length, area, volume, mass,
temperature, time, and so on. Depending on concrete
condition, some quantities have constant and variable,
respectively.
Mathematics studies the dependence between variable
quantities (or simply, variables) in the process of their
change.
For instance, with a change in the radius of a circle,
its area also changes, and we consider the question of
how the circle changes depending on the change in its
radius.
Let the variable x take on numerical values from this
set E.
Consider the concept of a function. A function is a
rule which attributes to every number x from E one
definite number y.
Here x is called the independent variable, or the
argument of the function, and y is called the dependent
variable, the set E is spoken of as the domain of
definition of the function. The set of all values attained
by the variable y is called the range of the function.
The above given definition can be formulated in
other words : A variable y is said to be a function of a
variable x in the domain of definition E if to each value of
x belonging to this domain there corresponds a definite
value of the variable y.
The notation y = f(x) or y(x) means that y depends on
x. The letter f symbolizes the rule according to which we
obtain the value of y corresponding to a given value of x
from the set E.
Instead of the letter x, E,Y, f(x) any other letters and
notations are also used. To represent or, which is the
same, to specify a function y = f(x) on the set E means to
indicate the rule according to which for every x from E
the corresponding value of y is found.
Consider basic methods of representing functions :
(1) Analytical representation (by means of formula).
A function can be given by a single formula in the
entire domain of its definition or by several formulas,
different for different parts of the domain of its definition.
For instance,
Y = 3x, y =
4 x2; (c) y =
.
x 3x + 2
4 x2
Solution : (a) The function is defined for all values
of x, except for those for which x2 3x + 2 = 0. Solving
this quadratic equation, we find x = 1 and x = 2.
Thus, the domain of definition of the given function
consists of three intervals : ( , 1), (1, 2) and (2, + ).
(b) The domain of definition of the given function is
determined from the condition 4 x2 0. Solving this
inequality we obtain 2 x 2. Thus, the domain of
definition of the given function is the interval [ 2, 2].
(c) The domain of definition of the function is
determined from the condition 4 x2 > 0, whence 2 < x
< 2. Consequently, the domain of definition of the given
function is the interval ( 2, 2).
We shall most often consider function represented
analytically with an interval or half-interval as the domain
of their definition.
Fig. 1
Consider he point N( x0, y0) which is symmetric to
the point M(x 0 y0) about the y-axis (Fig. 1). Since, the
given function is even, we have
f( x0) = f(x0 ) = y0
which means that the point N( x 0 , y0) also belongs
to the graph of the functions y = f(x).
Properties of Functions
1. Even and Odd Functions : Let a function y = f(x)
be given in a certain interval symmetric with respect to
the point O (in particular, throughout the entire x-axis).
The function y = f(x) is said to be even if for any
f( x) = f(x).
Examples of even functions : y = x2, y = x2 + 3, y =
3x2 + 4, y= |x|, y = 4.
Indeed, ( x)2 = x2, ( x)2 + 3 = x2 + 3, 3( x)2 + 1 =
2
3x + 1, | x| = |x|, y = 4 for any x.
Fig. 2
The sum difference, product and quotient of an even
The symmetry of the graph of an odd function about
function is again an even function.
the origin follows from the fact that along with the point
A function y = f(x) is said to be odd if for any x
M(x 0 , y 0 ) of the graph of an odd function, there also
f( x) = f(x).
belongs to this graph the point N( x 0 , y0) which is
316 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
The ordinate of the graph of an increasing function
increase with an increase in x. (Fig. 3)
Similarly, a function y = f(x) is called decreasing on
some interval if for any two values of x from this interval
to greater values of the argument there correspond
smaller values of the function, that is, the condition x1 <
x2 implies that f(x1 ) >> f(x2) for any x 1 and x2 from this
interval.
The ordinate of the graph of a decreasing function
decreases with an increases in x. (Fig. 4)
Increasing and decreasing functions are referred to as
monotone functions.
3. Interval of constant sign and roots of a function :
Fig. 5
Interval within which a function keeps its sign unchanged
(that is, remain positive or negative) are called intervals
of constant sign of the function.
For instance, the function y = x 2 + 1 is positive
throughout the x-axis; the functions y = x 3 is positive for
x > 0 and negative for x < 0, its intervals of constant sign
are (0, + ) and ( , 0) consequently the graph of the
function y = x3 is situated above the x-axis for x > 0 and
below the x-axis for x < 0.
The values of the argument x for which f(x) = 0 are
called the roots (or zeros) of the function f(x). Thus, the
root of the function f(x) is the same as the root of the
equation f(x) = 0. The roots of a function are the points of
Fig. 6. Gives an example of an increasing function.
intersection of its graph with the x-axis.
The function graphed in Fig. 5. has no inverse.
The root of the function y = x3 is x = 0 the function
In a function given by a formula has an inverse, then
y = x 2 + 1 has no real root.
to find the formula defining the inverse, we have to
express x in terms of y from the given formula.
Inverse of a Function and its Graph
For instance, derive the formula specifying in the
Let there be given a function y = f(x), and let E be its
y+1
domain of definition and D the set of its values (or the inverse of the given function y = 2x 1, we have x =
2
range). Then to every value x0 from E there will
which is the inverse.
correspond one definite value y0 = f(x0) from D.
y+1
The graphs of the functions y = 2x 1 and x =
Let us take an arbitrary number y0 from D. In the
2
domain E there is necessarily at least one number x0 for coincide, since both function express one and the same
which f(x0) = y0.
relation between the variables x and y. In general, the
CAT Complete Course | 317
Fig. 7
The graph of two inverse (or reciprocal) functions y
= f(x) and y = g(x) are symmetric about the bisector y = x
of the first and third quadrants. (Fig. 7)
Proof : Let M (x0, y 0 ) be a point belonging to the graph
of the function y = f(x). Then, by the definition of the
inverse of a function, the point N(y0, x 0 ) will belong to
the graph of the inverse function y = g(x). We have to
prove that the points M (x0, y 0 ) and N (y0, x 0 ) are
symmetric with respect to the straight line y = x. For this
purpose, let us consider the triangle MON. In this
triangle, |OM| = |ON|, the line segment OP being the
bisector.
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
We take two arbitrary values x1 and x 2 and find the
corresponding values y1 and y2 :
y1 = kx1 ,
y2 = kx2 .
Subtracting y1 from y2 ,we obtain
y2 y1 = k(x2 x1).
If x2 > x 1 and k > 0 then y2 y 1 > 0; then y 2 > y 1 and
the function y = kx increases.
If x2 > x 1 and k < 0 then y2 y1 < 0; then y2 < y 1 and
the function y = kx decrease.
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
(3) General case; y = kx + b. Every point of the graph
of this function is obtained by shifting (or translating) the
corresponding point of the graph of the function y = kx by
|b| units along the axis of ordinates (upward if b > 0 and
downward if b < 0). Therefore, the graph of a linear function is a straight line parallel to the straight line y = kx.
(Fig. 10)
The coefficient k is called the slope of the straight
line y = kx. The slope determines the angle of inclination
of this straight line to the x-axis : k = tan . If k > 0,
then the angle is acute; If k < 0, then the angle is
obtuse. The ordinate of the point of intersection of the
straight line and the y-axis equal to b.
Thus, the location of the straight line y = kx + b on
the co-ordinate plane depends on the values of k and b.
To construct the graph of a linear function, one has
to plot two points belonging to this graph and then to
draw a straight line through these points.
For instance, let us construct the graph of the
1
function y = x + 1.
2
For x = 0, y = 1; for y = 0, x = 2. joining the found
points by a straight line, we obtain the graph of the given
1
1
function. (Fig. 11) here k = and tan =
2
2
k
2. The Function y = and its Graph : A function
x
k
of the form y = , where k 0 is a given number is called
x
the inverse proportionality relation.
Consider the case k > 0 :
(1) The function is defined everywhere, except for x
= 0, the domain of its definition being the intervals ( ,
0) and (0, ) :
(2) The function is odd, since
k
k
f( x) =
= = f(x);
x
x
k
Consequently, the graph of the function y = is
x
symmetric about the origin and, therefore, the further
investigation is conducted for x > 0;
(3) The sign of y coincide with the sign of x;
(4) The function is decreasing, since for 0 < x 1 < x 2
we have
k(x1 x2)
k k
=
< 0 (k > 0)
x2 x1
x1x2
CAT Complete Course | 319
X
Y = X2
3 2 1
9
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
Fig. 13
3. Quadratic Trinomial and Its Graph : A quadratic
trinomial is defined as a function of the form
Y = ax2 + bx + c
where a , b and c are given numbers and a 0
sometimes, the function y = ax2 + bx + c where a 0, is
called a quadratic function.
Let us first consider particular cases of functional
depends y = x2 + bx + c, a 0.
(1) Quadratic function y = ax2
For a =1 we have y = x2. To construct the graph of
the function y = x2 let us compile a table of its values :
320 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 14
The parabola y =
is symmetric about the y-axis.
The point of intersection of the parabola with its axis of
symmetry is called the vertex of the parabola. The vertex
of parabola y = x2 is the origin.
Let us now compare the functions y = 2x2 and y = x 2 .
For one and the same x the value of the function y = 2x2 is
twice the value of the function y = x2 consequently, the
graph of the function y = 2x2 can be obtained by two
fold extension of the parabola y = x2 along the y-axis.
In general, the graph of the function y = ax2 for a > 0
can be obtained by stretching the parabola y = x2a times
along the y-axis (more precisely by stretching for a > 1
and by compressing for 0 < a < 1). Note the following
properties of the function y = ax2 for a > 0;
(a) The function is defined for any x, and also y = ax2
0; consequently, the least value of the function is equal
to zero and is attained for x = 0;
(b) The function is even, since f( x) = a( x)2 = ax2
= f(x). Therefore, the y-axis is the axis of symmetry of the
graph;
(c) The function is increase on the interval (0, + )
and decrease on the interval ( , 0). Let us prove an
increase in the function for x > 0. For 0 < x1 < x2 we have
ax21 < ax2 2 (a > 0) (by the property of inequalities) and,
hence, the function y = ax2 is increasing for a > 0 on the
interval (0, + ). A decreases in the function for x < 0
follows from the evenness of the function and its
increases for x > 0.
Compare the function y = x2 and y = x2. For one
and the same x the values of these functions are equal by
modulus and opposite by sign. Consequently, the graph
of the function y = x 2 can be obtained by the symmetry
x2
Fig. 15
The graph of the function y = ax2 for any a 0 is
also a parabola with the y-axis as the axis of symmetry
and the origin as its vertex for a > 0 the branches of the
parabola are directed upward and a < 0 downward
(2) Quadratic function y = a(x x0)2.
Compare the functions y = 2(x 1)2 and y = 2x2 . The
function y = 2(x 1)2 takes on the same value as the
function y = 2x2, but with the corresponding value of the
argument increased by unity. Consequently, the graph of
the function y = 2(x 1)2 can be obtained by displacing
(or shifting) the parabola y = 2x2 along the x-axis
rightward by unity. As a result, we shall get the parabola
y = 2(x 1)2 whose axis of symmetry is parallel to the yaxis and whose vertex is the point (1, 0).
Proceeding in a similar way, that is shifting the
parabola y = 2(x)2 along the x-axis leftward by unity, we
obtain the parabola y = 2(x + 1)2 whose axis of symmetry
is parallel to the y-axis and whose vertex is the point
( 1, 0).
In general, the graph of the function y = a(x x0 )2 is
a parabola with the vertex (x0, 0) whose axis of symmetry
is a straight line passing through the vertex parallel to the
y-axis.
Fig. 17
The graph of the function y = ax 2 + c is a parabola
with the vertex (0, c ) and the y-axis as its axis of
symmetry. This parabola can be obtained by shifting the
parabola y = ax2 along the y-axis by |c| units (upward if c
> 0 and downward if c < 0) (Fig. 17)
(4) General case : y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0).
Isolating a perfect square in the trinomial ax 2 + bx + c
we rewrite the function y = ax2 + bx + c as follows :
Y = a(x x0)2 + y0.
From the above considered particular cases it follows
that the graph of a quadratic trinomial is a parabola with
vertex at the point C(x0 , y0) whose axis is a straight line
passing through its vertex parallel to the y-axis.
The branches of the parabola y = ax2 + b x + c are
directed upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0. Note that
the abscissa x 0 of the parabola y = ax2 + b x + c can be
found by the formula
b
X0 =
2a
The ordinate of the vertex of the parabola
Y0 = ax02 + bx0 + c.
The graph of a quadratic trinomial can be constructed
with the aid of the following technique:
1. Reduce the quadratic trinomial to the form y = a(x
x0)2 + y0 by isolating a perfect square.
2. Construct the vertex of the parabola i.e., the point
C(x0, y 0 ) and draw through it a straight line parallel to the
y-axis which will be the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
Fig. 16
( )
Fig. 18
Therefore, y y0, where y = y0 only for x = x0. Graphically, this means that of all points of the parabola y = ax2
+ bx + c for a > 0 the least ordinate is possessed by the
point C (x0, y0) i.e., by the vertex of the parabola. (Fig.18)
(2) If a < 0, then for x = x 0 the quadratic trinomial
Fig. 20
attains the greatest value equal to v0 Indeed, if a < 0, then
Solution : (a) Separate a perfect square y = x2 + 2x +
for any x
3 = (x + 1)2 + 2. Consequently, the vertex of the parabola
a(x x0)2 0.
is C( 1, 2); (0, 3) is the point intersection of the parabola
and the y-axis; the branches of the parabola are directed
upward. (Fig. 20)
(b) Transform of the trinomial; y = 2x2 + 4x + 1 =
( 2x2 + 4x 2) + 3 = 2(x 1)2 + 3. Hence, the vertex of
the parabola is C(1, 3) (Fig. 21).
Fig. 19
Therefore, y Y0 , where y = y0 only for x = x0.
Graphically this means that of all points of the parabola y
= ax 2 + bx + c for a < 0 the point C(x0 , y 0 ) i.e., the vertex
of the parabola has the greatest ordinate. (Fig. 19)
322 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 21
32.
32 and
Fig. 22
(c) The roots of the trinomial y = 2(x 1)(x + 3) are
13
x1 = 1 and x 2 = 3, and, consequently, x0 =
= 1 is
2
the abscissa of the vertex of the parabola C. Finally, we
find its ordinate y0 : y 0 = 2( 1 1) ( 1 + 3) = 8. Thus,
the vertex of the parabola is C( 1, 8) (Fig. 22)
Illustration 4.
Construct the graph of the following functions :
(a) y = |x2 1 :| (b) y = x2 + 2 |x|.
Solution : (a) First construct the parabola y = x2 1.
since |x2 1 :| = x2 1 for x 2 1 0 and |x2 1:| =
(x 2 1) for x2 1 < 0, we shall proceed as follows : we
map the part parabola situated below the x-axis symmetrically about this axis. The graph of the function y =
|x2 1 :| is depicted in (Fig. 23).
Fig. 23
(b) The given function is even :
( x)2 + 2 | x| = x2 + 2|x|.
Consequently, its graph is symmetric about the yaxis. For x 0 we obtain y = x2 + 2x = (x + 1)2 1 which
is a parabola with the vertex ( 1, 1). Its points with the
abscissa x 0 are also points of the graph of the function
y = x 2 + 2 |x|. (Fig. 24)
Fig. 24
4. Power Function with Integral Exponent and its
Graph : A power function with an integral exponent is
defined as a function of the form
Y = xn,
where n 0 is an arbitrary integer.
The function is defined for any x (except x = 0 for
n < 0).
For n = 1, n = 2, and n = 1 we have y = x, y = x2
1
and y = x 1 = ,
x
Respectively, their graphs are : a straight line (the
bisector of the first and third quadrants), a parabola and a
hyperbola, respectively.
If n is an even number, then the power function y =
xn is an even function : ( x)n = (xn) for any x. If n is an
odd number, then the function y = xn is an odd function :
( x)n = (xn). Consequently the graph of the function y =
xn is symmetric about the y-axis for an even n and it is
symmetric about the origin for an odd n.
If n is a positive integer, then the graph of the function y = x n is a parabola. For n = 2 this is simply a parabola for n = 3 a cubical parabola and so on. If n > 0, then
by the property of inequalities, the condition 0 < x 1 < x 2
implies x1n < x2n < i.e., the function y = xn where n is a
natural number, increase on the interval (0, + );
consequently, for an even n it decrease on the interval
( , 0) and for an odd n increase on the interval ( , 0)
and, hence, throughout the x-axis. The graphs of the
function y = x n for n = 2k and n = 2k + 1 are given in Fig.
25 and 26, respectively.
Fig. 25
CAT Complete Course | 323
x. The Func
tion y =
x and its Graph : We know the prosperities of
the arithmetical square root. Hence, we have the following properties of the function y =
x :
(1) The function is defined for all x 0.
(2) The value of the function is equal to zero only for
x = 0 and is positive for any x > 0.
Fig. 26
In general, the graph of the power function y = xn
with an integer positive exponent has for an even n the
same shape as the graph of the function y = x2 , and for an
odd n as the graph of the function y = x3 .
Consider now the power function y = x n with an
integral negative exponent. If n = 1 then we have a
1
hyperbola y = (Fig. 27). If n = 2, then we have the
x
1
function y = 2 whose graph is shown is Fig. 28 for an odd
x
n the graph of the Function y = x n looks like the graph of
the function y = x 1 and for an even n like the graph of
the function y = x 2.
Fig. 29
n
The function y =
following way.
Fig. 28
324 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 30
p
x
> 1, since a > 1 for a > 1, thus a > 1 for x > 0 and > 1.
1
If x = n, where n is natural then a n = n < 1.
a
p
p
1
If x = , where p and q are natural then aq = q
q
ap
()
ax
a x
=
,
x
b
b
a
ax
ax
where < 1. Therefore, x < 1 for x > 0 and x > 1 for x <
b
b
b
0 (by property 4).
Indeed, by the property of a power,
Fig. 31
The graph of the exponential function Y = a x is
represented in Fig. 31. In the computation practice an
important role is played by the exponential function y =
10x. Let us show that, knowing its values for x from the
interval [0, 1], it is easy to compute its values for any x.
Let there be required to find an approximate value of
the expression 102.36. We write the exponent 2.36 in the
form of the sum of the integral and fractional parts 2.36 =
2 + 0.36, then
102.36 = 102 + 0.36 = 102 . 10 0.36 = 100.10 0.36
Consequently, to find an approximate value of 102.36,
it remains to find the value of 100.36.
Suppose we have to find an approximate value of
103.24 to this end we write the exponent 3.24 in the
form of the sum of the integral and fractional parts :
3.24 = 4 + 0.76, then
103.24 = 10 4 + 0.76 = 10 4. 100.76.
It remains to find the value of 100.76.
7. Logarithmic Function and its Graph :
x
2
x2). Then a 2 a 1 = a 1 ( a 2 1 1 ) . By the
1
property of positiveness of an exponential function, ax1 >
Similarly, log 3 27 = 3, since 33 = 27; log 2 = 2,
4
0, by property (4), ax2 x1 1 > 0, since a > 1 and x 2 x 1
1
> 0. Consequently, ax2x1 > 0 or ax2 > ax1 for x1 < x 2 , that since 2 2 = ; log5 1 = 0,
4
is, the function Y = ax increase if a > 1.
1
Since, 50 = 1; log 10 = 1, log
= 2. Note that
(6) If a < b, then ax < bx for x > 0 and ax > bx for x <
100
x
x
x
0. for x = 0 a = b = 1.
such expression as log3 ( 27) and 6 = 0 have no roots.
CAT Complete Course | 325
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
This is the inverse of the exponential function.
Therefore, their graphs are symmetric to about the
straight line y = x. Knowing the graph of an exponential
function, we obtain the graph of a logarithmic function.
(Fig. 32)
In particular, the graph of the function y = log x is
symmetric to the graph of the function y = 10x about the
straight line y = x (Fig. 33). The property of the logarithmic function y = log x can be obtained from its graph.
They are listed below :
(1) The function y = log x is defined for all positive
numbers (therefore, all negative numbers and zero are
said to have no logarithms).
326 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 34
2x + 1 if x 2
2. y = |2x + 1| =
1
(2x + 1) if x < 2
Let us first construct the straight lines y = 2x + 1 and
y = 2x 1, by determining their points of intersection
with the co-ordinate axes. On the straight line y = 2x + 1
1
we take only points with abscissa x , and on the line
2
1
y = 2x 1 points with abscissa x < . Thus, we obtain
2
the graph of the function y = |2x + 1| (Fig. 35).
Fig. 35
3. y = x |x| =
Fig. 36
4. y =
|x|. This function is defined for any x. The
function is even; for x 0; y =
x. Hence, the method of
plotting the graph (Fig. 37).
Fig. 39
Knowing the graph y = log x, we obtain the graph y =
|log x| (Fig. 39).
7. y = |x + 1| |x 2|. By the definition of the
modulus,
x + 1 if x 1
|x + 1| =
(x + 1) if x < 1
x 2 if x 2
|x 2| =
(x 2) if x < 2
The points x = 1 and x = 2 divided the entire
number axis into three intervals : ( , 1), ( 1, 2) and
(2, + ).
Consider the function on each of the intervals.
Let x 1, then y = (x + 1) + (x 2) = 3.
If 1 x 2, then y = x + 1 + (x 2) = 2x 1.
For x 2, y = x + 1 (x 2) = 3.
Consequently, the given function can be written in
the form
3 if x 1
Y =
2x
1
if
2
3 if x 2
{
{
}
}
Fig. 37
5. y =
The function is even; for x 0, y = 2x. Its
graph is shown in (Fig. 38).
2|x|.
Fig. 40
Hence, it is clear that on each of the intervals under
consideration the graph of the given function is a straight
line (Fig. 40).
Fig. 38
6. y = |log x| =
log x if log x 0
{ log
x if log x < 0 }
Fig. 42
Thus, the graph of any linear equation ax + by = c is
a straight line.
Fig. 41
Fig. 43
The constructed hyperbola is thus the graph of the
equation xy = 1. In the above considered example we
were seeking for the graph of an equation to obtain in the
plane the corresponding line- a straight line or hyperbola.
There arises an inverse problem : for a line in the
plane set-up the equation whose graph is this line.
Fig. 44
Consider the circle of radius r with centre at the
origin (Fig. 44). Let us write the equation whose graph is
represented by this circle.
Let M(x, y) be an arbitrary points of the given circle.
Its distance from the centre of the circle O is equal to the
radius of the circle: |OM| = r.
On the other hand, by the formula for the distance of
a point in the plane from the origin, we have
|OM| =
x2 + y2
Fig. 46
The graph of the equation x 2 + y 2 = 25 is a circle of
radius 5 centered at the origin, and the graph of the
equation x + y = 5 is a straight line. The circle and the
straight line intersect at the points A(0, 5) and B (5, 0).
Consequently, the given system has two solutions: (0, 5)
and (5, 0).
Consider the system of two linear equations in two
unknowns x and y :
a1x + b1 y = c 1
a2 x + b2 y = c 2
Therefore,
+
= r or + =
Thus, the co-ordinate of any point of a circle satisfy
the equation x2 + y2 = r2 . If a point does not belong to the
given circle, then its co-ordinates do not satisfy the
equation x2 + y2 = r2 .
x2
y2
x2
y2
r2
x2 + y2 r, and x 2 + y2 r2 .
Conclusion : A circle with centre at the origin whose
radius is equal to r is the graph of the equation x2 + y2 =
r2 , where x and y are variables and r is a given positive
number.
To solve graphically a system of two equations in
two unknowns we have to construct (in one and same coordinate system) the graphs of the given equations and
find the co-ordinate of the points of intersection of these
graphs.
Illustration 6.
Solve graphically the system of equation
x2 + y2 = 25
x+y=5
Solution :
Construct (in one and the same co-ordinate system)
the graph of the equations x2 + y2 = 25 and x + y = 5 (Fig.
45).
{x2x2y4y==14
Solution :
The straight lines x 2y = 1 and 2x 4y = 4 are
parallel (Fig. 46) and hence, the system has no solution.
Illustration 8.
Construct the graph of the function
x x 0
Y =
x2 x > 0
Solution :
The graph of this function given by different formulas
on different intervals of variation of the argument consists
of the bisector of the third quadrant and a branch of a
parabola (Fig. 47).
Fig. 47
Illustration 9.
Construct the graph of the function y =
|x|
.
x
Fig. 49
Note that the graph of y = |x 2| can be obtained by
shifting the graph of y = |x | by 2 along the x-axis
rightward and then mapping it symmetrically about the
x-axis.
Illustration 11.
Construct the graph of the equation |y| = |x|.
Solution :
The given equation decomposes into two equalities :
y = x and y = x, since if two numbers are equal
modulus, then the numbers are either equal or differ only
in sign. The graph of the equation |y| = |x| consists of the
bisectors of the quadrants (Fig. 50).
Solution :
The given function is defined for any x 0. Here,
1 if x > 0.
Y =
1 if x < 0.
The desired graph is represented in Fig. 48.
Fig. 50
Illustration 12.
Construct the graph of the equation |x| + |y| = 1.
Solution :
Fig. 48
Illustration 10.
Construct the graph of the function
y =
x2 4x + 4.
Solution :
Since, x 2 4x + 4 = (x 2)2 , y = |x 2|, we have
|x 2| =
Consequently
Y =
{x 2 2(xifx2)if2.x < 2.
x2 4x + 4 .
= ( (x 2) if x < 2)
(x 2 if x 2).
330 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 51
Illustration 13.
Construct the graph of the equation |x| + |y| = 0.
Solution :
Since, |x| 0 and |y| 0, the given equation is
satisfied only by the numbers x = 0 and y = 0. The graph
consists of only one point- the origin.
Illustration 14.
Construct the graph of the function y =
x1
.
x
Solution :
Fig. 53
Illustration 16.
Construct the graph of the function y =
1 x2.
Solution :
Squaring both sides, we obtain
Y2 = 1 x2, or x2 + y2 = 1.
Since, y =
1 x2 is the
upper semi-circle (Fig. 54).
1
We have y = 1 . Therefore, the graph of the given
x
1
function can be obtained by shifting the hyperbola y =
x
along the y-axis by unity upward (Fig. 52).
Fig. 52
Illustration 15.
Construct the graph of the function y = x3 x.
Solution :
The given function is odd :
( x)3 ( x) = (x3 x).
Consequently, the graph is symmetric about the
origin.
Let x 0. Since, y = x3 x = x(x + 1) (x 1), we have
for 0 x 1, y 0; for x 1, y 0 and at the point x = 0,
x = 1, and x = 1 the graph will intersect the x-axis.
Taking into account the oddness of given function and
intervals of constant sign, we construct the graph of the
function (Fig. 53).
Fig. 54
Illustration 17.
Construct the graph of the function y = |x2 + 2| x | 3|.
Solution :
The given function is even; its graph is symmetric
about the y-axis. For x 0, we have y = |x2 + 2x 3|.
Fig. 55
CAT Complete Course | 331
Fig. 58
Fig. 56
Hence, the method of constructing the graph of the
given function : first construct the parabola y = x2 + 2x
3, then the graph of the function y = |x2 + 2x 3| (Fig. 55)
and finally, the graph of the function y = |x 2 + 2| x | 3|
(Fig. 56). The graph y = x2 + 2x 3 = (x + 1)2 4 is a
parabola with the vertex ( 1, 4) and branches directed
upward, the ordinate of the point of intersection of the
parabola and the y-axis being ( 3). Solving the quadratic
equation x2 + 2x 3 = 0, we find its roots : x1 = 1 and x2 =
3, which are the abscissa of the points at which the
parabola intersects the x-axis.
Illustration 20.
Construct the graph of the function y = 10logx .
Solution :
We use the basic logarithmic identity
10logx = x if x > 0.
1
Then, 10 logx = (10logx) 1 = x 1 = , where x > 0.
x
Therefore, the graph of the function y =10-logx is the
1
branch of the hyperbola y = situated in the first quadrant
x
(Fig. 59).
Illustration 18.
Construct the graph of the function
(12) 1.
x
y=
Solution :
()
Fig. 59
Illustration 21.
Construct the graph of the equation |y| = log x.
Solution :
Note that :
(1) Since, |y| 0, log x 0, i.e., x 1.
(2) If (x, y) is a point belonging to the graph, then
(x, y) will also be its point, that is, the graph is symmetric about the x-axis. Therefore, using the graph y = log
x, we obtain the graph of the equation |y| = log x. (Fig. 60).
Fig. 57
Illustration 19.
Construct the graph y = log(x 1).
Fig. 60
Solution :
Illustration 22.
Solve graphically the inequalities 3x2 5x + 2 > 0.
Solution :
The graph of the trinomial y = 3x 2 5x + 2 is a
parabola whose branches are directed downward. We find
1
the roots of the trinomial : x1 = 2 and x2 = . Therefore,
3
the parabola intersects the x-axis at these point (Fig. 61).
The inequalities 3x2 5x + 2 > 0 is satisfied by
those values of x for which the points of the parabola lie
above the x-axis, that is, numbers x are such that 2 < x <
1
1 1
function y = x. The set of solution of the inequality
2 2
x + 2y 1 > 0 consists of the points in the plane lying
1 1
above the straight line y = x. (Fig. 63).
2 2
Fig. 63
Fig. 61
A system of inequalities in one unknown can also be
solved graphically.
Illustration 23.
Solve graphically the system of inequalities
x 1 > 0
3 x > 0.
Solution :
Let us construct the graphs of the functions y = x 1
and y = 3 x in one and the same co-ordinate system
(Fig. 62). Both graphs lie above the x-axis for the value
of x from the interval (1, 3).
Illustration 26.
Represent the set of points specified by the system of
inequalities
x2 + y 1
yx1
Solution :
We have the inequalities y 1 x2 and y x 1.
Let us construct the parabola y = 1 x2 and the
straight line y = x 1. The set given by the system of
inequalities consist of the points lying on the parabola y =
1 x2 or below it and, simultaneously, on the straight line
y = x 1 or above it (Fig. 64).
Fig. 64
Illustration 27.
Fig. 62
We are now going to show how graphs are applied to
solving inequalities and system of inequalities unknowns.
Illustration 24.
Solve graphically the inequalities x + 2y 1 > 0.
Solution :
To solve graphically the inequalities x + 2y 1 > 0 or
1 1
y > x, first construct the graph of the linear
2 2
{2xx +yy<<12
Solution :
Since, x + y < 1, we get y < 1 x; since 2x y < 2,
we obtain y > 2x 2. The set specified by the given
system of inequalities consist of the points lying below
the straight line y =1 x and, simultaneously, above the
straight line y = 2x 2 (Fig. 65).
CAT Complete Course | 333
Fig. 65
i.e., the set of solution of each of these linear inequalities
is a half-plane. The set defined by the system of these
inequalities is the intersection of the two half-planes.
Exercise A
Q. 1. Find the domain of definition (or, simply, domain) of the function y = logx cos x.
Q. 2. Find the domain of the function
cot x
Y =
(1)
sin x cos x
Q. 3. Find the domain of the function
1 + x2
Y=
cos(cos x) + arcsin
(3)
2x
Q. 4. Construct the graph of the function y = 2 1/x.
3
Q. 5. Construct the graph of the function y =
.
x+4
x+5
Q. 6. Construct the graph of the function y =
.
3x 2
Q. 7. Draw the graph of the function y = log4 ( x).
Q. 8. Construct in a single drawing the graphs of the
functions
y1 = sin x, Y2 = sin 2x, Y3 = 2 sin x
Q. 9. Construct the graph of the function
y = sin [2x (/3n)].
Q. 10. Construct the graph of the function
y = sin 2 x.
Q. 11. Draw the graph of the function
1
Y =
x log10x
Q. 12. Sketch the graph of the function
1
Y = log1/2 x
+ log2
4x2 4x + 1
2
( )
Exercise B
Directions (Q. 12) : Read the information given
below and answer the questions that follows
If md (x) = |x|, mn (x, y) = minimum of x and y and
Ma (a, b, c, ) = minimum of a, b, c
(4) 1. Value of Ma [m d (a), mn (md(b), a), mn (ab, md
(ac)], where a = 2, b = 3, c = 4 is
(A) 2
(B) 6
(5)
(C) 8
(D) 2
1 + tan x
1 + cot2 x
x2 + 1
Q. 20. Graph the function y =
.
x
Q. 21. Construct the graph of the function y = x sin x.
Q. 22. Sketch the graph of the function y = 21/x .
Q. 23. Construct the graph of the function
y = 1 21 + sin (x + 1)
Q. 24. Construct the graph of the function
y = log2 (1 x2).
M (x, y) = xy
D (x, y) = x/y
where y 0.
12. What is the value of M (M (A(M (x, y), S(y, x))
A(y, x)) for x = 2, y = 3 ?
(A) 50
(B) 140
(C) 25
(D) 70
13. What is the value of S [M (D (A (a, b), 2)), D (A (a,
b), 2), M (D(S (a, b), 2), D (S (a, b), 2))] ?
(A) a2 + b2
(B) ab
(C) a2 b2
(D) a/b
Directions (Q. 1416) : Read the information given
below and answer the question that follows
The following functions have been defined
la (x, y, z) = min (x + y, y + z)
le (x, y, z) = max (x y, y z)
ma (x, y, z) = (1/2) [le (x, y, z) + la (x, y, z)]
14. Given that x > y > z > 0, which of the following is
necessarily true?
(A) la (x, y, z) < le (x, y, z)
(B) ma (x, y, z)< la (x, y, z)
(C) ma (x, y, z) < le (x, y, z)
(D) None of these
15. What is the value of ma (10, 4, le (la (10, 5, 3), 5, 3)) ?
(A) 7.0
(B) 6.5
(C) 8.0
(D) 7.5
16. For x = 15, y = 10 and z = 9, find the value of : le (x,
min (y, x z), le (9, 8, ma (x, y, z))
(A) 5
(B) 12
(C) 9
(D) 4
Directions (Q. 1719) : Read the information given
below and answer the questions that follows
The following operations are defined for real number
a # b = a + b if a and b both are positive else a # b = 1. a
b = (a + b)a + b if ab is positive else a b = 1.
17. (2 # 1)/(1 2)
(A) 1/8
(B) 1
(C) 3/8
(D) 3
18. {((1 # 1) # 2) (101.3 log10 0.1)}/(1 2)
(A) 3/8
(B) 4 log10 0.1/8
(C) (4 + 101.3)/8
19. ((x # y)/( x Y)) = 3/8, then which of the following must be true?
(A) x = 2, y = 1
(B) x > 0, y < 0
(C) x, y both positive (D) x, y both negative
Directions (Q. 2022) : Read the information given
below and answer the questions that follows
If x and y are real numbers, the functions are defined
as f(x, y) = |x, y|, F (x, y) = f(x, y) and G (x, y) = F (x,
CAT Complete Course | 335
23.
24.
26.
25.
2
8
3
4
5
14
22
32
(B) y = a + bx + cx2
(D) None of these
6
44
35.
36.
r r
r1 r2
r + r2
+ max 0 2 1 : MB A2 = 1
n1 n2
n1 + n2
n2 n1
{ }
a
a
e
f
g
h
e
e
f
g
h
a
f
f
g
h
a
e
g
g
h
a
e
f
h
h
a
e
f
g
* a e f
g h
a a a a a a
e a e f
g h
f
a f
h e g
g a g e h f
h a h g f
e
Thus, according to the first f ga, while according
to the second table g * h = f, and so on.
Also, let f2 = f* f, g3 = g * g* G, and so on.
50. What is the smallest positive integer n such that gn =
e?
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 2
(D) 3
51. Upon simplification, f[f*{f(f*f)}] equals
(A) e
(B) f
(C) g
(D) h
52. Upon simplification, {a10*(f10g9 )} e8 equals
(A) e
(B) f
(C) g
(D) h
53. Let f(x) = a x2 b |x|, where a and b are constants.
Then at x = 0, f(x) is
(A) Maximized whenever a > 0, b > 0
(B) Maximized whenever a > 0, b < 0
338 | CAT Complete Course
1
0
f1 ( x)
f2(x)
f3 ( x)
x1
otherwise
for all x
for all x
for all x
Solutions
Exercise A
Ans. 1. It is obvious that the domain of this function
includes only those values of x for which the following
conditions are simultaneously valid: (a) x > 0, x 1 (since
the logarithmic base must be positive and non-zero); (b)
cos x > 0 (since negative numbers and zero do not have
logarithms). '
Solving this system of inequalities, we find that the
domain of the function at hand is the following set of
numbers :
5
+ 2k < x < + 2k, k = 0, 1, 2
(2)
4
4
However, it must be further noted that cot x is not
defined for x = n, Where n is any integer. And so all the
5
+ 2k < x < + 2k,
+ 2k < x < + 2k,
4
4
K = 0, 1, 2, ...........
Ans. 3. We consider each summand separately. The
domain of this function can only embrace those values of
the argument for which the first term assumes real values,
i.e., those values of x for which the radicand cos (cos x) is
non-negative: cos (cos x) 0. It is easy to see that this
inequality holds true for all real values of x.
Now, let us examine the second summand. By
definition, the expression arcsin a is meaningful only for
|a| 1; in other words, only those values of x belong to
the domain of function (3) for which |(1 + x2)/2x| 1.
However, it may be proved directly that the inequality |(1
+ x 2 )/2x| 1. holds for all non-zero real values of x,
equality being achieved only when x =1 and x = 1.
Consequently, the domain of (3) consists of two
points only : x = 1 and x = l.
The foregoing examples show that in finding the
domain of definition of a function one has to invoke
various branches of algebra and trigonometry. Only when
these sections are fully mastered can the aspirant tackle
such problems with ease.
The aspirant should have a firm knowledge of the
definitions and be able to investigate such general
properties of functions as bounded ness, monotonicity
(intervals over which a function is increasing or
decreasing), evenness and oddness, periodicity, and be
able to find the range of a function, its zeroes, external
values, and the like.
The investigation of the properties of functions is
carried out without invoking the concept of a derivative,
which is an element of mathematical analysis and is
outside the school curriculum.
The aspirant should have a clear idea of a system of
co-ordinates in the plane and be able to sketch, by
memory, the graphs of the basic functions y = k x + b
(straight line); y = ax 2 + b x + c (parabola); y = k /x
(hyperbola); y = |x a|; y = x3; y =
x ; y = 1/x2; y = ax
(a > 0, a 1); y = loga x(a > 0, a 1); y = sin x (sine
curve); y = cos x; y = tan x; y = cot x. The aspirant should
be able to sketch the graphs of these functions in each
concrete case, giving a general picture and the characteristic peculiarities of behaviour of the curve and not
be forced to compute each time a table of values and plot
the curve.
The aspirant should also be able to illustrate
geometrically on the graph the properties of a function.
When relating some property (say, the oddness of the
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Ans. 5. Evidently, x can assume all values except 4.
Compare this function with the function y 1 = 3/x. It is
clear that the value of the function y corresponding to
some value x = x0 coincides with the value of y1, which
corresponds to the value of its argument equal to x0 + 4.
For example, the function y = 3/(x + 4) when, x0 =1, takes
the value y = 3/5, and the function y1 = 3/x assumes this
CAT Complete Course | 339
Fig. 3
Ans. 8. The aspirant is not always able to give a
proper representation of all three curves in a single
drawing and correctly to indicate their mutual positions
(Fig. 4), to indicate the peculiarities of each of the sine
curves and to explain how they are obtained one from
another.
ad bc
c2
d
x+
c
Fig. 4
For one thing, it is useful to remember that the
smallest positive period of the function y = A sin x,
where 0 and A 0 are given numbers, is equal to 2
/|| (for instance the smallest positive period of the
function y = 3 sin x is the number 2/ = 2, and for
the function y = 1/4 sin ( x/3) is the number 2/| 1/3| =
6), while its "amplitude" is equal to |A| (thus, the
"amplitude" of the function y = 1/2 sin 3x is 1/2).
Fig. 5
Ans. 9. Representing the given function in the form
y = sin 2 [x (n/6)], we see immediately that for every
value X = X0 the value of y coincides with the value of
Y1 = sin 2x, which corresponds to the value X0 (/6) of
its argument. And so to construct the graph of y, draw the
graph of y 1 and then translated it /6 units rightwards
along the x-axis (Fig. 5).
A very common mistake in constructing the graph of
the function y is as follows : the graph is drawn of the
function y1 and it is then translated rightwards by /3
units along the x-axis.
Fig. 6
It is easy to see that this construction is incorrect,
because the graph crosses the x-axis at the point /3
(since the graph of the function y 1 cuts this axis at the
origin and is then translated /3 units rightwards!). Yet
the value of the function y is clearly non-zero for the
value of the argument x = /3.
The technique used in this specific instance enables
one to construct the graph of any function of the form y =
A sin (x + ), y = A cos (x + ) etc., and also y = a sin
x + b cos x..
This technique is of a general nature and permits
obtaining the graph of a function y = f (x + ), where
0 and are specified numbers, if the graph of the
function y 1 = f(x) has already been drawn : it is sufficient
to draw the graph of the function y2 = f (x) (it may be
obtained the method indicated in the solution of Problem
8) and then to translate it along the x-axis rightwards by
an amount |/| if / < 0 leftwards by / if / < 0
(see Problem 5).
Fig. 7
Ans. 10. Since, this function may be written as Y = 1/2
1/2 cos 2x, the graph of the function Y is obtained by
familiar techniques: the cosine curve y1 = 1/2 cos 2x,
which is constructed by the technique described in the
solution of Problem 8, must be translated 1/2 unit upwards
(Fig. 7).
Ans. 11. Employing familiar formulas involving
logarithms, we see that x 1/log10x = x logx 10 = 10, whence
aspirants often conclude immediately that the graph of
the function (4) is the straight line Y = 10.
This conclusion is incorrect however. It is necessary
to take into account the domain of definition of the
function and the conditions under which the transformations that are carried out are legitimate.
The domain of the function (4) consists of the real
numbers which satisfies the conditions : x > 0, x 1.
Under these conditions, it is legitimate to carry out the
transformation indicated above. And so graph of the
function (4) is the half-line y = 10, x > 0 with the point
(110) deleted (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8
The arrowhead at any point indicates, that point does
not belong to the graph).
Ans. 12. First of all, perform an identity transformation of the second summand:
log2
4x2 4x + 1 = log2
(2x 1)2
= log2 | 2x 1|
1
= 1 + log2 x
2
It is now clear that the domain of the function y is the
set x > 1/2 (because the second term in the formula
| |
Fig. 11
translate it one unit leftwards along the x-axis and two
units Downwards along the y-axis. This yields the graph
of the function y2 = |x + 1| 2. Then replace the portion
of the graph below the x-axis corresponding to 3 x
1, by the portion symmetric to it about the x-axis. The
Fig. 9
resulting polygonal line is the graph of the function y.
Aspirant often find it difficult to construct graphs of
The general technique for constructing the graph of a
functions whose analytic expressions involve the absolute- function whose analytical expression contains an absolutevalue sign. The next few illustrations illustrate how the value sign consists in rewriting the expression of the
graphs of such functions are constructed.
functional relationship without using the absolute value
Ans. 13 First note that the proposed function can sign. In this case, the functional relationship on different
obviously be written in the form y = | 2x 2 |
portions of variation of the argument is, as a rule,
Consider the auxiliary function y1 = 2x 2, the graph described by different formulas. Quite naturally, on each
of which is readily drawn (by the technique described in of these portions, the graph must be constructed on the
the solution of Problem 4). How does the graph of the basis of the appropriate formula.
function y differ?
Ans. 15. To get rid of the absolute-value sign, conRecall the definition of absolute value; from this sider separately two cases. x 0 and x < 0. If x 0, then
definition it follows that
y = x 2 2x 3. It is easy to draw this parabola, then we
2x 2 for values of x for which
take that portion which corresponds to non-negative
2x 2 0 that isfor x 1
values of x. But if x < 0, then y = x2 + 2x 3. Draw this
Fig. 10
In precisely the same way we can obtain the graph of
the function y = |f (x)| if the graph of the function y1 = f (x)
has been drawn. It suffices (Fig. 10) to replace the portions
of the graph of y 1 lying below the x-axis by corresponding
portions symmetric with respect to the x-axis [to find
these portions we have to solve the inequality f (x) < 0].
Ans. 14 Here, without dropping the absolute-value
signs, we can carry out the construction using the
342 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 12
Ans. 16. By the definition of absolute value we can
represent this function in the form
[(x + 1) + 1] (x 3) = (x + 2)(x 3) if x 1
y = [ (x + 1) + 1] (x 3) = x (x 3) if x > 1 .
Fig. 14
It will be noted that if x increases without bound, the
graph of the function (7) approaches without bound the
straight line y = 1, remaining all the time below it; but if x
decreases without bound, then the graph approaches the
same line without bound, remaining all the time above it.
Ans. 18. When drawing the graph of a periodic function
it is often helpful to know that all values of such a function are repeated in every period. Thus, if a periodic function is given with period T, then it is sufficient to construct
the graph on some segment of length T; for 0 x T, the
portions of the graph on the intervals T x 2T, 2T x
3T, T x 0, etc., will have the very same shape.
It is clear that the number 2 is the period of the
function y under consideration so that we can confine
ourselves to the interval 0 x 2n. Partitioning this
interval into four parts in each of which both sin x and
cos x preserve sign, we get
2 sin (x + 4) if 0 x 4
2 sin (x 4) if 2 x
Y =
2 sin (x + 4) if x 32
2 sin x if 3 x 2
( 4) 2
We now construct the graphs of y 1 =
Fig. 13
The construction of the graph of the function y2 = x
(x 3) is similar. Take only that portion of the parabola
which corresponds to the values x < 1 of the argument.
The graph of function (6) is shown in Fig. 13 by the solid
line.
Ans. 17. We first find the values of x for which each
of the expressions under the absolute-value sign vanishes;
they are 3, 1, 1, 3. By considering function (7) on
each of the five intervals into which these values partition
the number line, we obtain the following notation:
1 x +2 1
x2 + 12
Y=
1
2
x+1
1 2
x+1
if
if
if
if
if
3 x < 1,
1 x < 1,
1 x<3
3x
2 sin [x +
(/4)] and y2 =
2 sin [x (/4)] and sin [x (/4)] and
then we take the portion of the curve y1 on the interval
from 0 to /2, the portion of the curve y2 on the interval
from /2 to ; and on the intervals from to 3/2 and
from 3/2 to 2, we take the curves that are symmetric,
about the x-axis, to the corresponding portions of the
curves y1 and y2. Then, taking advantage of periodicity,
we extend the resulting curve beyond the interval 0 x
2 (the solid line in Fig. 15).
x<3
Fig. 15
CAT Complete Course | 343
sin x +
+ cos x +
= |cos x | + |sin x |
2
2
then the graph could be constructed much faster. This
example shows that a careful preliminary analysis of the
properties of a given function very often appreciably
simplifies the construction of the graph.
Ans. 19. At first glance this function might appear to
be very complicated. However, by transforming the
formula defining the given function we obtain a simpler
notation for (8) that will permit drawing the required
graph with comparative ease.
First of all, note that the domain of the function (8) is
the entire number line with the exception of the points x =
n/2, where n is any integer (at each of these points,
either tan x or cot x becomes meaningless).
Since for x n/2 the equations
1
1
,
1 + tan2 x =
1 + cot2 x =
| cos x |
| sin x |
are true, it is clear that the function (8) can, in its domain
of definition, be written as
y = sin x. | cos x | + cos x. | sin x |
This is a periodic function with period 2. The graph
can be constructed as was done In Problem 18. It is
shown in Fig. 16.
| ( )
( )|
Fig. 16
Note once again, however, that the function (8) is not
defined at the points x = n/2, n = 0, 1, 2, In the
figure this is indicated by arrowheads the endpoints of the
segments of the curve. We will now consider some
instances of the construction of complicated in which the
foregoing elementary devices do not suffice. Each of
these examples has its peculiarities that must be taken
into account when sketching the graph. In solving
problems like those given below, one often has to reason
in quite an unorthodox manner.
So to speak. The approach should be to get onto an
item that will give some clue to the construction.
Ans. 20. Representing the given function as y = x +
(1/x), we apply a technique called addition of graphs,
which means that the desired graph is constructed by
"combining" two auxiliary graphs, y1 = x and y2 = 1/x. In
other words, for each admissible value of the argument
(that is, for every x 0) the corresponding ordinate y is
built up as an algebraic sum of the ordinates y 1 and y2
corresponding to the same value of the argument (Fig.
17).
344 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 17
It is easy to figure out the shape of the graph of the
function on the positive x-axis: for each value x > 0, the
corresponding ordinate of the straight line y1 = x has to be
increased by an ordinate of the hyperbola y 2 = 1/x corresponding to the same value of x. It is quite obvious (Fig.
45) that for a positive x tending to zero, the expression x
+ (1/x) tends to + (increases without bound), and for x
tending to + , the desired graph approaches the bisector
y1 = x without bound, since the summand 1/x becomes
smaller and smaller. It is easy in this case to determine
the smallest value of the function y (recall that so far we
are only considering positive values of x) : indeed, when
x > 0 the inequality x + (l/x) 2 holds true, which is to say
the smallest value is equal to 2 and is reached when x = 1.
Construction of the graph is similar on the negative
x-axis as well. Incidentally, we could take advantage of
the fact that the function y is odd and, hence, its graph is
symmetric about the origin.
Ans. 21 Take advantage of the fact that the formula
defining this function is a product and we apply a
technique called multiplication of graphs. The required
graph will be constructed by "multiplying" two auxiliary
graphs y1 = x and y 2 = sin x. In other words, for each
value of the argument, the corresponding ordinate y is
constructed as a product of the ordinates y1 and y2 which
correspond to the same value of the argument (Fig. 18).
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Everything is now ready for the construction, first
translate the graph of the function Y 1 one unit leftwards
along the x-axis; this yield a curve which is the graph of
the function y 2 = 2 sin(x + 1) (see Problem 5). It is also a
periodic function (with period 2). It has a maximal value
of 2 which it assumes at the points x = (/2) 1 + 2k, k
= 0, 1, 2, , it has a minimal value equal to 1/2
which it takes on at the points x = (/2) 1 + 2 k, k =
0, + 1, 1, 2, (Fig. 20). Stretching the curve y2 by
a factor of 2 along the y-axis and then reflecting it about
CAT Complete Course | 345
Fig. 22
the
auxiliary
graphs
y
1 and y2 are depicted by dashed
by the dashed line. It is then necessary to construct the
lines).
graph of the logarithm of this function.
We now consider the interval 0 < x < /2. Since for
For x = 0 we have y = log2 1 = 0. If x is increased
any
value
of x in this interval, the corresponding value of
from 0 to 1, then as may be seen from the graph of the
the
function
y is the reciprocal of the value of y1
auxiliary function, 1 x 2 decrease from 1 to 0 and so
corresponding
to the same value of the argument [see
log2 (1 x2) decreases from 0 to .
(10)], it is easy to obtain a rough sketch of the graph of y
Similarly, if x decreases from 0 to 1, then 1 x2 for 0 < x < /2 (the solid line in Fig 22; the arrowhead on
decreases from 1 to 0 and log2 (1 x 2 ) decreases from 0 the curve at the origin indicated that this point does not to
to . For the remaining values x, that is, for x 1 and the graph).
x 1, we have 1 x2 0 so that log2 (1 x2 ) is meaningIt is easy to prove that by using familiar properties of
less. The graph of the function y is shown in Fig. 21 as a
elementary function the function y monotonically
solid line.
increases when x varies from 0 to /2; if x increases from
Note that in the construction of this graph we did not 0 to /2, then sin x increases monotonically from 0 to 1,
start out by finding domain of the function, which was and then log 1/2 sin x decreases monotonically from + to
obtained almost automatically. A preliminary determina- 0; and hence, [see (10)], the value of y increases
tion of the domain of a function is frequently very useful, monotonically from 0 to + . Let us stress that if x
however.
approaches /2, remaining all the time less than this
Ans. 25. The domain of this function is the collection value, then the value of the function y 1 tends to zero,
of all values of x for which, simultaneously, sin x > 0 and remaining all the time positive, and therefore the value of
y increases without bound. But if x approaches zero and
sin x 1, that is, the set
Fig. 21
Fig. 24
Then the points whose co-ordinates satisfy the
Ans. 26. First of all, do not confuse the notation sin
equation
y = 5x/3 lie on the constructed straight line and
x2 with sin 2 x : the former means sin (x2 ), the latter means
the
points
whose co-ordinate y exceeds 5x/3 will lie
(sin x)2.
above this line. Thus, the set of points whose co-ordinates
Let us first consider the non-negative values of the satisfy the first inequality of (11) will constitute the halfargument and partition the semi-axis x 0 into intervals Plane lying above the straight line y = 5x/3 (the straight
over which the function y increases or decreases. If x2 line included; in Fig. 24 this region is denoted by vertical
increases from 0 to /2 (which is to say that x increases hatching).
from 0 to
/2, then sin x2 increases from 0 to 1; if x2
Similarly, from the second inequality of (11) we
have
y < 2x + 2 so that the set of points whose co-ordinates
increases from /2 to 3/2 (i.e., x increases from
/2
satisfy
the second inequality of (11) will constitute the
to
5/2), then sin x2 increases from 1 to 1, and so on. indicated by horizontal hatching).
The graph of the function y therefore is of a wavelike
Hence, the points of the plane whose co-ordinates x
nature with amplitude of 1 (Fig. 23). It is easy to and y satisfy of inequalities (11) lie in the common
portion (intersection) of the two resulting half-planes; this
is an angular region (in Fig. 24 the desired set is indicated
by double cross-hatching). Here, one of the bounding
rays of the region-a piece of the straight line y = 5x/3
is included in the sought for set, while the othera piece
of the straight line y = 2x + 2 is not included (the vertex
A of the angular region, the intersection point of the
straight lines y = 5x/3 and y = 2x + 2, does not belong to
this set either).
Ans. 28. As in the solution of other problems involving absolute values, it is useful first of all to attempt to
Fig. 23
get rid of the absolute-value sign.
CAT Complete Course | 347
Fig. 25
plane: x + y = 0 (the bisector AOB of the second and
fourth quadrants) and y = 0 (the axis COD of abscissas).
Clearly, the co-ordinates x and y of any point above the
straight line x + y = 0 satisfy the inequality x + y > 0, and
for any below this line the inequality x + y < 0 holds.
Similarly, any point in the upper (relative to the x-axis)
half-plane has a positive ordinate, and any point in the
lower half-plane has a negative ordinate.
These straight lines partition the plane into four
regions (Fig. 25) and it is clear that in each one of these
regions the expressions x + y and y preserve sign for all
points (x, y). It is therefore advisable, in each of these
regions, to seek separately the points whose co-ordinates
x and y satisfy the relation (12).
For any point (x, y) of Region I (the angular region
DOA including the bounding rays as well) we have the
inequalities x + y 0, y 0. Hence, in Region I relation
(12) takes the form x + y = y x, or x = 0. But this last
equation is satisfied by the co-ordinates of the point of
the positive y-axis (by no means all the points of the
y-axis, since we are only interested in those points which
lie in Region I, and the negative y-axis does not belong to
this region).
For any point of Region II (the angular region AOC;
of the boundary rays only the ray CO is included) we
have the inequalities x + y < 0, y 0, and for this reason
relation (12) takes the form (x + y) = y x, or y = 0, in
Region II. This latter equation is satisfied by the points of
the negative x-axis (the other points the x-axis do not lie
in Region II).
The inequalities x + y < 0, y < 0 hold for any point of
Region III (the angular region COB excluding the bounding rays), and so relation (12) in Region III assumes the
form (x + y) = y x, or 0 = 0. This means that the coordinates of any point of Region III satisfy relation (12).
Finally, for any point of Region IV (the angular
region BOD including only the ray BO) we have x + y
0, y < 0, and so relation (12) in Region IV assumes the
348 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 26
(b) Now let 0 < x < 1. Reasoning in similar fashion,
we find that condition of the problem is satisfied by
points for whose co-ordinates the conditions 0 < y < 1 and
y < x are fulfilled. The set of these points is the interior of
the triangle AOB (Fig. 26).
Consequently points whose co-ordinates satisfy
inequality (13) from the region cross- lined in Fig. 26 [the
co-ordinates of the boundary points of this region do not
satisfy relation (13)].
Ans. 30. Using a familiar trigonometric identity,
rewrite the given inequality as
x+y
yx
sin
sin
>0
2
2
This inequality holds true for all points whose coordinates x and y are such that the expressions A = sin
[(x + y)/2] and B = sin [(y x)/2] have the same signs.
Let us first that the expression A. solving the
equation sin [(x + y)/2] = 0, we find x + y = 2k, k = 0,
1, 2, Geometrically, this signifies that the
expression A reduces to zero only the co-ordinates x and
y of points in the plane which lie on one of the straight
lines y = x + 2k, k = 0, 1, 2, (in Fig. 27 these
Fig. 27
straight lines are indicated by solid lines). For the sake of
brevity, we denote by Mk the straight line y = x + 2k
for integral k (thus, the straight line M0 is the bisector of
the second and fourth quadrants, M 1 has equation y =
x 2 etc.).
All the straight lines Mk are parallel and partition the
plane into strips. Let us agree to call the strip between
two adjacent lines M k and Mk + 1 the strip {Mk, Mk + 1},
the lines Mk and Mk + 1 themselves not being included in
this strip. For example, {M 0 , M1 } is the strip between the
straight lines y = x and y = x + 2, that is, the set of
points whose co-ordinates x and y satisfy the inequality
0 < x + y < 2.
Analogously, in the general case, the strip {Mk, Mk+1 }
is the set of points whose co-ordinates x and y satisfy the
inequality 2k < x + y < 2 (k + 1).
Now, let us determine the set of points whose
coordinates x and y satisfy the inequality sin [(x + y)/2] >
0. This inequality can easily be solved; it is valid for
2.2n < x + y < 2 (2n + 1), n = 0, 1, 2
Geometrically, this signifies that the expression A is
positive for it coordinates x and y of all points lying in
each of the strips {M2n, M2n + 1}, n = 0, 1, 2, i.e.,
in each strip bounded from below by the straight line M2n
with even index and from above by M2n + 1.
In the same way, by solving the inequality sin [(x
+y)/2] < 0 we convince ourselves that expression A is
negative for the co-ordinates x and y of all points lying in
Exercise B
1. (B) Ma [md (a), mn (md (b), a), mn (ab, md (ac))]
Ma [| 2| mn (| 3| 2) mn (6 | 8|) ]
Ma [2, mn (3, 2), mn (6, 8)]
Ma [2, 2, 6] = 6
2. (A) Ma [md (a), mn (a, b)] = mn [a, md(Ma(a, b)]
Ma [2, 3] = mn [ 2, md( 2)]
2 = mn ( 2, 2)
2=2
Relation does not hold for a = 2 and b = 3 or a < 0,
b<0
x3
3. (B)
fog (x) = f {g(x)} = f
2
x3
= 2
+3=x
2
( )
( )
4. (C)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
f (x) = g (x 3)
x33 x6
2x + 3 =
=
2
2
4x + 6 = x 6
3x = 12
x = 4
(B) {go fo fo go go f (x)} {fo go g (x)} from Q.3, we
have fog (x) = go f (x) = x.
Therefore, above expression becomes (x). (x) = x 2
(C) fo (fog) o (gof) (x)
We have, fog (x) = gof (x) = x
So, given expression reduces to f (x) that is 2x + 3
(A) me (a + mo (le (a, b)), mo (a + me (mo (a), mo
(b)))
Given a = 2, b = 3
a + mo (le (a, b)) = 2 + mo(le( 2, 3))
= 2 + mo ( 3)
= 2 + 3 =1
mo (a + me (mo(a), mo(b)))
= mo ( 2 + me (mo ( 2), mo ( 3)))
= mo ( 2 + me (2, 3)) = mo ( 2, + 3) = mo (1) = 1
me (1,1) = 1
(D, A) mo (le(a, b)) me (mo (a), mo(b))
= le (a, b)> me (a,b) as a, b > 0 which is false.
(B) mo (le(a, b))> me (mo(a), mo(b)) which is again
false.
Can be true only for a = b.
(C) mo (le (a, b))< le (mo(a), mo(b))
Or le (a, b) < le (a, b) which is false.
(D) mo (le(a, b) = le (mo(a), mo (b))
Or le (a, b)) = le (a, b) TRUE
(B) me (a2 3a, a 3) < 0 or me [a(a 3), a 3] < 0
Case I. a < 0, a3 3a > a 3
a (a 3) < 0 or 0 < a <3 which is not true.
Case II. 0 < a < 3, a (a 3) < 0 or 0 < a < 3 which is
true.
Case III. a = 3, me (0,0)< not true.
Case IV. a>3, a (a 3) < 0 or 0 < a < 3 not true.
Alternatively, it can also be found by putting some
values of a, say a = 1 in case I. a =1 in case II and
a = 4 in case IV.
(B) le (a (a 3), (a 3))< 0
Again in case I, a < 0; a 3 < 0 or a < 3 (from last
question) can be true
In case II, 0 < a < 3; a 3 < 0 or a < 3 can be true
In case III, a = 3, le (0,0) = 0 < 0, not true
In case IV, a > 3, a 3< 0 or a < 3 not true. Hence
(B) and (C) are correct.
x2 + 3x 4 = 0
2
x + 4x x 4 = 0
Or (x + 4) (x 1) = 0
x = 4 or 1
But x > 0 so x = 1, so LHS = RHS = 2 + 1 = 3. It
means the largest value of function min (2 + x2, 6
3x) is 3.
12. (D) M (M (A (M (x, y),S (y, x)), x),A (y, x)
M (M (A (6, 1), 2), A (3, 2))
M (M (7, 2), A (3, 2))
M (14 ,5) = 70.
13. (B) S[M(D(A(a, b), 2), D(A(a, b), 2)), M(D(S(a, b),
2), D(S(a, b), 2))]
S[M(D(a + b, 2), D(a + b, 2)),
M(D(a b, 2)), D(a b, 2))]
a+b
a+b
a b a b
S M
M
2
2
2
2
2
2
a+b
ab
S
2
2
(a + b)2 (a b) 2
=
22
(2a)(2b)
=
= ab
4
14. (D) Since, x > y > z > 0
la (x, y, z) = y + z
and
le = max(x y, y z)
We cannot find the value of le. Therefore we cant
say whether la > le or le > la.
Hence, we cant comment, as data is insufficient.
15. (B) la (10, 5, 3) = 8
le (8,5,3) = 3
1
13
ma (10, 4, 3) = [7 + 6] = = 65
2
2
1
16. (C) ma (15,10,9) = [19 + 5] = 12
2
min (10,6) = 6
le (9,8,12) = 1
le (15,6,1) = 9
2+1 3
17. (C) (2 # 1)/(1 2) = 2 + 1 =
2
8
18. (A) Numerator = 4 [(1013 log10) 01]
[ (( )( )) (
[( ) ( ) ]
)]
= 4 (1013 ( 1) = 4 1 = 3
Denominator = 12 = 21 + 2
3
= 8 hence answer
8
19. (B) Try for (A), (C) and (D) all give numerator and
Num 1
denominators as 1 i.e.,
= = 1.
Den 2
Hence, (B) is the answer.
((((
{
) ) ) )
r r
r 1 r 2 r 1 n2
+ + max 0 2 1
n1 n1 n1 n1
n2 n1
CAT Complete Course | 351
because
r2
r n r n r
0 and 2 2 2 2 1
n1
n1 n1 n2 n1 n1
r 2 r 2 n2 r 1
n1 n1 n1 2
So, none of the answers match.
43. (B) initial BA = 50, BA increases as numerator
increases with denominator remaining the same.
r + r2
MB A2 = 1
decrease as average of total runs
n1 + n2
decrease from 50, as runs scored in this inning are
less than 50.
1+x
44. (B)
f (x) = log
1x
or
and
( )
1+y
f (y) = log (
1 y)
1+x
1+y
f (x) + f (y) = log (
+ log (
1 x)
1 y)
1+x
1+y
= log {(
1 x) ( 1 y)}
1 + x + y + xy
= log (
1 x y xy )
x+y
(1 + xy) (1 +
1 + xy)
= log
x+y
(1 + xy) (1
1 + xy)
f (x) = 16 + 11 + 0 = 27
Fig. 29
We see that they meet once.
49. (D) substitute values 2 x 2 in the given curves,
we find the curves will intersect at x = 0, 1 and 1.
50. (A) From the table, we have g*g = h (this is g
squared) h *g = f (this is g cubed) f *g = e.( this is g to
the power 4)
51. (D) f [f * {f (f * f)}] is to be simplified so we
start from the innermost bracket
(1x++xyy )
f *f = h
f h = e
f *e = f
f f = h.
52. (A)
{a10 * (f10
g9 )} e8
f*f=hg*g=ha*a=ae*e=e
e* f = fe * g=g
If x = 12 and y = 23
f 5 = fg5= g
h*f = gh *g = fa10 = a e8 =e
g*f = ef * g =e
{a*(h g)} e
{a*f} e e.
53. (D)
y = ax2 b | x |
Fig. 30
So, at x = 0, we neither a maxima nor a minima As
the options (B) and (D) include a > 0, b < 0 we take
a = 1, b = 1
Accordingly the equation becomes y = x2 + |x |
Fig. 31
so at r = 0, we have a minima.
54. (B)
f (x) = x3 4x +p
f (0) = p, f (1) = p 3
Given f (0) and f (1) are of opposite signs,
p (p 3) < 0
If p < 0 then p 3 is also less than 0.
P (p 3)>0 i.e., p cannot be negative
Choices (A), (C) and (D) are eliminated 0 < p < 3.
Inequalities
a2 + b2 a sin x + b cos x
a2 + b2
(1)
The relation between an arithmetic mean and a
geometric mean of two numbers reads :
For any two non-negative numbers a and b the
inequality
ab a +2 b
(2)
holds true; equality occurs only, when a = b
A special case of (2) is the inequality
1
x+ 2
x
which is valid for all x > 0. In this inequality, the
equals sign holds for x = 1 only. It is useful to remember
the verbal statement of this inequality.
The sum of two positive reciprocals does not exceed
two, and is equal to two only when both numbers are
equal to unity.
Also, note that for any x 0 the inequality holds true.
1
x+
2
x
1 + x2
1
(3)
2x
Illustration 1. Prove the inequality
1
1
+
> 2.
log2 log 2
By the properties of logarithms,1/log 2= log2 > 0,
which means that the left member of our inequality is the
sum of two positive reciprocal different from unity (log2
1).
| |
| |
b
(these inequalities are valid because the left members
are arithmetic means and the right members are
geometric means of positive numbers). Combining them
term by term, we get inequality that we wish to prove.
Illustration 3. Prove that if a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, then
(a + b) (b + c) (a + c) 8 abc
Taking the following inequalities (see formula [2])
a+b2
ab, b + c 2 bc, a + c 2 ac
and multiplying them term wise, we get the desired
inequality.
This inequality may be proved in a different manner
by using the inequality between the arithmetic mean and
the geometric mean for 8 positive numbers (see formula
(5)). Indeed, removing brackets in the left member of our
inequality, we find that it can be rewritten as follows :
a2 b + b2 c + c 2 b + a2 c + b2 a + c2a + abc + abc
8
abc
On the left side we have the arithmetical mean of 8
positive numbers; on the right, as can readily be verified,
we have their geometric mean, which completes the proof
of the original inequality.
Before going on to the next problem, let us dwell on
a typical mistake that is rather often made in proving
inequality. It is this. The aspirant writes the inequality to
be proved, then performs certain (quite legitimate)
manipulations and finally arrives at an obviously valid
inequality (say 1 < 2 or (a b) 2 0) and then concludes :
hence, the inequality is proved. This is a crude logical
error : from the fact that a true inequality has been
obtained, we can by no means conclude that the original
inequality was true! To be more exact, we proved the
following : if one assumes that the proposed inequality is
true then the inequality obtained v i a a chain of
transformations is true, then the inequality obtained via a
2
2
( )
0
2
2
( )
4x + 9y + 1
a2 + b2 + 1
By hypothesis, both sides of this inequality are
positive and so it is equivalent to the following :
(a2x + b3y + 1)2 (4x + 9y + 1) (a2 + b2 + 1)
or to
a2 .4 x + b2 .9 y + 1 + 2ab 2x 3 y + 2a 2 x + 2b3y
4xa2 + 4 xb2 + 4 x + 9ya2 + 9 yb2 + 9 y + a2 + b2 + 1
Transposing all terms of this inequality to the right
side, and then collecting like terms and regrouping, we
can write it in the equivalent from
(a29y 2ab2x3y + 4xb2) + (4x 2a2x + a2 )
+ (9y 2b3y + b2 ) 0
Since, each parenthesis is a perfect square, the
original inequality is equivalent to the following obvious
inequality :
(a3y b2x)2 + (2x a)2 + (3y b)2 0
Hence, the original inequality is true.
Note that this inequality is also true for any real
values of a and b (the proof of this fact is left to the
reader).
Illustration 6. Prove that the inequality
1
2 + cos x
Since, both members of this inequality are non- negative, then after squaring and multiplying by the positive
expression (2 + cos x)2 , we get an equivalent inequality :
3 sin2 x (2 + cos x)2. Replacing sin2 x by 1 cos2x and
grouping, we finally get (2 cos x +1)2 0. This inequality
holds true for all x, and since it is equivalent to the
original one, the original inequality is also true, which is
what we set out to prove.
The original inequality may be proved differently by
making use of inequality (1). Indeed since 2 + cos x > 0
for all x, then, after multiplying by 2 + cos x, we get the
following double inequality which is equivalent to the
original one :
2 cos x
3 sin x 2 + cos x
The inequality on the left may be written as
2
3 sin x + 1cos x
It is now evident that this is a special case of
inequality (1) which is a true inequality. The validity of
the inequality on the right is proved similarly.
Illustration 7. Prove that for arbitrary the inequality 4 sin 3 + 5 4 cos 2 + 5 sin is valid.
One of the crudest errors made in proving this
inequality is the proof by substitution of specific values.
CAT Complete Course | 355
or, 2 sin
sin x cos x
+
sin
4
2
() ()
() ()
whence
a + b
b
) (
1/
+
b
1/
2
2 4
4 6
2n 2n + 2
[( ) ( )
)]
=
2 2 2n + 2
4 4n + 4
1
+
9
1
1
++
is all the more so less than 1/4.
25
(2n + 1)2
Illustration 14. Prove that for any positive integer
n >1 the inequality
1
1
1
1+
+
+
>2
n + 1 1 holds true.
2
3
n
k + 1
k
k
k +
k+1
>2
( 2 1)
( 3 2) + + 2 ( n
n 1)
+ 2 (
n+1
n)
( )
( )
2 k
.(n 1) n
(n 1) (n k + 1) .2
k (n k + 1)
2
n+1
=
, k = 1, 2, , n
2
Equality being achieved only when k = n k + 1, that
is to say, for k = (n + 1)/2. In other words, only for n odd;
and only then for one term of our row in this inequality is
equality possible. Hence, for all brackets except possibly
one, the inequalities
n+1 2
[k (n k + 1)] <
hold true.
2
( )
[( ) ]
x1xn, x1 > 0,
n
xn > 0
(5)
Indeed denote
x1 xn by c and xi/c by y i. Then
1 + 2 + + n
12n <
n
n
or
n! < (n + 1)/2, whence n ! < [(n + 1)/2]n . We
proved this inequality in problem 15 via a special
technique. This new proof is clearly simpler.
The foregoing examples show that the method of
mathematical induction can successfully be applied in the
proof of a variety of inequalities. At the same time, one
should not overestimated the power of the induction
method : there are many problems that would seem
particularly suited to this method, whereas attempts to
employs it encounter insuperable difficulties.
To illustrate, let us try to use in induction on the
inequality
1 1
1
1
+
+ +
<
9 25
(2n + 1)2 4
For n = 1 it has form 1/9<1/4, which is true. Suppose
Using induction, we take any positive numbers
x1.x k , x k+1 which satisfy the condition x 1 ..xk- that this inequality is valid for n = k :
1 1
1
1
1 .xk.xk+1 = 1. If each of these number equals 1, then the
+
+ +
<
sum x 1 + ..xk + x k+1 = k +1 so that in this case the
9 25
(2k + 1) 2 4
original inequality is valid.
For n = k + 1, the left side is
If this is not so, there will be a number among them
1 1
1
+
+ +
less than 1 and a number greater than 1. Suppose that
9 25
(2k + 3) 2
xk>1. xk+1<1 we have the equality
1 1
1
1
=
+
+ +
+
x1xk-1 (xkxk + 1) = 1
9 25
(2k + 1) 2
(2k + 3) 2
This is a product of k numbers and so the induction
By the induction hypothesis, the sum in the square
hypothesis is applicable and we can assert that
brackets is less than 1/4 and therefore
x1 +.+ xk-1 + x kxk + 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
+
< +
9 25
(2k + 3) 2 4 (2k + 3) 2
But then
Quite obviously this inequality does not in the least
x1 +..+xk1 + xk + x k +1 k xkxk+1 + xk + xk+1
imply
that the left- hand member is less than 1/4. Thus,
= k + 1 + (xk 1) (1 xk+1 ) > k + 1
proof by induction has come to an impasses, whereas the
Since, xk 1 > 0 and 1 xk +1 > 0 which completes the inequality is very simply proved by an entirely different
proof.
method. This is done in Illustration 13.
2 x and y =
(a
that x = cos , y = sin . Then we have to prove that for
a2 + b2 + 2ab 2(a2 + b2 ), or 2 a2 + b2 squaring this
any value of
inequality (this is legitimate since the numbers on the
2 cos + sin 2
right and left are positive), we get
4 (a2 + b2 )2
Since cos + sin =
2 sin ( + /4) and 1 sin
On the basis of the inequality between the arithmetic
( + /4) 1, it follows that
mean and the geometric mean a2 b2 (a 4 + b4 )/2.
2 2 sin ( + /4) 2 for all values of , Therefore we have 4 (a2 + b2 )2 = a4 + b4 + 2a2 b2 2 (a4
which completes the proof of the required inequality.
+ b4 ) whence 2 a4 + b4 , and the proof is complete.
Second solution. We again assume that a 0 and b
0. Since a + b =2, then (a + b)4 = 16 or
(a + b)4 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) (a2 + 2ab + b2 )
= a4 + b4 + 4ab (a2 + b2 ) + 6a2 b2 =16
But since
a2 + b2 = 4 2ab, the last equality can be
rewritten
4
4
2
2
a +b = 16 16ab + 2a b
If we are able to demonstrate that 16 16ab 2a2b2
2, then our inequality will have been proved.
Fig. 1
Geometric solution. We will consider x and y as coordinate of point in a plane in a given system of coordinate. Then the condition x2+y2 =1 is satisfied by the
points(x, y) lying on a circle of radius 1 centered at the
origin (Fig. 1). The points which satisfy the inequality x +
y
2 lie on the straight line y = 2 x and below that
line.
Let B be the point of intersection of this straight line
with axis of abscissas and OA a perpendicular dropped on
this line from the origin. Then OB =
2, ABO = 45
and therefore OA =1. Hence, the point A lies on the circle
and the straight line y =
2 x is perpendicular to the
radius OA at its end point, which is to say it is tangent to
the circle.
Similarly, the inequality
2 x + y is satisfied by
points lying on the straight line y =
2 x and above
it; this line is also tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Thus, the double inequality to be proved is satisfied
by points lying in the strip between the straight line y =
By hypothesis, ab 1. Indeed,
ab (a + b)/2.
Since a + b = 2, it follows that
ab 1., whence ab 1.
And so we have to prove the inequality 16 16ab + 2a2 b2
2, provided that ab 1. We set x = ab. Then we have to
prove of the inequality x2 8x + 7 0 with the provison
that x 1. The roots of the quadratic trinomial x2 8x + 7
are x1 = 1, x2 = 7. Therefore, the last inequality may be
written as (x 1) (x 7) 0.
But the last x 1 this inequality is obvious. We have
thus obtained 16 16ab +2a2 b2 2, which is what we set
out to prove.
Third solution. Let a =1 + c, b = 1 c. Since, we
earlier assumed that a 0 and b 0, it follows that 1
c 1 and so we can take advantage of inequality (4) (see
problem 16 of this section) :
(1 + c)4 1 + 4c, (1 c)4 1 4c
Thus,
4
a + b4 = (1 + c)4 + (1 c)4 (1 + 4c) + (1 4c) = 2
In conclusion we note that a more general statement
is valid : if a + b = 2, then a n + bn 2 for any positive
Fig. 2
Since, an exponential function is always positive, the
first of these inequalities is valid for all values of x.
1
Rewriting the second inequality as (1/3)x<
log 1/3 2.
3
Solving Inequalities
A great deal of mistake are made in the solution of
inequalities. The point is that in most cases the solution of
inequalities given at examination does not require any
particular ingenuity or artificial techniques, and so, as a
rule, the student sees at a glance what steps must be
taken. However, in carrying out the manipulations, the
students makes serious mistakes due to a failure to
recognize the fundamental theoretical propositions
involving inequalities.
Actually, solving inequalities hardly requires
anything more than the ability to reduce an inequality to
the solution of elementary inequalities (without either
losing a solution or introducing any extraneous ones), and
then to solve these elementary inequalities. To carry out
the latter part, the student has to know the fundamental
properties of the functions studied at school (algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions); to
carry out the former part, the student must be able to
handle the basic concepts involving the equivalence of
inequalities, the sources of loss of solutions and of the
introduction of extraneous solutions.
()
Since, 1/2 > 1/3, it follows that log1/2 1/2 >log1/3 1/3
or 1- log1/3 1/2> 0.
Noting that 0 =log1/2 1, we find that the original
inequality is Equivalent to log 1/2x > log1/21.
Applying Property VIII to this inequality, we get the
solution of the original in quality : 0 < x< 1.
Now, let us examine trigonometric inequalities.
Despite the fact that the solutions of the more elementary
trigonometric inequalities are thoroughly explained in the
standard textbooks, students continue to make serious
mistakes even when solving the simplest inequalities. We
now examine a few typical mistakes of this nature.
(a) Knowing that the solutions of the equation sin x = a
(|a| 1) are given by the formula x = ( 1)k arc sin a + k
, where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., many students write that "the
solution of the inequality sin x < a consists of all values
of x < ( 1)k arc sin a + k , k = 0, l, 2,
It is quite often difficult to convince the student of the
absurdity of such an answer.
(b) Many mistakes are made that are connected with
the formal use of the symbols arcsin a, arccos a, etc.
These symbols are frequently employed when the student
has not yet investigated whether they are (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Meaningful or not. For instance, the solution to the
inequality sin x log4 5 is written as arcsin (log4 5),
which is meaningless since log4 5 > 1. Yet this inequality
is valid for all values of x; this is evident from, the very
start because log 4 5 > 1.
+ 2k x + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2,
4
4
It is clear that this notation is meaningless since the
left member of the inequality is greater than the right
member for ail values of k.
When solving elementary trigonometric inequalities,
it is best to make use of the graphs of trigonometric
functions. This is a practical guarantee against mistakes
and makes for a pictorial representation of the regions in
which the inequality is valid. When giving their analytic
notation, it is convenient to take advantage of the
following fact : if f (x) is a periodic function, then to solve
the inequality f(x) > a it suffices to find the solution in
any interval that is equal to the length of the period of the
function f(x), then all values of x thus found and also all x
that differ from these values by an integral number of the
periods of the function f (x) constitute a solution of our
inequality.
Illustration 23. Solve the inequality sin x > 1/2.
We construct the graphs of the functions y1= sin x
and y2 =1/2 (Fig. 4). This inequality is satisfied for all
values of x for which the (Fig. 4).
Fig. 5
Fig : 5 the drawing shows us that it is no longer
convenient to take the interval from 0 to 2 for the basic
interval because the solution of the inequality there will
consist of two "pieces". It is therefore more convenient to
seek the solution of this inequality on the interval from
to . This is the interval 2/3 x 2/3. Consequently, the complete solution is
2
2
+ 2k x + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2,
3
3
Illustration 25. Solve the inequality |tan x| < 1/7.
The period of the function |tan x| is equal to . We
consider the inequality on the interval from /2 to /2
and construct the graphs of the functions y1 = |tan x| and
y2 = 1/7.
Fig. 4
First graph lies above the second one. Since the
period of the function sin x is 2, it is sufficient for us to
solve the proposed inequality on some interval of length
2. It is easy to see that the most convenient interval is
that from 0 to 2 : the solutions can most simply be
written then as /6 < x < 5/6.
Thus, the complete solution of the inequality is
5
+ 2k < x < + 2k, k = 0, 1, 2,
6
3
This notation is to be understood as follows : there is
a certain interval for each integer k, and the set of all
these intervals constitutes the solution of the inequality.
Illustration 24. Solve the inequality cos x 1/2.
We construct the graphs of the functions y1 = cos x
and y2 = 1/2 (Fig. 5). The period of the function cos x is
also equal to 2, but
362 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 6
It is evident that the solution will consist of all x
lying in the interval x0 < x < x0 , where x 0 is the abscissa
of the intersection point of the graphs under consideration
that lies between 0 and /2, that is, the root of the equation tan x = l/7 located in the interval 0 < x < /2. Hence,
x0 = arctan (1/7). Taking into account the period of the
function y = |tan x|, we find that the solution of our
inequality consists of all values of x located in the
intervals
1
1
arctan + k < x < arctan + k, where k = 0, 1,
7
7
2,...
Note that the original inequality can be written as a
double inequality 1/7 < tan x < 1/7 and solved by using
the graph of the function y = tan x.
(x 3) (2 x)
2
>
4x + 12x + 11.
Some aspirants gave this solution : "Since the right
and left members of this inequality are non-negative (this
is because we have principal square roots on the right and
left), the inequality may be squared to obtain the
equivalent inequality 5x 2 + 7x + 17 > 0. The quadratic
x + 3.
Here is an instance of reasoning that gives rise to
extraneous solutions : "The domain of the variable of our
inequality is x 3. For any x in the domain we have a
non-negative number (principal square root) on the right;
hence, the number on the left is a positive number. For
this reason, squaring yields the equivalent inequality x2 +
x 2 > 0, the solution of which is x > 1 and also x < 2.
Taking into account the domain of the original inequality,
we get the answer : the solution of the original inequality
consists of all values of x > 1 and also of all values of x
located in the interval 3 x < 2.
Actually, all values of x in the interval 3 x < 2 are
not solutions, to the original inequality. The point is that
for x in the domain, the right member of the inequality is
indeed non-negative, whereas the left member is negative
for certain values of x located in the domain and is nonnegative for others. It is clear that for those values of x in
the domain for which the left member is negative, the
inequality is invalid and so there are no solutions of our
inequality among them. It is thus necessary to seek
solutions of the original inequality among those values of
x in the domain for which the left-hand member of the
inequality is non-negative, which is to say among x 1.
For these x, both members of the inequality are indeed
non-negative, and it can be squared to obtain the
inequality x2 + x 2 > 0, which is equivalent to the
original inequality on the set x 1. It is now necessary
to choose from among the solutions of the inequality x 2 +
x 2 > 0 those which satisfy the condition x 1. They
will yield the solutions of the original inequality, which
are x > 1.
The mistake that was made in the earlier reasoning
was due to the fact that the student did not notice the shift
in concepts. It is true that for any value of x which is a
solution of the original inequality there is a non-negative
number (principal square root) on the right and a positive
CAT Complete Course | 363
1 x
2 x> 0
Difficulties here spring up when we begin to
compute the domain of the variable. The domain of this
inequality is defined from the conditions : 2 x 0, 1 x
0, 4
1 x>
2 x. Within
the domain, both members o f this inequality are nonnegative; therefore squaring yields an inequality are nonnegative, therefore squaring yields an inequality, 2 + x >
1 x are
non-negative, and so squaring yields the quadratic
inequality x 2 + 5x + 3 > 0, which is equivalent to the
original inequality on the set 2 x 1. This latter
inequality holds true for x > ( 5 +
13)/2 and for x <
( 5
13)/2. Now to get the answer we have to choose
from among these solutions those which lie in the interval
2 x 1. These consist of all values of x in the interval
( 5 +
13)/2 < x 1. They are the ones which constitute
the answer to this problem.
Note that if we had not taken the domain of the
variable into account, we would have introduced extraneous solutions, for example, all x > 1; and if we had not
taken into consideration that the inequality 2 + x >
1x
has solutions only for 2 x 1, we would also have
introduced extraneous solutions, for example, all the
values of x < ( 5
13)/2.
Let us now examine some problems in which one
can lose solutions by raising the inequality to a power.
Illustration 29. Solve the inequality
x + 2 > x.
If we square this inequality at once, we will lose
solutions even if we take into account the domain of the
variable. Indeed, the domain for this inequality is x 2.
Squaring, we get the inequality x + 2 > > x2, whose
364 | CAT Complete Course
x2 + 3x + 2 < 1 +
x2 x + 1
The domain of the variable here consists of two
intervals : x 2 and x l. In the domain, both
members of our inequality are non-negative and so
squaring yields the equivalent (in the domain) inequality
2x <
x2 x + 1.
(a) For x 2 and 1 x < 0, this inequality is true
since for each of these values of x there is a negative
number on the left and a positive number on the right.
Thus, all these values of x are solutions to the original
inequality.
(b) For x 0, both members of the inequality 2x <
2
Exercise
1. Solve the inequality sin x cos x > 0.
2. Solve the inequality
x (x + 1) ( x +
2) (x2 x + 1) (3x + 1)2 (x +
(1 x) (2x 2 ) ( x + ) (x sinx) < 0
3. Solve the inequality
9x 103 x + 9 0
4. Solve the inequality
5
Log 2 2 x + 3log2 x log42 16
2
5. Solve the inequality
1 (x6 2x3 + 1)1/2
2
1 1x
<
2
()
()
x + 2+
x 5
5 x.
13. Solve the inequality
2 + x x2 > x 4.
14. Solve the inequality
17)3
3 + 2 tan x tan2 x
2
19. Solve the inequality
log25 x2
16
1 + 2 cos 2x < 1
|x 2|
2
( )
4 sin2 x 1 logsin x
0
2x 1
Solutions
1. Using a consequence of the addition formula and
/4 as an auxiliary angle (we call this the auxiliary-angle
formula), we get the inequality
2 sin [x (/4)] > 0. Of
course it can be solved by considering the graph of the
function y = sin [x (/4)]. However, it is best to do
otherwise. Denoting x (/4) by z, let us consider the
inequality sin z > 0. Its solution 2 k < z < + 2k, k = 0,
1, 2,.,... is directly obtained from the graph of the
function y = sin z. Now, substituting
x (/4) in place of z, we find the appropriate
intervals of variation of x :
5
+ 2k < x < + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2.
4
4
This technique-replacing x (/4) by z-enabled us to
dispense with constructing the graph of the function y =
sin [x (/4) . Its convenience is still more evident when
solving elementary trigonometric inequalities with a
complicated argument. For example, it allows us to get
around constructing an extremely involved graph when
solving inequalities like sin (
2 x + 7) 1/2. Here of
course it is easier to denote
2x + 7 by z and solve the
inequality sin z > 1/2 using the graph of the function y =
sin z, and then pass to x.
Higher-degree algebraic inequalities can also be
classed as elementary inequalities. Students sometimes
CAT Complete Course | 365
Fig. 7
(Fig. 7) and consider the polynomial
P (x) = (x x1) (x x2).
(x xn1) (x xn)
(1)
It is clear that for all x > xn all the parenthetic
expressions in (1) are positive and, hence, for x > xn we
have P (x) > 0. Since, for x n1 < x < x n the last parenthesis
in the expression P (x ) is negative, and all the other
parentheses are positive, it follows that for Xn -1 < X < Xn
we have P (x) < 0. Similarly, we obtain P (x) > 0 for Xn-2
< X < X n-1 and so on. That is the underlying idea of the
method of intervals. On the number line, the numbers X1
X2,, Xn must be arranged in order of increasing
magnitude. Then place the plus sign in the interval to the
right of the largest number. In the next interval (from
right to left) place the minus sign, then the plus sign, then
the minus sign, etc. The solution of the inequality P (x) <
0 will then consists of intervals having the minus sign.
2. It is quite obvious that if we reduce this inequality
to systems of inequalities, then we will have a large
number of cases to consider.
Let us solve it by the method of intervals. First, we
have to reduce it to the proper form. Note that x2 x + l
> 0 for any value of x and for this reason this factor can
be cancelled from both members of the inequalities.
Further note that (3x + 1)2 > 0 for x 1/3 and therefore
this factor can likewise be cancelled. Remember however
that x = 1/3 is not a solution of the inequality. Besides, it
is clear that the sign of (x +
17)3 coincides with that of x
+
17 and therefore we can replace (x + 17)3 by x +
17
without impairing the inequality. Finally, represent each
factor as x a, where a is a number.
All these manipulations result in the inequality
(x 0) [x ( 1)] (x
2) [x (
2
(x ) (x ) (x sin2 1) > 0
2
366 | CAT Complete Course
17)] (x 1)
Fig. 8
(Fig. 8). Then the last inequality is true for x located
in the intervals
x<
17, l < x < 0, sin2 1 < x < 1,
2
2 < x < , 2 < x
(x3 1)2 = |x 3 1| , it
follows that we have yet to solve the inequality
|x3 1| > 1 x
Since, the left member here is non-negative, it is
automatically satisfied for 1 x < 0, that is, when x > l.
We now consider x 1. In this case, x 3 1, and so
|x3 1| = 1 x3.
and we have the inequality l x3 > 1 x or x (x 1)
(x + 1) < 0
Solving this inequality by the method of intervals,
we find that it is true for x < 1 and for x located in the
interval 0 < x < 1. All these values of x lie in the domain
x 1 under consideration and so are solutions of the
original inequality.
Thus, the original inequality is valid for x < 1, 0<x
<1, x > 1.
6. Taking advantage of the formula for the cosine of
a double angle and denoting sin x by y, we can rewrite
our inequality as 7 4y 2 3 |2y 1|. To get rid of the
absolute-value sign, consider two cases : y 1/2 and y <
1/2.
(a) Suppose y 1/2, then our inequality is written 7
4y2 3 (2y l) or 2y2 + 3y 5 0. The solution set of the
latter inequality is y 1 and y 5/2. But taking into
account that we only consider y 1/2, we find that this
condition is satisfied by y 1 alone.
(b) Let y < 1/2. Then the original inequality is
rewritten 7 4y2 3 (2y l) or 2y2 3y 2 0. The
solution set of this last inequality consists of y 2 and y
1/2. But condition (b) is satisfied solely by y 1/2.
Thus, the solutions of the inequality in y are y 1/2
and y 1. If in these inequalities we replace y by sin x,
we find the solutions of the original inequality to be all x
that satisfy the elementary trigonometric inequality sin x
1/2 and all x satisfying the inequality sin x 1.
The solution set of the first inequality consists of all
x lying in the intervals
5
+ 2k x + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2,
6
6
The second inequality will be true only for those
values of x for which sin x = 1; that is, for
x = + 2k
k = 0, 1, 2
2
Thus, finally, the solution set of the original
inequality consists of all
x = /2+2k and all x located in the intervals
5
+ 2k x + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2,
6
6
7. Noting that log5 sin x = log125 sin3 x, we rewrite
our inequality as
Log 125 sin3 x > log125 (3 sin x 2)
Now, applying Property VIII of logarithms , we see
that our inequality is equivalent to the inequality sin3 x >3
cos y
2
2
2
Using the auxiliary-angle formula, we get cos [y +
(/3)]> 1/2. The solution of this elementary inequality
consists of the intervals
+ 2k < y + < + 2k , k = 0, 1, 2
3
3 3
Reverting to x, we find that for every integer k we
have to solve the following system of quadratic
inequalities :
x2 10x 2k < 0
x2 10x 2k + 2/3 > 0
The first inequality has solutions if and only if the
discriminate of the quadratic expression x2 10x 2k is
positive, that is, 25 + 2k > 0 or k 12 (k an integer).
And so the second inequality of the system will also be
considered only for k 12.
Note that for these k, the discriminate of the second
inequality is also positive. For any fixed k 12, the
solution of the first quadratic inequality is the interval 5
25 + 2k < x < 5 +
25 + 2k (2/3). The
common portions of the solutions of these two
inequalities (in the terminology of set theory we would
say "the intersection of the solutions of these two
inequalities") yield the solution of the system and, hence,
of the original inequality. Clearly,
25 + 2k (2/3)
CAT Complete Course | 367
<
25 + 2k < x < 5
25 + 2k 2/3,
5+
25 + 2k
where k is an integer 12.
Besides inequalities that are combinations of
elementary inequalities, the student often has to deal with
inequalities in the solution of which he has to apply
various transformations and the associated concepts.
9. In this question we will show how the concept of
the domain of the variable is used. Since, the left member
is a non-negative expression, the inequality is true for all
values of x for which it is meaningful, that is to say, in the
domain of the variable x. But the domain of this
inequality consists of the set x 0; this is the solution of
the inequality.
10. This time again, the expression on the left-hand
side is non-negative and so the inequality holds true for
all x in the domain of the variable, with the exception of
those for which the left member vanishes. This domain is
determined by the condition log10 x 0; which is to say it
is the set x 1. But when x =1, the left member vanishes
and so this value of the unknown is not a solution of the
inequality; the interval x > 1 constitutes the solution of
the original inequality.
11. The domain of the variable here is defined by the
conditions x 3 > 0, 2 x > 0, 2 x 1. But the
inequalities x 3 > 0 and 2 x > 0 do not have common
solutions. Hence, the domain of our inequality does not
contain a single number and so the inequality does not
have a solution.
12. The domain of the variable is defined by the
inequalities x + 2 0, x 5 0, 5 x 0. But this system
of inequalities has the solution x = 5. Hence, the domain
of the original inequality consists of the unique solution x
= 5. Therefore, no transformations are needed to solve
this inequality since it is sufficient to verify that it is satisfied for x = 5. A direct verification shows that x = 5 is the
solution.
13. The domain of this inequality is the interval 1
x 2. Thus, the left member of the original inequality
assumes real and non-negative values for 1 x 2. It
is meaningless for other values of x. But it is obvious that
the right member of the inequality is negative of all x < 4
and, in particular, for all x in the interval 1 x 2; thus
the proposed inequality is valid. Hence, the solution of
the inequality is the interval 1 x 2.
14. The left member of this inequality is non-negative
for all permissible x and, consequently, it cannot be true
for any value of x, which means there are no solutions.
The foregoing examples make it clear that we cannot
give a general recipe of how to employ the notion of the
domain of the variable of an inequality in various specific
cases. In the first two examples we simply could not have
368 | CAT Complete Course
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. shows us that the solutions of the last
inequality consist of all x in the intervals x < 2, 1/4 < x
< 1, 4 < x. Since, we have already found that x = 1 and x
= 4 are solutions to the original inequality, we get the
answer :
x < 2, 1/4 < x 1, 4 x
In the foregoing solution, we replaced the inequality
(3) by the Inequality (4) by multiplying, the first one by
the square of the denominator. Similarly, we can assure
ourselves that, generally, the inequalities
p (x)
> 0 and p (x) q (x) > 0
q (x)
are equivalent. Therefore, to solve the inequality
p (x)
>0
q (x)
where P (x) and Q (x) are polynomials, one applies
the method of intervals to the inequality P (x) Q (x) > 0,
which need not even be written out explicitly, it being
sufficient to locate the roots of the polynomials P (x) and
Q (x) on the number line and affix the appropriate sign to
each of the resulting intervals.
16. Noting that tan (5 /4) = 1 and applying Property
VII of logarithms, we see that our inequality is equivalent
to the double inequality 0 < (5x + 4)/(x 2) < 1/2 or, what
is the same thing, to the system of inequalities
5x + 4
>0
x2
5x + 4 1
<
x2 2
CAT Complete Course | 369
Fig. 10
Plotting the points 10/9, 4/5 and 2, we denote the
solutions of the first inequality by the broken line and the
solutions of the second one by the solid line. The
overlapping (common) portion of these two ranges is
readily found to be 10/9 < x < 4/5. This is the solution
of the original inequality.
17. Using the properties of logarithms, this inequality
may be rewritten
log2 4x
>1
log2 xlog2 2x
Denoting log2 x by y, we rewrite the last inequality as
2+y
>1
y (1 + y)
Transposing all terms to the right and reducing to a
common denominator, we get
y2 2
<0
y (1 + y)
Factoring the numerator, we locate the roots of the
numerator and denominator on the number line (Fig. 11)
and then apply the method of intervals to get the solution
of the inequality : all values of y in the intervals
Fig. 11
Recalling that y = log2 x, we see that the solution of
the original inequality includes all values of x that satisfy
either the inequality
2 < log2x < 1 or the inequality
0 < log2 x <
3 + 2y y2 1 + 3y
(5)
+ k x + k , where k = 0, 1, 2,
4
4
Ordinarily, taking antilogarithms of inequalities is
only employed in the solution of inequalities involving
the unknown under the logarithmic sign. We have
already considered the solution of elementary logarithmic
inequalities and have seen that they are very simply
solved by taking advantage of Properties VII and VIII of
logarithms.
The more complicated logarithmic inequalities should
therefore also be solved on the basis of these properties.
This will help the student to avoid many mistakes.
One more remark is in order : despite the fact that
taking antilogs is always involved in the solution of
logarithmic inequalities (either with regard for the
domain of definition of the logarithmic function or by
Properties VII and VIII), that term is not always used and
we find phrases like this : "on the basis of the properties
of logarithms (or the logarithmic function) we have.. .".
Taking antilogarithms is investigated in the next few
problems.
19. The natural thing to do is to take antilogarithms.
Since, the logarithmic base contains x and since the
properties of a logarithmic function differ according as
the base is greater than or less than unity, we cannot take
antilogs straight off and will have to consider two cases.
25 x2
(a) Let
>1, that is, x 2 < 9. In this case the
16
given inequality is equivalent to
24 2x x2 25 x2
>
14
16
This inequality may be rewritten as x2 + 16x 17 <
0. The solution of this inequality consists of all values of
x in the interval 17 < x < 1, but the condition of this
4y2 1 < 1
(6)
The domain of this inequality is defined by the
conditions y2 > 1/4, y > 0, y
3/2, or y > 1/2 and y
3/2. Since, the logarithmic base may be greater than 1
or less than 1 for values of y, we consider two cases :
(a) Let 1/2 < y <
3/2. Then the base is less than 1
and we obtain the equivalent inequality
4y 1 < 2y /
3 whence, after squaring,
follows y2 < 3/8. But under the condition of our case y2 >
3/4, that is, we do not obtain any new solutions to
inequality (6).
It thus remains to solve the elementary trigonometric
inequality
6/4 < cos x <
3/2 which is satisfied for all
values of x in the intervals
arc cos
6 + 2k < x < + 2k ,
4
6 + 2k
+ 2k < x < arc cos
6
4
where k is any integer (Fig. 12).
Fig. 12
With respect to taking logarithms of inequalities, it is
easy to see in which cases this operation leads to an
equivalent inequality. However, it is well to bear in mind
that unwise logarithm-taking of inequalities can result in
a restriction of the domain of the variable and a loss of
solutions. Therefore, prior to taking logarithms always
check to see that both members of the inequality are
positive. Only then (and naturally with regard for the base
of the logarithm) are we able to generate an equivalent
inequality.
Earlier we solved the elementary inequality (1/3)x <
2, using the properties of the exponential function let us
now solve this inequality by taking logarithms. Since,
both members of the inequality (1/3)x < 2 are positive, we
can take advantage of property VIII of logarithms and
take logarithms of the inequality to the base 1/3 to get
log1/3 (1/3)x > log1/32 (note that the sense of the inequality
has been reversed!) whence x > log1/32.
Thus, the solution set of the inequality is the set x >
log1/32.
Note that all the elementary exponential inequality
discussed above could have been solved via logarithms.
Let us solve a few problems by taking logarithms.
21. The domain of the variable here consists of all x
> 0, except x =1. Since, 7log71/3 5 = 53 and log1/x5 = logx 5 ,
our inequality may be rewritten in the form
x45 3 5logx 5
Both members are positive within the domain of the
variable and so we can take logarithms of both sides of
the inequality to the base 5 (greater than unity) and obtain
the equivalent (in the domain) inequality 4log5 x + 3 logx
5. Denoting logx5 by y and transposing all terms to the
left-hand side, we rewrite the inequality thus; 4y + 3 1/y
0 or, reducing to a common denominator, thus : (y + 1)
(y 1/4)/y 0.
Now, we apply the method of intervals and find the
solution to be y 1 and y in the interval 0 < y 1/4.
CAT Complete Course | 371
y+1
y+3
(7)
Here, the domain of y consists of all y 3. But the
inequality is obvious for y in the interval 3 y < 1,
which means that all these values of y constitute the
solution.
Now, let y 1. Then both members of (7) are nonnegative; this inequality may be squared to obtain the
equivalent (for y 1) inequality (y + 1)2 y + 3, whose
solution consists of all y in the interval 2 y 1. In this
case, the solution of (7) consists of all values of y in the
interval 1 y 1.
Combining both cases we see that inequality (7) is
satisfied for 3 y 1.
Now, returning to x we find that the original
inequality will have solutions for all x that satisfy the
double inequality 3 logx 2 1.
This inequality may be solved in two ways.
First solution : Since, the properties of logarithms
differ for bases greater than or less than unity, we
consider two cases : x > 1 and 0< x< 1.
(a) Let x > 1. Then logx 2 > 0, and all the more so
logx 2 3. It remains to solve the inequality logx 2 1,
whence 2 x. Thus, here the solution set of the original
inequality consists of all values of x 2.
(b) Let 0 < x < 1. Then logx 2 < 0 and all the more so
logx 2 1. It remains to solve the inequality 3 logx 2,
whence x 3 2, or x 21/3. Thus in this case the solution
set of the original inequality consists of all x in the
3
interval 0 < x
1/2.
Combining both cases we have the solution of the
5
+ 2n x
+ 2n , n = 0, 1, 2,
6
6
with the points x = /2 + 2n eliminated. Since, we only
need x 4 and x > 5, it follows (this too is found from
the graph) that the values n = 0 and n = 1 do not satisfy
us, and there remains a portion of the interval
corresponding to n = 1 : (11)/6 x 4 without x =
3 /2.
Fig. 13
We now consider the equation 4 sin2 x 1 = 0, from
which, taking into account that sin x, > 0 in the domain,
we get sin x = 1/2. However, we have just solved an
inequality which is clearly satisfied by the solutions of
the equation sin x = 1/2. Therefore, all the solutions of the
equation at hand have been obtained and there would be
no reason to include them if (and this is yet another
underwater reef of the given problem) the solutions of the
double inequality 1/2 sin x < 1 had not partially been
discarded because of the conditions x 4 and x > 5. In
this operation, the values 7/6, /6 and 5 /6 were
eliminated; the latter two do not enter into the domain of
the original inequality, and the first one, that is, x = 7
/6, is to be adjoined to the intervals obtained above.
We thus get the answer :
5
+ 2n x
+ 2n , x /2 + 2n
6
6
where n is any integer except 0 and 1, 11 /6 x
4 and also x = 7/6.
n ! = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) 2 1
Example :
6! = 6 54321
= 30 24
= 720
Permutation : n number of given things can be
arranged in different orders by taking some or all of them
at a time each of these different arrangements is called a
permutation.
The number of permutations of n different things
taking r of them at a time is denoted by n P r where P
stands for permutation.
n P is defined as
r
n
!
nP =
r
(n r) !
n P = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
r
------------- (n r + 2) (n r + 1)
374 | CAT Complete Course
8P
=
=
nP
0! =
Or,
8!
8!
=
(8 6) ! 2 !
8 7654321
21
20160
n!
n!
=
=n!
(n n) ! 0 !
1
= 1
=
(n 3) ! (n 1) ! 21
n (n 1) !
(n 5) ! 5
Or,
=
(n 3) (n 4) (n 5) ! (n 1) ! 21
n
5
Or,
=
(n 3) (n 4)
21
Solution :
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
Or,
5n (n 10) 6 (n 10) = 0
(n 10) (5n 6) = 0
6
5
Since, n represents number of things so it cant be a
fraction.
Answer n = 10
Combination : Each of different selections or
collections or groups that can be formed by taking some
or all of a number of given things at a time irrespective of
the order in which the things appear in the group is called
a combination.
The number of combinations of n different things r
of them at a time is denoted by n C r,
n = 10,
n =
r
r
n
n
Cn = Co = 1
Illustration 4. Find the total number of possible
groups of 3 men that can be formed out of 5 men A, B, C,
D and E.
Solution : We have five men A, B, C, D and E.
Combination of 3 men can be formed as
ABC
ACD
BCE
ABD
ACE
BDE
CDE
ADE
ABE
BCD
Clearly, number of groups = 10
Alternate Method : The number of groups can be
formed by taking 3 men from 5 men at a time is given by
5!
543!
5C =
=
3
3 ! 2 ! 3 ! (2 1)
54
=
= 10
2
Illustration 5 . How many triangles can be formed
with in 5 points which are co-planar and no three points
are collinear?
Solution : A triangle is formed by joining 3 points
which are co-planar but not collinear clearly using
property of combination. We have to select three points
out of 5 points.
So, number of triangles formed = 5 C 3
5!
=
3!2!
= 10
II
III
-------------------------
(r 1) th
rth
5!
(5 4) !
5 P = 5 4 3 2 = 120
4
5P
PERMUTATION
(A) General Permutation : When n different
objects and taken all at a time.
Place
Number of ways
to fill
1st
N
2nd
(n 1)
nth
n (n 1) = 1
n = nPn
= 4 321
= 24
(B) Permutation without Repetition : We have n
different objects and r objects are taken at a time.
Place
Ist
2nd
3rd
--------
rth
Number
of ways
(n 1)
(n 2)
-------
(n r + 1)
Tens place
Units place
5 ways
4 ways
3 ways
Ist
2nd
3rd
---------------
rth
Number of ways
to fill with n
objects
---------------
Hundreds
place
It can be
filled by one
of digits 5,
6, 7, 8, 9 in
5 ways
Tens place
Units place
It can be
filled by one
of digits 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 in 5
ways
It can be
filled by one
of digits 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 in 5
ways
Block B
1st
2nd
3rd
wth
No. of objects
n1
n2
N3
nw
No of ways
n1
n2
N3
nw
Block B
3 ways
4 ways
3 4
= 3 24321
= 6 24
= 144
(E) Certain things never together :
When r number of objects among n different
objects never together
Required permutation = n ( n r +1) r
4 4 3 3
= 24 24 6 6
= 36 24 24
(G) All objects are not different : n objects of
which all are not different but s1 are alike, s2 are alike,
s3 are alike and rest k are all different
Required number of permutations
n!
=
(s1 !) (s2 !) (s3 !)
(H) Arrangements in a row (linear permutation) :
Two different groups- one group consisting of n distinct
objects and other group have r number are arranged in a
row such that
(a) All of r are together :
Group I
No of object = n
Group II
No of objects together = r
= 4 35432
= 120 12 = 1440
(I) Circular Permutation : n different things taken
all at a time :
n
Given circle can be filled by robjects to full fill the
restriction .
Required number of arrangements = (n !) n+1 Pr
(d) Objects of both groups are alternate :
(i) If
n +
n +
Required arrangements =
Or (ii)
n = +
Required arrangements = 2 ( n )2
Illustration 15. How many different words can be
formed with the letters of the word illusion taken all at a
time, such that all vowels occur together ?
Solution : In illusion
We have four (i, u, i, o) vowels
In which there are two
Now,
Required number of words in which all 4 vowels
occur together
4
= 5
2
= 5 432143
= 120 12
= 1440
Illustration 16. In the above question if no two
vowels occur together. Then find the how many different
words can be formed?
Solution : From the above formula :
1
No. of words formed = 4 n+1 Pr
2
Here, we have
n = 4 (1, 1, s, n)
R = 4 (I, I, o, u)
5
1
1
2
1
2
Round Table
The above seating arrangement of Ram, Gopal and
Sita on the round table are different as shown in figure
and that is why we say (n 1) ! Clockwise and anticlockwise make different arrangements.
COMBINATION
19 !
(8 !) (11 !)
1918171615141312
= 19.18.17.13
87654321
9P
9 ways
5
Now,
Number of six- digit telephone number = 9 105
(if repetition of digits allowed)
Block B
= npC rp p C p = npC rp
Illustration 21. A basket contain 14 tennis balls, 6
green 4 yellow and 2 blue and 2 white. Find the no. of
ways a player can select some or all of tennis balls.
Solution : Total number of balls n = 14
Number of green balls, m = 6
No. of yellow balls, p = 4
No. of blue balls, q = 2
No. of white balls, r = 2
Required no. of ways selecting some or all of
tennis balls
[(m + 1) (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1)] 1
= [(6 + 1) (4 + 1) (2 + 1) (2 + 1)] 1
= 7.5.3.3 1
= 314
(E) Certain things never occur : n distinct object
taken r at a time (r n) when particular p (1 p n)
number of objects never occur.
Required number of combination = npC r
Illustration 22. A person has 10 friends and he
wants to invite 8 of them to a birthday party. How many
times 2, particular friends will never attend the parties ?
Solution : Here, total number of friends, n = 10
Particular friends = p = 2
We have to select only 8 friends
So, required number of combination 102C 8
= 8C8 = 1
(F) Equal Distribution of given different objects
among persons :
Number of different objects = n
Number of persons = r
Since, distribution is made equally. So, each person
n
gets equal number of objects
=
r
10 !
10
2
!
2
( )
10
10986
25 !5 ! 54322
= 126
(G) Distribution of given different objects in
several groups/packets :
Number of different objects = n
Number of groups = p
Distribution of different objects is made in p
number of groups
Again each group can be arranged among themselves
in p! ways
Group
1st
2nd
3rd
n
p
n
p
--------------
n
p
pth
n
p
n!
( ) p!
n
!
p
Persons
1st
2nd
3rd
-------------
n
n
n
r
r
r
Total number of ways for such distribution
n
=
n r
!
r
( )
rth
n
r
4,5,6,7
Required number
= 4 6 P 3 = 4 6 5 4 = 24 20 = 480
Required number of numbers formed
= 480 + 80 = 560
Illustration 27. How many different numbers of 4
digits can be formed with nine digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
without repeating any of them in any number ?
Solution : A four digits numbers has four places
thousand
hundred
ten
one
Ones can
be filled in
6 ways
10 r = 5
r = 5
We know that
15C
15C
15C
8
7
15C
15C
9
6
15C
15C
15C
6
6
nC
Illustration 36. If
p
nr+3 = C r
158
15C
15C
12 + 8n = 20
20 19 18
n C = 20C
Now,
= 1140
17
17 =
32
22 21
Now, 22C n = 22C8 = 22C 20 =
2
nC
nr
nr+3
Or,
+2
n+1C
n(r1)
=
n+1C
n(r2)
9
9
+ 5
= 10 Pr
54
45
9 9
10
+
=
4 4
10 r
(55 = 41 )
9
10
=
4
10 r
2
10
=
4
10 r
pC
n+1C
n(r3)
p Cr
pC
n+2C
n(r3)
pC
Or,
n+2C
n(r3)
p Cr
Or,
n+3C
n(r3)
pC
Or,
n+2C
n (r2)
n+3C
r
Or,
pC
P=n+3
= 11 21 = 232
10 P find r.
4 =
r
3 n C nr+2
n+1C
n(r1)
84
=
36
59 P
10 r = 5
nr+ 1
We can write
x+y = n
2.
nC
Or,
4r = 15 3 = 12
12
R =
=3
4
Illustration 33. If n C8 find n C 17 and 22Cn .
Solution : We know that nC x = n C y
Solution :
+ |n C n(r2) + n C n(r3)|
nr
= 0
+ 3
nr
3r + r + 3 = 15
15C
x+y = n
15C
15C
3r =
r+3
Illustration 34.
nC
9P
nC
nC
= 341397504000
Illustration 32. Find r if 15C3r = 15Cr+3.
Comparing, we get
nC
nC
r1
nr+1
r
14
nr+1
=
6
r
Or,
7
nr+1
=
3
r
and
Or,
nC
r+
nC
r
126
84
nr
21 3
=
=
r+1
14 2
r=3
(1)
(2)
n!
= r
(n r) ! r ! r !
r ! nC r = n P r
nC
(2) n C n =
(3)
nP
nc
r1
nC
=1
nc
r2
r1 + r2 = n
nc
r1
(4)
nc
r
(5)
nc
r
(6)
nC
Illustration 40. Find the number of ways in which 8different colored pencil can be arranged among
themselves red and black colours are never together.
Solution : Considering red and black colors as a
single colors.
So, we have n 1 = 8 1 = 7 different colors
nr 2
+ n cr1 =
n+1c
r
nr+1
r
n1P + rn1P
n
r
r1 = P r
ncr1 =
=8!7!2!
= 7 ! (8 2)
= 7654321 6
= 42 120 6 = 30240
Illustration 41. How many six digit numbers can be
formed with 1 to 8 without repetition of any digit in any
number such that digits 2 and 5 always occur together?
Solution : Here, n = 8
Here, 2 and 5 always occur together we have to form
six digit number
r = 6
So, Required number of seven digit numbers
= 2(r 1) n1P r1
= 2 (6 1) 6 P 4
65
= 25
= 150
2
Illustration 42. How many 4-digit numbers can be
formed with digits 1to 8 without repetition any digit in
any number such that digit 3 and 4 never occur together ?
Solution: n = 8
r=4
Rest digit = 4
Now we have to fill 3 place by the digits 4 (1,5,7,9).
So, required number of numbers formed
= 4 P 3 = 4! = 4.3.2 = 24
Illustration 44. How many seven digit number can
be formed with digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Such that they
start with 2 and end with 6?
Solution :
6
2
CAT Complete Course | 383
the number of ways he can make his select his dresses for
the hour.
Solution : (i) Number of ways four suits can be
selected out of 8 suits
8765
= 8C4 =
= 70
432
Number of ways 8 ties can be selected out 12 ties
12 !
= 12C8 =
8!4!
1211109 990
=
=
= 445
4321
2
Total number of ways to select 4 suits and 8 ties
= 70 495 = 34650
(ii) First we will find the number of selections in
which both green tie and blue suit appear together. In
such cases, 3 suits more are to be selected from remaining
7 suits and 7 ties are to be selected from remaining 11
ties.
Number of ways = 7 C 3 11C
7!
11 !
=
3!4! 7!4!
111098765
=
324321
= 11.10.7.3.5 = 11550
Exercise A
Exercise B
(C) 4
(D) 2
Solutions A
Solution : 1. (A)
Given
2n+1Cn1 : 2n1C n =
[2n + 1
[n + 1 [n 7
=
[2n
4
[n [n
7
4
7
4
7
n=3
4
[2n + 1 [n [n
=
[n + 1 [n [2n
(2n + 1) [2n [n
=
(n + 1) [n [2n
2n + 1
=
n+1
Solution 2. (A)
Consider the vowels to be one entity (i, o, u), g, n
have to be permuted and the 3 vowels can be also
permute in the set.
Total number of arrangements possible
= 3 P 3 3P 3
L3 L3
= 6 6 = 36.
L0 L0
Solution 3. (B)
'GRACE' has 3 consonants and 2 vowels.
The vowels can be placed in position no. 2 or 4
Total ways possible
= 2! = 2.
The consonants can occupy the position in 3! Ways.
So, the required number of ways
= 2! 3! = 12.
Solution 4. (C)
Total number of ways to permute 10 alphabets 3 of
which are common
L
= 10 = 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
L3
= 720 840
= 604800.
Assume three Is as one
Number of possible ways = 8 P 8
= L8 = 40320
+1
|2|7 |2|4
=9435+1
= 37 15 = 22.
Solution 10. (B)
A triangle requires 3 non collinear points, 9 C 3 combinations. But 6 points give us straight line .
Hence, number of triangles
= 9C3 6 C3
987 654
=
6
6
= 84 20 = 64.
Solution 11. (A)
Case 1 : First place is occupied by 6
Total arrangements = 6P 6 / (2! 2!)
Because 9 and 1 each appear twice
Case 2 : First place is occupied by 9, then total ways
are exactly similar to case 1.
Total numbers = 2 (6 P 6 / 2! 2!) = 360.
388 | CAT Complete Course
3!2!4!1!
For Q. 23 25 : Refer to the following information
to answer the question that follow
A number of 4 different digits is formed by using the
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in all possible ways without
repetition.
Solution 23. (B)
Numbers greater than 3400 will have, 4 or 5 or 6 or 7
in the first place. Having filled the first place say by 4, we
have to choose 3 digits out of the remaining 6 and the
number will be 6 P 3 = 6!/3! = 6 5 4 = 120.
Therefore, total of such numbers will be
4 120 = 480
(a)
Numbers greater than 3400 can be those which have
34, 34, 36, 37 in the first two places. Having filled up 34
Solutions B
Solution 1. (C)
Given 2n+1Pn1 : 2n1Pn = 3/5
(2n + 1) !
(2n 1) !
3
=
(2n + 1 n + 1) !
(2n 1 n) ! 5
(2n + 1) 2n (2n 1) !
(n 1) ! 3
=
(n + 2) (n + 1) n (n 1 !)
(2n 1) ! 5
2 (2n + 1)
3
=
(n + 2) (n + 1)
5
5 (4n + 2) = 3 (n2 + 3n + 2)
20n + 10 = 3n2 + 9n + 6
3n2 11n 4 = 0
(3n + 1) (n 4) = 0
n = 4.
Short-cut : Work from the option.
Solution 2. (B)
Consider the vowels to be one entity (a, e, i, o), v, l,
d, c, t, r, y have to be permuted and the 4 vowels can be
also permute in the set.
Total number of arrangements possible
= 8 P 8 4 P4 = 967680.
Solution 3. (D)
'PINAK' has 3 consonants and 2 vowels.
The vowels can be placed in position no. 2 or 4
Total ways possible = 2! = 2.
The consonants can occupy the position in 3! ways.
So, the required number of ways
= 2! 3! = 2 6 = 12.
Solution 4. (C)
Total number of ways to permute 6 alphabets 2 of
which are common = 6! / 2! = 360.
Treat the two C's as one
Number of possible ways = 5 P 5 = 120
So, reqd. number of ways = Total arrangements
Number of arrangements in which they always come
together
= 360 120 = 240.
Solution 5. (B)
The first can be given in N ways; the second thing
can also be given in N ways; the third thing can also be
given in N ways etc.
Total number of ways = N.N.N. times = Nx.
Solution 6. (C)
Fixed the position of one woman
Remaining women can sit in 3 P 3 ways
Total 3 P 3 4 P 4 = 144 ways.
390 | CAT Complete Course
Solution 7. (D)
Total seats = 5 + 6 = 11
Arrangements will be : W M W M W M W M W
MW
Total possible arrangements will be : 6P 6 5 P5
= 86400.
Solution 8. (C)
Total possible arrangements
= 13P 13 = 13 !
Total number in which f and g are together
= 2 12 P12 = 2 12 !
Hence Answer is 13P 13 2. 12P 12
= 13 ! 2 12 !.
Solution 9. (B)
To draw a straight line, we need two points. Hence,
10C lines are possible. But 5 points are collinear, hence
2
we subtract 5 C 2 . But these 5 points give 1 straight line.
Number of straight lines possible
= 10C2 - 5 C 2 + 1 = 45 10 + 1 = 36.
Solution 10. (B)
A triangle requires 3 non-collinear points, 10C 3 combinations. But 5 points give us straight line .
Hence, number of triangles = 10C 3 5 C 3
= 120 10 = 110.
Solution 11. (A)
Case 1 : First place is occupied by 6
Total arrangements = 6C 6 / (2! 2!)
Because 9 and 1 each appear twice
Case 2 : First place is occupied by 9, then total ways
are exactly similar to case 1.
Total numbers = 2 (6 C 6 / 2! 2!) = 360.
Solution 12. (A)
Total number of ways in which 2 consonants can be
selected out of
5 = 5 C2
Total number of ways in which 1 vowel can be
chosen out of
2 = 2 C1
Required number = 7 ! 6 !
Q Repetition not allowed, so required answer
=
7!6!
= 360.
2!3!
4C
6C
3. 3 ladies, 2 men
4C
6C
= 60
4. 4 ladies, 1 man
4C
6C
=6
2.
= 120
Probability
1
n (S)
n (S)
0 P (E) 1
Now, it is clear that
(i) is the impossible event.
n (S)
(ii)
P (S) =
=1
n (S)
(iii)
P (E) = 0
E =
(iv)
P (E) = 1
E = S
Complement of an event : Let S be the sample
space for a random experiment.
Let E be an event complement of event E is
denoted by E1 or Ec or
E1 means non occurrence of event E
Odds in favour and odds against on event :
Let S be the sample space and E be an event.
Let E1 denotes the complement of event E, then
394 | CAT Complete Course
(E1 )
= 36 15 = 21
6!2!2!3!
13 !
8 754
53421
=
22
13 12 11 10 9
280
=
1287
Illustration 9. If from a pack of 52 playing cards
one card is drawn at random, what is the probability that
it is either a king or a queen?
Solution : Random experiment : Drawing of one
card from a pack of 52 playing cards.
Let n (S)= Number of ways of selecting one
card out of 52 playing cards
= 52 C1 = 52
n (E) = Number of selection of a card which
is either a king or a queen
= 4 C1 + 4C1 = 4 + 4 = 8
Required probability, P (E)
n (E) 8
2
=
=
=
n (S) 52 13
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
Case-I
If A and B are mutually exclusive events.
AB =
Then,
Hence,
P (A B) = 0
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B)
Case-II
Two events are mutually exclusive if and only if
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B)
Case-III
1 = P (S) = P (A A1 ) = P (A) + P(A 1 )
P (A 1 ) = 1 P (A)
Illustration 11. If A, B and C are any three events in
a sample space S, then prove that
P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A
B) P(B C) P(A C) + P(A B C).
Solution : From Set-theory we know that
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) n (A B)
Now, n ( A B C )
= n [ A (B C) ]
= n (A) + n (B C) n [ A (B C)]
= n (A) + n (B C) n [ (A B) (A C)]
= n (A) + n (B C) n (X Y)
{where X = A B, Y = A C}
= n (A) + n (B C) [ n (X) + n (Y)
n (X Y)]
= n (A) + n (B) + n (C) n (B C)
n (X) n (Y) + n (X Y)
= n (A) + n (B) + n (C) n (B C)
n (A B) n (A C) + n (A B C)
n (A B C)
n (S)
n (A) n (B) n (C) n (B C)
=
+
+
+
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)
P (A B C)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P (A B)
P (B C) P (A C) + P (A B C)
n (S) = 52C 2
n (A) =
26C
n (B) =
4C
Required probability
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
26C
4C
2C
= 52 2 + 52 2 52 2
C2
C2
C2
=
26 25
43
21
+
52 51 52 51 52 51
660
2652
1 = P (E1 E2 E3 )
= P (E1) + P (E2) + P (E3)
1 = 6 X + 3 X + X = 10 X
1
X =
10
1
P(E3 ) = X =
10
P (E1) = 6 X = 6
1 3
=
10 5
3
10
Illustration 14. The odds in favour of standing first
of three students appearing at an examination are 1 : 2,
2 : 7 and 1 : 9 respectively. What is the probability that
either of them will stand first?
Solution : Let the three students be P, Q and R.
Let A, B and C denotes the events of standing first of
the three students P, Q and R respectively.
Given,
Odds in favour of A = 1 : 2
Odds in favour of B = 2 : 7
and
Odds in favour of C = 1 : 9
1
So,
P (A) =
3
2
P (B) =
9
1
P(C) =
10
Since, events A, B, C are mutually exclusive.
P (A B C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C)
1 2 1
=
+ +
3 9 10
30 + 10 + 9 49
=
=
90
90
P(E2 ) = 3 X =
S = Sample space
n (S) = Number of ways of selecting two
cards out of 52 playing cards
= 52C 2
n (E) = Number of selecting of a card
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY
If an experiment is repeated n times under similar
conditions, we say that n trials of the experiment have
been made.
To solve such conditional problem we use Binomial
Theorem.
Binomial Theorem on Probability :
Statement : Let E be the event and P be the
probability of occurrence of event E in one trial.
q = 1 P = Probability of non occurrence of
event E in one trial.
Again Let A be the number of success or number of
times event E occurs in n trials.
Then, the probability of occurrence of event E exactly
r times in n trials is given by
P (r) = n Cr Pr q(n r)
= (r + 1)th term in the expansion (q + p)n
Proof : Probability of occurrence of event E in one
trial
= P
Probability of non-occurrence of event E in one trial
= q = 1p
Event E occurs exactly r times in n trials means that
the event E occurs r times and it does not occur (n r)
times in n trials.
Now, r trials in which event E occurs can be
selected out of n trials in nC r ways.
Also, the n trials are independent.
Therefore, probability of occurrence of event E
exactly r times out of n trials is given by
P (A = r) = n C r (P.P.P. -------- r times) [ q.q. ----------- (n r) times]
P (A = r) = n C r Pr q(n r)
Probability Distribution
Random Variable : A random variable is a real
valued function defined over the sample space of an
experiment. A random variable is usually denoted by the
capital letters X, A, B, C, Z etc.
Discrete Random Variable : A random variable
which can take finite or countable infinite number of
values is called a discrete random variable.
Continuous Random Variable : A random variable
which can take any value between two given limits is
called a continuous random variable.
P (A) 14 12 14
Binomial Probability of throwing a die :
When a die is thrown,
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Let E = the event of occurrence of a number greater
than 4
E = { 5, 6 }
n (E) = 2
P = probability of occurrence of event E when a die
is thrown once
n (E) 2 1
=
= =
n (S) 6 3
1 2
q = 1P = 1 =
3 3
Now, if probability of occurrence of event E three
times when a die is thrown 10 times is given by
P (A = 3) = 10C 3 P3 q(10 3)
1 3
2 7
= 10C 3
3
3
() ()
nC
n
Pn
Pi Xi
X=1
Mean, =
= Pi X i
Pi
{Pi = 1}
and Variance,
n
(Xi )2 Pi
i=1
() 2 =
Pi
n
= (Xi )2 Pi
i=1
Mean, = Pi Xi = r nC r P r q (n r)
r=0
= nC
r
(n r)
Here xi = r and Pi
rP q
(n
1)
r
(n
r)
= n
C (r 1) P q
n
=nP
r=1
(n 1)C
(r 1)
P(r 1) qn 1 ( r 1)
= n P ( q + P )n
= nP
Variance = (Xi ) 2 Pi
( P + q = 1)
= (r n P)2 nC r Pr q(n r)
r=0
n
r=0
r=0
= r2 nC r Pr q(n r) 2n P r n C r P r q(n r)
n
+ n2 P2 n C r Pr q(n r)
r=0
= nP
r=1
(n 1)C
(r 1)
P(r 1) q(n r) 2 n P . n P + n2 p2
(P + q)n
= n P ( r 1 + 1)
r=1
(n 1)C
(r 1)
P(r 1) q(n r) 2 n2
P 2 + n2 P2 (P+q = 1)
n
= nP (r 1)
r=1
(n 1)C
(r 1)
(n 1)C
Binomial Distribution :
trial
---------------
r
r (n r)
rP q
P(r 1) q(n r) + nP
(r 1)
r=1
P(r 1) q(n r) n2 P2
= n P (n 1) P (n 2)C (r 2) P (r 2) qn 2 ( r 2) + n P
r=2
P2
q)(n 2)
(P + q)(n 1) n2 P2
+ n P n2 P2
= n (n 1) ( P +
= n (n 1) P2 + n P n2 P2
= n P2 + n P
= nP(1P)
= nPq
Illustration 18. 10 coins are tossed what is the
probability that exactly 5 heads appear ? Also, find the
probability of getting at least 8 heads.
Solution : Let E = the event of occurrence of head
on one coin
1
1
P = P (E) = and q = 1 P =
2
2
Here n = 10 ( Since 10 coins have been tossed)
Now, P (r) = Probability that event 6 will occur
exactly r times in 5 trials.
= n Cr Pr q(n r)
Required probability
= 10C 5 P2 q5
10 !
1 2
1 5
=
5!5!
2
2
63
=
256
Second Part : Required Probability
=
P (8) + P (9) + P (10)
= 10C 8 P8 q2 + 10C9 P9 q1
+ 10C10 P10 q0
1 8
1 2
1 9
1
= 45
+ 10
2
2
2
2
1 10
+1
2
1 10
= 56
2
7
7
= 7 =
2
128
Illustration 19. A lot of 100 bulbs from a manufacturing process is known to contain 10 defective and 90
non-defective bulbs. If 8 bulbs are selected at random,
what is the probability that
(i) There will be 3 defective and 5 non-defective
bulbs.
(ii) There will be at least one defective bulb.
Solution : Since, out of 100 bulbs, 10 bulbs are
defective, therefore probability of drawing a defective
bulb when one bulb is selected is given by
() ()
() ()
() ()
()
()
P =
10
1
=
100 10
9
10
= probability that a bulb selected is
non defective.
Since, 8 bulbs are selected, therefore number of trails
n = 8
q=1P =
3!5!
10
10
3306744
=
100000000
Probability that no bulb will be defective.
9 8
= 1 P (0) = 1
10
43046721
56953279
= 1
=
100000000 100000000
Illustration 20. The first of three urns contains 7
white and 10 black balls, the second contains 5 white and
12 black balls and the third contains 17 white balls. A
person chooses an urn at random and draws a ball from it
and finds it to be white. Find the probability that the ball
come from the second urn.
Solution :
Urn I = 7 white, 10 Black
Urn II = 4 white, 12 Black
Urn III = 17 white
A
Let P
denote the probability of drawing a
A1
white ball when the ball is drawn from the second urn.
A denote the event of drawing a white ball. When
one ball drawn at random from one of the three urns.
A1 = the event that one ball drawn came from the
second urn.
A2 = the event that the ball drawn is from the first
urn.
A 3 = the event that the ball drawn is from the third
urn.
Bayes theorem :
A1
P
A
A
P (A 1 ) P
A1
=
A
A
A
P (A 1 ) P
+ P (A2) P
+ P (A3) P
A1
A2
A3
( ) ()
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Now,
Similarly,
( )
(AA ) = 175
A
7
P( ) =
A
17
A
17
P( ) =
A
17
A1
3 17
5
P
=
=
A
1 5 1 7 1 7
29
+ +
3 17 3 17 3 17
Illustration 21. An urn contains 4 red and 6 black
balls and another urn contains 3 red and 7 black balls. If
one ball is drawn from each urn. Find the probability that
(i) both balls are of same colour.
(ii) both balls are of different colours.
Solution : Let
I- 4R : 6B
P (E1) = probability of drawing red ball
4
2
=
=
10 5
II- 3R : 7B
P (E2) = probability of drawing black ball
6 3
=
=
10 5
Similarly,
3
7
P (E3) = ; P (E4) =
10
10
Now, P (E1 E3 ) = P (E1) P (E3 )
E1 and E 3 are independent.
2 3
3
P (E1 E3 ) =
=
5 10 25
P (E2 E4 ) = P (E2) P (E4 )
3 7
21
=
=
5 10 50
Now, probability of drawing the same colour
3
21
=
+
25 50
6 + 21 27
=
=
50
50
Now, P (E1 E4 )
= probability of drawing the one
red and one black ball
2 7
7
=
=
5 10 25
3 3
9
P (E2 E3 ) =
=
5 10 50
Probability of drawing the different colour
7
9
=
+
25 50
14 + 9 23
=
=
50
50
( )
P
= P (A)
B
P (A B) = P (A) P (B)
CaseII : If A, B, C are any three independent events
P (A B C) = P (A) P (B) P (C)
()
()
()
()
()
()
P(A) =
=
n(S) 6
For 2nd throw of die :
Its contain sample space
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = the event of occurrence of an odd number
= {1, 3, 5}
n (B) = 3
n(B) 3 1
P(B) =
= =
n(S) 6 2
Clearly, A B = the event of occurrence of 6 in the
first throw and occurrence of an odd number in the
second throw.
Now, since A, B are independent events.
1 1 1
P(AB) = P (A) P (B) = =
6 2 12
Illustration 24.
A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another
contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn
from each bag. Find probability that :
(i) both are white
(ii) both are black
(iii) one is white and one is black.
Solution :
Bag 1 = 4 white and 2 black
Bag 2 = 3 white and 5 black
A = the event of drawing a white ball from first
bag
B = the event of drawing a black ball from first
bag.
1
A = the event of drawing a white ball from
second bag.
B 1 = the event of drawing a black ball from
second bag.
402 | CAT Complete Course
Let E1 = A A1
E2 = B B1
Now,
P (A) =
P (B) =
P(A1 ) =
P(B 1 ) =
(i)
P(E1 ) =
4 2
=
6 3
2 1
=
6 3
3
8
5
8
P(A A1 ) = P (A) P(A1)
P(E2 ) = =
3 8 24
(iii) P (E) = probability of occurrence of one is
white and one is black.
Probability of occurrence of one is white and one is
black
= P (A B1 ) + P (B A1 )
4 5 2 3
= +
6 8 6 8
5 1
=
+
12 8
10 + 3 13
=
=
24
24
13
P (E) =
24
Illustration 25.
If X and Y are independent events then
(i) X and Y1 are independent events.
(ii) X1 and Y are independent events.
(iii) X1 and Y 1 are independent events.
Solution :
Since, X and Y are independent events.
P (A B) = P (A) P (B)
(i)
X = (X Y) (X Y1 )
P (X) = P (X Y) + P (X Y1 )
Since, X Y and X Y1 are mutually exclusive
events.
P (X) = P (X) P (Y) + P (X Y1 )
Or, P (X Y1 ) = P (X) P (X) P (Y)
= P (X) {1 P (Y)}
P (X Y1 ) = P (X) P (Y 1 )
Clearly, X and Y1 are independent events.
Required percentage
7
=
100 = 35%
20
Illustration 27.
Two persons Ram and Shyam throw a coin alternately till one of them gets head and wins the game.
Find their respective probabilities of winning.
Solution :
Let E = the event of occurrence of head in one throw
of a coin
E1 = the event of occurrence of tail in one throw of
a coin
1
1
P (E) =
and P (E1 ) = 1 P (E) =
2
2
Let
E2 = E1 1
For Ram to win, he must throw a head in first, third,
fifth throws and Shyam should not throw a head
in second, fourth, sixth throws.
1
1
1
1
P (E1) = + 1
1
+ +
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
2
2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
1
1
= + ( ) + ( ) + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
= 1 + ( ) + ( ) +
2
2
2
1 1 1 4 2
= =
2 1 2 3 3
1
2
and P (E2) = P (E11 ) = 1 P (E)
1
=
3
2
1
P (E1) = , P (E2 ) =
3
3
Illustration 28.
If a coin is tossed n times, what is the probability that
head will appear an odd number of times ?
Solution :
Here number of trials = n
P = probability of occurrence of head when coin is
1
tossed once =
2
1
q = 1P=
2
Now, probability of occurrence of head exactly r
times in n trials is given by
P(r) = n C r Pr q(n r)
Probability of occurrence of head odd number of
times in n trials
= P (1) + P (3) + P (5) +
1
n1
1
1
= n C1
2
2
3
n3
1
1
+ nC3
+
2
2
n
1
=
(n C 1 + n C 3 + n C 5 + )
2
n
1
=
2n 1 {. C1 + C3 + = 2n 1}
2
=
() ()
() ()
()
()
1
2
CAT Complete Course | 403
Illustration 29.
A man known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He
Partition of a Set : A family of sets A1, A 2 , A n throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the prois said to form a partition of a set A if
bability that it is actually a six.
(i) A1, A2, An are non-empty
Solution :
(ii) Ai Aj = for i j
Let A = the event that man reports occurrence of E
(iii) A = A1 A2 An
A1 = the event of occurrence of 6 when a die is
thrown
Bayes Theorem : If A1 , A2 , A3 , An be n
A2 = the event of non-occurrence of 6 when a die is
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and A is an
thrown
event which occurs together ( in conjunction) with either
Now, By Bayes Theorem :
of Ai i.e. if A1 , A2, A n form a partition of the sample
A
space S and A be any event, then
P(A1 ) P
A1
A1
A
P(Ak) P A
P
=
A
k
A
A
A
P Ak =
P(A1 ) P
+ P(A2 ) P
A
A
A
P(A1 ) P A + P(A2) P A + + P (An ) P A
A1
A2
1
2
n
1
5
1. If P (A1 ) = P (A 2 ) = P (A 3 ) = = P (An)
P (A 1 ) = , P (A2 ) =
6
6
A
P
A
Ak
Ak
P
= Probability that man reports occurrence
P
=
A1
A
A
A
A
P
+P
+ + P
3
A1
A2
An
of 6 when 6 has actually occurred =
4
2. The probabilities P (A1), P (A2 ) P (An ) which
A
P
= Robability that man reports occurrence of
are known before the experiment takes place are
A2
Ai
called priori probabilities and P
are called 6 when 6 has not actually occurred.
A
A
1
P
= Probability that the man tells a lie =
posteriori probabilities.
A2
4
If A1 , A2 , An form a partition of an event A
1 3
P (A B)
(1)
and By using additional theorem :
3
P (A) = P (A A1 ) + P (A A2) + + P (A An )
Or,
P (A B) P (A)
3
Ak
P (A k A)
P (A B)
(2)
Now, P
=
5
A
P (A)
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
P (A k A)
=
P (A) + P (B) 1
P (A A1 ) + P(A A2 ) + + P (A An )
3 2
4
A
+ 1=
(3)
P(Ak) P
5 3
15
Ak
=
Now, from equation (2) and equation (3), we get
A
A
P(A1 ) P
+ P(A2 ) P
+
4
3
A1
A2
P (A B)
15
5
Since, A1, A2, and An are subsets of A.
Illustration 31.
A
P
= 1 for i = 1, 2, 3, n
In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or
Ai
known the answer to a multiple choice question with four
Ak
P(Ak)
1
P
=
choice the probability that he makes a guess is The
A
P(A1 ) + P(A2 ) + + P(An)
3
BAYESS THEOREM
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
The probability
6
1
that the answer is correct, given that he copies, is Find
8
the probability that he knows the answer to the question,
given that he correctly answered it.
Solution :
Let A = the event that the examinee gives the
correct answer
A1 = the event that the examinee knows the
answer
A2 = the event that the examinee guesses the
answer
A3 = the event that the examinee copies the
answer
By Bayes theorem,
A1
Required probability = P
A
probability that he copies the answer is
=
P(A1) P
()
A
A1
( )
()
()
P(A1) P
A
A1
+ P(A2) P
A
A2
+ P(A3) P
()
A
A3
According to question :
1
1
P (A 3 ) =
3
6
P (A 1 ) = 1 P (A 2 ) P (A3 )
1 1 1
= 1 =
3 6 2
P (A 2 ) =
Also, P
( )
( )
( )
3
3
4
65
2
1
=
2
3
9
80
=
243
(ii) X wins at least games means r 4
i.e.
X = 4, 5, 6
P (r 4) = P (r = 4) or P (r = 5) or P (r = 6)
4
2
5
2
1
2
= 6 C4
+ 6 C5
3
3
3
6
1
2
+ 6 C6
3
3
80
16
64
=
+
+
243 243 243 3
240 + 48 + 64 352
=
=
243 3
729
() ()
()
() ()
()
()
()
Exercise A
1. A bag contains 6 black balls and an unknown
number (not greater than six) of white balls. Three
balls are drawn successively and not replaced and all
are found to be white. The chance that a black ball
will be drawn next is
677
609
(A)
(B)
909
677
480
280
(C)
(D)
909
909
2. It is known that at noon at a certain place the sun is
hidden by clouds on an average two days out of
every three. The chance that the sun will be shining
at noon on at least four out of five specified future
days is
21
19
(A)
(B)
4096
4096
20
17
(C)
(D)
4096
4096
3. Supposing that it is 4 to 7 against a person A who is
now 30 years of age, living till he is 80, and 5 to 6
against a person B now 25 living till he is 75. The
chance that at least one of these persons will be alive
30 years hence is
57
91
(A)
(B)
121
121
101
(C)
(D) None of these
121
4. Three dice are thrown together. The probability that
the sum of all faces showing up will be more than 16
is
1
1
(A)
(B)
54
27
1
3
(C)
(D)
108
154
CAT Complete Course | 405
45
87
47
(C)
87
(A)
46
87
87
(D)
45
(B)
20. X and Y throw one die for a stake of Rs. 22, which
will be won by the player who first throws a 1. If X
has the first throw, then what could be their
respective expectations ?
(A) Rs. 10, Rs. 12
(B) Rs. 11, Rs. 11
(C) Rs. 13, Rs. 9
(D) Rs. 12, Rs. 10
21. Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C,
were estimated to be proportional to 5, 3, 2; but
during the race A meets with an accident which
reduces his chance to one-third . What is the chance
of B ?
2
3
(A)
(B)
5
5
4
1
(C)
(D)
15
5
22. In the above question (Q. 21), what is the chance of
C?
4
2
(A)
(B)
15
15
3
2
(C)
(D)
5
5
23. 10 persons draw lots for the occupancy of the six
seats in a first class railway compartment the chance
that two specified persons obtain opposite seats is
9
7
(A)
(B)
10
10
1
3
(C)
(D)
10
10
24. Karunesh Verma and Kaloesh Sharma appear for an
interview for two vacancies in an organisation for
the same post. The probabilities of their selection are
3
2
and respectively. What is the probability that none
5
3
of them will be selected ?
3
1
(A)
(B)
15
15
2
4
(C)
(D)
15
15
Exercise B
(B)
11 11
11 11
3 2
7 2
(C)
(D)
5 7
11 7
( )
( )
( )
( )
20. A and B throw one die for a stake of Rs. 11, which
will be won by the player who first throws a 6. If A
has the first throw, then what could be their
respective expectations ?
(A) Rs. 7, Rs. 4
(B) Rs. 6, Rs. 5
(C) Rs. 4, Rs. 7
(D) Rs. 5, Rs. 6
21. Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C,
were estimated to be proportional to 5, 3, 2; but
during the race A meets with an accident which
reduces his chance to one-third . What is the chance
of B ?
(A) 2/5
(B) 3/5
(C) 4/15
(D) 1/5
22. In the above question (Q. 21), what is the chance of
C?
(A) 4/15
(B) 2/15
(C) 3/5
(D) 2/5
23. Seven persons draw lots for the occupancy of the six
seats in a first class railway compartment the chance
that two specified persons obtain opposite seats is
(A) 6/7
(B) 5/7
(C) 1/7
(D) 3/7
24. Ram Gopal Verma and Shyam Gopal Sharma appear
for an interview for two vacancies in an organisation
for the same post. The probabilities of their selection
are 1/6 and 2/5 respectively. What is the probability
that none of them will be selected ?
(A) 5/6
(B) 1/5
(C) 1/2
(D) 3/5
25. The odds against a certain events are 5 : 2 and odds
in favour of another independent events are 6 : 5.
The probability that none of the events will occur is
(A) 6/11
(B) 5/11
(C) 52/77
(D) 25/77
26. Two persons A and B throw a coin alternately till
one of them gets head and wins the game. What are
their respectively probabilities of winning ?
2 1
1 2
(A) ,
(B) ,
3 3
5 7
1 2
1 1
(C) ,
(D) ,
3 7
5 3
27. Eight children are standing in a line outside a ticket
window at Appu Ghar, New Delhi. Four of these
children have a one a rupee coin each and the
remaining 4 children have a two rupee coin each.
The entry ticket is priced at rupee one. If all the
arrangements of the eight children are equally likely,
then the probability that no child will have to wait for
change is (assume that the cashier at the ticket
window begins with no change)
1
2
1
(C)
8
1
5
1
(D)
6
(A)
(B)
Solutions A
1. (A) The bag contains 6 black balls and there are four
way of the following containing white balls :
(a) It may contain three white balls.
(b) It may contain four white balls.
(c) It may contain five white balls.
(d) It may contain six white balls.
(a) The probability that at the three successive draws
give white ball is :
3 2 1
drawn = p1 = because balls are not
9 8 7
replaced.
(b) The probability of drawing white balls at three
successive draws is
4 3 2
p2 =
10 9 8
Similarly,
5
4
3
p3 =
11
10
9
( ) ( ) ()
p4 =
6
2
4
12 11 10
2.
909
909 7 909 4 909 3
677
=
909
3
(C) The probability that the sun is hidden =
4
1
The probability that it is out =
4
Now, at least 5 days shining = 5 days out and 1 day
hidden + 6 days out
5
6
1
3
1
=
6 C1 +
4
4
4
1
=
[6 3 + 1]
46
19
19
=
=
46 16 16 16
19
=
4096
4
(C) The chance that A will die within 50 years is ;
11
5
the chance that B will die within 50 years is ; there11
4 5
20
fore the chance that both will die is
or
;
11 11 121
Therefore, the chance that both will not be dead, that
20
101
is at least one will be alive, is 1
or
121 121
(A) Total possible outcomes
= 6 6 6 = 216
Favourable cases are (6, 6, 6), (6, 6, 5), (6, 5, 6), (5,
6, 6)
Total number of favourable cases = 4
4
1
Probability =
=
216 54
(B) Total number of balls = 11.
Let the first drawn ball is white.
So, required probability
5
6 4 5 3 4 15
=
=
11 10 9 8 7 6 77
When we start with a black ball, the required
5
5 5 4 4 3 15
Probability =
=
11 10 9 8 7 6 77
Since, these two cases are mutually exclusive.
()
()
3.
4.
5.
()
Total probability
15 15 2 15 30
=
+
=
=
77 77
77
77
6. (C) On first drawing, Probability of drawing red
10C
10 5
= 24 1 =
=
C 1 24 12
On second drawing, Probability of drawing white
9C
9
= 23 1 =
C 1 23
On third drawing, Probability of drawing black
5C
5
= 22 1 =
C 1 22
Required probability
5
9
5
25
=
=
12 23 22 2024
7. (A) There are 13 cards of spade in a pack of 52 cards.
So, the chance that any of them will cut's a spade is
13/54 = 1/4 Probability that it is not a spade = 1
1/4 = 3/4. Consider the following mutually exclusive
ways in which A may win : A wins in the first cut,
OR X, Y, Z have failed and then A wins, OR X, Y,
Z, X, Y, Z have failed and then A wins and so on
upto infinity Respective chance of these events
are = 1/4, [(3/4) (3/4) (3/4) (1/4)], [(3/4) (3/4)
(3/4) (3/4) (3/4) (3/4) (1/4)] . To infinity
A's chance of succeeding = (1/4) + (3/4)3 (1/4)
+ (3/4) 6 (1/4) + . = 1/4 [1/(1 27/64)] = 16/37.
8. (B) Total numbers of ways in which n persons can sit
a round table = (n 1)! As the two specified
individuals are to sit together, we may consider them
to be a single individuals and then we have (n 2)!
Different arrangements in which the two specified
individuals can sit together in the same order. Since,
they can permute among themselves, the total
possible ways favourable to the events are 2 (n
2)! Probability of two specific individuals sitting
together = [2 (n 2)!]/(n 1)! = 2/(2 + n 3).
Hence, the odds against the events are (n 3) to 2.
9. (D) Here number of sides are = 9
Total number of triangles are
9C
9
3 6
987
= 84
6
84 14
1
7
6
at least 3 will
7
be lighted if all 5 are light or 4 are lighted and one is
fused or 3 will be lighted and 2 are fused.
Required Probability
5
4
3
2
6
6
1
6
1
=
+5
+ 5 C2
7
7
7
7
7
Chance that the bulb is lighted =
() ()
() ()
6
5
6
10
6
= ( ) + ( ) +
( )
7
7
7
7
7
5
16. (A)
Probability = 15 2 =
=
C 2 15 7 21
17.
63
[36 + 30 + 10]
75
76 216 16416
=
=
75
75
11. (B) Total number of students = Number passing in I
paper only + Number of student passing in II paper
only + Number passing in both + Number failed in
both
500 = (120 x) + (250 x) + 150 + x
500 = 520 x x = 20
Required probability
20
1
=
=
500 25
18.
12. (C) Total possible outcomes = 30C 2
The person can pick up two black balls in 20C 2 ways
and two red balls in 10C2 ways
Required probability
19 20 10 9
+
20C
10C
2
2
2
2
= 30 + 30 =
C2
C2
30 29
2
190 + 45 235 47
=
=
=
435
435 87
13. (A) The total number of ways in which 5 balls can be
drawn is 18C 5 and the number of ways of drawing 5 19.
white ball is 5 C 3 ; therefore the chance of drawing 5
white balls
5C
1
= 18 5 =
C 5 |18
=
13 5
18
13 5 4 3 2 1
18 17 16 15 14 13
1
8568
Thus, the odds against the event are 8568 to 1.
14. (B) Net cases = 12 + 10 = 22.
The required Probability
1
22
10 5
=
=
=
1
22 11
10
=
( )
( )
20.
(B)
The sum of two sides in a triangle is greater
than the third side.
In following cases, triangle cannot be formed.
2
3
5
2
3
6
2
4
7
2
4
6
2
4
7
2
5
7
6
66
Required probability = 6 =
C3 6 5 4
3
=
10
(b) The care, none of the parts shall be greater than
1
th of the rod is possible if the rod is divided in n
n
1
equal parts. The probability of one part being th of
n
1
the rod = .
n
1
Required probability of n parts being th of the
n
rod each
n
1 1 1
1
1
= =
.
n n n
n
n
14C
(C) The chance of drawing 2 yellow balls = 20 2 and
C2
without replacing, the chance that of drawing two
6C
black balls = 18 2
C2
14C
6C
Required Probability = 20 2 18 2
C2
C2
14 6 3 5
=
10 19 9 17
14
14
=
=
19 17 323
1
(D) In his first throw X's chance is ; in his second
6
5 5 1
throw it is , because each player must have
6 6 6
failed once before X can have a second throw; in his
4
5
1
third throw his chance =
because each
6
6
()
()
( ) ( ) +
5
6
5
6
21.
22.
23.
24.
( ) ( ) +
5
6
5
6
10 3 15
(A)
(C) Let the X & Y are two specified persons. The
chance that X occupies any seat in the first class
9
railway compartment is , X has occupied his seat
10
there is only one case favourable to the event that Y
occupies is seat opposite to X. Thus, the chance of the
compound events that Y gains an opposite seat to X
9 1 1
is
=
10 9 10
(C) Required Probability
3
2
= 1
1
5
3
2 1 2
= =
5 3 15
(B) Let A & B be the event.
5
P(A) = ,
8
4
P(B) =
11
Required probability
5 4
5
=
8 11
22
(A) Probability of coming six
1
= = P(S)
6
( ) ( )
25.
26.
() ()
1
5
5
1 + ( ) + ( ) +
6
6
6
=
=
1
1
()
5
6
2=
36
6
=
6 (36 25) 11
P(Rahul) =
6
,
11
6
5
=
11 11
6 5
11 11
P(Shahil) = 1
Required Probability =
50 50 25
29. (C) Case I : Assume that the box has two white balls.
When a white ball is added, it now has 3 white balls
Probability of drawing a white ball = Probability
of drawing one ball Probability of white ball
1 3 1
= =
3 3 3
Case II : Assume that the box has one white and one
Black ball.
When a white ball is added the box will then contain
2 white balls and 1 Black ball Probability of drawing a white ball = Probability of drawing one ball
Probability of white ball
1 2 2
= =
3 3 9
Case III : Assume that the box has two Black balls.
When a white ball is added, it now has 1 white ball
and 2 Black balls
Probability of drawing a white = Probability of
drawing one ball Probability of white ball
1 1
1
= Overall Probability
3 3
9
1 2 1 2
= + + =
3 9 9 3
[because all these are mutually exclusive cases].
30. (B) Possible outcomes = 63 = 6 6 6 = 216
The outcomes which are not favourable are (1, 1, 1),
(2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4), (5, 5, 5) and (6, 6, 6)
(216 6)
Required probability =
216
210 105
=
=
216 108
2.
() () ()
3.
4.
Solutions B
1. (A) The bag contains 6 black balls and there are four
ways of following containing white balls :
(a) It may contain three white balls.
(b) It may contain four white balls.
(c) It may contain five white balls.
(d) It may contain six white balls.
(a) The probability that at the three successive draws
give white ball is :
3 2 1
drawn = p1 = because balls
9 8 7
are not replaced.
(b) The probability of drawing white balls at three
4 3 2
successive draws is p2 =
10 9 8
Similarly, p3 = (5/11) (4/10) (3/9)
6 2
4
p4 =
12 11 10
When there are 6 white balls, i.e.,
1
1
2
1
p1 =
,p = ,p = ,p =
84 2 30 3 33 4 11
If Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, be denoting posteriori probability of
(a), (b), (c) and (d) cases.
Q1
Q2
Q
Q
1
=
= 3 = 4 =
55
154 280 420 909
Therefore, the chance of drawing the black ball next
6
3
2
Q1 1 + Q2 + Q 3 + Q 4
7
4
3
55
154 6 280 3 420 2
=
1+
+
+
909
909 7 909 4 909 3
677
=
909
(C) Here the probability that the sun is hidden = 2/3
The probability that it out = 1/3
Now, at least 4 days shining = 4 days out and 1 day
hidden + 5 days out
4
5
2
1
1
= 5
+
3
3
3
52
1
11
=
+
=
80
80
(A) (a) Total possible outcomes = 6 6 6 = 216
(b) Favourable cases are (6, 6, 6), (6, 6, 5), (6, 5, 6),
(6, 4, 6), (5, 6, 6), (4, 6, 6), (6, 5, 5), (5, 5, 6), (5, 6, 5)
Total number of favourable cases = 10
Probability = 10 / 216 = 5 / 108.
(D) Total number of balls = 8. Let the first drawn
ball is white.
5 3 4 2 1
So, required probability = = But here
8 7 6 5 14
we had started with a white ball. When we start with
a black ball, the required
3 5 2 4 1
Probability = =
8 7 6 5 14
5.
Required probability
=
2 5
7
7
=
5 19 18 171
( )
()
Required probability
=
( )
9
10
+5
( ) 101
9
10
= 45927/50000.
11. (B) Total number of students = Number passing in I
paper only + Number passing in II paper only + Number passing in both + Number failed in both
X = 50
Required probability
= 50/500 = 1/10.
12. (B) Total probability
15C
5C
= 20 2 + 20 2
C2
C2
105 10 23
=
+
=
190 190 38
13. (A) The total number of ways in which 3 balls can be
drawn is 9 C 3 and the number of ways of drawing 3
black ball is 5 C 3 ; therefore the chance of drawing 3
5C
543 5
black balls = 9 3 =
=
Thus, the odds
C3
9 8 7 42
against the event are 37 to 5.
14. (B)
9C
Probability =
9C
2/
15C
= 36/105 = 12/35.
3,
2,
3,
2,
4,
6
3
3
Required probability = 5 =
C 3 10
18. (B) The care, none of the parts shall be greater than
1
th of the rod is possible if the rod is divided in n
n
1
equal parts. The probability of one part being th of
n
1
the rod = .
n
1
Required probability of n parts being th of the
n
n
1 1 1
1
1
rod each = =
.
n n n
n
n
()
=
When 3 white balls
12
123
143
have been drawn and removed, the bag contains 2
white and 8 black balls; therefore at the second trial 3
balls may be drawn in 10C 3 ways; and 3 black balls
may be drawn in 8 C 3 ways; therefore the chance of 3
black balls at the second trial
=
8 7 6 10 9 8 7
1 2 3 1 2 3 15
143 15 429
20. (B) In his first throw A's chance is
1
; in his second
6
5 5 1
throw it is , because each player must have
6 6 6
failed once before A can have a second throw; in
4
5
1
his third throw his chance =
because each
6
6
player must have failed twice; and so on . Thus,
A's chance is the sum of the infinite series
()
1
1+
6
() ()
5
6
5
+
6
5 3 1
=
6 5 2
25. (D) Let the events be A & B. Now, P(A) = 2/7, P(B)
= 6/11.
The probability that none of the events (A & B)
will occur
2
6
= 1
1
7
11
( ) ( )
5 5 25
=
7 11 77
1
= prob2
(56) + (56) +
P(H) =
1
= P(T).
2
(1 16) (1 25)
5
,
10
3 2
1 3 1
,
i.e., , , respectively. A can lose in two
10 10
2 10 5
ways; either by the winning of B or C.
As A's chance of winning is 1/2; therefore A's chance
of losing is 1/2. After the accident his chance of
winning is 1/3, and hence his chance of losing
becomes 2/3. his chance of losing is increased in
the ratio of 4 to 3, also B's and C's chances of
winning are increased in the same ratio. Thus B's
3 4 2
chance of winning = = ; and C's chance of
10 3 5
2 4 4
winning =
=
10 3 15
22. (A)
23. (C) Let the two specified persons be denoted by A
and B.
Probability of A wins
= P[H or (TTH) or (TTTTH) or (TTTTTTH),]
= P(H) + P(TTH) + P(TTTTH) + ..
= P(H) + P(T) . P(T) . P(H) . P(T) . P(T) . P(T) . P(T)
. P(H) + ..
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( ) ( ) +
1
1
1
= 1 + ( ) + ( ) +
2
2
2
1
= +
2
1
2
1
2
()
1
1
2
1
4
2
=
2 41 3
P(A) =
2
2 1
, P(B) = 1 =
3
3 3
Required Probability =
(23 13)
8!
5
28. (A) Case I : Let the first ball removed be White
White balls left = (m 1) Black balls left = n
Probability of getting a white ball in the first and
m
(m 1)
second draw =
(m + n) (m 1 + n)
Case II : Let the first ball removed be Black
(m + n) (m + n 1)
Total Probability
= Sum of these two
m (m 1)
mn
+
(m + n)(m 1 + n) (m + n)(m + n 1)
m2 m + mn
=
(m + n)(m 1 + n)
m(m 1 + n)
m
=
=
(m + n)(m 1 + n) m + n
29. (C) Case I : Assume that the box has two white
balls. When a white ball is added, it now has 3 white
balls Probability of drawing a white ball = Probability of drawing one ball Probability of white ball
1 3 1
= =
3 3 3
Case II : Assume that the box has one white and one
Black ball.
When a white ball is added the box will then contain
2 white balls and 1 Black ball Probability of drawing a white ball = Probability of drawing one ball
Probability of white ball
1 2 2
= =
3 3 9
Case III : Assume that the box has two Black balls.
When a white ball is added, it now has 1 white ball
and 2 Black balls
Probability of drawing a white = Probability of
drawing one ball Probability of white ball
1 1
1
= Overall Probabiity
3 3
9
1 2 1 2
= + + =
3 9 9 3
[because all these are mutually exclusive cases].
30. (D) There will be 6 6 6 = 216 outcomes.
The outcomes which are not favourable are (1, 1, 1)
and (6, 6, 6)
Required probability = [214/216] = [107/108].
Co-ordinate Geometry
2. Co-ordinate of a point : The perpendicular distance of a point P from x-axis and y-axis is shown by P
(x, y) and also known as the co-ordinate of point P.
The length OM or LP is called x-co-ordinate or
abscissa of point P and OL or MP is called y-co-ordinate
or ordinate of point P.
3. Quadrants : The x-axis and y-axis divide the plane
into four parts called quadrants. Regions XOY, YOX,
XOY and YOX are respectively called the first, second,
third and fourth quadrants.
4. Signs of the Co-ordinates of Points in Different
Quadrants :
Quadrant
First quadrant
Second quadrant
Third quadrant
Fourth quadrant
xco-ordinate
+
yco-ordinate
+
+
Point
(+, +)
(, +)
(, )
(+, )
PQ =
x2 + y2 .
mx 2 + nx1
my + my1
,y= 2
m+n
m+n
x =
x =
K+1 K+1
(x + x3 + x y + y3 + y )
1
Exercise A
1. The area of quadrilateral with vertices (3, 5), (0, 5),
(0, 6), (3, 6) is equal to (sq. units) :
(A) 12
(B) 20
(C) 33
(D) 50
2. The points (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 0) are vertices of a/an :
(A) equilateral triangle.
(B) isosceles triangle.
(C) right triangle.
(D) scalene triangle.
3. The co-ordinates of a point which divides the join of
(7, 7) and (4, 5) in the ratio 5 : 4, externally, are :
(A) (5, 4)
(B) ( 8, 6)
(C) ( 8, 3)
(D) (5, 3)
4. The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (5, 7),
(8, 9), (2, 11), is :
(A) (5, 4)
(B) (3, 9)
(C) (5, 9)
(D) None of these
5. If A (0, 0), B (3, 4), C (5, 8) are three vertices of a
parallelogram ABCD, then the fourth vertex D will
be :
(A) (1, 2)
(B) (2, 3)
(C) (2, 4)
(D) (4 4)
()
(B) 1
3 3
3
( )
(C) (0, 6)
( )
49
(C)
(D) None of these
13
3
5 5
7
7 11
(C)
4
(D)
3
3 3
( )
( )
( )
( )
25. The points (2, 4) and (6, 2) are the opposite vertices
of a rectangle. The other two vertices lie on the line
2y = 3x + k, then the value of k will be :
(A) 10
(B) 10
(C) 5
(D) 8
26. The extremities of a diagonal of a parallelogram are
the points ( 1, 3) and (3, 2) and (1, 0). If the vertex
is ( 2, 1), then fourth vertex is :
(A) ( 1, 5)
(B) (2, 4)
(C) (1, 5)
(D) ( 1, 5)
27. The equation of the straight line passing through the
points ( 1, 2) and perpendicular to the line y = x is :
(A) y x + 5
(B) y = x + 3
(C) 2y = x + 7
(D) y = 5x + 5
28. The angle between the lines y =
3 + 9 and 3 + x =
3 is :
(A) 45
(B) 60
(C) 90
(D) 120
29. A line passes through the point (4, 6) and cuts off
intercepts from the co-ordinates axes such that their
sum is 20. The equation of the line is :
(A) 3x 2y = 24
(B) x - y = 20
(C) x + y = 10
(D) 2x + 3y = 15
30. Point of intersection of the diagonals of square is at
origin and co-ordinate axes are drawn along the
diagonals. If the side is of length a, then which one is
not the vertex of square ?
(A) (a
2, 0)
(B) (0, a/
2)
(C) (a/
2, 0)
(D) ( a/
2, 0)
Exercise B
1. The area of quadrilateral with vertices (2, 4), (0, 4),
(0, 4), (2, 4) is equal to (sq. units) :
(A) 8
(B) 12
(C) 16
(D) 32
2. The points (3, 0), ( 3, 0), (0, 3
3) are vertices of
a/an :
(A) equilateral triangle (B) isosceles triangle
(C) right triangle
(D) scalene triangle
3. The co-ordinates of a point which divides the join of
(5, 5) and (2, 3) in the ratio 4 : 3, externally, are :
(A) (3, 4)
(B) ( 7, 3)
(C) ( 7, 9)
(D) (8, 3)
4. The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
(3, 10), (7, 7), ( 2, 1), is :
(A) (8/3, 6)
(B) (6, 8/3)
(C) ( 4, 7/3)
(D) None of these
CAT Complete Course | 419
(B) 49/
5
(C) 7/
5
25. The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are the opposite vertices
of a rectangle. The other two vertices lie on the line y
= 2x + c, then the value of c will be :
(A) 4
(B) 4
(C) 2
(D) 2
CAT Complete Course | 420
3) X + 5 and
29. A line passes through the point (3, 4) and cuts off
intercepts from the co-ordinates axes such that their
sum is 14. The equation of the line is :
(A) 4x 3y = 24
(B) 4x + 3y = 24
(C) 3x 4y = 24
(D) 3x + 4y = 24
30. Point of intersection of the diagonals of square is at
origin and co-ordinate axes are drawn along the
diagonals. If the side is of length a, then which one is
not the vertex of square ?
(A) (a
2, 0)
(B) (0, a/
2)
(C) (a/
2, 0)
(D) ( a/
2, 0)
Solutions A
1. (C) Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ABD
+ BCD
A (3, 5), B (0, 5), D (3, 6),
C (0, 6)
1
Area ABD = [x1(y2 y3) + x2(y3 y1)
2
+ x 3 (y1 y2)]
1
= [3(5 + 6) + 0( ) + 3(5 5)]
2
1
33
3 11 = sq. unit.
2
2
1
Area of BCD = [0( ) + 0( ) + 3(5 + 6)]
2
11 3 33
=
=
sq. unit.
2
2
33 33
Area of ABCD =
+
sq. units. = 33.
2
2
=
(1 0) 2 + (2 0)2=
1 + 4 =
5
BC =
(2 1) 2 + (0 2)2 =
1 + 4 = 5
CA =
22 + 0 2 = 2
AB =
AB = BC = CA
So, ABC is isosceles triangle.
2
2
5
=
4
2
x+3
5
= x=2
2
2
y+4
= 4 y=4
2
So,
D = (2, 4)
6. (C) Let co-ordinate of P is (x, y).
As given
y = 3x.
(
)
( )
50x + 65 = 39x + 41
65 41 = (50 38)x
24 = 12x
x = 2, y = 6
7. (D) ABC is the angle between the lines AB & BC.
y y
42
Now slope of line AB(m1) = 2 1 =
x2 x1 3 2
= 2
64 2
& slope of line BC (m 2 ) =
= =1
53 2
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1 m2
21
1
=
=
1+21 3
CAT Complete Course | 421
y2 y1
(x x1 )
x2 x1
Here
(x1 , y1) = (1, 1)
(x2 , y2) = (2, 4)
4 ( 1)
y ( 1) =
(x 1)
21
5
y + 1 = (x 1)
1
y + 1 = 5x 5
5x y = 6
coefficient of X
(C)
Slope =
coefficient of Y
9
9
=
=
5 5
(B) Slope of given line(m1)
coefficient of X
=
coefficient of Y
1
m1 =
2
Let slope of perpendicular line = m 2
m1 m2 = 1
1
m2 = 1
2
m2 = 2
So, equation of line that passes through (1, 3) and
having slope 2 is
y y1 = slope (x x1 )
y 3 = 2(x 1)
2x 2 = y 3
2x y + 1 = 0
(C) Equation of line parallel to 3x + 54 6 = 0 is
3x + 5y + = 0
..(i)
it is given it passes through (1, 7)
31+57+ = 0
3 + 35 + = 0
= 38
So, equation of line is 3x + 5y 38 = 0
Since (a, 2) lines on this line.
3a 10 38
3a = 0 a = 16
02
2
(C)
Slope of AB =
=
30
3
1
3
Slope of ABs altitude =
=
(2/3) 2
Equation of AB's altitude
3
= (y 0) = (x 4)
2
= 2y = 3x 12
(i)
00 0
Slope of BC =
= =0
43 1
8. (D)
9.
10.
11.
12.
y y1 =
1
= y 2 = (x 0)
0
x = 0
From equations (i) & (ii)
x = 0
y = 6
Hence orthocenter (0, 6)
13. (A) (a, b) lies on 3x + 2y = 12
3a + 2b = 12
(b, a) lies on 2x 5x + 4 = 0
2b 5a + 4 = 0
From equations (i) & (ii)
3a + 2b = 12
5a + 2b = 4
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
8a = 16
a = 2
b = 3
23
(x 2)
32
y 3 = (x 2)
x+y5 = 0
x+y = 5
26 4
14. (C)
The slope AB =
=
=2
53 2
Slope of line perpendicular to AB
1 1
=
=
2 2
and this passes through mid point of AB i.e.,
3+5 6+2
=
2
2
y3 =
= (4, 4)
Equation of perpendicular bisector
1
y 4 = (x 4)
2
2y 8 = x 4
x 2y + 4 = 0
15. (B)
Median will be the line through A & mid-point of
2+4 7+5
BC
2
2
16. (C)
2(y 4) + 5(x 5)
2y 8 = 5x 25
5x 2y = 17
5Y = 3X 5
3
5
Y = X
5
5
1
5
So slope of L 1 is =
=
( 3/5) 3
Put x = 0 in L.
Y = 1
Now equation of L1 is = Y ( 1)
5
= (X 0)
3
= 3(Y + 1) = 5X
= 5X 3Y = 3
17. (D) Equation of line which passes through the inter
section of x + 5y 5 = 0 and x y + 2 = 0 is
x + 5y 5 + (x y + 2) = 0
(a + ) x + (5 )y + ( 5 + 2) = 0
Put
y = 0
(a + ) x = 2 - 5
2 5
x =
1+
= 2
given
2 5 = 2 2
4 = 2 + 5
4 = 3
3
=
4
Equation is
3
(a + 5y - 5) + (x y + 2) = 0
4
4x + 20y 20 + 3x - 3y + 6 = 0
7x + 17x 14 = 0
7x + 17y = 14
C1 C2
18. (B)
Distance =
(a2 + b2 )
Here
C 1 = 6, C 2 = 7
6 ( 7) 13
=
=
(4 + 9)
13
=
13
19. (B) Let the point is (x, y)
Given that x = 2y points (2y, y)
20. (B)
83
=1
61
b4
Slope BD =
=b4
32
1 (b 4) = 1
b = 1+4=3
Slope AC =
21. (C)
x1 + x2
=
2
x1 + x2 =
y1 + y2
=
2
y1 + y2 =
x2 + x3
=
2
x2 + x3 =
y2 + y3
=
2
y2 + y3 =
x1 + x3
and
=
2
x1 + x3 =
and
y2 + y3 =
From (i) + (ii) + (iii)
x1 + x2 + x2 + x3 + x3 + x1
=
2(x1 + x2 + x3) =
x1 + x2 + x3 =
and
2(y1 + y2 + y3) =
So,
3,
6
2
4
(i)
3
6
(ii)
4
8
7
14
18
(iii)
6 6 + 14
14
7
4 + 8 + 18
22
y1 + y2 + y3 =
= 11
2
x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
Centroid is = 1
,
3
3
7 11
=
3 3
( )
22. (D)
and
22y + 34 = 10y + 10
34 10 = 12y
y = 2.
So,
abscise = 4
So, point is (4, 2).
CAT Complete Course | 423
x1 + x2
x2 + x3
x3 + x1
y1 + y2
y2 + y3
y3 + y1
From Eqns. (i) & (ii)
x1 + x3
x1 + x3
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
2
6
8
2
4
2x1
x1
x2
From Eqns. (iv) & (v)
y1 y3
y1 + y3
= 4
= 2
= 2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
27.
= 2
= 6
28.
= 10
= 4
2y1 = 6
y1 = 3
y3 = 7 & y2 = 5
Co-ordinate of vertices are (2, 3), ( 2, 5) and
(4, 7)
23. (C) For three points to be collinear
2 0 1
1
0 5 1 = 0
2
a b 1
29.
x+1 = 2 x=1
y+0
3+2
=
2
2
y = 5
= (1, 5)
(B)
Slope of y = x is
m = -1
Equation of line with slope 1 and passing through
point ( 1, 2) is
y 2 = 1 (x + 1)
y2 = x+1
xy+3 = 0
(C)
m1 =
3, m2 = - 1
3
3 1
3
m m2
2
tan = 1
=
=
=
1 + m1 m2
11
3 0
(B) Here
a + b = 20
a = 20 b
Equation of line in intercepts form is
x y
+
= 1
a b
x
y
+ = 1
20 b b
It passes through (4, 6)
4
6
+ = 1
20 b b
b2 22b + 120 = 0
2
b - 12b 10b + 120 = 0
b(b 12) 10(b 12) = 0
(b 12) (b 10) = 0
b = 12 or 10
So,
a = 8 or 10
Equation of line is
x y
+
= 1
8 12
12x + 8y = 96
or
3x + 2y = 24
x
y
or it can be
+
= 1
10 10
x + y = 10
(A) Obviously from right angled triangle BOA
2 5 0
0 5 b 0 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R3
a b 1
Expand along C3
+1 (2 5 b) (5) = 0
10 2b + 5 = 0
15
b =
2
24. (B) Area whose co-ordinates are (x1, y 1 ), (x 2, y 2 )
and (x3 , y3) are
1
= ab sin .
25. (B) We know that the mid-point of diagonals lies on
line
2y = 3x + k.
30.
Here mid-point is (4, 1) hence 2 1 = 3 4 + k
OA = OB = a/
2
k = 10.
Hence
the
vertex
(a/
2,
0)
is
not
the vertex of
26. (C) Let A ( 1, 3) and C (3, 2) be the ends of
square.
diagonals of parallelogram ABCD. Let B (1, 0) and
Solutions B
D be (x, y). Then mid-points of diagonals AC and
BD coincide.
1. (C) Let A, B, C, D be the four vertices. Then Area of
So,
quadrilateral = Area of two triangles ABD and BCD.
x+1
1+3
Now Area of triangle ABD with A (2, 4), B (0, 4), D
=
2
2
(0, 4)
CAT Complete Course | 424
1
[x (y y ) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2)]
2 1 2 3
1
= [2 (4 + 4) + 0 ( 4 4) + 2 (4 4)]
2
1
= 16 = 8 square units.
2
Area of Triangle BCD with B (0, 4), C (0, 4), D(2,
4) will be
1
= [0 ( 4 + 4) + 0 ( 4 4) + 2 (4 + 4)]
2
1
= 16 = 8 square units.
2
Total Area
= 8 + 8 = 16 square units.
2. (A) Find the three length separately
=
AB = 6, BC =
3.
4.
5.
6.
32 + (3
3)2 = 6
32 + (3
3)2 = 6.
AC =
Hence the point are the vertices of equilateral
triangle.
(B) Let the ratio be 4 : 3 or 4/3 : 1.
Now
X = (4/3 2 5)/(4/3 1)
= (8/3 5)/(1/3)
= ( 7/3)/(1/3) = 7
Y = [(4/3X 3]/(4/3 1)
= 1/(1/3) = 3.
Hence ( 7, 3).
(A)
Centroid = (3 + 7 2), (10 + 7 + 1)/3
= (8/3, 6).
(C) As diagonals bisect in a parallelogram, the mid
point of AC will be the same as mid point of BD. Let
D = (X, Y) Then we have mid point of AC = (1/2,
1/2) & mid point of BD = [( 2 + X)/2, ( 2 + Y)/2]
Equating ( 2 + X)/2 = 1/2 or -2 + X = 1 or X = 3
Similarly Y = 3.
Hence (3, 3).
(C) Let the point be P (2X, X).
AP =
(3 2X)2 + (1 + X)2 ,
BP =
(5 2X)2 + (3 X) 2
AP = BP (3 2X) 2 + (1 + X)2
= (5 2X)2 + (3 X) 2
10 14X + 5X2 = 34 26X + 5X2
2X = 24
x = 2, 2x = 4
P(2X, X) = P(4, 2).
7. (D) Angle ABC is the angle between the lines AB &
BC.
Now slope of line AB = m1= (3 4)/(6 4) = 1/2
and slope of line BC = m2 = ( 1 3)/(2 6)
= 4/- 4 = 1
1
1
m 1 m2
2
Now
tan =
=
1 + m1 m2
1
1+
(1)
2
3/2
=
= 3.
1
1
2
( )
Y 3 = (X 5)
or
X+Y8 = 0
9. (C)
Slope = coefficient of X/coefficient of Y
= a2 / a = a.
10. (B) Line parallel to X 2Y 5 = 0 will be X 2Y +
K = 0 Put the point (2, -4) in this equation we have 2
+ 8 + K = 0 or K = -10 or line is X 2Y 10 = 0.
Short-cut : Substitute (2, -4) in the options. Only (b)
satisfies.
11. (C) Line parallel to 4X + 3Y 6 = 0 will be 4X + 3Y
+K=0
Put (2, 3)
8 + 9 + K = 0 or K = 17.
Hence the required line is 4X + 3Y 17 = 0
Now (4, P) lies on this line so, 4 4 + 3 P 17 = 0
Or
3P = 1 or P = 1/3.
12. (C) We have the triangle as in the figure.
We have slope of BC = 0
Hence slope of BC's altitude =
Equation of BC's altitude = (Y a) = m(X)
(Y a) = 1/0 X
X = 0
(a)
Now slope of AB = (a 0)/(0 b)
= a/b and
Slope of AB's altitude = b/a
Equation of AB's altitude = (Y 0)
= b/a(X c)
aY bX + bc = 0
(b)
Solve (a) & (b) to get X = 0
Y = bc/a.
13. (A) We have
6r s = 1
(1)
2s 5r = 5
(2)
Solving r = 1, s = 5. Hence equation of line through
(1, 5), (5, 1) will be Y 5 = (1 5)/(5 1) (X 1)
Y5 = 1X
or
Y + X = 6.
14. (C) The slope of given line = (4 2) /( 7 1) = 2/6 =
1/3, hence slope of line perpendicular to this will be
3 & it passes through mid point of AB (1 + 7)/2, (2
+ 4)/2, = (4, 3).
Hence equation is Y 3 = 3(X 4)
or
Y 3 = 3X + 12
or
Y + 3X = 15.
15. (B) Median will be the line through A & mid-point
1+3 1+1
of BC
2
2
i.e, (1, 0) . Hence equation through (2, 5) & (1, 0)
will be Y 5 = (0 5)/(1 2) (X 2) or 5X Y
5 = 0.
(a + b )
12 + 2 2
11
=
2X + 1 = 6X + 9
X = 2.
Hence the point is (2, 2).
20. (B)
Slope AC = (4 a)/(3 2) = 4 a
Slope BD = (6 5)/ (0 3) = 1/3
For perpendicular (4 a)( 1/3) = 1 a = 1.
21. (C) Let the vertices of the triangle are A (X1, Y1),
B (X2 , Y2) and C (X3, Y3), then
X1 + X 2 = 8
(i)
Y1 + Y2 = 10
(ii)
X2 + X 1 = 4
(iii)
Y2 + Y 3 = 6
(iv)
X3 + X 1 = 8
(v)
Y3 + Y 1 = 6
(vi)
On solving these equations, we get X1 = 10, X2 = 2,
X3 = 2Y1 = 1, Y2 = 11, Y3 = 5.
Hence the centroid is (2, 5/3).
Shortcut : As we know that the centroid of the
triangle ABC and that of the triangle formed by
joining the middle points of the sides of triangle
ABC is same. [(4 + 4 2) /3, (5 3 + 3)] (2, 5/3).
22. (A) (X 1 + X2 )/2 = 2 (X2 + X3 )/2 = 1,
(X 3 + X1 )/2 = 4
X1 = 7, X2 = 3, X3 = 1.
Y1 = 9, Y2 = 7, Y3 = 1.
23. (C)
a 0 1
1/2 0 b 1 = 0
1 1 1
a (b 1) + 0 + 1 ( b) =
ab a b =
1/a + 1/b =
a cos
24. (D) Area = 1/2 a sin
a cos
0
0
1
b sin 1
b cos 1
b sin 1
cos sin 1
= 1/2 (a b) sin cos 1
cos sin 1
= ab/2 [cos ( cos + sin ) sin
(sin + cos ) + 1 ( sin2 + cos2 )
= ab/2 (1 + 1) = ab.
25. (B) We know that the mid-point of diagonals lies on
line
y = 2x + c.
Here mid-point is (3, 2), hence c = 4.
26. (B) Let A (3, 4) and C ( 6, 5) be the ends of
diagonals of parallelogram ABCD. Let B ( 2, 1) and
D be (X, Y). Then mid-points of diagonals AC and
BD coincide.
54
So (X 2)/2 = ( 6 + 3)/2 and (Y + 1)/2 =
2
X = 1, Y = 0
Co-ordinates of D are (1, 0).
27. (B) Let the required equation be y = x + c which is
perpendicular to y = x and passes through (3, 2). So
2 = 3+c c=5
Hence required equation is x + y = 5.
28. (B)
2
32
3
1+43
= tan1 (
3) = 120
= tan1
Illustration 2.
72
3v 73
=
u 20
v
Eliminating the auxiliary unknown t and simplifying,
we get the following system :
s = 3(u + v 20)
9uv = 2(u + v)2
v (u 20) = 24(u + v 20)
To find s we have to find u and v from the last two
equations. Noting that the second equation is a homogeneous second-degree equation in two variables, we can
easily find the ratio u : v.
Since we are interested in u and v different from
zero, then dividing the second equation by v 2 , we get a
quadratic equation in the new variable z = u/v :
2z2 5z + 2 = 0
The roots of this equations z1 = 2 and z2 = 1/2, and so
either u = 2v or u = v/2.
But from the statement of the problem u > v, and so
we take u = 2v.
Substituting this value of u into the third equation,
we get either v = 40 or v = 6. But if v = 6, then u = 12, but
it is given that u > 20. The problem is satisfied only by
v =40. But then u = 80 and s = 300. Therefore, the
distance AB is found to be 300 km.
Almost insuperable difficulties stem from problems
in which the aspirant finds, after correctly setting up the
system of equations, that the number of unknowns is
greater than the number of equations. The following
problem illustrates this point.
Illustration 6.
Two boys with one bicycle between them set out
from A in the direction at B, one by bicycle and the other
on foot. At a certain distance from A the one riding the
bicycle left it by the road and continued towards B on
foot. The one who had started out on foot reached the
bicycle and rode the rest of the distance. Both reached B
at the same time. On the return trip from B to A, they did
as before, but this time the cyclist rode one kilometer
more than the first time and so his comrade arrived in A
21 minutes after he did. Find the rate of each of the boys
on foot if they both did 20 km/hr cycling, and, on foot,
the first takes 3 minutes less to cover each kilometer than
the second.
Let us introduce the following notation :
s km for the distance between A and B;
v km/hr for the rate on the foot of the first boy;
w km/hr for the rate on the foot of the second boy;
a km for the distance that the first boy cycled from A
to B (he thus first his bicycle a km from A and covered
the rest of the distance to B on foot).
It is quite clear that the whole trip from A to B was
made by the first boy a/20 + (s a ) /v hours, by the
second boy in a/w + (s a)/20 hours. The fact that they
430 | CAT Complete Course
set out at same time and arrived at the same time yield the
first equation :
a sa a sa
+
= +
20
v
w
20
The information on the B to A trip enables us to set
up the second equation in similar fashion :
a+1 sa1 a+1 sa1 7
+
=
+
20
v
w
20
20
(21 minutes = 7/20 hr).
Since the first boy spent 1/v hours per km and the
second 1/w hours, we immediately get (from the
statement of the problem) the third equation :
1 1 1
=
w v 20
We now have a system of three equations in four
unknowns. It is impossible to determine all the
unknowns s, a, v, w from this system. In this sense, the
system is indeterminate. But does this mean we are not
able to solve the problems ? Of course not. This is
because we only have to find two unknown quantities, the
rates v and w, and those can be found uniquely from the
system of equations.
To do this, subtract the first equation from the second
1 1 9
to get + =
and consider the result together with the
w v 20
third equation. Obvious computations yield v = 5 km/hr
and w = 4 km/hr.
In this problem we were able to find the unknowns
we needed despite the fact that there were fewer
equations than unknowns. In the next problem we will
obtain a system of equations without being able to
determine any of the unknowns, though we will be able to
determine the greater one, which is what is required in the
problem.
Illustration 7.
A aspirant spends a certain sum of money on a
booking, a fountain pen and a book. If the cost of the
bookbag were less by a factor of 5, the pen by a factor of
2 and the book by a factor of 2.5, the overall cost would
be 8 dinar. Now if, compared to the original cost the
prices were reduced- twofold for the bookbag, fourfold
for the pen, and threefold for the book-then the total
outlay would be 12 dinar. How much money was spent
and what item cost more, the book bag or the fountain
pen ?
Suppose the bookbag cost x dinar, the pen y dinar
and the book z dinar. Together they cost x + y + z, and
that is what we wish to find out.
The first equation is set up on the condition that
under the original assumption the outlay was 8 dinar :
x y
z
+ +
= 8
5 2 25
km. From the statement that the fast train meets the first
passenger train not later than three hours after departure,
we get
s
3
v1 + v2
From the condition that the fast train arrived in B not
earlier than 5 hours after departure, we obtain
s
5
v1
Since the time elapse prior to the first meeting is
s/(v1 + v2) hours, it follows that the fast train will overtake
the second passenger train in 12+ [s/(v 1 + v2)] hours, and
so
s
12 +
(v1 v2) = s
v1 + v2
We have to find x = s/v2 , whence s = xv2 . Substituting
this expression for s in the preceding equation and
inequalities and denoting v1/v2 we get the system
x 3( + 1)
x 5
x = 6( 2 1)
It was precisely this system that stumped many
aspirants.
Actually it is not so complicated. It is necessary to
eliminate either x or and go over to a system of two
inequalities in one unknown. Since it appears easier at
first glance to eliminate x, let us do so. Putting x = 6(2
1) into the first two inequalities, we obtain the system of
inequalities
22 3 0
62 5 6 0
The solutions of the first inequality are 1 3/2,
the solutions of the second are 3/2, and 2/3.
Hence, the solution of the system is =3/2, and also all
lying in the interval 1 2/3. Since we are only
interested in positive values of , the condition of the
problem is satisfied by the sole value , the condition of
the problem is satisfied by the sole value = 3/2. From
this it is easy to find x = 15/2 and we get the answer : the
first passenger train arrives at A at 16:30.
This problem allows for a solution in which all the
conditions of the problem are written down in the form of
equations. This is achieved by introducing supplementary
unknowns and obtaining a system of equations in which
the number of unknowns is greater than the number of
equations. However, it is more difficult to solve that type
of system of equations than it is to solve a system of
inequalities.
Let us solve the problem the second way, retaining
all the earlier notation. Let the fast train meet the first
passenger train after an elapse of (3 t1 ) hours (t1 0), let
it pass B in (5 + t2) hours (t2 0) and let it catch up with
the second passenger train in [(3 t1 ) + 12] hours. Then
we can easily set up the equations
(v1 + v2) (3 t1 ) = s
v1(5 + t2 ) = s
(15 t1 ) (v 1 v2) = s
xv2 = s
Eliminating s and denoting v1/v2 by , we get the
system of equations
( + 1) (3 t1 ) = x
(5 + t2 ) = s
(8)
( + 1) (15 t1 ) = x
This is a system of three equations in four unknowns.
We only want x. proceeding as before, eliminate x to get
t2 + ( +1) t1 = 3 2
(1 )t1 t2 = 15 10
(9)
Noting that the right member of the second equation
is five times the right member of the first, multiply the
first by 5 and subtract the second to get
6t2 + (6 + 4) t1 = 0
(10)
Since > 0, t1 0, t2 0, it follows that this
equation can only be valid for t1 = 0 and t2 = 0. But then
from (9) it is easy to find = 3/2 and from (8), x =15/2.
We get the same answer. Many aspirants failed to notice
that (10) can be derived from (9) and therefore they could
not conclude, from (9), that t 1 = t2 = 0 and so could not
solve the problem.
The foregoing shows that the first method of solution
is much easier than the second method.
Illustration 9.
A cyclist starts out from city A at 9 A. M. and
proceeds at a constant rate of 12 km/hr. Two hours later,
a motorcyclist starts out with an initial speed of 22 km/hr
and proceeds with uniformly decelerated motion so that
in one hour the speed diminishes by 2 km/hr. A man in a
car driving to A at 50 km/hr meets first the motorcyclist
and then the cyclist. Will the car driver be able to reach A
by 19: 00 that same day ?
This problem can likewise be solved by setting up a
system of equations and inequalities, but it would require
extended reasoning. It is best to approach the problem by
simple reasoning instead of attempting to solve it by
formally setting up of a system of equations and
inequalities.
If follows from the statement of the problem that first
the motorcyclist catches up with the cyclist and then the
cyclist catches up with the motorcyclist. Let the cyclist
spend t hours prior to a meeting (first or second, no
matter which). Then the motorcyclist will spend (t 2)
hours over the same distance. Since they cover the same
distance before meeting, we can equate their paths to
obtain.
(t 2)2
12t = 22 (t 2) 2
2
Solving this equation, we see that up to the first
meeting the cyclist rode 6 hours and thus covered 72 km;
432 | CAT Complete Course
1600 =
176,800 = 1600
1600 +
1600
than one set of the third kind. We have thus obtained the
inequalities x 2, z 1.
Now there are fewer cases and we can run through
them. For x = 0 we get the equation 6y + 9z = 100 to
determine y and z. It clearly does not have a solution
since the left member is divisible by 3 but the Right is
not. Furthermore, when x = 1 we get the equation 2y + 3z
= 32, which [taking into account the inequality z 1) has
the unique solution y = 16. z = 0. Finally, when x = 2,
there is no solution, as in the case of x = 0.
Thus, to ensure the largest number of decorations, we
have to buy 1 set of 20 items and 16 sets of 35 items.
It is possible in this solution to dispense with
examining all cases if a more detailed use is made of
divisibility, as witness: from the given equation it follows
that the number x yields a remainder of 1 upon division
by 3, and the number z is even. It therefore follows
immediately from the inequalities x 2 and z 1 that x =
1 and z = 0; from the equation we get y = 16.
Note in conclusion that in actuality the foregoing
reasoning signifies that the optimality condition of the
solution may be written in the form of the following
system of equations and inequalities :
4x + 6y + 9z = 100,
0 x 2, 0 y, 0 z 1
(11)
With the supplementary provison that x, y and z are
integers. Now the condition of x, y and z being integers
means that z = 2n and x =1 + 3k, where n and k are also
integers. Substituting these values of z and x into the
appropriate equations, we get n = k = 0, or x = 1 and z =
0. It is now easy to find y = 16 from equation (11).
Illustration 12.
A forestry has to deliver 1590 trees. The vehicles
1
assigned to this job are 1 ton, three-ton and five-ton
2
1
trucks. A1 ton truck carries 26 trees at a time, a three2
ton truck carries 45 trees, and a five-ton truck, 75 trees.
1
The cost of one run of a 1 ton truck is 9 dinar, that of a
2
three-ton truck, 15 dinar, and of a five-ton truck, 24 dinar.
The forestry wishes to minimize the overall cost of the
deliveries. How is this to be done (it is assumed all trucks
are fully loaded) ?
1
Let x, y, z be the number of 1 -ton, three-ton, and
2
five-ton trucks, respectively, in the case of optimal
distribution. Since all vehicles are fully loaded, the
number of transported trees in this setup will be 26x + 45y
+ 75z and thus we get the equation 26x + 45 y + 75z =
1590.
We are now in the same position as in Problem 11,
but attempts to reduce the number of cases that succeeded
then do not yield any substantial simplification. For
example, x is divisible by 15. That's about all. We might
CAT Complete Course | 433
1
add that 45 1 -ton trucks would cost 405 dinar a trip, 26
2
three-ton trucks carrying the same number of trees would
cost 390 dinar so that in an optimal solution the number
1
of 1 -ton trucks should not exceed 44. And so for x we
2
get three possibilities : x = 0, x = 15, x = 30. For each of
these values we would have to solve the equation for y
and z, which also have a good many solutions.
This is a very tedious approach, though in the
absence of any other, it is acceptable.
Here's an attractive idea, which, unfortunately,
doesn't do the job. From the statement of the problem it is
1
easy to figure out that for 45 dinar using 5 1 -ton trucks
2
we can deliver 130 trees and using 3 three-ton trucks, 135
1
trees. It would therefore appear that the number of 1 -ton
2
trucks should not exceed 4, otherwise those same trees
could be delivered more cheaply. From this and from
earlier considerations it follows that x = 0 and the number
of cases left to be examined is much less. .
Actually, however, this argument only implies that
for a given sum of money we can deliver a larger number
of trees, but our aim is to deliver a given number of trees
at minimum cost. Nevertheless, it is still possible to get
around brute-force tactics by just a little commonsense
reasoning.
Any reasonable person would first estimate which of
the given types of trucks is the most efficient by
determining the cost of delivering a single tree. We find
1
the following : for a 1 -ton truck, a three-tonner and a
2
five-tonner the cost is 9/26, 1/3 and 8/25 dinar
respectively. Since 9/26 > 1/3 > 8/25, it is clear that it is
more profitable to use five-ton trucks first, then, if
1
necessary, three-tonners and, finally, 1 -ton trucks.
2
It is easy to see that the greatest number of trees that
can be delivered by five-ton trucks comes out to 1575.
However, seeing that all vehicles must be fully loaded,
we get 1500 trees for delivery by five-ton trucks. Then 90
trees can be delivered by three-tonners and so it is natural
to suppose that the optimal distribution will be 20 fiveton and 2 three-ton trucks.
It is easy to demonstrate that this plan is indeed an
optimal plan : if we reduce the number of five-tonners,
then the "undelivered" trees apportioned to these vehicles
1
would have to be delivered by 1 -ton and three-ton
2
trucks, but delivery costs per tree on these trucks are
higher, and so the total cost or the assignment would
increase.
We thus have the optimal distribution of 20 five-ton
and 2 three-ton trucks, while all the unknowns and the
single equation that was set up remain unused! To
434 | CAT Complete Course
SOLVING EQUATION
At competitions a rather strange situation would
appear to develop around equation. These problems are
ordinarily not considered difficult and most aspirants
handle them fairly well. Yet many serious mistakes are
made.
This situation is strange only at first glance. The
point is that very often there is a big gap between
computational techniques and a conscious grasp of the
logical foundations that underlie them.
Most aspirants can of course simplify an equation by
means of clear-cut manipulations, but by far not every
aspirant is capable of realizing that a solution has been
lost or acquired, and many dont even give thought to
such things still others may know certain parts of the
theory pertaining to these matters but the knowledge is
only formal and such aspirants are often completely
helpless in a slightly altered situation.
Let us say that the aspirant is quite familiar with fact
that squaring both sides of an irrational equation can give
rise to extraneous roots. Yet time and again aspirants
square trigonometric equations and then fail to discard
extraneous roots! This mistake would not be made if the
aspirant realized why squaring leads to the introduction
of extraneous roots.
Or take checking. There seem to be two opposing
opinions among aspirants here. Some regard checking as
a whim of the teacher, some thing that simply has to be
done in order to pass while others regard checking as
necessary in all cases without exception. They even go on
to check the roots of quadratic equations. Both views are
based on a total misconception of what checking really is
and what place it occupies in problem solving.
In short, the aspirant should have a firm grasp of the
fundamentals of the theory that is needed in the solution
of equations. Let us examine this minimum of theoretical
knowledge.
First some definitions.
1. The domain of the variable of an equation is the
set of values of the variable (unknown) for which its left
and right members are meaningful (defined ); it is thus
the set of all eligible replacement for a variable in an
equation.
2. A number is a solution (root) of an equation if
when substituted for the unknown (variable) makes the
equation a true statement (converts it into a true
numerical equation).
According to this definition, the solution set (all the
solutions) of an equation is a subset (a part) of the domain
we replace
2x + 1 by 2x + 1, we immediately extend
the domain of the variable since 2x + 1 is meaningful for
2
all x, while
ab =
a b, (
x)
1
, sin 2x
tan x
2 tanx ,
1 + tan2 x
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 tan x tan y
=
2x 6 +
x + 4 = 5.
Squaring both sides and using the formulas for
transforming radicals, we get the equation
2x 6 + 2
(2x 6) (x + 4) + x + 4 = 25
Or 2
2x2 + 2x 24 = 27 3x
(1)
5x + 7
3x + 1 =
x + 3
Squaring both members and manipulating we get
2
(5x + 7) (3x + 1) = 7x + 5
Whence, again squaring we obtain the quadratic
equation 11x2 + 34x + 3 = 0, whose roots are x1 = 1/11
and x2 = 3 direct verification shows that x = 1/11 is
the root of the original equation. Checking the value x =
3 many aspirant at the examination got the equation
8
Illustration 15.
Solve the equation
x + 3 +
2x 1 = 4.
Both members of this equation are non-negative in the
domain of the variable, and so after squaring we obtain an
equation which, according to statement B is equivalent to
the original one in the domain of the variable :
(
x + 3)
+ 2
x + 3
2x 1 +
2x 1 = 16
Using the formulas for transforming radicals, which
clearly extend the domain, we get the equation
2
2x2 + 5x 3 = 14 3x
(2)
In these transforming, extraneous roots could appear
only due to the extension of the domain of the variable.
Then we reason as follows. The left member of (2) is
non-negative for every (permissible) value of x; but the
right member is negative for x >14/3. It is quite obvious
that these values of x cannot be solutions of the equation,
and so from now on we will consider equation (2) only in
the domain x 14/3. But in this domain both member of
(2) are non-negative (for the permissible values of x with
respect to (2), naturally) and according to the statement
B, squaring yields an equation that is equivalent to (2) on
the set x 14/3 :
(2
2x + 5x 3)
(14 3x)2
From this, once more extending the domain of the
variable, we get the quadratic equation x2 104x + 208 =
0 whose roots are x1,2 = 52 8
39. Both these roots, as
will readily be seen, lie in the domain of the variable of
the original equation and for this reason we have only to
check that they satisfy the condition x 14/3 : It is easy
to compute that x1> 14/3 and x2 14/3 so that x 2 is the
only root of equation (2) and consequently, of the original
equation.
We once again stress that one should resort to this
kind of detailed, theoretical, solution only in case of
necessity, only when working through the rough draft as
the aspirant sees that the roots are bad which is to say
that a direct substitution into the equation leads to a rather
complicated problem: the proof or disproof of the
equations
55 + 8
39 +
103 + 16
39 = 4,
55 + 8
39 +
103 16
39 = 4,
Incidentally, the first of these equations is clearly not
true. The second one can easily be proved if one knows
the formula for transforming expressions of the form
A
B. The alternative approach of squaring involves
considerable computational difficulties. It is quite clear
that both these methods are more complicated than the
one we gave, where all we had to do was to test the roots
x1 and x 2 for their validity under the condition x 14/3.
Nevertheless, in this problem it is still possible to overcome the difficulties of direct verification and avoid
application of the theory.
CAT Complete Course | 437
a x2.
The right side is non-negative for all (permissible) x,
and the left side is non-negative for x 1. Therefore, the
given equation is, in the domain x 1, equivalent to the
equation (x 1)2 =
(
a x ) which can be reduced to
2
2x2 2x + 1 a = 0
(3)
(in the process, the domain of the variable was extended
and we will finally have to check the resulting roots to
see if they lie in the domain). And so we have to solve
equation (3) and choose the roots for which x 1 and a
x2 0. The discriminate of this equation is equal to 2a
1, so that for a <1/2 it does not have any real roots; all the
more so, the original equation has no roots for these
values of a.
Now we assume that a 1/2; the roots of (3) are x 1,2
= 1
the inequality 1
2a 1 /2. 1 or
2a 1 1; It
clearly holds true a 1. And so for a<1the original
equation does not have any roots, but for a 1 we still
have to verify the validity of the inequality a x12 0
which is equivalent to the inequality a
2a 1. Both
member of this inequality are nonnegative (we are
considering a 1) and they can be squared, yielding a2
2a 1 or a2 2a + 1 0, which is valid for all values of
a.
And so for a < 1 the original equation has no roots,
2a 1 /2.
Note that the verification of the last condition a x2
0, which logically speaking is obligatory, can be
conducted without any computations at all. Indeed, x1 and
x2 have been obtained as roots of the equation (x 1)2 = a
x2 and hence for x = x1 and x = x2 the right side is nonnegative.
We once again stress the fact that a direct substitution
as a check of the roots would have reduced to equations
in a :
2a 1
a+
2a 1
=1
2
2
the outward aspect alone of which is quite saddening.
Thus, without a conscious mastering of the approach
given here to the solution of equations, such problems
can cause great difficulties.
One of the most common sources of extraneous roots
is the use of various logarithmic formulas, in particular,
the formula for taking logarithms of a product. Indeed,
438 | CAT Complete Course
1 + x + 3 log10
1 x = log10
1 x2 + 2. we
transform log10
1 x2
log10
1 x2 = log10
1+x
1 x = log10
log10
1+x
1 x+
1 + x + 3 log10
1 x = log10
1x+
= 0
cos 3x cos 5x
Whence, after a few elementary manipulations, we
get
sin 2x
= 0
cos 3x cos 5x
Now, solving the equation sin 2x = 0, we get x = k /
2, k = 0, 1, Now discard extraneous solutions,
which is to say, those for which the denominator cos 3x
cos 5x vanishes, which obviously happens when the
values of k are odd. The solution of the original equation
will then be the angles x = k/2, where k is even: k = 2n,
n = 0, 1, 2
That is, x = n, n = 0, 1, 2,
Quite obviously it is a grave mistake to take the set
of values x = k / 2 for the answer.
It is the same disregard for the domain of the variable
that accounts for mistakes in equation solving in which
the left-hand member has been factored and the righthand member is zero. In solving such an equation, the
aspirant ordinarily equates each factor to zero in succession and combines the solutions obtained, completely
discarding the fact that for certain values of x which
make one of the factors vanish the other factor may be
meaningless, and in that case such values of x will not be
roots of the proposed equation. Therefore a proper solution
requires a check to see that all the values of x obtained do
indeed lie within the domain of the variable. This can
occasionally give rise to considerable difficulties.
Illustration 22.
Solve the equation
Sin 2x cos2 2x sin2 6x tan x cot 3x = 0
Equating each factor to zero in succession, we finally
get five groups of roots :
k
x = , x = (2k + 1) , x = , x = k, x = (2k + 1)
2
4
6
6
Where, throughout, k is any integer.
But this is not yet the answer, the point being that
tan x and cos 3x are not defined for all values of x and
therefore many values of x in these groups may prove to
be extraneous. Let us consider each group separately.
(1) x = k/2. If k is even, k = 2l, then x = l and
cot 3x is meaningless ; if k is odd, k = 2l + 1, then x = l +
/2 and tan x is meaningless.
Thus, not a single angle x of the first group is
actually a solution of the equation
(2) x = (2k + 1)/4. Then, as is evident, tan x is
meaningless. Besides, 3x(6k + 3) /4 so that cot 3x is
likewise meaningful.
Thus, all angles x of the second group are solutions
of the equation.
(3) x = k/6. It is easy to see that, in the trigonometric circle, the terminal side of the angle x coincide
with the vertical diameter for x = 6l + 3 and hence tan x is
meaningful for k 6l + 3. Furthermore, 3x = k/2 and cot
3x has meaning only for odd values of k. Hence, the only
suitable values are odd numbers k not equal to 6l + 3, or
numbers k of the form k = 6l + 1, k = 6l + 5.
CAT Complete Course | 439
Illustration 23.
Solve the equation
3
log1(x + 2)2 3 = log1 (4 x)3 + log1(x + 6)3
2 4
4
4
Since, log1 (x + 2)2 = 2log1 |x + 2|
4
log1 (4
x)3
= 3log1 (4 x),
log1 (x +
6)3
= 3log1 (x + 6)
and consequently,
4|x + 2| = 4(4 x) (x + 6)
(there is an extension of the domain in the last two
transformations and so we can expect the appearance
of extraneous roots). The roots of this equation are x1 = 2,
x2 = 1
33
Extraneous roots could appear during the process of
solution only because of an extension of the domain of
the variable and so, on the basis of statement A, all we
need to do is test the values x1 and x2 for membership in
the domain. It is readily seen that all the expression under
the sign of the logarithms in the given equation for x = x1
and are roots of the equation.
The restriction of the domain and, hence, the loss of
roots can also occur when passing to a new logarithm
base.
Illustration 24.
Solve the equation
log0.5x x2 14 log16x x3 + 40 log4x
x=0
Here is a aspirants solution. Talking of the changeof-base rule and taking x as new logarithmic base, we
have
logx x2
14 logx x3 40 logx
x
+
=0
logx 05x logx 16x
logx 4x
But it is quite evident that the new equation is devoid
of meaning for x =1, whereas the original equation not
only is meaningful for x =1 but has unity as its root. This
is precisely where most aspirants lose the root x =1.
We must therefore reason as follows : we want to
pass to the base x; to do this we must be sure that x > 0
and x 0. Since all the x of our domain are positive the
first condition x > 0 is satisfied; on the other hand, unity
lies in the domain and substitution shows that x =1 is a
root. Thus, one root of the original equation has been
found: x = 1. Now let us seek roots that differ from unity.
Then we can pass to the base x without losing roots.
+
=0
1 y 1 + 4y 1 + 2y
This equation is reduced to the quadratic 2y2 + 3y 2
= 0, whose roots are y1 = 1/2, y2 = 2. Then we get logx2
= 1/2, whence x = 4 and logx2 = 2 , whence x = 1/
2.
Both of these values, 4 and 1/
2, are roots of the original
equation. Hence, the original equation has the roots.
A common and very grave mistake that results in a
loss of roots is the canceling of a common factor from
sides of an equation. It is clear that in the process, roots
may be lost which make the common factor vanish.
In such cases it is best to transpose all terms to the
left side, take out the common factor and consider two
cases: (1) the common factor is equal to zero; (2) the
common factor is not equal to zero; then of course the
expression in the brackets is zero. It is also possible to
consider first the case when the common factor is equal
to zero and then cancel the common factor.
Illustration 25.
Find all the solutions of the equation
x22x + 1 + 2 |x 3| + 2 = x22|x 3| + 4 + 2x 1
We consider two cases.
(a) Let x 3. Here we have the equation
x22x + 1 + 2 x 1 = x22x + 1 + 2 x 1
Which is evidently satisfied for every x, and so in
this case the solutions of the given equation will be all
values of x 3.
(b) Let x <3. Then the equation takes the form
x22x + 1 + 2 5 x = x227 x + 2x 1
whence
2x 1 (4x2 1) = 25 x (4x2 1)
It was precisely at this point where many of the
aspirants at the examination were taken in by the
exponential expressions and disregarded the
insignificant power expression and simply cancelled
them obtaining the equation 2x 1 = 2 5 x . They then
obtained the root x =3 and, what is more, failed to noticed
that it does not satisfy the condition x < 3.
It is abundantly clear that before canceling out 4x2 1
the aspirants should have considered the case of 4x 2 1 = 0
then they would have found the roots x1,2 = 1/2 which
also satisfy the condition x < 3.
Thus, the solutions of the given equation are: any
x 3, x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1/2.
A common mistake made by aspirants is the
incorrect use of the following statement: If two powers
are equal and if their bases are equal and different from 0
and 1, then their exponent are equal as well: What is
usually forgotten is the phrase differently from 0 and 1.
The result is a loss of roots, namely those of which the
base is equal to 0 or 1.
Illustration 26.
Solve the equation xx =
xx .
This equation may be rewritten as
xx = xx/2
Thus, the powers are equal and the bases are equal.
So as not to lose any roots let us see whether the base can
be 0 or 1. Since the expression 0 is meaningless, the
number 0 is not an element in the domain set and
therefore x = 0 is not a root of the equation. Contrariwise,
x = 1 is obviously a root. Now let us seek roots that are
different from 0 and 1. Using the indicated rule, we
obtain
x = x/2, whence we find the second rot of the
equation, x = 4.
One sometimes hears the erroneous assertion: If the
power of a number is 1, then the exponent is equal to
zero. This is only true if the base is different from 1, but
if the base is 1, then for any exponent the power will be 1.
Problem involving logical difficulties
Very considerable difficulties of a logical nature are
ordinarily caused by equations, inequalities or systems
containing parameters, in which it is required to find the
values of the parameters for which certain supplementary
requirements are fulfilled (say, the equation has a unique
solution or, contrariwise, is satisfied by all admissible
values of x, or every solution of one system of equations
is a solution of another system, or every solution of one
inequality is a solution of another, and the like)
This type of problem is probably the most difficult,
for it requires a high degree of logical culture. The
student must at every step clearly realize what has been
done and what still remains to be done, and what the
results obtained signify.
Illustration 27.
For what values of a does the equation 1 + sin2 ax =
cos x have a unique solution ?
It is clear that sin2 ax cannot, for arbitrary values of a,
be expressed in terms of sin x and cos x. For this reason,
the equation at hand cannot be solved by ordinary
methods; a new idea for the solution is needed.
Due to the fact that we have the inequality cos x 1
1 + sin 2 ax, the original equation is valid if and only if
one of the following systems of equations is fulfilled :
1 + sin2 ax = 1
sin ax = 0
cos x = 1
or
cos x = 1
We thus have to solve the last system and investigate
for which values of a it has a unique solution. Since the
original equation is equivalent to this system, the values
of a thus found will be the required values.
Here is where the most serious logical complications
begin. It is precisely at this point that we see which
students understands the problem and which merely
performs the manipulations without realizing what he is
doing and why it is necessary.
CAT Complete Course | 441
| |
1 + 2 tan a
= b
(12)
4
Since b = tan a, then a thus satisfies the equation
1 + 2 tan a
= tan a
4
Which can readily be reduced to the quadratic
equation tan 2 a 2 tan a + 1 = 0. Hence, tan a = 1 and
the suitable pairs a , b must be sought among the
infinitude of pairs of the form
a = + m, b = 1, m = 0, 1, 2,
4
Let us determine which of these pairs are actually
( )
( )
(4 + m x) + tan x tan (4 + m x)
= tan x + tan
1 tan x
1 tan x
+ tan x
1 + tan x
1 + tan x
The last expression is equal to unity. Thus all pairs a
= /4 + m, m = 0, 1, 2, , b = 1 are suitable.
However, the solution is not yet complete since in
the course of our discussion we excluded the values a =
/2 + n and a = 3/4 + k, k, n = 0, 1, 2, it remain
to consider these values as well.
Let a = /2 + n , n an integer. In this case,
obviously, a 3/4 + k and therefore (12) must be valid,
from it follows, for the values of a under consideration,
that b = 3. We will attempt to find suitable pairs among
a = + n, b = 3, n = 0, 1, 2,
2
3
tan
+ tan
+ n + tan
tan
+ n
4
4
4
4
= 1 3 and therefore there are no suitable pairs among
the number pairs a, b under consideration.
Now let a = 3/4 + k, k an integer. Since in this
case a /2 + n, the equation tan a =b must be true, i.e.,
b = 1. We wish to find suitable pairs among the pairs
3
a=
+ k, b = 1, k = 0, 1, 2,
4
The pair x = 3 /8, y = 3 /8 + k satisfies the
equation x + y = a on the other hand,
3
3
3
3
tan
+ tan
+ k + tan tan
+ k
8
8
8
8
3
3
= 2 tan + tan2
>0
8
8
(because the angle 3/8 lies in the first quadrant) and so
the left member of (11) is different from 1 and thus
there are no suitable pairs among the pairs a, b under
consideration.
The final answer is this: the condition of the problem
is satisfied by infinity of pairs
a = + m, b = 1, m = 0, 1, 2,
4
= tan x +
( )
( ) (
Illustration 33.
Exercises
1. Three cyclists start out simultaneously from the same
place in one direction around a circular track 1 km in
length. The rates of the cyclists form, in a certain
order, an arithmetic progression with common
difference 5 km/hr. After some time, the second one
catches up with the first, having made one extra
circuit; 4 minutes later the third arrives at that point,
having covered the same distance that the first did at
the time he caught up with the second cyclist. Find
their rates.
2. Three brothers, whose ages form a geometric
progression, divide among themselves a certain sum
of money in direct proportion to the age of each. If
this were done in three years time, when the
youngest becomes one-half the age of the oldest,
then the youngest would receive 105 dinar, and the
middle one, 15 dinar more than at the present time.
Find the ages of the brothers.
3. Two groups of tourists start out from A in the
direction of B at the same time. The first group goes
by bus (at 20 km/hr) and reaches C, midway between
A and B, and then continues on foot. The second
group starts out on foot, but in one hour boards a car
which proceeds at 30 km/hr and reaches B. The first
group passes C 35 minutes before the second group,
but arrives at B 1 hr and 25 minutes later than the
second group. What is the distance from A to B if the
rate of the first group (on foot) is 1 km/hr greater
than that of the second group ?
4. Two identical vessels are filled with alcohol. We
draw off a litres of alcohol from the first vessel and
add that amount of water. Then we draw off a litres
of the resulting mixture of water and alcohol and add
that amount of water. In the case of the second
vessel, we draw off 2a litres of alcohol and add that
amount of water, and then draw off 2a litres of the
resulting mixture and add that amount of water.
Determine what part of the volume of the vessel is
taken up by a litres if the strength of final mixture in
the first vessel is 25/16 times the strength of the final
mixture in the second vessel. (By strength is meant
the ratio of volume of pure alcohol in the mixture to
the total volume of the mixture. It is assumed that the
volume of the mixture is equal to the sum of the
volumes of its components.)
CAT Complete Course | 447
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 5m (t t2 ) 5m 1 (t t1)
10. The area of the forest is 40 km2 . Obtain the equation
AC = 5 + 1/4BC2 + 1/16 AB2 from the statement of
the problem; besides for any three points A, B and C
the inequality AC AB + BC is valid, whence 5 +
1/4 BC2 + 1/16 AB 2 AB + BC or (1/2BC 1)2 +
(1/4AB 2)2 0, which is possible only for AB = 8
and BC = 2.
11. The number of marks 2, 3, 4 and 5 are equal,
respectively, to 11, 7, 10 and 2.
12. Velocities are : motorcycle, 40 km/hr, Moskvich car,
60 km/hr and Volga car, 80 km/hr
13. The water is delivered twice as fast
14. 1 : 3
15. 20 km/hr and 80km/hr
16. No
17. No
18. The rate of cyclist is 20 km/hr, that of the truck, 40
km/ hr, of the Volga car 80 km/hr. The distance from
A to D is 60 km.
19. No
20. 60 m3
21. 2 minutes
22. 0.6 km/min.
23. 12/7 days.
24. 12 hours
25. Four Boxes of the third type and 25 boxes of the
second type.
26. 12 sheets
27. The first pipe will fill the pool in 2 hours, the second
in 4 hours
28. 4 hours
29. 16 hours and 45 minutes
30. 18 hours
PARTII : VERBAL
Structure of Sentence
Subject
Predicate
Raj is the person the sentence is saying something
about; therefore, Raj is the subject. What is said about
the subject (Raj) killed a tiger. This then is called the
Predicate of the sentence.
3. There are Four types of sentences
(a) Assertive
(b) Interrogative
(c) Imperative/ Optative
(d) Exclamatory
4. Assertive/Statement (Affirmative or Negative)
Declarative Sentences
When a statement that gives sense information or
description whether in the negative or positive it is called
an Assertive Sentence.
As,
He is a very handsome man. (Positive)
Harry can never be depended upon. (Negative)
Honesty is the best policy. (Positive)
She is not working properly. (Negative)
A positive sentence does not contain negative words
such as, not, never, hardly, seldom, rarely etc.
Whereas, a negative sentence utilizes such words.
5. Interrogative (Question) SentencesSuch sentences inquire about something. They ask, what ? Where
? When ? Why ? Who ? Whose ? How ? Etc.
As,
Where are you working ?
What are you doing ?
Do you know me ?
When are you returning ?
Why do you sleep so much ?
Who are you ?
Whose book is this ?
How are you ?
How far is Jaipur ?
6. Imperative SentencesA sentence that expresses a command, request or wish is called an imperative
sentence. They are also called optative sentences when
they express a wish, prayer or curse.
As,
Close the door please. (Request)
Dont walk on the grass. (Probation)
Stand to attention. (Command / Order)
May you live long? (Wish / Optative)
Wish you a happy birthday. (Wish)
NoteIn sentences 1, 2, 3 the subject is understood.
Close the door please = You close the door.
7. Exclamatory SentencesSentences which
express strong emotion or feeling or reaction in connection with a statement are called exclamatory sentences.
As,
What a goal ! (Surprise)
Bravo ! What spirit. (Joy)
How strong he is ! (Surprise)
How cute ! (Joy)
Alas ! We are ruined. (Sorrow)
What a pity! (Regret)
How dare he! (Anger)
Tut! Tut! (Disapproval)
Such sentences or words are followed by
exclamation marks (!).
CAT Complete Course | 453
As,
Subject
I
You, we, they (Plural)
Name, he, she, it (Singular)
Future
Will
Shall
(Continuous)
Will be
Shall be
(Perfect continuous)
Will + have + been
Shall + have + been
(Perfect)
Will have
Shall have
V1
V3
Subject
Main Verb
V1
All subjects
* 1 V1
All subjects
All subjects
V3 + (V2 )
Subject
+ ing
Main Verb
V1
V1
V1 + ing + for *2
Note
*1 In case of the affirmative the second form of the verb
is utilized.
*2 The Perfect Continuous Future utilizes only for
(period of time) and not since as it is in the future
and hence since (point of time) is not applicable.
*3 The Future Perfect tense indicates an action that will
have finished before another starts and is followed by
the Present Indefinite with affirmative statements add
s, es or ies to the first form of the verb.
454 | CAT Complete Course
V1 + ing
Past
Was
Were
(Indefinite)
Did
(Perfect continuous)
Had been
(Perfect)
Had
8(c)
Main Verb
Remember,
The Present Indefinite in affirmative statements or
answers add s, es or ies to the first form of the verb
according to the nature of the word.
As,
He runs. (V1 + s)
She goes to school. (V1 + es)
Tom replies to all my letters. (V 1 + ies)
As,
1 + 2 + not +
3
I
am
not
going
Recall
Question
= 2
+ 1 + 3?
Positive Answer
= Yes + 1 + 2 + 3
Negative Answer
= No + 1 + 2 + not + 3
Positive Statement
= 1
+ 2 + 3
Negative Statement = 1
+ 2 + not + 3
10. Question WordsThe interrogative sentence
may begin with (a) an auxiliary verb (b) a main verb or
(c) a question word.
As,
(a) Is he coming ? (Auxiliary Verb)
(b) Has he a car ? (Main Verb)
(c) Where are you going ? (Question word)
There are basically nine question words.
They are
1. What
2. Where
3. When
4. Why
5. Who
6. Whom (with)
7. Which
8. Whose
9. How
11. The question word structure is simpleYou
now know that the formula for a question is 2 + 1 + 3.
However, while making an interrogative sentence with a
question word place the question word/s before 2.
Example
QW
+
2
+
1
+
3?
Where
do
you
live ?
Q.word
Aux.
Sub.
M.Verb
12. (a) What (Pronoun / Adjective)Inquires about
persons / things etc.
(b) Where (Adverb)Inquires about place.
(c) When (Adverb)Inquires about time.
(d) Why (Adverb)Inquires about reason.
(e) Who (Pronoun)Inquires about persons.
(f) Whom (Pronoun)Inquires about
persons
(Object).
(g) Which (Pronoun / Adjective)Inquires about
persons or things when options are limited.
(h) Whose (Pronoun / Adjective)Inquires about
possession (Subject or object)
(i) How (Adjective / Adverb)To find out methodology, health, distance, route, size etc.
CAT Complete Course | 455
Exercise1
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Question
words
1. .. are you doing ?
2. ... is she going ?
3. ... school do you study in ?
4. .. far is the railway station ?
5. .. pen is this ?
6. .. are you talking to ?
7. .. beautiful the mountain look ?
8. .. close are we to Delhi ?
9. .. is the doctor coming ?
10. .. is the matter ?
Exercise4
Fillers
1. . will you buy me a present ?
(Question Word)
2. . watch are you wearing ?
(Question Word)
3. . are they doing ? (Question Word)
4. . is that boy ?
Exercise2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Adjectives
or Adverbs
1. How boys are in the class ?
2. How money do you have ?
3. How can you count ?
4. How is America ?
5. How your brother is !
6. How the crow is !
7. How can you come ?
8. How he has become !
9. How to your house does he live ?
10. How from your house, is he ?
NoteThe answer page will give you an idea of the
kinds of words you can use. But, it should suit the sense
of your question or exclamation.
Exercise3
Fill in suitable words :
1. How the rises. (Adverb of time)
2. Whose have they stolen ?
(Common Noun)
3. . have you done ? (Question Word)
4. Which has been selected ?
(Common Noun)
5. . is the bus arriving ?
(Question Word)
6. . is my bag ?
(Question Word)
(Question Word)
(Question Word)
7. . old are you ?
(Question Word)
Exercise5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answers
Exercise1
1. What 2. Where 3. Which 4. How 5. Whose 6.
Who 7. How 8. How 9. When 10. What
Exercise2
1. Many 2. Much 3. Much/many 4. Far 5. Handsome
6. Clever 7. quickly 8. thin 9. close 10. far
CAT Complete Course | 457
Exercise3
1. early 2. watch 3. what 4. girl 5. when 6. where 7.
deep 8. much 9. many 10. beautiful
Exercise4
Exercise5
Exercise1
In each of the following passage there are Articles,
each of which has been bold and italic. Identify the
rule of article by which you can justify its position.
VEERING to the left of the Hero Honda roundabout
in Manesar, Gurgoan is a nondescript road. A 100 meters
down this path stands a building, which symbolizes the
rising global acceptance of Indias fashion design industry
the 3,50,000square feet designing and manufacturing
unit of Orient Craft, one of Indias largest export houses.
460 | CAT Complete Course
STANZA1
Sentence1
VEERING to the left of t h e Hero Honda roundabout in Manesar, Gurgoan is a Rule 3(i)-x; Rule 3
nondescript road.
(i)-vi; Rule 2(b)
Sentence2
A 100 meters down this path stands a building, which symbolizes the rising global Rule 2(b); Rule 2(e);
acceptance of Indias fashion design industry the 3,50,000 square feet designing and Rule 3(c); Rule 3(i)-x
manufacturing unit of Orient Craft, one of Indias largest export houses.
Sentence3
On the ground floor of this Rs.750 crore company, in a glass cabin overlooking the work
stations of 100 associates, 42 year old Anoop Thataj, Joint managing Director and CEO
of the company, is busy discussing the new spring collection for a US customer, Finally,
after hours of discussions, a few cuts, silhouettes and fabrics are short - listed.
Sentence4
Then the design team of around 100, along with a support staff of 700, begins work on Rule 3(i)-x; Rule 2(b);
rolling out the products.
Rule 3(a)
Sentence5
Say Anoop Thataj. The team has to complete the projects in the next 14 days.
Sentence6
Rule 2(e)
Sentence7
NA
Sentence8
NA
STANZA2
Sentence1
For Orient Craft, it has been a n eventful journey, for just 10 years back it was Rule 1(a)
manufacturing apparel for international clients with little value addition chain.
Sentence2
Sentence3
Says Sudhir Dhingra, Chairman and Managing Director, Orient Craft: Out of the 65% Rule 3(a); Rule 2(d)
womens wear produced by us, almost 40% have our own design input and we produced
2,000 design samples a day.
Sentence4
This differentiates from competition and certain clients get back to us for particular NA
designs.
STANZA3
Sentence1
The design element in the apparels and accessories industry appel alone is a Rs.30,000 Rule 3(a); Rule 3(i)crore market has risen by almost 80%.
x; Rule 2(b)
Sentence2
Graduating from assembly line operations for Western labels, Indian design firms are NA
now creating their own lines based on strong in house R & D capabilities.
Sentence3
Says Devangshu Dutta , Chief Executive, Third Eyesight, a Delhi based fashion Rule 2(b)
consulting firm.
Sentence4
The days of cut, copy, paste are coming to an end as every exporter looks for a distinct Rule 3(i)-x; Rule
image.
1(a); Rule 2(e)
Sentence5
NA
STANZA4
Sentence1
While big export houses like Orient Craft are enhancing their business by emphasizing Rule 1(a)
on design, international firms are looking at India as an outsourcing hub.
Sentence2
This is spawning many start - ups, such as Bangalore based Munch Design and Delhi NA
based Bricolage, which are developing lines of apparel and accessories for global
brands like Nike, Reebok, esprit, Adidas, Zara, Guess, Macys and Gucci.
Sentence3
Says Narinder Mahajan, Founder, Bricolage: Clients depend on us for forecasts and NA
trends.
Sentence4
Right from deciding on the theme based collection names to the final sampling, every Rule 3(i)-x; Rule 3(i)-x
thing is done by us.
Sentence5
Bricolage is now developing a casual clothing division for Reebok and a range of shirts Rule 2(b); Rule 2(b)
and Tees for Benton.
STANZA5
Sentence1
Sentence2
According to industry sources, a prototype consignment of 10,000 shirts to the US Rule 2(b); Rule 3(i) iv
would cost $ 10 per shirt.
Sentence3
But with elements of design like embroidery, embellishments and cuts, the same shirt Rule 3(a)
would cost $20 or more.
Sentence4
Says Vijay Agarwal, President of Apparel Export Promotion Council Indias strength Rule 2(b)
is design; where is a mass producer.
Sentence5
We need to balance the two numbers and design innovation for enhancing exports.
Rule 3(a)
STANZA6
Sentence1
However, not just exports, the design elements are slowly creeping into the lives of Rule 3(a); Rule 3(a)
domestic consumers too.
Sentence2
Sentence3
The choice has widened to embroidered, pleated, crushed, crystal laden and metallic Rule 3(a)
shirts.
Sentence4
For women though, theres practically no end to the need for choice.
Rule 3(a)
STANZA7
Sentence1
Homegrown companies like Pantaloon and Madura garments are busy satiating the Rule 3(a)
design needs of Indian consumers.
Sentence2
Says Hemchandra Jaweri, Senior Executive President, Madura Garments lifestyle Rule 3(a)
Brands and retail: The importance of design will be further heightened in future as
Indian consumers get more in sync with global trends.
Sentence3
NA
Sentence4
Rule 3(a)
Sentence5
Madura Garments owns brands like Allen Solly, Allen Solly Womens, Peter England, NA
Van Heusen, SF Jeans, Louis Philippe, Byford, Elements and San Frisco.
Sentence6
NA
STANZA8
Sentence1
Pantaloon Retail too offers a variety of apparel and accessories targeted at men, women Rule 2(e)
and kids. Says 43 year old Kishor Biyani, MD of pantaloon.
Exercise 2
In each of the following passage there are Articles,
each of which has been bold and italic. Identify the
rule of article by which you can justify its position.
Lakshmi mittal is keen to invest over $ 15 billion in
India.
EVEN AS KASHMI MITTAL goes about the challenging task of making synergies work for Arcelor Mittal,
the president and CEO of the worlds largest steel company hasnt lost track of his plans for manufacturing in
India. Mittal is looking to set up two Greenfield projects
in India in the states of Jharkhand and Orissa. The total
investment across these projects is expected to be in
excess of $ 15 billion (Rs.61, 500 crore).
Announcing the first quarter results of Arcelor
Mittal, Mittal in a conference call with the media said
that discussions and negotiations were in progress with
the two state governments in India. Responding to a
query from BT on the states of these too much talked
about projects, Mittal said: The negotiations are with
STANZA1
Sentence1
Sentence2
Sentence3
EVEN AS KASHMI MITTAL goes about the challenging task of making synergies Rule-3(i)-x Rule-3(i)work for Arcelor Mittal, the president & CEO of the worlds largest steel company
x Rule3(g)
hasnt lost track of his plans for manufacturing in India.
Mittal is looking to set up two Greenfield projects in India in the states of Jharkhand and Rule 3(i) iv
Orissa.
The total investment across these projects is expected to be in excess of $ 15 billion Rule- 3(i)-x
(Rs.61, 500 crore).
Sentence3
STANZA2
Announcing the first quarter results of Arcelor Mittal, Mittal in a conference call with Rule-3(i)- x Rule -2
the media said that discussions and negotiations were in progress with the two state
(e) Rule -3(b) Rule- 3
governments in India.
(i)- iv
Responding to a query from BT on the states of these too much talked about projects, Rule- 2(e) Rule- 3(i)Mittal said: The negotiations are with respect to the allotment of land and also for the
x Rule 3(a) Rule-3(a)
allotment of iron ore.
Rule-3(a)
Once these issues are resolved, we will start work on the construction site.
Rule- 3(a)
Sentence4
Sentence5
Sentence1
Sentence2
Rule- 2(e)
STANZA3
Sentence1
Sentence2
Large players like Tata Steel, Essar Steel, Jindal Steel & Power and SAIL have already
announced expansion plans.
We expect the total capacity in the steel sector to be at around 90 100 million tonnes Rule- 3(b) Rule- 3(b)
by 2015(from the current 40 million tonnes), says Mittal.
Rule- 3(i)-iv
Sentence3
Rule- 3(i)-iv
Sentence3
STANZA4
Meanwhile, Mittal also gave an update on the Arcelor Mittal merger and said the Rule-3(a) Rule-3(a)
objective was to complete it as soon as possible during the course of 2007.
Rule-3(i)-x
The integration process has been in line with our plans and there have been savings Rule- 3(i)-x Rule-3(i)from synergies to the extent of $ 573 million (Rs.2, 349.3 crore) during the first quarter
x Rule-3(i)-x
of 2007.
This is against our expectation of $ 500 million (Rs.2, 050 crore), he told the media.
Rule- 3(i)-iv
Sentence4
Sentence1
Sentence2
Rule- 2(b)
Parts of Speech
As,
(a) A group of boys played football. (Here it tells us
what the group did)
(b) He walked into the room. (Here it tells us what
he (pronoun) did)
(c) She dances well. (Here the action of the pronoun
she is expressed)
ADVERB
An Adverb modifies the verb; it indicates how the
action of a verb is carried out.
As,
(a) The horse stands firmly.
(b) She speaks well.
(c) He dresses beautifully .
It can also modify an adjective or another adverb.
The house is very firm.
She answered most considerately
PREPOSITION
A Preposition connects a noun (with or without an
article) or a pronoun to some other word.
As,
(a) It stands on a hill.
(b) Australia is over the sea.
(c) She told the good news to him.
CONJUCTION
A Conjunction is a joining word. It is used for no
other purpose.
A conjunction is never connected with an object as a
Preposition.
A conjunction doesnt qualify a word as an Adverb
does. Its function is to merely join words or sentences.
Therefore, the same word can be an Adverb in one
place, a Preposition in another, or a conjunction in yet
another place.
As,
(a) I have never seen him before. ( as Adverb)
(b) They worked here before I joined. (as Preposition)
(c) The sun rose before we reached the park. (as
Conjunction)
Conjunctions are sub. divided into two main clauses.
(a) Co-ordinating conjunctions : These are so named
as they join words, phrases or clauses of equal rank.
(b) Subordinating conjunctions : These are called so
because they join a dependant clause to a principle
clause. (That is to a clause of higher rank).
INTERJECTION
An Interjection, so to speak, is not a part of speech as
it has no grammatical connection with any word or words
in a sentence.
It is simply an exclamatory sound used in a sentence
to indicate strong emotion or feeling.
An Interjection is involuntary and unplanned and
expresses strong emotion that overtakes one suddenly. It
can be of joy, sorrow, admiration, disgust or disapproval.
Some examples,
Joy
Hurrah !
(We won)
Grief
Alas ! Oh !
(We lost)
Amusement
Ha ! Ha !
(Good joke)
Approval
Bravo !
(Well done)
Contempt
Bah !
(How stupid)
Ridicule
Bosh !
(How stupid)
Disapproval
Tut ! Tut !
(Bad boy)
To call
Hi ! Hello !
and every river. Like country does not point out to any
one country, such as America but can be used for any and
every country anywhere in the world.
Some common nouns,
1. He is a boy.
2. That table is made of wood.
3. Woman makes the man.
4. Roads are wide in London.
5. Shirts and pants are western attire.
4. Collective NounA collective Noun stands for a
group or collection of individuals, animals, places or
things as one complete unit.
For example, There may be many buffaloes in the
posture, but only one herd. Here herd is a collective noun
because it stands for all the buffaloes together.
A point to note
A distinction is made between a collective noun and a
noun of multitude. A collective Noun denotes one united
whole, and thus the verb following it is singular.
As,
The class (Collective Noun) consists (Singular Verb)
of 25 students.
The team (Collective Noun) has (Singular Verb) 11
members.
A noun of multitude indicates the individuals of the
group. Thus, the verb that follows it is plural
even though the noun is singular.
As,
The class (Collective Noun) are (Plural Verb) divided
in their hobbies.
The jury (Collective Noun) are (Plural Verb) divided
in their verdict
5. Material NounA material noun denotes the
matter or substance of which things are made.
Hence, chicken is a common noun; but chicken (or
the flesh of chicken) is a Material Noun.
A wood may be a Material Noun or a common noun
according to the context it is used in.
As,
1. Chickens (Common Noun) live in coops.
2. Chicken (Material Noun) is good for cancer
patients.
In sentence 1 the noun indicates individual chicken
or chickens, and is therefore a common noun.
In sentence 2 it denotes the matter of which the
bodies of chickens are made, and is thus a Material Noun.
Some common Material Nouns
Gold
Mutton
Wood
Fur
Silver
Chicken
Clay
Wool
466 | CAT Complete Course
Iron
Fruit
Leather
Steel
Lead
Cotton
Jute etc.
6. Abstract NounAn Abstract Noun denotes some
quality state or action apart from anything possessing
such quality, state or action, and can be perceived
through the five senses.
Such as,
Quality
= Kindness, Bravery, Honesty
State
= Childhood, Poverty, Love
Action
= Hatred, Laughter, Love.
NoteThe Abstract Noun takes singular verbs.
6.(a) Abstract Nouns can be formed from Adjectives, Common Nouns or from verbs.
Take a look at the following
Adjective
Abstract Noun
Deep
Depth
Brave
Bravery
False
Falsehood
True
Truth
Proud
Pride
Wise
Wisdom
Good
Goodness
Mad
Madness etc.
6.(b) From verb to Abstract Noun
Verb
Abstract Noun
Order
order
Love
Love
Regret
Regret
Sing
Sing
Taste
Taste
Sleep
Sleep
Talk
Talk
6. (c) From Common Noun to Abstract Noun
Common Noun
Abstract Noun
Boy
Boyhood
Child
Childhood
Man
Manhood
Mother
Motherhood
Milk-man
Milk-maid
Grand-uncle
Grand-aunt
Grand-father
Grand-mother
Other ways to identify the masculine from the
feminine.
(d) By addingess to the Masculine and not alternating its form.
As,
Masculine
Feminine
Shepherd
Shepherdess
Host
Hostess
God
Goddess
Peer
Peeress
Lion
Lioness
(e) By adding ess and dropping the vowel of the last
syllable of the Masculine.
As,
Masculine
Feminine
Tiger
Tigress
Director
Directress
Waiter
Waitress
Founder
Foundress
Inspector
Inspectress
Hunter
Huntress
Actor
Actress
Instructor
Instructress
Poster
Postress
Mister
Mistress
Sorcerer
Sorceress
Feminine
Bridegroom
Bride
Widower
Widow
Feminine
Czar
Czarina
Beau
Belle
Signer
Signora
Hero
Heroine
Administrator
Administrators
Singular
Plural
Boy
Boys
Girl
Girls
Cat
Cats
Dog
Dogs
Fan
Fans
Goat
Goats
Hen
Hens
Jackal
Jackals
King
Kings
Queen
Queens
Ship
Ships
Rule 2Nouns which are used in the plural.
Spectacles
Credentials
Scissors
Alms
Measles
Gymnastics etc.
Wages
Riches
Gallows
However, some forms may be plural in form but are
employed in the singular.
Like, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, News etc.
As,
1. Mathematics is a good subject (not are)
2. The news was good. (not were)
3. His innings was sparkling. (not were)
Rule 3Some nouns are used in the singular only
and are not led by a or an neither are they pluralized.
As,
1. Girls hostel; Dogs ear.
2. Mens toilet; Childrens toys.
Rule 6The possessive does not carry the possessive
(apostrophe) sign () words likeyours, ours, its, his,
hers, theirs, mine, omit the possessive sign.
As,
1. This is my pen and not yours / yours.
Incorrect / correct
2. Either it is his or hers / her pen. Incorrect / correct
Rule 7With a noun or title of several words. The
apostrophe (possessive) sign is used only with the last
word.
As,
1. His daughter-in-laws mother.
2. The Governor-Generals house.
3. Ram and Deshmukhs company.
In case two nouns in the possessive case are joined
by and the apostrophe is added to both to indicate
individual possession. But the use of the apostrophe in
the last word indicates joint ownership.
As,
1. Sarita and Rohans collection. (Joint Possession)
2. Saritas and Rohans collection. (Separate Possession)
Rule 8Some nouns have the same form in the
singular as well as the plural. Like Fish, Deer, Sheep.
Ex.
1.
2.
As,
3.
4.
Plural
Sister-in-law
Sisters-in-law
Commander-in-chief
Commanders-in-chief
B.A.
B.As.
Lord Justice
Lord Justices
Major General
Major Generals
Singular
Child
Ox
Potato
Foot
Goose
Exceptions
Chief
Gulf
Chef
Zoo
Plural
Children
Oxen
Potatoes
Feet
Geese
Cardinals
Ordinals
One
First
Two
Second
Three
Third
Four
Fourth
Five
Fifth
Six
Sixth
Chiefs
Seven
Seventh
Gulfs
Eight
Eighth
Chefs
Nine
Ninth
Zoos
Ten
Tenth
NoteCardinals
can
be
used
at random or as one
Determiners
desires whereas, ordinals have to follow a serial order.
1. Definite Determiners (Demonstrative)
As,
When a person or thing is pointed out precisely it is
He bought 5 apples but I bought 2. (The shaded
called a Definite Demonstrative.
numbers are cardinals)
The most common being this, that take singular
He stood first in line whereas I stood last. (The
nouns. These, those take plural nouns.
shaded words are ordinals)
2. When the adjective points out in an inexact
6. Indefinite Numerals indicate number of some
fashion it is called an Indefinite Demonstrative.
kind without specifically saying what the number is.
Common Indefinite Demonstrative areany, a
The main Indefinite Numerals are; all, some, enough,
certain, some, other, any other etc.
no or none, many, few, several etc.
3. Take a look at the following to get a clearer underExamples
standing of Definite Demonstratives
All men are equal.
1. This boy met me today. These books are for him.
No body attended the seminar.
2. That house is on fire. Those people will be burnt
Many women are biased.
alive.
Several horses trotted by.
3. This is not the shirt I wanted. Bring the other
Some of the teachers protested.
shirt.
Enough bread was available.
4. Such people (dishonest people) can not be trusted.
Few people are born rich.
4. Take a look at the following examples of IndefiNoteThe words some, enough, all, no or none are
nite Demonstratives
all adjectives of number or Adjectives of Quantity
1. Harry met some people at the party.
according to its structure.
2. I do not know if there are any houses vacant in
If the noun is material or abstract the adjective is
Haridwar.
Quantitative. However, if the noun is common, the
3. There is a certain amount of oil I can not find.
Adjective then is Numeral.
4. Do you know of any other camps?
Some more examples:
5. Adjective : Numerals
1. She ate some (a certain quantity) cake.
2. She did not eat any (any quantity of) cake.
Adjective Numerals show how many persons or
things or in which order they standThey identify the
3. She ate enough or sufficient cake.
number or the position.
4. She ate all (the whole quantity of) cake.
Such adjectives are divided into two main classes.
5. Half a loaf of bread is better than none (no
(a) Definite
(b) Indefinite
quantity).
(a) Definite Numerals indicate an exact number,
which show how many persons or things. Viz. one, two,
three etc. These are called Cardinals.
(b) Those which demonstrate serial order such as,
first, second, third etc. are called Ordinals.
Example
1. After Rajiv Gandhi was declared Prime Minister
(Nominative), the LTTE assassinated him (Accusative).
2. He must return the cycle (Accusative) which
(Nominative) you lent him.
2. The objective form of the Pronoun (me, him, her,
us, them) is used when; (i) it is the object of a Preposition
(ii) It is placed after the Verb to be and this infinitive is
preceded by a transitive verb with its object (iii) It is
placed after the adjectives; like, unlike or near.
Example
1. Between you and me (not I), he is quite stupid.
2. This is ample food for you and me (not I).
3. She invited my friend and me (not I) to lunch.
4. No one can dance like him (not he).
5. Let you and me (not I) play chess.
3. A Relative Pronoun, when it has two Antecedents
which are not of the same person, it then agrees with the
antecedent nearest to it
Example
1. You are the girl who has been selected.
2. He is the man who wishes to help.
3. I, who am speaking said these words.
4. I am the person who is most affected.
5. This is one of the most tastiest dishes that have
(not has) ever been cooked. (The Antecedent of that is
dishes not one.)
6. He is one of those who know (not knows) nothing.
Rules of Pronouns
Rule 1Relative and Demonstrative pronouns must
be of the same number, person and gender as their
antecedents.
As,
One must not waste his time.
(Change his to ones)
I am not one of those who can not practise what I
preach.
(change I to they)
Rule 2When two singular nouns joined by and
are preceded by each or every the pronoun must to
singular.
As,
Each boy and each man was in his uniform.
Every winter and every summer has its charm.
Rule 3Neithernor; Either..or; or
when they join singular nouns the pronoun is singular.
As,
Tom or Harry will enjoy his holiday.
You and She should join the club. (not she and
you)
Degrees of Comparison
Rule 1Most adjectives of one syllable form the
comparative by adding er to the positive. Whereas est
is added to the superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Bold
Bolder
Boldest
Plain
Plainer
Plainest
Deep
Deeper
Deepest
Cool
Cooler
Coolest
Strong
Stronger
Strongest
Rule 2When the positive end e only r and st
are added to form the comparative and superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Able
Abler
Ablest
Brave
Braver
Bravest
True
Truer
Truest
Wise
Wiser
Wisest
Rude
Ruder
Rudest
Rule 3Where the positive ends in one consonant
and the consonant is preceded by a short vowel, the final
consonant is doubled.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Thin
Thinner
Thinnest
Wet
Wetter
Wettest
Red
Redder
Reddest
Fit
Fitter
Fittest
Rule 4When a positive ends in y and the y is
preceded by a consonant the y is changed into i and
er and est are added to form the comparative and
superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Dry
Drier
Driest
Pretty
Prettier
Prettiest
Lovely
Lovelier
Loveliest
Healthy
Healthier
Healthiest
Merry
Merrier
Merriest
Rule 5All adjectives of more than two syllables
and adjectives of two syllables are preceded by more to
the positive to form the comparative and most to form
the superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Beautiful
More Beautiful Most Beautiful
Intelligent
More Intelligent Most Intelligent
Courageous
More Courageous Most Courageous
Pleasant
More Pleasant
Most Pleasant
Magnificent More Magnificent Most Magnificent
Rule 6Some adjectives form the comparatives and
superlatives in an irregular manner.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Far
Farther
Farthest
Good
Better
Best
Late
Later, Latter
Latest, Last
Many
More
Most
Much
More
Most
Old
Older, Elder
Oldest, Eldest
Little
Less
Least
It is to be remembered that than follows the comparative while the precedes the superlative.
As,
Comparative
1. He is taller than me.
2. Ram is stronger than Shyam.
3. Sita is more beautiful than Rita.
4. Rishikesh is farther than Haridwar.
Superlative
1. He is the tallest boy in the class.
2. Ram is the strongest of all.
3. Sita is the most beautiful girl in Delhi.
4. Rishikesh is the farthest town in our area.
Adjectives of Degree
Adjectives of Degree are divided into three classes.
The Positive Degree, The Comparative Degree and The
Superlative Degree.
1. Positive DegreeThe Positive Degree is used
when two persons or things are said to be equal in regard
to some quality. The Positive Degree is then used with
as..as, or the comparative Degree can be applied with
not.
Consider these sentences
(a) She is as clever as Sita.
(b) She is no less clever than Sita.
(c) She is not more clever than Sita.
Again,
(a) She is as beautiful as Sita.
(b) She is no less beautiful than Sita.
(c) She not more beautiful than Sita.
These sentences depict the same idea or message that
Sita and she are equal in regard to beauty.
CAT Complete Course | 473
As,
1. He is better than I. (Comparative)
2. He the best student in the class. (Superlative)
5. Some Important AdjectivesAt times, some
important adjectives are misused or misunder-stood. This
leads to confusion and incorrect usage.
Lets take a look at the following adjectives. Elder,
Eldest, Older, Oldest.
1. She is my elder sister.
2. She is older than her sister.
3. Her elder daughter is a doctor.
Older and oldest are employed for things as well as
persons and indicate age.
But, we can not say,
1. Mumbai is the eldest city in Maharastra. (Wrong)
Instead use, oldest
2. That is the eldest building in the city. (wrong)
Use oldest
By this we can by now guess that older, oldest, elder,
eldest can be used for persons and older, oldest for things.
6. Further / Furthest / Farther / FarthestThe
word further denotes something additional er extra
while farther denotes a greater distance between two
points. However, nowadays the two forms further and
farther can be used to indicate distance.
As,
1. Kashmir is further / farther than Manali or
Vashist.
2. Kashmir is the furthest / farthest of the three.
3. Kashmir is the furthest / farthest town.
7. Later / Latest / Latter / Last / FormerLater
and Latest indicate time whereas Latter and Last,
former and Latter denote position.
As,
1. The student walked in later than his teacher.
2. This dress is the latest fashion.
3. Rohan and Sohan took an entrance examination.
The former (Rohan) passed while the latter (Sohan) failed.
4. Ravi walked into the room last.
8. Nearest / NextNearest denotes space or
distance. Next indicates order or position.
As,
1. The cinema hall is nearest to my house. (distance)
2. Harrys house is next to mine. (Position)
9. Fewer / LessLess usually denotes quantity
while fewer denotes number.
But, we can say, No less than a thousand guest
attended their marriage when we are thinking not of
As,
They served me ice-cream after having taken a bath.
(change after having taken to after I had taken) If
not after having taken will refer to the subject they not
I.
(g) A gerund governed by a noun or pronoun should
be in the possessive case.
As,
I disapprove my brother coming late. (wrong)
I disapprove my brothers coming late. (correct)
Please excuse me being untidy. (wrong)
Please excuse my being untidy. (correct)
4. Participle
(a) A participle should not be alone without any
proper agreement. It must be joined with a noun or
pronoun to which it refers.
As,
Walking on the footpath, a man tripped him.
(Rewrite; Walking on the footpath he was tripped by
a man.)
Being my day off, I overslept.
(Rewrite; It being my day off, I overslept.)
(b) But, words like, considering concerning,
taking, speaking, touching, owing to are not used
in agreement to any noun or pronoun.
Taking all possibilities into consideration.
Broadly speaking it is difficult to assess.
Here the unexpressed pronoun (subject) is indefinite
e.g. It means if one takes, speaks etc.
(c) A present participle is not used to express an
action which is not in accordance with the Principal verb.
He walked home this evening and arriving there at
night. (wrong)
He walked home this evening and arrived there at
night. (correct)
Compound Prepositions
Two or more words frequently thrown together and
ending with a single Preposition may be termed compound Preposition.
Examples
In spite of ; Because of; By means of; On account of;
With reference to; On behalf of ; In the event of; In place
of
Use of But as a Preposition
Example
(a) All but (except) Hari were present.
(b) They were all but (everything except) destroyed.
Kinds of Preposition
At / In / On
(a) At is used for an exact time.
(b) In is used for months, years, seasons.
(c) On is used for days and dates.
As,
ATat 10clock ; at noon; at bedtime; at sunset; at
the moment;
INIn June; In winter; In 2010; In the next century;
In the past; In the future;
ONOn Sunday; On Monday; On 7th January; On
Rams birthday; On Diwali;
The use of Preposition in reference to place.
(a) At is used for a point.
(b) In is used for enclosed places.
(c) On is used for surface.
Examples
(a) At the corner; At the bus stop; At the end of the
lane; At my house; At the door
(b) In Haidwar; In the Box; In my coat pocket; in
America
(c) On the shelf; On the table; On the bed; On the
desk; On the floor
Suitable Prepositions
A preposition shows relationshipwhat one person
or thing has to do with another person or thing. It
expresses some relation between them. But, one must be
aware that preposition employed expresses the relation
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
Preposition Rules
Rule 1As a preposition is not powerful enough to
stand in for much emphasis and importance, it is not
positioned at the end of a sentence. But, there are the
following exceptions
(a) When if combines a preceding intransitive verb
to form a compound transitive verb.
As,
Francis loves being talked to.
She hates being ogled at.
(b) When the sentence object is a relative pronoun
that.
There are the keys that he was looking for.
Such was the end that he came to.
(c) When the object is an interrogative pronoun that
is understood.
As,
What is he searching for ?
What are you getting at ?
Where are you going to ?
Rule 2In and at / to and into
When speaking of things that are fixed or at rest. In
and at are employed.
As,
The lawyer is in his chamber.
He is at the peak of his carrier.
(Use but)
(Use but)
(Use do not)
(Use very)
(Not much)
(Not very)
(Past Participle)
(Change to too)
Enough / Too
Enough means sufficient or indicate a proper limit
has been reached whereas too means more than enough.
He is enough weak to walk.
He is too old to get married.
(Change to old enough)
He is too dark to be an African.
(Change to dark enough)
(Change to too)
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Answers
1. place more before intelligent, 2. Change
something to anything, 3. Change so to much, 4.
Insert how before know, 5. Place fortunately at the
beginning of the sentence, 6. Place happily before
playing, 7. Place much before quicker, 8. Place
rarely before visits, 9. Change never spoke to did
not speak, 10. Place only before this morning,
11. Place faithfully before has, 12. Change no one
hardly to Hardly anyone, 13. Change very to much,
14. Place always after is, 15. Change much to very.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Answers
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (b)
Phrase
Clause
2. Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating
conjunctions are used when words, phrases, clauses and
sentences depend on a Principal Clause. Conjunctions
such as since, that, lest, until, even if, as, since,
as, when, are a case in point.
As,
(a) He knows that the grass is greener in the other
side.
(b) Greg can not enjoy life since his wife has died.
(c) Study well lest you should fail.
(d) Wait until dark.
(e) Do not be afraid even if Im not here.
(f) She is not so kind as her mother.
(g) I talked to him when he was angry.
Points to note
(a) Subordinating conjunctions assist in joining one
independed clause to another dependent clause (subordinate clause)
(b) Important Dependent Clauses
If, unless, until, in case, that, so that, till,
until, before, after, so long as, because, why,
when, where, while, whether, how, whence,
who, which, what, as if, as soon as, than, as,
since, etc.
1. Principal ClauseA Principal Clause expresses
a complete meaning. It is also called independent clause.
Subordinate / Dependent ClauseA subordinate or
Dependent clause unlike a Principal Clause does not
express complete meaning and is dependent on the Principal Clause to make sense.
2. TimeConjunctions like, when, as, while,
before, since, after, until, till, as soon as, as
long as etc. indicate the time of an action, state etc.
Consider these sentences
(a) I witnessed as accident
(Principal clause)
while
Clause).
(b)
(Conjunction)
He phoned me
I was driving
(Dependent
(Principal Clause)
when
as long as
Clause)
(d)
(Conjunction)
Stay there
(Principal Clause)
he is alive.
(Independent
(Dependent
Clause)
till
(Independent
He knows
(Independent
where
clause)
(b)
wherever
because
(Principal Clause) as
if
(Principal Clause)
She walked
(Principal
Clause)
as if
(Conjunction)
clause)
(d)
(Subordinate
(Principal Clause)
(Principal Clause)
lest
(Conjunction)
clause)
(b)
(Principal
Clause)
that
(Subordinate
that
(Principal Clause)
(Conjunction)
everyone fools them. (Subordinate
clause)
8. ComparisonConjunctions like, as much as,
as..as, than, etc. express comparison.
(a)
Ray is taller
(Principal
Clause)
than
(a)
He was so lazy
(Subordinate
(b)
(Principal
Clause)
(Subor-
(f)
even if
clause)
(g)
(Principal Clause)
(Subordinate
(Principal
Clause)
(i)
(Principal
Clause)
(Subor-
(j)
Sentence of ConnectorsLinkers
(b) Reason
I had to join as they needed me.
(c) As used as while
As he was playing, they cheered him.
(d) In the way / same way or manner
They act as you do.
(e) Used as though / although
Stupid as she is, shes careful with her money.
5. Usage and functions of since
(a) After a past time
He has become a drunkard since his wife left him.
(b) From that time hence
We have been meeting every weekend ever since our
school days.
(c) Because / Seeing (that)
Since you are injured, you should take rest.
(d) From a certain time till now
I have not heard of him since the 1982 Asiad.
(e) From which time
Since when have you been working here?
6. Usage and functions of while
(a) During a time / period (that)
While he was reading he listened to music.
They joined me while. I was playing golf.
(b) To show contrast
I enjoying playing chess while my brother enjoys
football.
(c) In place of although
While she tries fervently, she does not succeed.
7. Usage and function of than.
Than is used as a conjunction and also as a
comparative Adjective or Adverb. It always follows the
comparative degree.
Consider the following sentences
(a) Jim is taller (comparative Adjective) than Harry.
(b) He is much smarter (comparative Adjective) than
I (am).
(c) I love you more than she (more than she loves
you).
CAT Complete Course | 485
(Here, in sentence C, than takes the form of a Preposition and is placed before a noun/pronoun to show
comparison)
8. Just then, then, Just
As,
(a) I was about to leave, just then is started to snow.
(b) I was backing into the car park, just then a cat
jumped in the way.
(c) Let me finish my breakfast, then I will leave.
(d) They have just left (a moment ago).
9. Until
Untilupto the time when
(a) Wait until she leaves.
(b) Dont talk until the lecture is over.
(c) He will keep trying until he succeeds.
10. Some common errors (conjunctions)
Unless you are recommended, you will be selected.
(x)
If you are recommended, you will be selected. (v)
Until you are recommended, you will not be selected.
(x)
Unless you are recommended, you will not be
selected. ()
He will be selected if that he is recommended. (x)
He will be selected provided that he is recommended. ()
Because he is recommended, he will be selected. (x)
Provided that he is recommended, he will be
selected. ()
Because its a holiday, I will relax. (x)
Since / as its a holiday, I will relax. ()
When he played the spectators cheered. (x)
While he played the spectators cheered. ()
She studied hard because she may pass. (x)
She studied hard in order that she may pass. ()
A good woman if she is, must be respected. (x)
A good woman that she is must be respected. ()
It was rather noon while I spoke to him. (x)
Exercise
1. The food is tasty nutrition.
2. The mall is inexpensive decorative.
3. He will walk commute by train.
4. Harry up you will be late.
5. She was full anymore.
6. She is tried is he.
7. Jake cant buy the book it is too expensive
8. He lost his empire; he still hoped.
9. I dislike bungee jumping its very dangerous.
10. I cant fly can you.
11. Harold has lost hope he was sacked.
12. They phoned me I was eating lunch.
13. Dont speak the end of the lecture.
14. You will be selected you are recommended.
15. Tom studied hard he may pass.
16. the issue I am not interested.
17. I reached the station the train
arrived.
18. you must rest you are ill.
19. It was sundown he rang me.
20. Let me complete my work I will relax.
Answers
1. both ;and 2. not only; but also 3. either; or 4.
otherwise/ or 5. too; to eat 6. so 7. as 8. never the less 9.
nor 10. besides 11. since 12. while 13. until 14. provided
that 15. in order that 16. Whatever 17. No sooner; than
18. as long as 19, hardly/scarcely; when 20. then
As,
Present
1. Are you reading ? (Present Continuous)
2. Do you watch movies ? (Present Indefinite)
3. Have they enjoyed the play ? (Present Perfect)
4. Have the boys been playing ? (Present Perfect
Continuous)
Do the auxiliary which ends in o is an exception
like am which takes only I as its sole subject.
3. Similarly the Past Tense auxiliaries like was and
has take singular subjects and were takes plural
subjects.
As,
Singular
Plural
Was he ?
Were they ?
Has she ?
Were we ?
Notethat other auxiliaries that end in d like did,
had and l like, will / shall take all subjects singular
and plural alike.
Past Indefinite
Did he play ?
Did they play ?
Did she play ?
Did we play ?
Past Perfect Continuous
Had I been reading ?
Had she been reading ?
Had it been reading ?
Had we been reading ?
Past Perfect
Had I slept ?
Had you slept ?
Had she slept ?
Had he slept ?
Future Indefinite
Shall I go ?
Shall we go ?
Will he go ?
Will they go ?
Will it go ?
CAT Complete Course | 487
Either he or I am guilty.
Neither they nor he is guilty.
16. After or and nor the verb agrees with the
subject that follows. (Nearest to the verb)
As,
That boy or the girls are (Plural verb) wrong.
Neither the teacher nor the students are (Plural verb)
present.
He or I am (Singular verb) strong.
Neither you nor he is (Singular verb) capable.
17. In case, two or more are joined by and the
plural verb is utilized.
As,
You, he and I are (Plural verb) fit.
You and he are (Plural verb) going to Delhi.
She and I are (Plural verb) winning.
18. When a subject express distance, time, mass,
weight, amount as a single unit. It takes the singular verb.
As,
Twenty kilometers is not a short walk.
Fifty quintals is enough.
Twenty years is a long time.
Five hundred dollars is a good reward.
19. But, when taken as separate units. It is followed
by a plural verb.
As,
Ten thousand dollars were (plural verb) expended.
Twenty miles are (plural verb) to be trekked.
20. Subjects that precede words likebesides, as
well as, except alongwith, with together with, not, in
addition to etc are followed by verbs which agree with it,
according to its number Singular or Plural.
As,
Ram, besides his assistants has failed the test.
I, with my children am going to Delhi.
Roymond together with his uncles plays cricket.
I, no less than he am guilty of the crime.
Knowledge, in addition to wisdom was Solomons
strength.
He not you is clever.
You as well as the officer is ignored of the fact.
21. Where different numbers and persons are the
subject of words like, but not only.. but also the verb
agrees with the second subject.
As,
Not father but I am (second subject) the culprit.
Not only your from but also your friend (second
subject) is lying.
Exercise
Fill in the appropriate words that are in subject - verb
agreement.
1. Tommy (go/goes) to school daily.
2. (has/have)it been working perfectly ?
3. The children (be/are) playing hopscotch.
4. I (will/shall) be going home in an hour.
5. Jon (travel/travels) to work by bus.
6. We (were/ was) in a great hurry.
Answers
1. goes 2. has 3. are 4. shall 5. travels 6. were 7. was
8. is 9. is 10. is 11.wins 12. are 13. are 14. moves 15. has
16. have 17. has 18. is 19. waits 20. is 21. is 22. is 23.
am 24. is 25. is 26. are 27. have 28.is 29. was 30. is
1. Introduction
The conversion of a sentence is to change it from one
grammatical form to another without altering its sense. A
simple sentence contains a finite verb. If we say, Raj is
there we form an idea of Raj, of a place and Raj being in
that place. When we say, Raj bit his friends ear we
picture Raj and a bite passing from Raj to his friend. The
verb in the first statement is intransitive and in the second
the verb is transitive. In each we make more than one
assertion. This is called a Simple Sentence.
But, if we say, Raj and Hari talked to Sam. We
make two statements James met Sam, James and Hari
were together. Here we have a compound Sentence.
Often we make statements modified by some qualification expressed by a clause. A clause is said to be coordinate, when it is possible to separate one from another.
Such that each makes an independent sentence and
independent sense e.g. They left their work and returned
to their homes. A subordinate clause on the other hand is
dependent on the Principal clause or leading assertion.
E.g. She studied hard that she might pass.
A sentence of this type containing a subordinate or
secondary clause is called a complex sentence.
Given below are sentences which show how the
same sense or meaning can be retained and yet conveyed
in a Simple, a Compound or a Complex sentence.
SimpleThe problems facing him from all sides did
not deter him.
CompoundHe was faced by problems from all
sides but he was not deterred by them.
ComplexHe was not deterred by the problems that
faced him from all sides.
Note that the above changes are in the form and
structure but the meaning remains unchanged. The close
study of the following will be of immense value in
learning a variety of expression and it will definitely add
colour and flavour in preparation of competitive English.
2. Means of transforming conditional sentences
(A) A sentence containing the word too can be
transformed in the following manner.
As,
1. He is too honest to tell a lie.
He is so honest that he can not tell a lie.
Simple
6
1. Introduction
The words shall, should, will, would, can, could,
must, used, need and dare are called Modal or Modal
Auxiliaries.
Marginalized Modal AuxiliariesMarginal Modal
Auxiliaries are Need, Dare, Ought to, Used to. They are
not a part of a main or important group and marginalize
themselves.
2. Shall / Will
These modals are used to express the future tense.
Shall agrees with the First person subject, I, We
whereas, will agrees with Second and third person
subjects.
The modals shall and will express more than just the
future. They also express Promise, Intention, Warning,
Determination etc.
(A) Future Tense
I shall go to Delhi.
We shall stay at the Oberois.
He will pay the bill.
You will go by train.
(B) Intention / Determination / Promise / Warning are
expressed when the subjects I, We
joins with will.
As,
I will not tell anyone (promise)
We will try until we succeed. (Determination)
We will report you to the Principal. (Warning)
I will buy some more shares. (Intention)
(C) When shall is used with the second and third
person it can imply order, Promise, Determination, Threat
or Warning.
As,
Rajesh shall be jailed if he breaks the law. (Warning
/ Threat)
They shall find the trip exciting. (Promise)
You shall finish it. (Order)
Tom insists he shall become a Judge. (Intention /
Determination)
NoteAccording to Modern grammar it is now
accepted and alright to use will with all subjects. So,
when in doubt just use will.
Modals
(D) Shortened form of Shall not, Will not
Shall not = shant
Will not = wont
Shortened Form (Positive)
I Shall
=
Ill
We shall
=
Well
You will
=
Youll
They will
=
Theyll
He will
=
Hell
She will
=
Shell
It will
=
Itll
4. Use of Might
As, should, would, could, might is also, used in
Indirect speech. Apart from expressing Possibility,
Request and Permission, Purpose in the Past and such.
(A) Possibility (Might / be + V1 ) Present / Future
As,
It might be a holiday.
He might pass the exam.
Sita might visit today.
(B) Request / Permission
Might I come in ?
Might he close the door ?
He might come in ?
(C) It also expresses Purpose in the past. (So + Might
+ V1 )
He ate so quickly that he might finish first.
They worked so hard that they might finish in time.
Jeef studied all night so that he might pass the test.
(D) Unfilled Possibility in the Past (Might + have +
V3 )
They might have seen the movie.
The children might have eaten.
He might have got the job.
5. Use of Must
Must express Necessity, Compulsion, Prohibition,
Emphatic, Advice or determination, duty or possibility in
the Present.
496 | CAT Complete Course
As,
(A) I must see a doctor. (Need)
We must leave now. (Immediately due to )
I must talk to him now. (Urgency)
(B) Necessity / Compulsion (Future)
I must pass before lest I be expelled.
He must reach Delhi by tomorrow.
He must have at least 70% to enter the college next
month.
(C) Emphatic Advice / Prohibition
You must stop drinking alcohol.
We must fight corruption.
We must obey the law.
6. Use of May
(A) May like most modals has many uses. It
expresses; Possibility, Permission, Request,
Wish, Prayer, Purpose, Assumption etc.
Permission (May + V1)
May I use your phone ? (Am I permitted to use your
phone ?)
May I come in ? (Am I allowed to enter ?)
He may join us for lunch. (I permit him to join us)
(B) Possibility (May + V1 )
Thomas may come here. (It is possible that he will
come here)
It may rain today. (It is possible that it will rain
today)
Sharon may be at home. (It is possible that Sharon
will be at home)
(C) Request (May + V1 )
May I shut the window, please ?
May I go out to play, please ?
May I borrow your lawn mower ?
(D) Offer (May + V1 )
May I help you ?
May I carry your bag ?
May I fix your motor ?
(E) Purpose (May + V1)
He works so hard that he may qualify.
She is singing so beautifully that she may win the
contest.
(F) Assumption (May + have + V 3 )
She may have stolen the watch.
He may not have forgotten the file.
(G) Wish / Prayer / Curse (Optative Sentence) (May
+ V1 )
8. Use of Can
9. Use of Could
Could is in the Indirect Speech.
As, Direct
She said, I can solve this issue.
Indirect
She said that she could solve that issue.
Direct
The boss said, I can employ you.
Indirect
The boss said that he could employ him.
CAT Complete Course | 497
Exercise
Place the most suitable modal in the blanks
1. I go to Agra this month.
2. He answer the phone.
3. I not tell a soul.
4. we continue fighting until we win.
5. Raymond be punished if he cheats.
6. You brush your teeth daily.
7. it rain, I shall not go
8. It rain today.
9. I meet him now.
10. I use your computer ?
11. He go for long walks in the woods.
12. I lift 50 kgs of weights
13. He work for 8 hours non-stop.
14. He said that he return the next day.
(indirect speech).
15. Harry a pair of shoes.
16. How you!
17. I smoke 6 packs of cigarettes a day.
18. I meet you tomorrow.
19. I play outside?
20. You obey your parents.
Answers
1. shall 2. will 3. will (promise) 4. will (determination) 5. shall (warning) 6. should (advice) 7. should 8.
might (possibility) 9. must (urgency) 10. may (permission) 11. would (used to ) 12. ability (present) 13. ability
(past) 14. could / would 15. needs(necessity) 16. dare
(challenge) 17. would (past habit) 18. shall (simple future)
19. can (informal request) 20. suggestion
Tenses
A. Verb Forms
Stand
Stood
Stood
Win
Won
Won
Past
Past Participle
Bet
Bet
Bet
(a) Regular
Cut
Cut
Cut
Let
Let
Let
Put
Put
Put
Split
Split
Split
(b) Irregular
Past
Past Participle
Awake
Awoke
Awoke
Bleed
Bled
Bled
Catch
Caught
Caught
Present
Past
Past Participle
Be
was / were
Been
Do
Did
Done
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Rise
Rose
Resin
Write
Wrote
Written
Also,
(d) In which the vowels are changed.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Swim
Swam
Swum
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Wring
Wrung
Wrung
B. Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
1. Formation of Sentences
Positive
A
Interrogate
I go to school.
Do I go to school ?
Subject + V1 + o / ow
A.Verb1 + Subject + V 1
I am going to school.
Am I going to school ?
Negative
I / You / We / They have been to Have I / You / We / They been to I / You / We / They have not (havent)
school.
school ?
been to school.
He / She / It / Ram has been to school. Has he / she / it / Ram been to school ?
Subject + Aux. + V3 + ow
Aux. + Subject + V3 + ow
I / You / We / They have been going Have I / You / We / They been going to I / You / We / They have not been
to school + (for / since)
school + (for / since) ?
going to school + (for / since)
He / She / It / Ram has been going to Has He / She / It / Ram been going to He / She / It / Ram has not been going
school + (for / since)
school + (for / since) ?
to school + (for / since)
Subject + Aux. + V3 (been) + V 1 + Aux. + Subject + been (V3 ) + V 1 + ing Subject + Aux. + not + been + V1 +
ing + ow
+ (For / Since)
ing + ow + (For / Since)
Past Tense
2. Formation of Sentences
Positive
A
Interrogate
Negative
Subject + V2 + o / ow
You / We / They were going to Were You / We / They going to You / We / They were not (werent)
school.
school ?
going to school.
I / He / She / It / Ram was going to Was I / he / she / it / Ram going to I / He / She / It / Ram was not (wasnt)
school.
school ?
going to school.
Subject + Aux. + V1 + ing + ow
Aux. (was / were) + Subject + V1 + ing Subject + Aux. (was / were) + not + V1
+ ow
+ ing + ow
I / You / We / They / He / She / It / Had I / You / We / They / He / She / It / I / You / We / They / He / She / It /
Ram had been to school + *(before + Ram been to school ?
Ram had not (hadnt) been to school.
V 2)
*when one action was completed
before another starts.
Subject + had + V3 + ow + (before + Had + Subject + V3 + ow + (before + Subject + Aux. (Had) + not + V3 + ow
V 2)
subject + V 2 )
+ (before + subject + V2)
I / You / We / They / He / She / It / Had I / You / We / They / He / She / It / I / You / We / They / He / She / It /
Ram had been going to school + (for / Ram been going to school + (for / Ram had not been going to school.
since)
since)?
Subject + had + (been) + V1 + ing + Aux. (had) + Subject + been + V1 + ing Subject + Aux. (had) + not + been +
(for / Since)
+ (For / Since)
V1 + ing + ow
Future Tense
3. Formation of Sentences
Positive
A
I / We shall go to school.
Interrogate
Shall I / We go to school ?
Negative
I / We shall not (shant) go to school.
You / They / He / she / it / Ram will Will You / They / He / She / It / Ram You / They / He / She / It / Ram will
go to school.
go to school ?
not (wont) go to school.
Subject + Aux. (shall / will) + V1 + Aux. (shall / will) + Subject + V 1 + ow
ow
B
I / We shall have been going to school Shall I / We have been going to school I / We shall not (shant) have been
+ (*for)
(for) ?
going to school.
You / They / He / She / It / Ram will Will You / They / He / She / It / Ram You / They / He / She / It / Ram will
have been going to school. (*for)
have been going to school (for) ?
not have been going to school.
*only for is used in this tense, since
is not used.
Subject + Aux. (shall / will) + be + V1 Aux. (shall / will) + Subject + have + Subject + Aux. + not + Have + been+
+ ing + ow
been + V1 + ing + ow
V1 + ing + ow
You / They / He / She / It / Ram will You / They / He / She / It / Ram have You / They / He / She / It / Ram will
have been to school.
been to school ?
not have been to school.
Subject + Aux. (shall / will) + have + Aux. (will / shall) + Subject + have + Subject + Aux. + not + been + V3 + ow
V3 + ow
V3 + ow
Answers
1. has been crying for 2. have been studying since
3. has been honking, for (the past) 4. have been barking,
since 5. have been begging, since 6. have been exercising,
for 7. has been growing, since 8. have been mewing
9. has been working, since 10. have been arguing, for
11. has been writing, for 12. have been swimming, since
13. has been ruling, for 14. has been walking, since
15. have been voting, for
Answer
1. sings 2. lead 3. startsbegins 4. do 5.work
6. laughs 7. sounds 8. blowsrises 9. do 10. does 11. fly
12. walk 13. speaks 14. look 15. countswastes 16. helps
17. opens 18. gives 19. risessets 20. goes 21. cries
22. teachestakes 23. cooks 24. do 25. barkes 26. eats
27. does 28. drive 29. crows 30. talks.
Simple Present
StructureTo make a question (Interrogative) all
you have to do is follow these simple steps.
Aux. + subject + V 1
The auxiliary verbs (Helping) in the simple tense are
Do and Does.
Thus,
Aux. + Subject + V1
Do
you
play ?
Does
he
sing ?
Do takes plural subjects while Does takes
singular ones.
Positive Answer
Yes,
do
play.
Yes, I play.
In a positive statement a simple I play is sufficient.
But, when one omits the Auxiliary Does in a
positive answer or statement remember to add, s, es, or
ies, as applicable.
Answer
Examples
1. Does he sing ?
V1 )
2. Does she go ?
Yes, she goes (By adding es)
502 | CAT Complete Course
Examples
Answer
1. Has risen 2. Have eaten 3. Have you worn 4. Has
she posted 5. Have seen 6. Has been 7. Has swept 8. have
destroyed 9. Have known 10. Has cut 11. Have played
12. Has risen 13. Has been 14. Have caught 15. Has
cracked.
Answer
1. has been working for 2. Have been teaching since
3. has been exercising since 4. has been operating; for
5. have been digging; since 6. has been talking; for 7. Has
been visiting; since 8. have been close ; since 9.has been
flowing; since 10. has been shouting; since
Answer
1. I have been walking for two hours 2. He has been
playing since morning 3.she has been cooking since
childhood. 4. The students have been studying since
February . 5. They have been constructing since 2003.
6. The baby has been crying since last month. 7. The dogs
have been barking since evening. 8. They have been
listening to music for 5 hours. 9. The soldiers have been
fighting since winter. 10. The boys have been jogging for
a long time.
Answer
1. has eaten 2. has been served 3. has washed 4. has
seen 5. have been 6. have finished 7. has watched 8. have
heard 9. have; worn 10. has; visited
Change the following sentences into Present Perfect
Tense.
1. I read the Bhagvad Gita.
2. They are walking.
3. She is singing a sing.
4. Doctors examine patients.
CAT Complete Course | 503
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answer
1. Plays 2. walks 3. posts 4. brushes 5. sings
6. awakes 7. eats 8. swims 9. drinks 10. beats
Now, change the following into Simple Past Tense
1.
He was weeping.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Answer
1. wept 2. jumped 3. rode 4. took 5. ran 6. screamed
7. cut 8. grew 9. dug 10. swept
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (B)
4. (A)
5. (B)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercises2
Answers
Exercises4
Change the following sentences to simple present
tense. (Tenses have been underlined to assist you.)
1. They are running away from the police.
2. He eats two dozen apples in 10 minutes.
3. Children have burst all the balloons.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (A)
4. (C)
5. (C)
Exercises3
Fill in the blanks using the correct simple past
form
1. Till (fetch) a pail of water.
2. Hari (sleep) soundly.
3. The cat (creep) into the room.
4. The horse (jump) over the fence.
5. She (talk) to me all night.
6. The doctor (examine) the patient.
7. Snow (fall) heavily in Shimla last night.
8. Jack (repair) his neighbours car.
9. I (write) a letter to my sister.
is snoring
so
loudly
that
everyone
is waking up.
15. The teacher has torn our homework books.
Answers
1. Ran 2. Ate 3. Burst 4. Walked 5. Barked 6. Slept
7. Raced 8. Opened 9. Shouted 10. Pleaded 11. Shot
12. Nibbled 13. Plaited 14. Shored, Woke 15. Tore.
Exercises 5
Simple Past Continuous Tense (Exercises)
Fill in the blanks. Assertive (Positive)
1. It (rain) heavily today.
2. They (play) football..
CAT Complete Course | 505
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I writing a letter.
He laughing loudly.
She (sing) a song.
We (call) our friends.
Uncle and Aunty (visit) their relativies the
evening.
8. You (clean) your room.
9. The boy (ride) a cycle.
10. The gardener (dig) a hole.
Answer
1. was raining 2. were playing 3. was 4. was 5. was
sing 6. were calling 7. were visiting 8. were cleaning
9.was riding 10. was digging
Exercises
Interrogative
1. she (buy) books ?
2. you (wash) the dishes ?
3. I (leave) today ?
4. we (learn) computers ?
5. they (teach) English ?
6. he (cook) the food ?
7. it (work) ?
8. father (visit) the kapoors ?
9. Jill and Jane .. (brush) their teeth ?
10. John (eat) a burger ?
Answer
1. was; buying 2. were ; washing 3. am; leaving
4. are ; learning 5. are; teaching 6. is; cooking 7. was;
working 8. is; visiting 9. were; brushing 10. was ; eating
8. It (move) fast.
9. You (listen) to me.
10. The driver (drive) very slowly.
Answer
1. was going 2. were peeling 3. was watering 4. was
examing 5. were dancing 6. was trekking 7. was stitching
8. was moving 9. were listening 10. was driving
506 | CAT Complete Course
Exercises Mixed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Answer
1. were; going 2. was; mixing 3. was talking
4. werent kicking 5. were barking 6. wasnt teaching
7. wasnt ; working 8. was laying 9. wasnt studying
10. wasnt reading
Answers
1. (B)
7. (B)
2. (A)
8. (C)
3. (D)
9. (B)
4. (B)
10. (B)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Answers
1. was spreading
3. was reading
5. was trying
7. was ironing
9. was draping
11. were frisking
13. was guessing
15. were viewing
17. was twisting, turning
19. was pulling
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
were peeling
were washing
was buttoning
was blowing
were standing
was punching
were guiding
was pouring
was banging
were ringing
Exercises3
Change the following sentences using the Past Continuous Tense. Tense indicators have been underlined to
assist you.
1. Harry and Sue have eaten their lunch.
5. (C) 6. (A)
11. (B) 12. (D)
Exercises2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
were eating
was scrubbing
were tracking
were stamping
were destroying
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
was working
was slapping
was issuing
were sprinkling
was scaling
Answer
1. were hopping 2. was reading 3. were protesting
4. were watching 5. was wrapping 6.was folding 7. were
hammering 8. were sweeping 9. was serving 10. was
rubbing.
Change the following sentences into Simple Past
Continuous Tense
1. He played cricket.
2. The girls cut their nails.
3. Silvia plaited her hair.
4. Mother peeled the bananas.
5. Kalidas wrote many books.
6. Sidney wore a tuxedo with a hat.
7. The shoeshine boy shone my shoes.
8. The cat drank all the milk.
9. The thief stole all the jewellery.
10. The boys crept into the candy store.
Answer
1. was playing 2. were cutting 3. was plaiting
4. was peeling 5. was writing 6. was wearing 7. was
shining 8. was drinking 9. was stealing 10. were creeping.
Subject
Verb Form
Were
V1 + ing
Was
Name, He, She, It (Singular) V1 + ing
However, in a conditional clauseAll singular
subjects take were.
508 | CAT Complete Course
Example
If I were a butterfly.
Here, I takes were instead of was.
The structure for the Interrogative, Positive and
Negative are as follows.
InterrogativeTo form a question follow this
simple rule.
Timer + Subject + V1 + ing
Were you going (home) ?
Positive Answer
Yes, Subject + Timer + V1 + ing
Yes, I was going (home).
Negative Answer
No, Subject + Timer + not + V 1 + ing
No, I was not going (home) ?
Answer
1. had been working; for 2. had been driving; since
3. had been playing ; for 4. had been sewing ; since 5. had
been writing ; since 6. had been growing;since 7. had
been pouring ; since 8. had been whipping ; since 9. had
been reading; for 10. had been chirping ; since.
Change the following into Past Perfect Continuous
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
had
been working
for 2 hours.
Negative Statement
Subject + had + not + been + V1 + ing + for
He
had
not
been working
for 2 hours.
(B) had
(D) will had
(B) were
(D) had been exercise
(B) is drilling
(D) had been drilling
(B) is playing
(D) had been playing
10. Sean had not talk to sue since (the year) 2000.
(A) has not talking
(C) had not been talking
Answers
1. (B)
7. (D)
2. (C)
8. (C)
3. (D)
9. (D)
4. (A)
10. (C)
5. (B)
6. (C)
Exercises2
Fillers : Fill in the blanks using the appropriate Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Mother .. (cook) since morning.
2. The crowds .. (arrive) by the hundreds for 3
days.
3. She .. (read) the Bible for 1 month.
4. The tourists .. (drive) for weeks around India.
5. Mother .. (argue) with father over a petty issue
for weeks.
6. The Judge .. (issue) summons to all and
Sunday.
7. The group members .. (practice) two songs
daily.
8. We .. (contemplate) buying a new house.
9. I .. (plead) with quit his job for years.
10. He .. (hit) his wife continually for years.
Answer
(B) is fighting
(D) are fighting
Exercises3
Change the underlined words into the Past Perfect
Continuous Tense.
sink the
song before we
were stopping
Answer
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
Exercises2
Answer
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
Answer
Exercises1
Tick the most suitable option to change the following
tenses (underlined) in the sentences into the Past Perfect
Tense.
1. He spoke to me before he die.
cat
milk
when
Exercises3
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
we
Answer
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
had arrived
had taught, ate
had kissed, eloped
had wiped, swept
had spoken, he phoned
Exercises4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answer
1. Change are playing, and sleep to had played and
slept.
2. Change was leaving and arrives to had left and
arrived.
3. Change will build and start to had built and
started.
4. Change has eaten and eats to had eaten and ate.
5. Change turned and dancing to had turned and
they danced.
6. Place had before completed and use he relaxed in
place of relaxing.
7. Insert had before left.
8. Place had before met and she met in place of
meeting.
Answer
1. had cooked; arrived 2. had finished; rained 3. had
died; came 4. had given; left 5. had cut; fell 6. had shut;
blew 7. had laid; ate 8. had cleaned; passed 9. had dug;
started 10. had served.
Change the following into Past Perfect Tense
1. We took shelter. The storm arrives.
2. Mother cooked the food. The guests come.
3. The crowd started clapping. The Hero reach the stage.
4. Sister dried the clothes. The rain come down.
5. The thief ran 100 metres. The police catch him.
6. The car crashed. The driver realize.
7. The roof fell. Anyone escape.
8. The fruit ripened. We pluck them.
9. The train left the station. We arrive.
10. We drank water. We eat food.
Answer
1. We had taken shelter before the storm arrived.
2. Mother had cooked the food before the guest arrived.
3. The crowd had started clapping before the hero reached
the stage. 4. Sister had dried the clothes before the rain
came down. 5. The thief had run a100 metres before the
CAT Complete Course | 511
Subject
Verb Form
Answer
1. Will
6. Will
2. Shall
7. Will
3. Will
8. Will
Answer
4. Shall
9. Shall
5.Will
10. Shall
1. (C)
7. (B)
2. (C)
8. (A)
3. (D)
9. (B)
4. (C)
10. (D)
5. (C)
6. (A)
Exercises3
Change the following sentences into simple future
continuous tense by substituting the underlined words.
3. He gave a lecture.
4. We grow tulips in our garden.
Answer
1. will be going
2. shall be buying
3. will be giving
4. shall be growing
5. will be thanking
6. will be playing
8. will be joining
9. will be playing
Answers
1. (C)
7. (B)
2. (A)
8. (A)
3. (B)
9. (C)
4. (C)
10. (A)
5. (A)
6. (C)
Exercises2
Change the following sentences into future perfect
tense by changing the underlined words.
1. We shall be recruiting this year ends.
2. I am employing my relatives before my boss returns.
3. Mother knits our sweaters before winter begins.
4. They police is arresting all the protesters.
5. Ricky gobbles his food very quickly.
6. The train departed the station before we reached.
7. Sammy eats his tiffin before the bell goes off.
8. Our General Manager closed the deal before
consulted us.
9. The ships sinks before it starts.
10. I posted the letter then.
Answers
1.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
Answer
1 will have been typing
Para Jumbles
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
()
(b) a, b, c, d
(c) a, b, d, c
(d) b, a, d, c
()
(b) c, a, d, b
(c) c, a, b, d
(d) c, d, b, a
()
(b) d, b, a, c
(c) d, a, b, c
(d) a, d, b, c
()
(b) c, d, a, b
(c) b, a, d, c
(d) c, a, b, d
()
() (b) b, c, d, a
(d) b, c, a, d
(1) DBAC
(2) DCBA
(3) BADC
(4) CABD
(5) DABC
12. (A) As more people buy higher-end washing machines, consumption of superior quality detergents
will rise and that should increase enzyme usage.
Similarly, as Indians eat more packaged foods, the
food-processing industry will buy enzymes in larger
quantities.
(B) But if you consider the money spent and the
advantage you get on product performance, enzyme
solutions offer an advantage," says GS Krishnan,
MD of Novozymes South Asia. But this mind block
is now beginning to change; "In our other markets,
we have experienced that economic growth changes
enzyme consumption patterns. India will be no
exception," he adds. Take detergents, for example.
(C) Despite being around for a long time, the Indian
market for enzymes is relatively nascent. "It's all
about the mindset. Our biggest challenge is to
convince some of the potential users in certain
industries to start using enzymes-businesses are very
reluctant to change. They feel enzymes are expensive
compared to chemicals.
(D) Says an industry source: "We, in India, consume
almost all the enzymes that are available globally,
but in very small quantities. That should change-but
it won't be overnight. "
(1) ABCD
(2) CABD
(3) ACBD
(4) CBAD
(5) DABC
13. (A) Getting into that list is the equivalent of getting a
calling card to start meeting clients looking for
supercomputing services. At the conference, the Tata
supercomputer christened EKA ('one' in Sanskrit)
was ranked the fourth fastest in the world.
(B) There are two reasons why many would call
Ratan Tata's decision to build a $30-million supercomputer outrageously bold. (Yes, he personally
steered the project.) First, none of the top ten supercomputers in the world has been fully funded by the
companies that built it. They were built only after
users like the US Nuclear Security Administration
and New Mexico Applications Center placed an
order, and put the money on the table. Bluntly put,
no one has built a supercomputer in order to build a
business around it.
(C) Second, none of them has had the audacity to try
and build such a machine in six weeks. So why did
Tata take such a gamble ? The answer is simple: Tata
and Computational Research Labs (CRL), the Tata
Sons subsidiary that built the machine, wanted to
make it to the Nevada SC07 conference last month.
The bi-annual event ranks the world's 100 fastest
supercomputers.
CAT Complete Course | 519
building its first ship in Hazira and has orders for ten
ship s, two of them big, worth about $400 million.
(D) Pipavav Shipyard has already spent $250 million
in its shipbuilding project and plans to invest another
$400 million. It has orders for 22 ships worth $900
million.
(1) CBDA
(2) ACDB
(3) ACDB
(4) CDAB
(5) DCBA
29. (A) Its all nonsense. Its all a lot of childish
nonsense. I cant say that I feel much sympathy for
Mr.Hopton Stoddard. He should have known better.
It is a scientific fact that the architectural style of the
Renaissance is the only one appropriate to our age.
(B) None of the witness looked at Roark. He looked
at them. He listened to the testimony. He said: No
question, to each one. Ralston Holcombe on the
stand, with flowing tie and gold headed cane, had the
appearance of a Grand Duke or a beer garden
composer. His testimony was long scholarly, but it
came down to:
(C) The attorney gave them leads like an expert press
agent. Austen Heller remarked that architects must
have fought for the privilege of being called to the
witness stand, since it was the grandest spree of
publicity in a usually silent profession.
(D) In the next two days a succession of witnesses
testified for the plaintiff. Every examination began
questions that brought out the professional
achievements of the witness.
(1) ABDC
(2) CABD
(3) CADB
(4) DCBA
(5) ADCB
30. (A) M and As were the flavour of the season with
Genpact, WNS, Firstsource, Transworks, eFunds and
Techbooks, all acquiring companies. In February,
Pune-based HOV Services, in a large deal, snapped
up US-based Lason for $148 million. Among other
big deals, Infosys acquired Citibank's 23 % stake in
BPO arm Progeon last April for $115.13 million.
(B) The sector clocked 28 % growth-including
domestic and export segments-in FY07. Nasscom
sees exports in the BPO segment at $8.3 billion in
FY07, a rise of 32% year-on-year. The IT-BPO
sector, Nasscom says, is well on track to hit the
target of $60 billion in export revenues by 2010. It
contributes roughly 5.4% to India's GDP. A quick
snapshot reveals more interesting trends. Domestic
BPO operations grew 53 %, faster than the rate of
exports.
(C) Globalisation and favourable demographics have
made India a sought after ITES-BPO destination.
The ITES-BPO industry has seen a flurry of
domestic and cross-border deals, IPO listings and
524 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
(3) ACBD
(4)BADC
(2) BADC
(2) DCBA
(1) BCAD
(2) BADC
(2) CDBA
(5) ABCD
(4) BADC
2. (2) BDAC
5. (3) DBAC
8. (3) CABD
11. (2) DCBA
14. (1) CDBA
17. (5) CDAB
20. (2) DBAC
23. (4) BCDA
26. (1) BCDA
3. (1) DCBA
6. (4) CBAD
9. (4) BDAC
12. (4) CBAD
15. (5) CBDA
18. (5) BCDA
21. (4) BDAC
24. (3) BCAD
27. (3) BACD
Reading Comprehensive
Question Format
Reading Comprehension question follow the standard
multiplechoice format with four-five answer choice
each. All of the question fall into on of the following
types :
The main idea of the passage
Specific details mentioned in the passage
The authors attitude or tone or aim
The logical and informational structure of the
passage
Future inferences that might be drawn from the text
Application of the ideas in the text to new situations
For Example
1. The author cites xyz/line # in order to a, b, c, d
2. The author mention all the following ways by which
EXCEPT
3. With which of the following statements about xyz
would the author most likely agree?
4. The author makes which of the following criticism of
the xyz,
58.
59.
60.
61.
Passage1
Word Count600
As a writer or editor today, you have a lot more at
your disposal than pencils and erasers.
Word-processing software simplifies writing and
revising, from note-taking and drafts to final copy.
The Internet is a reference library at your fingertips.
Answers
1. (E) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Passage2
Words541
More than five billion dollars in US aid to Pakistan
often never reached the military units it was intended for
to fight al-Qaida and the Taliban - instead it went into
weapon systems aimed at India. Much of the money
meant, to reimburse frontline Pakistani units was
channeled to weapons systems aimed at India and to pay
inflated Pakistani reimbursement claims for fuel,
ammunition and other costs, unnamed US government
and military officials to daily.
Pakistanis critical of president Pervez Musharraf said
he used the reimbursements to prop up his government
and one European diplomat said the United States should
have been more careful with its money. "I wonder if the
Americans have been taken for a ride," said the diplomat,
who spoke on condition of anonymity.
Money intended to repay Pakistan. for maintaining
100,000 troops in the restive tribal areas apparently does
not reach the troops who need it, officials said.
"It is not making its way, for certain, we know, to the
broader part of the armed forces which is carrying out the
brunt of the operations on the border with Afghanistan, a
senior for US military official said ?
Despite the vast funds flowing to Pakistan, a US
official visiting the border recounted finding members of
the countrys frontier corps standing there in the snow in
sandals.
Several soldiers were wearing world war-I era pith
helmets and had battered Kalashnikov rifles with only 10
rounds of ammunition each, the official said. The two
countries have forgotten clear strategic goals as to how
the US military aid should be spent or how Pakistan
could show it was meeting Washingtons expectations,
according to US and Pakistani officials US aid to
Pakistan has come under scrutiny recently in the United
States given the strength of the al-qaida and Taliban cells
in Pakistans northwestern tribal areas as well as the
failure to secure the
Capture of Osama bin Laden.
Musharraf has also been forced by US pressure to
ease back on repressive measures, lift emergency rule,
shed his military uniform and move the country toward
greater democracy. The US provides the five billion in
aid to reimburse Pakistan for carrying out military operations against terrorist threats. A separate US programme
delivers 300 million every year to pay for equipment and
training for the Pakistan military.
The US Congress on Thurs day slapped restrictions
on the 300 million in traditional military aid, 50 million
of which will be withheld until Pakistan shows it is
restoring democratic rights.
US funds are vital for Pakistan's military, with
American aid accounting for about a quarter of the
military's entire budget, the paper said.
528 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (C)
2. (D)
3. (A)
4. (D)
Passage3
Words159
Patriotism is a very complex feeling built up out of
primitive instincts and highly intellectual convictions.
There is love of home and family and friends, making us
peculiarly anxious to preserve our own country from
invasion. There is the mild instinctive liking for compatriots as against foreigners. There is pride, which is
bound up with the success of the community to which we
feel that we belong. There is belief, suggested by pride
but reinforced by history, that ones own nation
represents a great tradition and stands for ideals that are
important to the human race. But beside all these, there is
another element, at once nobler and more open to attack,
an element of worship, of willing sacrifice, of joyful
merging of the individual of life of the nation. This
religious element in patriotism is essential to the strength
of the state, since it enlists the best that is in most men on
the side of national sacrifice.
1. A suitable title for the passage could be
(A) Elements of patriotism
(B) Historical development of a nation
(C) The role of religion and history in patriotism
(D) Religion and patriotism
2. Describing the element of worship open to attack,
the author implies that it
(A) Is unnecessary
(B) Leads to national sacrifice
(C) Has no historical basis
(D) Can not be justified on rational ground
3. The tone of the passage can be best described as
(A) Critical
(C) Persuasive
(B) Descriptive
(D) Analytical
Answers
1. (A)
2. (B)
3. (D)
4. (D)
5. (B)
Passage4
Words389
The public distribution system,. Which provides food
at low prices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a
growing realization that though India has enough food to
feed its masses two square meals a day, the monster of
starvation and food insecurity continues to haunt the poor
in our country.
Increasing the purchasing power of the poor through
providing productive employment leading to rising
income, and thus good standard of living is the ultimate
objective of public policy. However, till then, there is a
need to provide assured supply of food through a
restructured, more efficient and decentralized public
distribution system (PDS).
Although the PDS is extensive-it is one of the
largest system in the world it has yet to reach the rural
poor and the far-off places. It remains an urban
phenomenon, with the majority of the rural poor still out
of its reach due to lack of economic and physical access.
The poorest in the cities and the migrants are left out, for
they generally do not possess ration cards. The allocation
of PDS supplies in big cities is larger than in rural areas.
In view of such deficiencies in the system, the PDS
urgently need to be streamlined. Also considering the
large food grains production combined with food subsidy
on one hand and the continuing slow starvation and
dismal poverty of the rural population on the other, there
is a strong case of making PDS target group oriented.
The growing salaried class is provided job security,
regular income, and social security. It enjoys almost
hundred percent insulation against inflation. The gains of
development have not percolated down to the vast
majority of our working population if one compares only
dearness allowance to the employees in public and
private sector and looks at its growth in the past few
years, the rising food subsidy is insignificant to the point
of inequity. The food subsidy is a kind of D.A. to the
poor the self-employed and those in the unorganized
sector of the economy. However, what is most unfortunate
is that out of the large budget of the so called food
subsidy, the major part of it is administrative cost and
wastages. A small portion of the above budget goes to the
real consumer and an even lesser portion to the poor who
are in real need.
CAT Complete Course | 529
Answers
1. (B)
7. (E)
2. (C)
8. (D)
3. (A)
9. (D)
4. (D)
10. (E)
5. (D)
6. (E)
Passage5
Words409
Of the many monarchs that ruled in ancient India, it
is Ashoka that we remember most. And this for at least
two reasons : He is the first on whom reliable historical
records exist to this day. Secondly, he was emperor and
hero, conquering and noble, powerful and pious. No
matter what he did in his earlier years , in the end he
proved to be uncommonly virtuous and wise, remarkably
gentle and compassionate. His very name has become a
matter of pride for the people of India. Yes it has been
stated in Buddhist lore that Ashoka was once a bloodthirsty prince who rose to his throne by the slaughter of
his ninetyeight brothers; This may be a slight exaggeration, but it is well established that his emperor of the
third century B.C., which extended the boundries of his
Magadha kingdom far and wide, engaged in a bloody
battle to subjugate Kalinga on the eastern coast of India.
But when it was all over, Ashoka saw the cruely of
war, the inhumanity of humanity of conquest. He was
(B) Macedonia
(C) Persia
(E) Syria
(D) Egypt
Answers
1. (A)
7. (C)
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (E)
5. (B)
6. (B)
Passage6
Words662
Richard Dawkins's international bestseller The God
Delusion has got it all wrong. Far from being a delusion,
at least in India God is alive and kicking butt daily. Week
before last the butt He was kicking was mine, in
Bangalore. In my case, God had manifested Himself in
the avatar of a sub-registrar. A sub-registrar is a divine
manifestation who sub-registrars things. As I needed to
have a thing (a small property) sub-registrared in
Bangalore I'd had for months sought a darshan with this
exalted being. Finally, my prayers and entreaties prevailed
and I was informed that my long sought darshan had
been granted (at the BDA office, a place of transcendental
CAT Complete Course | 531
Answers
1. (E)
2. (B)
3. (D)
4. (C)
5. (A)
Passage7
Words189
Of the many aspects of public administration, the
ethical aspects are perhaps the most important but the
least codified. While administrative rules and procedures
have been codified in various public documents and
manuals, there is no manual for the ethics of public
servants.
While organizational behaviour analyses the factors,
which influence the behaviour of individuals in an
organization, ethics refers to those norms and standards
which behaviour of individuals in an organization, ethics
refers to those norms and standards which behaviour of
the people in an organization must conform to. While
behaviour analysis deals with factual aspects, ethics
Answers
1. (C)
2. (C)
3. (C)
4. (C)
Passage 8
Words1206
The story may be apocryphal but has never been
denied. During the 1950s, the Yemeni administration
discovered that some denominations of its currency, the
Rial, were disappearing from the market. The administration traced the shortage to Aden, a port Yemen, and
found to its surprise that a young man in his 20s had
placed an unlimited buy order for the rial. The rial was a
solid silver coin. The young man simply bought the rials,
melted them into silver ingots and sold them to bullion
dealers in London at a much higher price because of the
exchange rate arbitrage. The name of the young man:
Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani, or Dhirubhai Ambani. Here
were the early signs of the making of an iconic
entrepreneur who was always looking for a business
opportunity and to make a quick buck on the side. Years
later, Dhirubhai told an interviewer: "The margins were
Answers
1. (C)
2. (E)
3. (A)
4. (E)
Passage - 9
Questions
Words511
Globalisation, liberalization and free market are
some of the most significant modern trends in economy.
Most economists in our country seem captivated by the
spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems
good or normal that does not accord with the requirements
of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller
or, of for that matter, established by anyone other than the
aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.
Answers
1. (B)
7. (C)
2. (C)
3. (B)
4. (A)
5. (E)
6. (A)
Passage - 10
Words550
The public sector is at the cross roads ever since the
launch of economic reforms programme in India. The
pendulum has been swinging between survival and surrender. It is the result of a confluence of several factors :
a shift in global economic environment, the emergence of
the market economy and myths surrounding the performance of the public sector. So virulent has been onslaught
that it is becoming axiomatic that by the very concept, the
public sector is inefficient and resource waster whereas
private enterprise is resource efficient.
The reform programme in India commenced with the
policy of restricting of the public participation with the
passage of time, the process of liberalization has shifted
to privatization in a disguised form couched as strategic
role. In the wake of the recent hot pursuit of the wholesale privatization programme a lively and poignant debate
has emerged. It provides a golden opportunity to introspect and revisit the issue.
At the very outset, it must be made clear that in the
worldwide-liberalized economic environment and very
high stake of the state in most public undertakings disinvestments policy seeks to differentiate closed or
bankrupt enterprise from the private sectora fact deliberately overlooked by the champions of privatization.
These undertakings need immediate attention. They are
an unnecessary drain on the public exchequer. A high
priority area for the disinvestments programme ought to
536 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (B)
4. (B)
5. (D)
Answers
1. (D)
Words115
6. (A)
Passage - 11
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (B)
5. (A)
Passage - 12
Words185
The second thing we must do is to observe the
caution which John Mill has given to all who are
interested in the maintenance of democracy, namely not
to lay their liberties at the feet of even a great man, or to
trust him with powers which enable him to subvert their
institutions. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to
great men who have rendered lifelong services to the
country. But there are limits to gratefulness. As has been
well said by the Irish patriot Daniel OConnell, no man
can be grateful at the cost of his honor, no women can be
grateful at the cost of her `chastity, and no nation can be
grateful at the cost of her liberty. This caution is far more
necessary in the case of India than in the case of any
other country. For in India, hero worshipping plays a part
in our politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it
plays in the politics of any other country of the world. In
politics this hero worshipping is a sure road to
degradation and to eventual dictatorship.
1. John Stuart Mill cautioned the lovers of democracy
against
(A) Subversion of democracy
(B) Entrusting powers to even great men
(C) To sacrifice their liberty
(D) None of these
CAT Complete Course | 537
Answers
1. (C)
7. (A)
2. (A)
8. (B)
3. (A)
9. (A)
4. (D)
10. (A)
5. (C)
6. (A)
Passage 13
Words722
Hyper markets take the up market route
Makrand Desh Panday (35) likes variety when he
goes to a hyper market. "I'm a bit of an impulsive shopper
and it puts me off if there's not enough variety. Good
ambience even for grocery shopping is essential since I
don't like being jostled around, says the associate VP at
an MNC bank.
Desh Pandays pick in hypermarkets are Mumbai's
HyperCity and Bangalore's Spar. "From exotic veggies in
the fresh section to good deals in grocery and consumer
durables to variety in clothes, these are places to go with
538 | CAT Complete Course
2.
Answers
1. (B)
2. (E)
3. (A)
4. (D)
Passage14
Words680
Old age, they say, is the most dreaded period of a
persons lifetime. Illness and ailments become a part of
daily routine. Depletion in the quality of vision and power
of eyes is one of the first thing that comes with growing
age. And cataract is the most widespread eye ailment
which is common among all elderly people, but is not just
restricted to them-youngsters too suffer from it.
Many technological breakthroughs have been made
in the way cataract surgery is performed and its getting
better by the day. Anyone who suffers from this ailment
can chose what kind of surgery one wants to undergo and
the amount of money that they want to shell out.
The most recent breakthrough in the cataract surgery
is the 1.8mm micro-incision surgery known as StellarisMICS. This high-end technology requires only a 1.8mm
hole (or even smaller) in the cornea of the eye to pull out
cataract and insert a new lens.
This technology has been launched in India at the
same time as it has been launched internationally, which
is generally not the case. Being a Third-World country
and despite having some very talented scientists, India is
still on the backburner of scientific inventions and
development. But Stellaris-MICS was the brainchild of
one of our eye surgeons from Chennia.
Dr. Amar Aggarwal, ophthalmic surgeon, thought the
bi-manual way of surgery was a little complex which
prevented it from being popular and suggested that there
should be a machine that can perform suction and
cleaning with the help of one tool and at the same time.
This is how the idea for this outstanding surgical machine
came into being, which was noticed by international companies like Bosch and Lomb who went on to manufacture
it and train the ophthalmologists in its usage.
The process of cataract surgery started with 12mm
incision in the cornea, which is 12mm to 13mm wide. So,
the cut went right across the eye because of which there
were more chances of infection and a lot of post-surgery
precaution were needed explains Dr Samir Sud, eye
surgeon.
Phaco, the technology to minimize the length of the
hole in the cornea, then came as a welcome change. It is
CAT Complete Course | 539
used to break the cataract inside the eye and suck it out
with the help of the needle. With this it became possible
to bring down the size of the cut to 3mm, but still the
fresh lens that is 5mm wide could not be inserted through
that hole. So the incision had to be 5mm big
Then came the idea of making foldable lens which
could be implanted through the smaller hole and then
fitted in the eye. The 3mm hole became possible with the
help of the intraocular micro incision lens. The surgery
became a boon for the patients. Post-surgery precautions
became a thing of the past. They could get back to their
normal lifestyle within a day. But better was in the offing.
18 mm incision technique made it all the more
patient-friendly, wherein the patient can even drive back
to his destination only 15 minutes after the surgery has
been performed. I did not feel any irritation or that my
eye had been tampered with. Its only much better. I can
see everything properly with bright colours, says 75
years old Mohan Raj, who now wants to get his second
eye operated too, so that he has a perfect vision.
The reason for this quick recovery is that with the
help of a smaller incision, the corneal tissue is being
disrupted at all, says Dr Sud. Also a large part of the
reasons for an improved vision depends on the MicroIncision lens which is designed in a way the profession
camera lens is. It has a single point focus and is aberration
free, aspheric lens. The lens enables good colours, contrasts and hues improving the quality of vision, after the
cataract almost blinds the patient.
Technology always leaves you wondering whether
any thing better can ever come up to make the lives easier.
And it always has a surprise in store.
1. The most appropriate title for the passage would be
(A) The cut gets tinier
(B) Perfect vision is only a small a cut away
(C) Cut and drive home brighter
(D) A cut above the rest
2. The authors theme song is
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (B)
4. (D)
Passage15
Words150
American use archaisms such as the preservation of
gotten as the past participle of get fall for autumn,
aim to for the English aim at and faucet for tap. The
word, politician, is used in a disparaging sense in
America. Solicitor in America means a canvasser or
visiting agent or beggar and the word clerk indicates a
shop assistant, usually a female.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(D) 1 and 2
(C) Fall
(D) None of these
2. Americans use faucet for
(A) Tap
(B) Aim
(C) Gotten
(D) None of these
3. The word politician is used in
(A) Bad sense in America
(B) Hateful sense
(C) Criticising sense
(D) None of these
4. The shop assistant in America is
(A) Usually female
(B) Clerk
(C) Good person
(D) None of these
5. Visit with the friends, in America, mean
(A) Visit them
(B) Go with them
(C) See them
(D) None of these
6. In America Youare welcome is said when a person
is
(A) Begging another persons pardon
(B) When a person is received
(C) When a person is insulted
(D) None of these
7. The meaning of ill breeding is
(A) Bad manners
(b) Uncultured
(C) Uncivilized
(d) None of these
8. Which of the following sentences use the word sign
correctly
(A) Please sign this paper
(B) This is a sure sign of success
(C) He called him for sign
(D) None of these
Answers
1. (C)
7. (B)
2. (A)
3. (A)
8. (A), (B)
4. (A)
5. (A)
6. (A)
Passage16
Words354
The surge witnessed in mergers, amalgamations and
take-over of companies during the past few years is
indicative of the shape of thing to come. While these
concepts are not new and were recognised even in the
Companies Act of 1913 compulsion have undergone a
dramatic change. In the past mergers and acquisition were
used largely as an instrument for revival of sick units or
for obtaining tax benefits. It was not uncommon for a
business house to merge a sick company with a profit
making one claim tax benefits.
The objective was not necessarily to achieve faster
growth. The liberalization process witnessed during the
Answers
1. (B)
7. (C)
2. (C)
8. (D)
3. (E)
9. (A)
4. (E)
5. (A)
10. (C) 11. (A)
6. (B)
Passage17
Words1199
A lot of boom, a little gloom, but no doom. That
perhaps sums up the trajectory of India's growth story so
far, and which is also a fair commentary on what's in store
in the coming days. For, nothing-not even higher interest
rates, inflationary pressures and an appreciating rupeeappear potent enough to arrest the economy's growth,
particularly investment growth of the corporate sector.
Hence, by all reckoning, economic expansion should
touch 8 % in the current financial year.
Answers
1. (E)
2. (E)
3. (C)
4. (C)
Passage18
Words925
Our parliamentary system has created a unique breed
of legislator, largely unqualified to legislate, who has
sought election in order to wield (Or influence) executive
power. It has produced governments more skilled at
politics than at policy or performance. It has distorted the
voting preferences of an electorate that knows which
individuals it wants but not necessarily which policies.
It has permitted parties that are shifting alliances of
individuals rather than vehicles of coherent sets of ideas.
It has forced governments to concentrate not on governing
but on staying in office, and obliged them to cater to the
lowest common denominator of their coalitions. It is time
for a change.
The fact that the principal reason for entering parliament is to attain governmental office poses two specific
problems. First, it limits executive posts to those who are
elect able rather than to those who are able. The prime
minister cannot appoint a cabinet of his choice; he has to
cater to the wishes of the political leaders of 20 parties.
Second, it puts a premium on defections and horsetrading. The Anti-Defection Law of 1984 was necessary
because in many states (and, after 1979, at the Centre)
parliamentary floor crossing had become a popular
pastime, with lakhs of rupees, and many ministerial posts,
changing hands. Now, musical chairs is an organized
sport, with party splits instead of defections, and for
much the same motives. I shudder to think of what will
happen after the next elections produce a parliament of 40
odd parties jostling to see which permutation of their
numbers will get them the best rewards.
The case for a presidential system of either the
French or the American style has, in my view, never been
clearer. The French version, by combining presidential
rule with a parliamentary government headed by a prime
minister, is superficially more attractive, sine it resembles
our own system, except for reversing the balance of
power between the president and the council of ministers.
This is what the Sri Lankans opted for when they
jettisoned the British model.
But, given India's fragmented party system, the
prospects for parliamentary chaos distracting the elected
president are considerable. An American or Latin American model, with a president serving both as head of state
and head of government, might better evade the problems
we have experienced with political factionalism. A
directly-elected chief executive in New Delhi, instead of
being vulnerable to the shifting sands of coalition,
support politics, would have stability of tenure free from
legislative whim, be able to appoint a cabinet of talents,
and above all, be able to devote his or her energies to
Answers
1. (B)
2. (E)
3. (D)
4. (A and C)
Passage19
Words924
Happiness is a Warm Sun
I watched the rerun of a BBC documentary, called
The Happiness Formula, over the week end. It delved into
scientific research on the subjects and noted how close
we were actually to quantifying happiness in individuals I
froze in anxiety as the show ended.
Would doctors be telling us soon how happy we
were? According to the documentary quite possibly. And
poof would go a chunk of our individual right to examine
CAT Complete Course | 545
Answers
1. (D)
2. (B)
3. (E)
4. (B)
Passage20
Words385
A recent report titled Women and Children in India
and a nearly simultaneous report on Indian Women-their
health and economic productivity highlight the international importance being given to the problems of the
progress of Indian women.
Unfortunately, both the report fail to either convey a
fresh understanding of the issue or to suggest innovative
and workable approaches for womens development. The
former is because the reports restrict themselves to old
statistics. We are told for example, that the ratio of
women to men remains below its natural level ant that it
is related to other parameters, such as the level of literacy
and the availability of primary health care.
The failure to suggest a fresh approach is less understandable given that a variety of approaches to womens
development has been tried out all over the world. In
India, the state has made a strong political and economic
commitment to women. In 1990 the National Commission of Women was established. In 1989 two major
policy documents were released. Ever since the SixthFive plan, there has been a special section on socioeconomic programmes for women. Poverty alleviation
programmes have a 30 percent target for women. Special
programmes like Development of Women and Children
in Rural Areas have also been started.
Answers
1. (B)
7. (A)
2. (C)
8. (C)
3. (A)
9. (D)
4. (E)
10. (D)
5. (C)
11. (E)
6. (B)
12. (B)
Passage21
Words249
It is strange that, according to his position in life, an
extravagant man is admired or despised. A successful
business man does nothing to increase his popularity by
being careful with his money. He is expected to display
his success, to have a smart car, an expensive life, and to
be lavish with his hospitality. If he is not so, he is
considered mean, and his reputation in business may even
suffer in consequence. The paradox remains that if he had
not been careful with his money in the first place, he
would never have achieved his present wealth.
Among the low-income group, a different set of
values exists. The young clerk, who makes his wife a
present of a new dress when he hasn't paid his house rent,
is condemned as extravagant. Carefulness with money to
the point of meanness is applauded as a virtue. Nothing in
his life is considered more worthy than paying his bills.
The ideal wife for such a man separates her housekeeping
money into joyless little piles so much for rent, for food,
for the children's shoes; she is able to face the milkman
with equanimity every month, satisfied with her
economising ways, and never knows the guilt of buying
something she can't really afford.
As for myself, I fall into neither of these categories.
If I have money to spare, I can be extravagant, but when,
as is usually the case, I am hard up, then I am the meanest
man imaginable.
1. Which of the following would be the most suitable
title for the passage?
(A) Extravagance is always condemnable
(B) Extravagance leads to poverty
Answers
1. (C)
7. (A)
2. (B)
8. (C)
3. (D)
9. (A)
4. (B)
10. (A)
5. (A)
6. (D)
Passage22
Words66
The recent rapid growth of industry has, in some
cases, been so excessive that too much manufacturing
capacity has been developed in some fields of production,
which forces companies to sell their surplus products in
world markets at prices lower than normal. This will
make it almost impossible to develop local industries
producing the same items because consumers will prefer
to buy the cheaper' imported product.
1. Why is it necessary for companies to sell products at
cheaper prices ?
(A) The cost of production has been considerably
low.
(B) The local industries also manufacture the same
product.
(C) There is a heavy demand for these products.
(D) The demand has been lowered significantly.
(E) None of these
2. According to the passage, the situation resulting from
the rapid industrial growth is
(A) favourable to the manufacturers
(B) disastrous to the exporters
(C) conducive to the growth of local industries
(D) unfavourable to the consumers
(E) None of these
3. 'This will make' in this sentence, 'This' refers most
closely and directly to
(A) Development of local industries
(B) The recent rapid growth of industry
(C) Selling products of excessively higher prices
(D) Companies manufacturing surplus products
(E) Companies selling their production at cheaper
prices
CAT Complete Course | 549
Answers
1. (E)
2. (E)
3. (B)
4. (E)
5. (C)
Passage23
Words169
Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social
contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters
which do not touch anybody elses liberty of course, I
may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the Strand
in a dressing-gown, with long hair and bare feet, who
shall say me nay, You have liberty to laugh at me, but I
have to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for
dyeing my hair. Or waxing my moustache (which heaven
forbid), or wearing a tall hat, a frock coat and sandals, or
going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my
fancy and ask no mans permission. I shall not inquire of
you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you
will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or
that, whether you may marry the dark lady or the fair
lady, whether you prefer Longfellow to Wordsworth, or
champagne to coca cola.
1. Not a personal affair means
(A) Not enjoyed in person
(B) Not having individual affair
(C) Not concerned with individuals
(D) None of these
2. Social contract implies
(A) A contract for the sake of society
(B) A contract among the members of society
(C) A contract of social interests
(D) None of these
550 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (C)
7. (A)
2. (B)
8. (C)
3. (B)
9. (A)
4. (A)
10. (C)
5. (B)
6. (C)
Passage 24
Words577
Naseema Begagum, a government school teacher in
Karachi's middle income Garden Road locality, is not a
happy woman. She has been assigned election duties in
Karachi South, one of the city's more troubled areas.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (B)
3. (A)
4. (E)
5. (B)
Passage25
Words627
Year of Experiments and Neo-Wave Cinema
The year goes down in Bollywood history as the
year of living Dangerously. Forget the regular hits like
Om Shanti Om, Namastey London, Partner and Heyy
Babby. These were the usual blockbuster that one find in
Bollywood annual roster, year after year. What made
2007 special was the spirit of Bollywood. Like a new
age Columbus, it embarked boldly on a voyage into the
unknown, caring little about the common concern of cash
inflows and revenue curves.
The idea was the lodestar which guided this doughty
ship into unchartered terrain, choppy waters and swirling
whirpools. And the end result of all this experimentation
was a neo- wave cinema that boasted of films like Bheja
fry, Black Friday, Parzanta, Johny gaddar, Manorama six
feet under and perhaps, the biggest venture of them all,
Taare zameen par.
Think about it and you will realize that even the two
biggies that charmed your heart chak de India and Jab we
met were formula busting films. Chak de struck and
instant chord and became the national slogan with its
underplayed celebration of patriotism, only because this
brand of desh bhakti was so different from the chest
beating, flag waving nationalism of films like Border,
Gaddar and even Lagaan. Similarity jab we met turned
the Dilwale Dulhaniya le jayenge formula on its head,
merely because its lead characters streered clear of the
stereotype, as did the dhamakedar dialogue which the
daily banter of todays youth
Films like Dharma,Black Friday and Parzania
displaed the power of docufeatures and showed how
cinema could still sell soul stirring messages about peace,
humanity, oneness and tolerance. Bheja fry lead the brat
pack with its attempts to redefine comedy completely and
make the laugh act brain teasing rather than rib tickling.
Of course, India still laughed on the banana-peel skids
(partner, Heyy Babby, Dhamaal and Dhol)But the Rajat
Kapoor Vinay Pathak banter gave the comic a cutting
edge satire and black humour.
But the real teasers of the maverick bunch were two
films which made the criminal king. Johny gaddar and
shootout at lokhandwala stood out for their ekdum human
insights into evil, making the anti hero alluring, yet
wicked.
Surely, Vivek Oberois crook act in shootout at
Lokhandwala and Neil Mukeshs Johny gaddar are the
two most mesmerising character of the year in the
ignoble class, even as Shah Rukh khans coach Kabir
Khan in Chak De India and Aamir Khans Nikumb sir in
Taare zameen par are the hottest characters in the noble
category.
552 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (C)
2. (B)
3. (B)
4. (B)
Passage26
Words138
It is firm resolve that we should strive together to
build a new worlda world where the differences of rich
and poor, colour and castes of brotherhood, where every
religion will be respected, where the wealth of the nations
would be employed for the developmental works and for
the improvement of education, health and nutrition of the
children, instead of building up atomic piles for waging
wars, where nations would have friendly relations with
one another even though they might have subscribed to
different ideologies, where the structure of divine power
in everyman would be converted into the refulgent light
of spiritualism. The road is difficult now like the razors
edge, but if you want to preserve the human race, we will
perforce have to walk on this path with courage, with
patience and with self confidence.
1. Firm resolve in the first sentence means
(A) Definite resolution (B) Accepted view
(C) Unflinching
(D) None of these
2. What is our firm resolve ?
(A) To work together
(B) To make a collection effort to build a new world
(C) To build a new world
(D) None of these
3. One of the features of the new world will be
(A) No distinction of colour and caste will exist
(B) No person belonging to castes will exist
(C) Poor and rich will live together
(D) None of these
4. Humanity will be sole test of brotherhood means
(A) Human being will judge brotherhood
(B) Human feeling will develop brotherhood
(B) Glare
(D) None of these
Answers
1. (C)
7. (C)
2. (B)
8. (C)
3. (A)
9. (A)
4. (C)
5. (C)
10. (A) 11. (A)
6. (B)
Passage27
Words230
When we are suddenly confronted with any terrible
danger, the change of nature we undergo is equally great.
In some cases fear paralyses us. Like animals, we stand
still, powerless to move step in fright or to lift a hand in
defence of our lives, and' sometimes we are seized with
panic, and again, act more like the inferior animals than
rational beings. On the other hand, frequently in cases of
CAT Complete Course | 553
Answers
1. (B)
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (B)
5. (B)
Passage28
Words93
The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion, and
are only alike in their ineffectuality. In Lavengro there is
an impossible character, a victim of insomnia, who finds
that a volume of Wordsworth's poems is the only sure
soporific, but that was Borrow's Malice. The famous old
plan of counting sheep jumping over a stile has never
served a turn. I have herded imaginary sheep until they
insisted on turning themselves into white bears or blue
pigs, and I defy any reasonable man to fall asleep while
mustering a herd of stupid swine.
1. The author points out that
(A) sleep can-easily be induced
(B) the artificial means of inducing sleep are not
good
(C) artificial ways of inducing sleep are ineffective
(D) artificial ways of inducing sleep are expensive
Answers
1. (C)
2. (D)
3. (B)
4. (B)
5. (D)
Passage29
Words135
Experiments with the Sulfonamides have made clear
a fact about germs which is gaining increasing importance
in fighting them. Germs, it seems, have the same ability
as all the other living things gradually to change themselves to suit new conditions. But, as the generation of
germs lasts only twenty, twenty-five or thirty minutes,
before all the germs divide to form new ones, changes,
that would take many years in animals can be achieved
by germs in a few hours. Perhaps, then you give the
attacking germ a dose of Sulfonamides which upsets
them somewhat but is not strong enough to prevent them
from multiplying; if so, they very rapidly develop new
powers which enable them to resist the effects of the
drug. After this has happened, even the strongest dose
will fail to disturb them.
1. Experiments with Sulfonamides have led to the
important discovery that
(A) germs are living things, and can change themselves to suit new conditions.
(B) one generation of germs lasts only twenty,
twenty five or thirty minutes.
(C) germs can adjust themselves to live and multiply in new conditions.
(D) germs are not disturbed even by the strongest
possible dose of Sulfonamides.
2. Like all other living things, germs can change
themselves to suit new conditions. This adjustment is
possible because the germs have
(A) the power of fluctuation
(B) the power of compliance
(C) the power of adaptability
(D) the power of adaptability
3. Since germs can change themselves to suit new
conditions, the task of fighting them has become
(A) absolutely impossible
(B) much easier
(C) much more difficult
(D) increasingly important
4. Germs which are not disturbed even by the strongest
possible dose of the Sulfonamides are said to have
become
(A) immortal
(B) immune
(C) improvised
(D) immobile
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (B)
Words220
Though supposed to be the beginning of womans
liberation decade, recent months have been far form
being kind to top ladies. All the three really prominent
once only a short while ago firmly in power, are now out
it. In Argentina, the widow of the former dictator, Juan
Peron, was displaced by a military coup; but both Mrs.
Indra Ghandhi early this and Mrs. Bandaranaike now,
have been defeated in a democratic election. Speculation
will be immediate about the extent to which the Indian
example influenced even farther south. Mrs. Gandhi had
governed by Emergency and extensively rewritten Constitution. Mrs. Bandaranaike used a similar steamroller
majority in the last Parliament to give Sri Lanka an
entirely new one. Both extended the natural life of
Parliament; both imposed severe curbs on the judiciary
and the press, both were eventually embarrassed by the
prominence given to their sons. The main difference
seems to be that Mrs. Bandaranaike at least won her own
seat, whereas Mrs. Gandhi did not. It will be a matter of
wide satisfaction at home and abroad, for the subcontinent
to have once again demonstrated, that special power are
not necessarily eternal that public patience is not
inexhaustible, and that it is a pure and interested myth to
assert that Asia is not a favourable ground for effective
democracy.
1. Liberation decade means
(A) Decay of liberation movement
(B) Liberation has come to an end
(C) A period of 10 year during which liberation
movement goes on
(D) None of these
2. Far form being kind means
(A) Has not been kind (B) Not kind
(C) Kind enough
(D) None of these
3. Juan Peron was the
(A) Prime Minister of Argentina
(B) Wife of the former dictator of Argentina
(C) Lady who brought military coup
(D) None of these
4. Speculation will be immediate. About what ?
(A) About democratic elections
(B) About Mrs. Bandaranaikes defeat
(C) About the extent to which Indian elections
effected Sri Lanka
(D) None of these
5. Mrs. Gandhi ruled
Answers
1. (A)
Passage30
5. (C)
Answers
1. (C)
2. (A)
3. (B)
7. (A)
8. (A)
9. (A)
4. (C)
5. (C)
6. (A)
Passage31
Words144
I would say with those who say God is Love. But
deep down in me I used to say that through God be Love,
God is Truth-above all. If it is possible for the human
tongue to give the fullest description of God, I have come
to the conclusion that for myself, God is Truth. But two
years ago I went a step further and said that .Truth is
God. I never found a double meaning in connection with
Truth, and even atheists had not demurred to the
necessity or power of Truth but in their passion for
discovering Truth the atheists have not hesitated to deny
the very existence of God form there own point of view
rightly. And it was because of this reasoning that I saw
that rather than say that God is Truth, I should say that
Truth is God.
1. The writer believed
(A) What others said about God
(B) That God is Love
(C) That Love is God
(D) None of these
2. Deep down in me means
(A) In the hearts of my heart
(B) When I was down
(C) In the depth of down
556 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (D)
7. (A)
2. (A)
8. (A)
3. (C)
9. (A)
4. (A)
5. (A)
6. (A)
Passage32
Words188
It will be a mistake to think that he was given only
'bouquets', he also received many 'brickbats'. The
Christian missionaries took alarm at his popularity. They
used to raise funds 'by preaching that India was a land of
heathens waiting to be saved by Christianity. The
American press now began to say that it was a shame that
any body should try to teach India religion, rather the
Answers
1. (D)
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (D)
Answers
5. (A)
Passage33
Words109
Religion is the greatest instrument for so raising us.
It is amazing that a person not intellectually bright,
perhaps not even educated, is capable of grasping and
1. (C)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (A)
5. (B)
Passage34
Words691
Judiciary has enjoyed years of activism. Public
adulation, emanating from the instant judicial solution to
CAT Complete Course | 557
2.
3.
4.
5.
(B) 1, 2 and
(C) 1, 3 and 4
(E) only 5
(D) only 3
Answers
1. (E)
2. (B)
3. (B)
4. (B)
Passage35
Words808
The Dust over the Gujarat election has begun to
settle and the post-mortems have begun. The pundits have
zeroed in on three or four reasons for the Congress
defeat. One of them is the stalling of the Forest Rights
Act, which apparently cost the congress a large number
of potential tribal supporters and which-belatedly-will be
notified today. Is this diagnosis correct? Why should
what seems to be an arcane welfare scheme make such a
difference to a state election?
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 is not
a welfare scheme. Rather, it aims at correcting the century-long State takeover of resources belonging to the
countrys tribal and forest communities. Contrary to
allegations, this Act does not hand out or distribute
land to anyone . It addresses one basic problem : what are
called forests in India law presumed by many to be
pristine wilderness are nothing of the kind; crores of
people live inside these forests.
Why do many of them not have rights to the land
they live on ? The reason is Indias forest laws. The forest
Acts aimed to bring all forests under a centralized Forest
Departments control and to take over the lands and rights
of forest-dwellers. At first this was justified in the name
of easier timber extraction; then post-Independence., for
the nations industrial requirements; and finally, for
conservation. Whatever the justification, the policy has
remained the same.
Answers
1. (E)
2. (E)
3. (A)
4. (B)
Passage36
Words875
Catch Them Young
Education system in India, all the way from adult
literacy programmes and rural schools to vocational
institutes and research universities, need a comprehensive
makeover. This is uppermost amongst the countrys
development priorities.
Literacy and basic education are required for people
to manage their daily lives and participate in democratic
processes; vocational skills enable participation in the
economy; and higher education enable Indians to play a
more effective role in the global knowledge economy and
international affairs. However there is another need
which runs through all forms of education: it is the need
to inculcate the right values to develop responsible
citizens of society.
Changing societal values is a recurring theme across
the world the erosion of family values has been
concerning leader in the USA where both republican and
Democratic political leaders regularly call for their
restoration. The decay of Community life also bothers
Americans. Social studies reveal that family and
community values contribute greatly to happiness, and
their depletion in economically advanced countries is a
significant reason why people in these countries are not
happier even when they are richer.
Though children brought up in the education systems
of these countries learn to stand on their feet, and be
politically and economically independent, often they end
up Bowling Alone (in sociologist Robert Putnams
memorable phrase) and unhappy. Therefore as, we strive
to improve Indias education systems to enable our
children to become economically independent, they
should also imbibe better family and community values
in them if we want a more harmonious, happy society.
At the heart of family and community values is the
value of inclusion of considering not only ones own
needs, but also the needs of others. Some suggest that
good values are built at home, in the family and the
community rather than in school. However, when good
values are disappearing from families and communities
themselves, schools must become the place where they
are strengthened, and from which required values will be
reinserted into society. In India, citizens must think and
act more inclusively than many in any other country of
the world perhaps, because we are very diverse and a
democracy with many inequities.
Values cannot be taught like texts, nor tested in
written examinations. They are learned by living. Two
Indian schools that are good example of how children
imbibe values of inclusion are the Loreto Day school
Answers
1. (A)
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (D)
Passage37
Words878
A bunch of no-hopers from Iraq-spurred on by their
platitude-spilling Brazilian coach and some crazy idea of
deliverance - provided the most poignant moment in all
sport in 2007, and not just football.
When a hastily-whipped up, scarred-by-the war, noplace-to-call-home team won the Asia Cup this summer,
it helped a sport that has become an industry, remember
that you cannot manufacture romance. Football become a
sport again, albeit briefly...
CAT Complete Course | 561
(D) Requilme was offered sevrals big money contracts while Back ham was paid enormous sum
to endorse big products like Adidas, Pepsi,
Diesel and Rage
(E) All of the above
3. The tone of the author in the passage can be best
described by which of the following word/s ?
1. Encouraging
2. Ironical
3. Disgusted
4. Didactic
5. Cynical
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 3 and 4
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 2 and 5
(E) 3 and 5
4. Which of the following headings according to the
passage would be most apt ?
(A) Win-some lose some
(B) How the west was won
(C) Glamour vs Raw talent
(D) Pretty face -ugly football
(E) Moderate talent- Model success
Answers
1. (D)
2. (A)
3. (E)
4. (B)
Passage38
Words931
The hero is a slayer of monsters. That is not just his
corer competence, but his only competence. According to
Roberta Calasso, deconstructor of the cross-cultural
mythological hero, the destruction of the monstrous is not
an attribute of heroism but its constitution; the very stuff
heroism is made of. It is Hercules slaying the Nemean
lion or the many-headed Hydra; Bal Krishna crushing the
giant serpent; These us killing the minotaur; Rama
vanquishing Ravana.
It is not incumbent on the hero qua hero to be particularly wise, or intelligent, or indeed decisive. In fact, the
hero as hero is the least decisive of persons : his killing of
monsters being a form of monomania or an obsessivecompulsive disorder. The hero must destroy monsters,
even when, like a post-modern Beowulf, he might intuit
that the monster he destroys may in fact be somewhat less
monstrous than he himself is.
At the moment of his triumph-when he not only
bestrides Gujarat like a colossus but casts a prophetic
shadow over Delhi-Narendra Modi recalls the great
heroes of mythology as defined by Calasso: slayers of
monsters and demons. The many, interlocking reasons
behind Modis victory-which totally confounded most
supposedly expert predictions-will be discussed and
analysed till kingdom come, or at least till the next
government comes.
(A) Only 1
(B) 3 and 1
(C) Only 4
(E) Only 3
(D) 3 and 4
Answers
1. (B)
2. (C)
3. (C)
4. (C)
Passage39
Words915
Do Away With Subsidies
We spend far too much money funding subsidies in
the name of equity, with neither the equity nor efficiency
objective being met. So said the prime minister during
the course of a recent speech in Delhi. He was repeating
what one of his predecessors, Rajiv Gandhi, had said
several years ago - that only 17 paise out of every rupee
spent on subsidies actually reached the targeted
beneficiaries.
Manmohan Singh's remark focuses attention on a
malady that has affected our package of economic policies
over the years. Successive governments have doled out
subsidies to satisfy some vested interest or other. Perhaps,
some of these subsidies had some initial economic
justification. Often, these subsidies lose all rationale after
some time. But the government of the day simply cannot
muscle up enough courage to remove them because that
would be politically unpopular. Such examples are easy
to find. I have written about a couple of them in recent
columns of this newspaper. Subsidised higher education
or the unrealistically low prices of petrol and LPG are a
burden on government revenues, with the majority of the
beneficiaries being relatively well-off people. And there
are many others. For instance, the subsidy on fertilisers
has gradually assumed mammoth proportions over the
years. However, rich farmers benefit significantly more
than small ones from the fertilizer subsidy since they buy
substantially higher quantities. Until recently, the urban
middle classes were the biggest beneficiaries of the public
distribution system. Many of the really poor do not have
any fixed address, and so do find it difficult to obtain
ration cards. Even if they have ration cards, they do not
have money to purchase their weekly quota of food grains
on anyone day of the week.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (A)
3. (E)
4. (C)
A Man Of Ideas
Managers who have worked with Tata closely say
that he has identified many such themes. Internationalisation was one. The push to hire young mangers at
significant, decision-making levels across the group is
another. The entire focus on the bottom of the pyramid-be
it the one-Iakh car, budget hotels or low-end watches-is
his idea. So is the focus on research and development.
"No doubt, he has been a big influence on the group in
the last three-four years, says R Gopalakrishnan, Executive Director of Tata Sons Rosling says, "he is a deep
thinker, extremely strategic and long term. He is always
two-three moves ahead."
And once he has identified a theme, he often leads by
communication. He employs a very consultative style in
seeding these ideas or themes into group companies. He
encourages people to open their eyes to look at an
opportunity and gets them to think differently about
issues. but he will never tell them what to do. Often, he
communicates by asking questions. "Why can't you" or
"have you thought about this"- those are common phrases
he employs. He will ask you questions that will lead to
the theme. Rosling calls this the Tata way of "socialising
ideas." Tata never imposes and never demands that
people fall in line with his beliefs. Rather, he floats an
idea, discusses and debates it and then allows managers
to come up with what they would like to do about it. "He
has had significant personal impact on the way the group
has changed and internationalized, but he has done it
through colleagues. That is what leadership is all about,"
says Rosling.
Be Bold
Admittedly, Tata has also been trying to increase the
"dare quotient" of the group. He has been nudging his
managers to be bold in their planning. This relatively new
facet is perhaps best summed by the mindset with which
Tata walked into the Corus auction. "Tata went into the
auction with the intention to win," says Gopalakrishnan.
"You are now beginning to see that attitude being
reflected in group companies," he adds.
Tata encourages aggression among group mangers in
many ways. To begin with, he is always encouraging
Hands Off
Yet, in all this Tata never comes in the way of a
manager functioning. Yes, he might step in to make a
broad strategic adjustment, but he does not interfere in
operational issues. Only if his help or input is sought in
something specific does he come into the picture.
That can be said of his involvement in the global
acquisitions as well. He is present as a member of the
leadership team; he is not there in managing the process.
He is available to CEOs as a sounding board, or to give
advice. "That was precisely his role in the Corus acquisition," says Rosling. B Muthuraman, Tata Steel Managing
Director was running the process, Arun kumar Gandhi,
Executive Director, Tata Sons was in the negotiation and
the bidding, Tata was there only to help with key decisions based on Muthuraman's recommendations.
Tata extends a similar philosophy into the way global
acquisitions are managed and integrated into the group.
Cultural compatibility is one big area in which due
diligence is done before starting work on any crossborder deal. "This ensures that they are, in a manner of
speaking, inclined to be in the Tata groove more readily,"
says Tata'. He prefers a non-prescriptive approach. "We
do not take a William the conqueror approach to crossborder acquisitions," says Gopalakrishnan. "I have signed
the cheque. So I am here to tell you how to handle things
in the future -that's not what Tata believes in," he adds.
Man Of Integrity
A key issue that ensures cultural competency is
ethics. This is where Tata has never diluted his value
system. "I saw him stand by his principles, even though it
cost him entry into the lucrative airline business," recalls
a senior official of the group, referring to the jinxed Tata
Airlines Singapore Airlines proposal of the late '90s.
"Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do
business other than do it ethically," says Gopalakrishnan.
He points to the Tata Finance episode (financial
irregularities by senior company officials had led to the
loss of few hundreds of crore) as an example. At that
time, when the loss was yet to be ascertained (estimates
ranged from Rs 500 crore to Rs 1,000 crare), Tata
Answers
1. (B)
2. (C)
3. (E)
4. (D)
Passage 2
Words1973
The Forest Rights Act will come into forces on
January 1, 2008. And on that sombre note the sun will
rise on the dawn of the New Year, unknowing that the
earth it bathes in its life-giving rays has inched a little
closer to its death. The Act being yet another blow
delivered on an already-Fractured scarred planet.
For the past three years , I have been writing an
overview of wildlife issues that have dominated the year
in this columm. Each year, I hope to strike an optimistic
note in this season of goodwill and cheer; yet, on the
contrary , the despondency only grows. This time I had
hoped that pessimism would take a back seat with the
outcome of the National Board of Wildlife meeting that
took place in November 2007.
After months of dilly-dallying, a board comprising
members known for waging battles for wildlife and
taking on the Government- including the current one-was
formed. After much delay-and attempts by the Ministry
of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Prime
Ministers Office (PMO) to preempt discussion on any
critical and sensitive subject-its meeting took place on
November 1.
Contrary to expectations, the outcome of the meeting
was a pleasant surprise. The prime Minister took a keen
interest, and many positive decisions were arrived at, an
568 | CAT Complete Course
In another macabre fallout of the man-animal conflict, a bear and her two cubs were axed to death by the
irate residents of Bedar village near Poonch in Jammu &
Kashmir on October 28. This was yet another bear
bearing the brunt of deforestation, and consequent mananimal conflict in the State. Of leopards badgered, burnt
and killed across the country, one has lost count.
The tiger, of course, has not been the only species
that was the target of the poachers gun. This year also
saw a breach in the excellent protection according to
rhinos in Kaziranga over the past few years. Seventeen
Greater one-horned rhinos fell to the poachers gun in
2007. Another victim was the beleaguered Asiatic lion.
Barely 325 of them survive in the world today, and 17
were lost from January to April-half of them to poaching.
In earlier years, lions have been killed over man-animal
conflict, and the odd one to feed the domestic market for
its claws. But the spate of killings this years was
different-the lion was now being slaughtered and sold in
the animal markets of China and the Far East in the same
way the tiger is-for its derivatives to be used in traditional
medicine.
On December 13,65 skins were seized-one tiger skin,
21 leopard skins and 43 otter skins-in northern Karnataka.
All this only prompts a person to ask one question
Where is the long promised Wildlife Crime Bureau ?
And what does one do when the enemy is within ?
According to reports, the Chhattisgarh Forest Department has come up with a plan to cut down over 20lakh
old-growth trees and replace them with monocultures of
teak and eucalyptus. This has already started in Sarguja
and Koria districts.
Another disastrous decision that escaped public eye
was the denotification of the Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, a rare haven in Haryana of about 200 hog deer and
other species. They wanted to build a canal through it,
and when that was proving difficult because of the laws,
the sanctuary was denotified. In another part of the
country-Madhya Pradesh-the forest Department wants to
start trophy hunting. How they propose to issue licenses a
country where the state of wildlife monitoring and the
enforcement of its laws is abysmal is not known.
Another very distressing story was the proposed
thermal power plant in Chamalapura in south Karnataka.
This borders Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Nagarhole
National Park-prime tiger habitat, and home to other rare
flora and fauna. The plant is a disaster- it will require a
million litres of fresh water from the Kabini daily, and
will discharge huge amounts of fly ash, sulphur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide. The impact will also
be felt in Mysore, 35km away. It will also displace over
20,000 people. The Karnataka Government seems to be
on a suicidal path-they have proposed a network of 73
mini hydel projects across the dense forests in the Western
Ghats. The destruction is evident in the Kempholey
CAT Complete Course | 569
Answers
1. (A)
2. (A)
3. (C)
4. (C)
Passage 3
Words1371
Its 10 in the morning, and at the historic Azad
Maidan, where The Mahatma used to address swelling
crowds during the Civil Disobedience movement, another
movement is slowly gathering steam. It's Mumbai's first
major protest rally against corporatisation of the retail
sector. 'Mike testing' is on as a sprinkling of protestors
waits patiently under the sweltering sun. There are more
television reporters and cops (two truckloads of the latter)
than protestors waiting for the action' to begin. In sync
with the historic nature of the venue, there are banners
bearing the images of the founding fathers of the countryGandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Subhash
Chandra Bose and even Bhagat Singh. The organisers of
the event had 'promised' 50,000 protestors but less than
50 are around. Half an hour later, 50 more join exerting
their vocal cords. Just as the camera crews were getting
restive, the 'action' begins.
Almost out of the blue, they came-petty shopkeepers,
hawkers, pushcart vegetable vendors, chemists, onion
Big is Bad
Having said that, the protestors' ire seems to largely
focus around the two corporate - Reliance's Fresh outlets
and Bharti's tie-up with the international poster boy of
Big Bad Retail Business, Wal-Mart. Reliance has had its
stores vandalised in Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand.
In UP, the company was forced to down shutters on all its
23 Reliance Fresh outlets and let go of 235 or so employees. Protests have also been held against Reliance
Fresh in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and
Kerala. In all, Reliance has opened 300 stores in 30 cities
Answers
1. (A)
2. (A)
3. (C)
4. (B)
Passage 4
Words778
Not until a year later, however, in March l974, did
the Pentagon finally admit to having deemed it necessary
-if not nice-to fool with Mother Nature over Laos, North
Vietnam and South Vietnam, from 1966 through 1972.
Defence department officials made the admissions at a
briefing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
They said that cloud seeding project-in connection with
the emplacement of electronic and chemical sensing
devices-had succeeded stanching North Vietnamese
infiltration down the Ho Chi Minh trail especially in the
summer of 1971. But they denied allegations that their
cloud seeding had been responsible for the devastating
flooding of North Vietnam in the fall of that year. The
Pentagon people pointed out that cloud seeding had been
the object of civilian R and D for many years, and that the
military had simply found it to be compatible to be the
cause of the war. What they did not emphasise was that
"technology" has now proceeded to the point that not just
Answers
1. (C)
2. (C)
3. (B)
4. (A)
Passage 5
Words1226
Naveen Jindal, 37, gives off a quiet aura. Yet, beneath
the exterior lies the young politician's urge to transform
India into a wealth of opportunities. His Lok Sabha ticket
ensures that he is in the right profession to carry out the
dreams of millions. To boot, Jindal, is the Executive Vice
Chairman and Managing and Director of Jindal Steel and
Power (JSPL), part of the $ 6 billion Jindal Organisation.
With his credentials in place, his belief that the time
is ripe for the nation's youth to have their tryst with destiny, will, no doubt, find many takers. Standing in the
way of Jindal are, however, only achievable milestonesno hurdles. The way Jindal sees it, there is no room for
any morale-busting shortcomings like corruption or poor
infrastructure, precisely because they ought to be the last
thing on the mind of the youth-a motto that is borne out
by examples from his own political career.
After joining the Lok Sabha, representing Kurukshetra constituency from Haryana, he played an active
role in having smoking banned in the Central Hall of
Parliament in July 2004. He is also responsible for dutyfree shops at the country's international airports accepting
Indian currency from September 2005. Jindal reckons
that efforts directed towards the people of the country
should not be confined to the upper crust.
The country's booming growth, he believes, should
reach all the way down to the underprivileged classes as
well. For the youth living on this side of wealth, "good
quality education," especially primary education, should
be given. Says Jindal : "The need is not for more policy
decisions but for streamlining implementation. Our
delivery mechanism has failed us completely and we
have to focus on making it more efficient." The schoollevel education is the most important, as this is where the
foundation is laid, and after school the youth should be in
a position to decide on what to do next. Therefore, there
should be a number of vocational and technical training
courses provided for the next stage, Jindal feels. "We
have to also focus on developing our infrastructure," he
adds. It is a question of becoming self-reliant at a young
age and standing up for what one represents. As a member
of the Congress youth brigade that includes Rahul Gandhi,
Sachin Pilot and Jyothiraditya Scindia, Jindal is all too
aware of the responsibilities of a young politician in
carrying out his agenda to a picture-perfect finish.
Initial Trigger
Jindal's decision to enter politics may have had its
origins in an amusing incident that was played out over
10 years-which Jindal, however, puts down to his father's
influence. His student years in the USA, where Jindal did
his MEA from the University of Texas and Dallas, were
574 | CAT Complete Course
Business As Usual
On the business front, Jindal sees rapid growth with
constantly changing paradigms. There is growth in the
industry and the challenge is to keep on growing and
streamlining all aspects of business, be it sourcing of raw
materials or logistics, having a really good team, adopting
the latest technology or an efficient production system.
People have to be ready to embrace changes. They have
to constantly innovate and adapt to the changing times.
But at the same time we must focus on keeping one's
core competence, core values and impeccable reputation
untouched," he warns. Incidentally, when Jindal had taken
over the reigns of Jindal Organisation's Raigarh operations, which had sponge iron as its backbone, it was in the
red. Soon, by adopting global economies of scale, Jindal
was able to ring in changes and make it the largest coalbased sponge iron manufacturing capacity in the world. It
is to Jindal's credit that his steel company is a producer of
low-cost sponge iron. Taking the forward integration
path, he set up the Rail and Universal Beam mill.
Right now, JSPL has a capacity of 3 million tonne
and Jindal wants it to go up to I5mt in the next 10years.
Future plans include setting up 6 mt plants in Orissa and
Jharkhand. Besides having a number of other projects in
the pipeline, Jindal already has his hands full with his $2.
I-billion iron and steel project in Bolivia. Jindal's power
business has a capacity of producing 1,500 MW which he
is keen on increasing to 10,000 MW in the next decade.
The Divide
Shuttling back and forth between politics and business is hard. But helping Jindal manage both ends of a
difficult career is his devoted team. He concedes that
more than half of his time is taken up by politics and what
keeps him going is an undying passion for the people of
his constituency. One of his priorities has been on providing toilets to each household under the total sanitation
scheme.
"This, I believe, provides dignity to the people, especially women. Apart from this, I am focused on providing
health care. I have lately got involved in helping the
Bharti Group's corporate social responsibility initiative of
opening 40 primary schools in my constituency. My role
has to be in facilitating their mission," he says. Besides
the hard-nosed drive of a businessman, there is a humanist
in Jindal that is trying to break the mould of a conventional do-gooder"
1. From the passage the reader can conclude that the
author is chiefly concerned about
(A) Corruption and pathetic infrastructure
(B) The countrys flourishing growth should reach
the underprivileged classes too.
(C) A young politician dream to transform India
into a treasure trove of opportunities
(D) Increasing vocational and technical training
course.
(E) The nations youth trust with destiny
2. Naveen Jindal believes in all of the following
measures for the underprivileged to get the benefits
of Indias Booming growth Except
(A) Our delivery system should be made more
efficient-productive
(B) Good quality education must be provided
(C) They should be groomed to carry out responsibilities to a picture perfect finished responsibilities to a picture perfect finished
(D) Vocational and technical training must be provided after school level education
(E) Laying emphasis on developing our infrastructure
Answers
1. (C)
2. (C)
3. (D)
4. (B)
Passage 6
Words1810
In explaining Hume's critique of the belief in
miracles, we must first understand the definition of a
miracle. The Webster Dictionary defines a miracle as: a
supernatural event regarded as to define action, one of the
acts worked by Christ which revealed his divinity an
extremely remarkable achievement or event, an unexpected piece of luck. Therefore, a miracle is based on
one's perception of past experiences, what everyone sees.
It is based on a individual's own reality, and the faith in
which he/she believes in, it is based on interior events
such as what we are taught, and exterior events, such as
what we hear or see first hand. Hence studying Hume's
view of a miracle, he interprets or defines a miracle as
such; a miracle is a violation of the laws of nature, an
event which is not normal to most of mankind. Hume
explains this point brilliantly when he states, "Nothing is
esteemed a miracle, if it has ever happened in the common course of nature. It is no miracle that a man seemingly in good health should die on a sudden." Hume
states that this death is quite unusual, however it seemed
to happen naturally. He could only define it as a true
CAT Complete Course | 575
man, since the desires of man's heart are evil from the
start; nor will I ever strike down all living beings, as I
have done."
In deciding upon whether this is a valid miracle in
Hume's opinion of miracles, I believe he would consider
it to be a miracle but, would have a hard time validating
the testimony of it. The reasons in which he would
criticize the validity together the testimony would be as
follows. The testimony versus the reality. To further
support the theory he would argue the time period in
which the miracle had taken place. And would find it
difficult to believe without a reasonable doubt. There is a
question to whether it could be lies or exaggerations.
Furthermore, it could not possibly be a validated miracle
considering the amount of men who witnessed the event,
as well as the integrity of the men. Although this mirade
was an act of God we can still question the validity of our
ancestors or God for that matter. Hume would not be
satisfied not only with the integrity of the individuals but
the amount of witnesses at the given time. Therefore, we
can only view this as a miracle depending upon our own
individual perceptions of what we believe to be true. This
leads to a non uniform event, since we as individuals hold
different beliefs of what we hold true, and false.
The second miracle which I will discuss was that of
Moses and the burning bush. As Moses was working in
the fields an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a fire
flaming out of the holy bush. Almost amazing the bush
was full of flames but was not yet consumed. As he
walked closer he heard the voice, the voice of God telling
Moses he was the chosen one to take the Israelites out of
Egypt away from the cruel hands of the Egyptians. In
disbelief that he was the chosen one he set forth on his
journey to Egypt with God watching over him and
leading the way. As Moses leads the Israelites out of
Egypt he comes to the Red Sea with the Egyptians close
behind. As the bible explains, the miracle takes place
when the Red Sea splits leading the Israelites to freedom.
As the Egyptians were crossing the sea, it closed its gates
and let them drown within the waters of the sea. In
justifying whether Hume would discredit this miracle he
would definitely see how one may say it is a miracle, but
again would have a hard time validating the testimony of
the miracle. Again we seethe pattern of the fact that there
is no one to testify for the event. We can only view this as
a truthful experience through our belief in God and the
Bible. It is what we are taught to believe through
religious texts, and our house of worship. It is the
individual's perception of reality and what he or she
believes to be a valid event.
1. According to Hume, which of the following will
qualify to be termed as a miracle ?
(A) Dead man coming alive.
(B) The incident of Noah's ark.
(C) The narrative about Moses and the burning bush.
(D) All of the above.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (A)
5. (C)
Passage 7
Words3416
ALPANA Rai drummed on the glass top of her table
with her nails and keenly heard unassertive hollow
sounds. Soon she was unwittingly playing the parade beat
they used to at school. It is all about memory.. she
thought. Some how, mental actions reach out to old
grooves and resonate... Kress Inc., where Alpana
was the HR manager, was agog with a new dilemma. A
moral one, which the CEO had firmly slapped down with
his verdict sack the errant manager. And while he
thought he had easily accomplished it, Alpana, said
"What is the justification ?" This had thrown the whole
operations committee into a frightening spasm. Alpana
was not ignorant of the fact that Amol, the 'errant'
manager in question, was a social failure at Kress.
A simple situation, but its genesis went far back in
time. This is what had happened. Until two years ago,
Kress, which was slow in delivering results, had just
begun to pick tremendous energy under the new supply
chain manager, Amol Dua. He verily whipped people into
action. Some called him a go getter, some said 'hard-asnails', slave driver; many epithets described him. The
bosses couldn't breathe a word, for this man was singuCAT Complete Course | 577
larly bringing home the sales and bottom line and rescued
Kress from near disaster.
When Amol was hired, Kress had been in dire straits
needed a strong supply chain focus. Amol was hired from
a confectionery company at level 2, thus equating him
wiyh Samarth Soi, the finance manager. Where as until
Amol joined supply chain was a level-4 job.
So, Samarth, who felt his position weaken, resisted
Amol. As if justifying it, Amol was also tough. He had
come from a blue chip MNC and was seen all round as
Kress's Saviour. Today, after 24 months, Kress Inc. had
recycled its past weaknesses and Kress was a force to
reckon with, evidenced by competitive attacks on it by
even the market leader. Therefore, what command Amol
possessed was seen by Samarth as arrogance. This
perception was strengthened by the ringside view of
Amol by managers in sales and marketing who at one
time were the propitiated Gods. Today, all devotion was
to the Lord of supply chain, and rightly so, for the foods
business was entirely supply-chain driven.
Amol's seniors respected him for his attitude and his
ability to deliver. His peers were in awe of him, his
juniors on eggshells. He was himself non-political, work
driven and a bit rough at the edges, so that he said what
he meant, meant what he said. On the personal side,
Amol was unmarried, a conscious decision he took to
look after his paraplegic father. So, it was that he had less
of the distractions that his married colleagues had and a
home that doubled up as an office, allowing him to
continue where he left off at work.
Samarth, on the other hand, was a manager who was
smart, politically correct and suave. He was someone
who stirred up feelings and thoughts with his presence,
and relief with his departure. Thus, you could never say
he was wrong, but his being right never helped because
he was rarely part-of the solution. Better still, Samarth
forced his way into problems and assumed stances that
were seemingly participative. But his presence ruffled
everything, put orderly perspective into disorder, raise
dust, where after he left leaving inane rhetorics for people
to deal with. This pattern was what many called
'disruptive'.
RECENTLY, when a key raw material fell short
threatening sales, Amol had suggested they source from a
more expensive supplier-someone he had dealt with in his
old organization. This, he said, was to be a completely
temporary measure to tide the season and not lose the
market. Samarth, of course, grew belligerent and threw
numerous spokes in the wheel. From 'bottom line cannot
bear this' to 'we are losing profit focus owing to our
egotistic need for market power'. Then, he delayed the
payment to the supplier and hinted at examining S.299 of
Companies' Act. Could Amol be deemed interested in the
transaction ? Which itself caused a mild flutter.
Amol distanced himself from all this. As far as he
was concerned, the material was in, production was
racing and Samarth could go read up all Acts he wanted.
578 | CAT Complete Course
is good for the goose is also good for the gander, isn't it?
You want objectivity? Then here it comes- Seema goes
too! But you want to make an example out of Amol, and
you Dushyant, you want to paint a halo around having
saved a woman, whereas Seema needs no saving! She has
said in very balanced terms that she was not being
harassed. If we have her word on this, what is the issue?"
TR made a sound that was a cross between exasperation and disbelief and said, Alpana, as a woman, I would
have expected some grace and sensitivity from you. This
situation is explosive. We owe our women a value-based
workplace. You shock me with your blas worldview!"
"Do I ?" asked Alpana, now obviously angry. "How
did values become a feminine attribute and need? Values
are for everyone and values include respect for colleagues,
their personal lives and their private space! Yet here we
are, gods of values, merrily trodding on their private
lives!"
TR, deeply confused and disturbed spoke, "I want
Kress to be known for its purity, for its decency. You tell
me, was it 'ethical' to have indecent chats with someone
on the office machine during office hours? Whatever you
may say Alpana, I have serious objection to this.
Tomorrow you will have others indulging in all this,
then? Is there any sanctity to a workplace or not ?"
Samarth nodded briskly, "Organizations need walls to
protect sensitive information, budget numbers and the
like, lest they be misused say for insider trading, manipulating sales performance, etc. So, such inside dalliances
make this internal water- tight information 'protection'
system weak!"
Alpana nodded, then to TR she said, "I have seen the
chats, much as I hated doing it; six in all and not one
indecent expression or innuendo. Our over zealousness
can ruin career, two good careers, simply because you
think this is unclean."
Then Alpana said something that made them all turn
pale, "If anyone has to be sacked for protecting the purity
of Kress, it should be Dushyant and Samarth." TR was
now really annoyed. "Miss, you are crossing all limits!
he said, his voice cracking in emotion. Alpana spoke her
mind, uninhibitedly. "You don't pry into your employee's
private life, unless you think he is defrauding the
company. What these two have done is flagitious and
diabolical. How dare anybody misuse their functional
position and peep into another's computer? How dare!
"Tell me, TR, tomorrow if Dushyant thinks it fit that
it is necessary for the company to know what takeovers
you are planning, and so he simply seizes control of your
machine see ? Nobody here has any business to misuse
a technology. I cannot trust Dushyant anymore, nor can I
trust Samarth. You don't need to have an affair to trade
confidential information, Samarth, a good friendship like
yours and Dushyant's did like-wise, no ? TR, this is abuse
of power. That's what my HR manual tells me. It's like
someone having the master key to your house... I don't
Answers
1. (C)
2. (B)
3. (A)
4. (E)
Passage 8
Words386
The public distribution system,. Which provides food
at low prices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a
growing realization that though India has enough food to
Answers
1. (B)
2. (C)
Passage 9
Words924
There is no such thing as 'brain-fag'. Thinking that
long concentrated mental effort produced tiredness in the
brain itself. Yet scientists believe that this state cannot
exist. Your brain is not like your muscles. Its operations
are not muscular but electrochemical in character.
When your brain appears to be tired after hours of
mental work, the fatigue is almost certainly located in
other parts of the body, your eyes or muscles of the neck
and back. The brain itself can go on almost indefinitely.
A young woman undertook as an experiment to
multiply in her head a series of two four digit numbers
one after the other as rapidly as possible. She went on
doing this for twelve hours.
During that time there was only a slight decrease in
her efficiency, measured by speed and accuracy. At the
end of twelve hours she stopped only because of body
fatigue and hunger.
What seems like mental fatigue is often merely
boredom. In reading a difficult book, for example, you
are torn between the desire to go on and the impulse to
stop. According to an eminent psychologist, it is often not
fatigue that you feel but inattention and the inability to
ignore distracting thoughts.
The brain capacity is almost inexhaustible. That part
of your brain involved in thinking and memory, and all
your conscious activities, has at its most Important part
ten or twelve thousand million minute cells. Each of these
has a set of tiny tendrils by means of which an electrochemical message can pass from one cell to another.
Thinking and memory are associated with the passage of
these electrical currents. The wisest man who ever lived
comes nowhere near using the full capacity of his wonderful mental storehouse. Quite possibly, people in
general employ only ten to twelve percent of the capabilities of their brains.
Your I. Q. is less important than you probably think.
Many of us have unnecessary inferiority complex about
our I. Q'sthe figure that represents native intelligence
as compared to that of the average individual. It is easy to
score lower in such a test than you deserve. This might
result from temporarily ill. health or emotional disturbances. So, if you have ever seen your score on an I.Q.
test, you can reasonable be sure that-your I.Q. is at least
that high.
What is the physical basis of high intelligence?
Contrary to a common belief, it does not require an
unusually large skull and is likely to be associated with
especially -large-number of surface convolutions in the
582 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (B)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (A)
Passage 10
Words820
As managers become enchanted with the potential of
the Internet and the interactive marketplace, many Show
evidence of forgetting some basic lessons of
Marketing strategy that they learned the hard way
over the past several decades. The most central of these
are the importance of defining and understanding the
customer, the essential efficiency of market segmentation
and targeting, and the life-or-death importance of product
Answers
1. (B)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (D)
Passage 11
Words646
Houston, Texas (CAP) California businessman
Dennis Tito paid about $ 20 million for an eight-day trip
to space. Now, a Houston-based company can send you
to space for $ 50. Well, part of you anyway. Encounter
2001 is working to build an unmanned spacecraft, fill it
with DNA samples and messages from up to 4.5 million
people, then blast it beyond the solar system. The company hopes to launch its spacecraft in late 2003.
"This is a chance for people to participate in a real
space mission," said Charles Chafer, Encounter 2001
president. "Maybe one day it will be found." For $ 50,
people can have their digitized photos and messages as
well as hair samples placed on the spacecraft. Encounter
2001 is the Sister Company of Celestis Inc., which in
April 1997 began using commercial rockets to launch the
cremated remains of people into space. Encounter's
spacecraft will be made up of a solar sail the size of a
football field and a small container carrying the photos
and messages, plus dehydrated hair samples with the
DNA codes of 45 million people. The solar sail the
spacecraft's power source is a very thin sheet of reflective
material that will use the sun's photons to propel it
forward, Chafer said. The concept is similar to a sailboat
being pushed along the water by the force of the wind.
Like wind, sunlight exerts pressure and a large
enough sail in space could harness this force and travel
without using fuel. Although a solar sail is at first slower
than a conventional rocket, it continues to accelerate over
time and achieves a greater velocity. NASA and several
private groups are working on plans to use solar sail
technology.
The spacecraft, to be launched on an Ariane 5 rocket,
will orbit Earth for three weeks so ground controllers can
conduct system checks. After the spacecraft leaves Earth
is orbit, it will deploy its solar sail and begin its journey.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (B)
3. (B)
Passage 12
Words517
Few entrepreneurs start out with both a well-defined
strategy and a plan for developing an organization that
can achieve that strategy. In fact, many start-ups, which
don't have formal control systems, decision-making
processes, or clear roles for employees, can hardly be
called organizations. The founders of such ventures
improvise. They perform most of the important functions
themselves and make decisions as they go along.
Informality is fine, as long as entrepreneurs aren't
interested in building a large, sustainable business. Once
that becomes their goal, however, they must start
developing formal systems and processes. Such organizational infrastructure allows a venture to grow, but at the
same time, it increases overhead and may slow down
decision making. How much infrastructure is enough and
how much is too much ? To match investments in
infrastructure to the requirements of a venture's strategy,
entrepreneurs must consider the degree to which their
strategy depends on the following:
As a young venture grows, its founders will probably
need to delegate many of the tasks that they used to
perform. To get employees to perform those tasks
competently and diligently, the founders may need to
establish mechanisms to monitor employees and standard
operating procedures and policies. Consider an extreme
example. Randy and Debbi Fields pass along their skills
and knowledge through software that tells employees in
every Fields Cookies shop exactly how to make cookies
and operate the business. The software analyzes data such
as loca.l weather conditions and the day of the week to
generate hourly instructions about such matters as which
cookies to bake, when to offer free samples, and when to
reorder chocolate chips.
Telling employees how to do their jobs, however,
can stifle initiative. Companies that require frontline
employees to act quickly and resourcefully might decide
to focus more on outcomes than on behaviour, using control systems that set performance targets for employees,
compare results against objectives, and provide appropriate incentives.
In a small-scale start-up everyone does a little but of
everything, but as a business grows and tries to achieve
CAT Complete Course | 585
Answers
1. (C)
2. (A)
3. (D)
4. (B)
5. (D)
Passage 13
Words2473
The million dollar question which is top most on
everybody's mind iswhat is the realistic external value of
the Indian Rupee ? And who is to decide this ? Well, all
governments have meant well when they have said that
the Rupee should ideally find its own value and be
decided by the free forces of demand and supply. But it is
well said than done. Which government till today or central bank has been able to wash its hand off in deciding
Rupee value ?
RBI for years has lost several billions of foreign
exchange in arresting the Rupee fall though in vain. The
central bank has decided that the Indian industry does not
want a devaluation of the currency and a mere 7-10 per
cent slow depreciation in the currency would be satisfactory as this would lead to a more realistic level. But, is
this form of thinking correct, especially at a time when
dollar denominated exports have under performed and
trade deficit today is at a high of around $ 9 billion ? A
notionally competitive Rupee is one aspect of good trade
performance. In such situations RBI should be the sole
regulator of the exchange value and should not be roped
in by political lobbies.
But a look at today's events will show that RBI is
faced with situations of wars and the government falling
on which it has no control thus adding a hurdle to their
endeavour to ensure stable financial markets. RBIs role
gets complicated when faced with complicated tasks of
maintaining a stable Rupee and simultaneously ensuring
soft interest rates. Any hike in interest rates will adversely
affect the governments borrowing programme. The only
option is foreign currency flows will reduce the pressure
on the Rupee. This is provided the foreign fund managers
are comfortable with the political situation and judge the
government's intentions in the right earnest.
Relaxation in guidelines on ADRs/GDRs and allowing Indian companies to use US $ 100 million from ADR/
GDR funds for acquisition abroad is a stepping stone for
the Rupee to become convertible on the capital account.
Removing the criteria of a three year track record will
make more companies tap this route. The government
announced these relaxations with good intentions but they
haw; come at a time when global markets are fast moving
and mega mergers and amalgamations worth billions of
dollars are taking place the world over resulting in Indian
companies standing no chance with mere offerings of
$ 109 million. Thus, at this juncture,' the dream of Indian
companies becoming MNCs, is a far cry. The government
Answers
1. (C)
7. (A)
2. (B)
3. (D)
4. (A)
5. (C)
6. (D)
Passage 14
Words645
Space exploration is awakening to the hunt for extraterrestrial lifeor at least the circumstances con-ducive to
such life. The first step in this quest has been to find
planets outside the solar system. This is crucial as no other
celestials body is even theoretically likely to harbour
organic life. For the longest time the only planets anyone
could be sure of were those circling the sun. not any
more. A planets gravitational pull-tends to shake the star
that it circles. By measuring stellar wobbling, astronomers
calculate the size and distance of its planets. Over 30"
extrasolarplanets have been found circling sun-type stars
in the past five years. However, most of these planets
have been massiveJupiter sized or bigger and too close
to their star's to life friendly
Scientists recently confirmed the discovery of more
extra solar planets, but ones smaller in size and further
from their stars than any previously found. Several days
ago, astronomers confirmed the discovery of a Jupiter
clone around the star Epsilon Eridani. But this is as far
from its star as Mars and the asteroids are from the sun.
This would provide enough space for small, rocky planets
like the earth also to orbit the star. In March, planet
seekers found single planets around the stars 79 Ceti and
HD46375. These planets were also remarkable because
they were less than a third of the mass of Jupiter. Still too
big, but a sign astronomers are closing in on their
ultimate goal of earth look a likes. What is striking is Ire
sheer plethora of planets. Dozens are being found within
the immediate galactic neighbourhood: Epsilon Eridani is
only 10 light years away. Far from being rare, planets
seem to be commonplace.
Planets are one piece of the jigsaw puzzle of alien
life. Another piece is determining if other planets have an
essential ingredient to life as we know it water. Hence the
excitement when it was announced in June that the space
probe, Mars Global Surveyor, had produced two metre
resolution pictures indicated liquid water had flowed on
Mars's surface in the past one or two million years. There
has long been evidence of watenon Mars some four or
five billion years ago. Pictures from the National Aeronautical and Space Administration point to the existence
of underground water which may still be finding its way
to the Martian surface. In 2003 NASA's Beagle 2 probe
will be off to the red planet to look for water and life. If
water, let alone life, is confirmed on two of the solar
system's planets, the likelihood of a universe filled with
strange and exotic beings will take a quantum leap
forward.
Technology will soon give planet hunting a big
boost. It is still impossible to detect the imperceptible
CAT Complete Course | 589
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (D)
4. (B)
Passage 15
Words1831
Spiders can be found in all environments throughout
the entire world, except in the air and sea. These
invertebrates of the order Aranea are one of the several
groups of the Class Arachnida, with about thirty four
thousand species. They range in body size from only a
few millimetres in length to almost five inches. All are
carnivorous and have four pair of walking legs, one pair
of pedipalps, and one pair of chelicerae. Each chelicerae
consists of a base and a fang. The fang folds up inside of
a groove in the base until needed when attacking food,
then moves out to bite and releases venom from a tiny
opening at its end as it penetrates the prey. They are also
used to "chew", getting, digestive juices inside the body
of the prey then squeezing out the liquid lunch. The
pedipalps are mainly used to catch and rotate the prey
while the chelicerae inject it with poison to tear down the
tissue. Later the bases of the pedipalps are used as
chewing parts. But in males, these palps are used to
transfer sperm into the female. These twelve appendages
are attached to a dorsal and a ventral plate, the carapace
and sternum which cover the entire prosoma and provide
attachment points.
The bodies of spiders consist of two parts, an anterior
part called the prosoma and a posterior portion called the
opisthosoma. These two portions are held together by a
narrow stalk called the pedicel. This narrow junction
allows for the spider to be very-limber and acts somewhat
as a hinge between the prosoma and opisthosoma. So as a
spider "moves forward creating a web, it can continue in
a straight line throwing its webbing in the direction it
chooses. This is how spiders create their zig-zag web
formations.
Covering both the prosoma and the opisthosoma is a
waxy covering that enables the spider to be a very efficient water conserver. This is one of the characteristics
that spiders evolved to adapt to the harsh conditions of
terrestrial life. There are eight eyes located in the head
region usually in two rows, varying among families.
Spiders that wait for and lunge at its prey will have a row
of very large eyes well adapted at detecting the precise
distance it is from its prey. Yet those spiders that make
webs. do not have as great a need for such advanced sight
and have smaller eyes. But not all spiders have eight
eyes. There are some spitting spiders that have only six,
and there are some with only two or four eyes. Some cave
spiders have no eyes at all and rely only on vibration.
There are great differences in the ways which spiders
capture prey. Some may stalk their prey, while others
may lie in wait and ambush it. Other spiders may weave
various types of webs used to capture passing prey, and
there are some smaller commensal spiders that live in
may blunder into its web, darting out and biting it. The
insect will not be eaten where it is captured, but will be
taken back into the spider's retreat where the feeding
process will actually take place.
Sheet web do not have any stickiness to them nor is
there a fixed pattern by which they are placed. Instead, an
insect that may pass by will become entangled in the
vertical strands that act like a tripping line, connected to
the spider's sheet web underneath. Sheet web spiders
(linyphiids) always hang beneath their dome web, and
when there is prey trapped in the vertical strands, they
will shake the web so that it will fall onto the sheet. The
spider will then pull its victim down through the web
while biting and poisoning it.
The tangle web spiders are much like the linyphiids,
but their sheet has a much more loose and irregular
pattern. Extending down from the sheet are vertical
strands that are loosely connected to the ground, and are
covered with sticky droplets a few millimeters from the
ground. An insect passing by that touches one will stick
to it and break it from the ground. While trying to pull
free it will tangle itself up in more similar strands while
the spider drops down to subdue it. Some of these spiders
build retreats that they cover with dirt and pieces of
leaves that they will hide in and carry prey into to eat. A
variation of this retreat is that of the purse web spider
(Atypus). This spider has a silken retreat that is mostly
buried underground but has a balloon like tube outside
that is covered with soil and bits of debris to appear like
normal ground. When an insect walks across or lands on
it the spider will bite it from beneath and pull it through
the web.
Spiders do not only use threads to make webs and
bind prey. Non-web weavers use silk threads to climb up
and down with, as well as for draglines. These latter
threads are used to both help a spider slow-down and to
catch it in case it falls as it leaps from one place to the
next, such as from flower to flower. Jumping spiders,
most common to the class Salticidae, are known for using
draglines foranchoring and quick stops. These spiders use
their last pair of legs to propel them from the ground in
long or short leaps. Salticids use this jumping ability not
only to catch prey but also to escape danger. These
spiders can jump up to twenty five times their body
length, which is very long for an insect with out any
specialized jumping legs. As mentioned earlier, jumping
spiders have larger eyes for being able to distinguish
visible objects at greater distances. This makes good
sense, because they have no other way to obtain prey but
with their own stealth and accuracy. They react very
acutely to any visual stimulus. First they will turn to face
the stimulus and then walk closer towards it. They will
stalk their prey until within at least ten centimeters to be
able to completely identify it then attack. Once the victim
is captured, it is usually con5umed right where it is. Their
front legs are stronger so that they may seize prey, and
CAT Complete Course | 591
4.
Answers
1. (D)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (A)
Answers
1. (A)
2. (C)
3. (B)
4. (B)
Test2
Words495
On 21 may, reports linked UK drug maker GlaxoSmithK1ine Pharmaceuticals' Avandia, a brand of diabetes drug rosiglitazone, to higher rates of heart ailments
and cardiac death in western countries. There could be
ethnic or other differences in the way Indians - large consumers of medicines discovered in the US, Europe and
Japan - react to the same drug but some years ago there
was no way of knowing. Now, there is a ray of hope.
Under a two-year-old drug safety programme
launched by the health ministry, a network of well-known
hospitals is tracking and reporting suspected drug sideeffects in Indian patients that they treat. Also, an expert
group evaluates the data and advises the Drugs Controller
General of India (DCGI) on the course of action. Some of
these experts will meet in New Delhi soon, says Y.K.
Gupta, head, department of clinical pharmacology, All
India Institute of Medical Sciences. Gupta is a member of
this group and his hospital is part of the side-effect
Answers
1. (C)
2. (B)
3. (C)
4. (B)
Test3
Words503
Forget year-end bonuses. Indian professionals have
capitalized on the stock market boom to make some
serious money in the last quarter of 2007. With the
markets at record levels, a number of corporate big shots
have made crores by enchased a part of their stock options
over the last three months. While there are numerous
executives who have pulled out a few lakhs, some
hotshots, including Tec Mahindra managing director
Vineet Nayyar, HDFC chairman Deepak Parekh and
executive director Renu Karnad, Larsen and Toubro
(L and T) chairman and managing director AM Naik and
senior executive vice-president VK Magapu, and Ambuja
Cements whole time director PB Kulkatni, among others,
have grossed crores in the run-up the New Year.
The biggest gainer of them all was Mr. Nayyar, who
enchased Rs. 23 crore last week in two tranches. The head
of the IT outsourcing firm, which went public in 2006, is
still sitting on a neat pile. Given the outstanding shares in
his name, Mr. Nayyar currently owns Tech Mahindra
shares worth a little over Rs. 140 crore, or roughly $ 35
million, which would place him among the best-compensated chief executives in the country.
Among other well-known names, Mr. Parekh and
Ms. Karnad sold shares worth Rs. 9.3 crore each in midDecember. They had earlier sold shares worth about Rs. 5
crore each in late September. And thats not all. The
current value of the shares that Ms. Karnad holds stands
at Rs. 4545 crore, or more than $ 11 million while that of
Mr. Parekh stands at Rs. 60 crore, or about $ 15 million.
Some of the other board members of HDFC also
encased a part of their holding. For instance, SB Patel has
594 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (C)
2. (E)
3. (E)
4. (C)
Test4
Words554
In some ways they are ahead of their compatriots in
other religious communities, while in others they seem to
grapple with the same shackles. Compared to other
communities, Christians are better educated, economically
better off and adopt a more equitable attitude towards
women. Yet, they have also adopted the caste hierarchy
though in a mellowed form. And, they are struggling with
growing unemployment. Whatever be the reasons, the
relatively small Christian community of India shares a
complex struggle to shed social and economic backwardness.
Christians have the highest literacy rate among all
religious communities. For men, it is 80% in rural areas
and 96% in urban areas. For women, it is 69% in rural
areas and 89 % in urban areas. This is way ahead of other
communities, especially for women. Among Hindus and
Muslims, only about 41 % of the women are literate in
the rural areas. In urban areas, 73% of Hindu women and
60% of Muslim women are literate.
This is not just a bureaucratic statistic. Detailed data
provided by a National Sample Survey report in 2004-05
shows that a larger proportion of Christian children start
attending educational institutions earlier, and continue till
later. Moreover, there are proportionately more graduates
among Christians than in any other community.
The Christian community has the highest proportion
of the elderly nearly 20% of the total. Among Hindus it is
14%, while among Muslims, it is 11 %. This may be
because of better economic status and educational levels,
which would tend to lower birth rates and increase
longevity, thereby skewing the age structure upwards
compared to other communities.
The survey also shows that the community treats its
women better its sex ratio is the highest among all
communities in India. This can also be partly due to the
fact that a significant segment of the Christian population
belongs to the tribal areas of the North East, and the
tribals do not endorse the inhuman practice of female
foeticide or discrimination against the girl child.
Sustained educational levels have led the Christians
to a better economic status in India. According to the
NSS Report, 47% of Christians in urban areas and 38% in
the rural areas come within the top third of monthly
earning categories, much ahead of Hindus (24%) and
Answers
1. (A)
2. (C)
3. (E)
4. (A)
Test5
Words502
Having a lithe and supple body followed a purse
throbbing with currency notes are the most popular new
year resolutions taken by Indians, an online survey says.
The survey conducted global information and media
company Nielsen India showed that about 58% of Indians
surveyed online have improved their fitness levels in the
new year.
This year, remaining fit and healthy has all of a
sudden taken the lead in peoples resolution list compared
to last year, taking over better time management, saving
money, getting organised, and reading more books that
ranked the top last year, The Nielsen company (India)
Directed of online Panel N.S. Muthukumaran said in a
statement.
According to the survey, 55% of Indias online
population have resolved to save money while 51% have
taken the resolution to manage their time better. Interestingly, losing weight and improving fitness and health
were not ranking high in new years resolutions made by
people in the past year, Nielsen said in the statement.
Remaining fit and healthy is a more popular resolution
with 73% of people aged between 35 and 44 years.
Saving more money is popular among 62% of people
in the 25-34 years age group while only 26% in the age
group of 45 years and above have resolved to save more
money in 2008.
Nielsen conducted the surveys using their online
research panel your voice. About 292 people aged 15
years and above were surveyed understand what resolution people have made for 2008 and how they have fared
on resolutions made in the past years.
People are more health conscious today. They want
to remain fit not only to look good physically, but also to
protect themselves from diseases. Eating healthy and
regular exercise is the way to achieve optimum health and
fitness, Muthukumaran added.
In the age of 15-24 years, 14% respondents have
taken the resolution to pursue higher education and 13%
would like to manage their time in a better way. Meanwhile, among the people surveyed, 41% have been
making resolutions for the past six to ten years, a quarter
have been making such resolution for over ten years and
27% respondents make a new years.
Further, amongst those who have made new years
resolutions in the past, 27% have fulfilled their resolutions
successfully while 18% have been successful for more
than six months. About 23% have kept their resolutions
for about three months.
Lack of planning (44%) and commitment (37%) are
the key reasons mentioned by respondents for not keeping their new year resolutions while other factors include
lack of time, support, and energy. People also have
different ways of making resolutions. While 79% of the
respondents make a mental note of the resolution that
596 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (C)
2. (C)
3. (E)
4. (B)
Test6
Words891
After coming across a four year-old marathon runner,
all other records relating to age seem superfluous. Still, if
you were surprised to know that CEOs a young as 17 year
Tech Check
A favourable business environment and the democratizing role of technology have helped create young entrepreneurs who are ready to be unconventional. Take the
case of 42 year-old Shantanu Prakash, who decided
against a corporate job after passing out of the IIM,
Ahmedabad. Instead, in 1994-95, he started setting up
computer labs in schools, stepping into a realm where
NIIT and Aptech were ruling the roost. His Educomp is
now a $ 26-million company.
New values are coming up wherever the old guard
has given way to the new, says Ganesh Chella, founder
and CEO of HR consulting firm Totus. His list : there's a
far higher level of transparency, and the culture of confidentiality has gone; there's a process-based way of
working, which is more structured; finally, young leaders
try to be inclusive and don't take people for granted, as
they themselves have grown up in a competitive environment.
Answers
1. (C)
2. (D)
3. (C)
4. (E)
Test7
Words961
"It is the return season for the prodigal sons and
daughters who had left the country for better prospects.
And they are a legion. It is borne out by the fact that India
is among the largest remittance economies, topping
almost $ 245 billion last year. Promod Haque's is a case
in point. When his Indian engineering degree wasn't
enough to land him a proper job, Haque, now Managing
Director of Norwest Venture Partners, decided to pack his
bags for the US in the 1970s for studies. "I was looking
for an electrical engineering job in India but ended up
working as a salesperson selling electronics," remembers
Haque. A similar compulsion saw Reddy Penumalli,
Managing Director of Analog Devices, book his berth on
a US-bound airline. The tide is turned. India's free
economy has put the country on the map of preferred
investment hotspots and as an incentive to boost its
burgeoning growth, it has rolled out the welcome mat to
the Indian diaspora.
Key Triggers
Driving this reverse migration back to India are
triggers professional and emotional. The IT and technology boom in India has made private equity, hedge funds
and venture capitalists look towards India. Saurav
Srivastava, Kanwal Rekhi and Vinod Khosla are just a
few of them warming up to the India Story. After
spending 30 years in the US, ex-McKinsey Chief Rajat
Gupta has set up a $ 15-billion fund under New Silk
Route Ventures with his entire team in India. Even the
new graduates fresh from management institutes prefer
being part of the growth here and look for placements.
"Professionals are willing to take a salary cut to be in
India and join the excitement," says 28-year-old Abhi
598 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1. (A)
2. (E)
3. (C)
4. (C)
Test8
Words1509
For me(Bill Gates) and anyone else who is passionate
about using technology to help create opportunities for
people trends in India today are tremendously exciting
and encouraging.
Answers
1. (A)
2. (A)
3. (A)
4. (A)
Test9
Words1234
Rajesh Srinivasan, a software programmer in New
Jersey, regularly scans Naukry.com looking for possible
opportunities in India. Srinivasan came to the US in 1999
to pursue a master's degree in computer engineering. Eight
years later, this lawabiding, regular taxpayer has still not
received his permanent residencythe elusive green card.
His application lies somewhere in the backlog of 500,000
applicants, and it could be another couple of years before
he gets the green card. Meanwhile, a proposed Immigration Bill by the Bush administration lays ,out an elaborate
plan to grant legal status to the 12 million illegal immigrants in the country, while not providing any clear timelines to legal, skilled workers like Srinivasan, who are in
the long queue for permanent residency.
Basically, Indians who come to work in the US do so
either on an H-lB visa or anL-1 visa. They can then apply
for permanent residency through the employer, a process
that can take anywhere between six and 10years.
Working on an H-lB visa - while the green card appli-
Answers
1. (A)
2. (B)
3. (E)
Test10
Words1233
It is late in the evening your wife wants to eat
Chinese food, but you cannot seem to remember where
that restaurant your friend was talking about is located.
So you go to Yahoo's Our City service, select your city
and type in "Chinese food". Immediately a list of
restaurants comes up, along with their locations on map.
Result: great meal and a happy spouse. All this, thanks to
global Internet giants, who are now localising their applications for Indian consumers.
Two years ago, the research and development (R&D)
centres of global Internet giants in India worked almost
entirely on developing products for other developed
markets. This was done for the same reasons as the software outsourcing sector-cost efficiency and availability
of talent. But the twist in the outsourcing tale for the
Internet space is India's growing importance as a market
by itself.
Increasingly, global players are focussing on developing products and applications specific to India. While
the current Internet user base (about 50 million) is not
very large relative to the population, India is now the
fastest growing Internet market in the world. With the
potential to go over 200 million users over the next
several years (behind only China and the US), India is a
market worth pursuing early on for these players.
Traditional markets such as the US and UK are getting
saturated in terms of growth in numbers of Internet users.
Today, 80 per cent of new Internet users come from
outside the US with emerging markets adding numbers
rapidly. And India is right in the middle of this growth,
making the country a valuable market for Internet
companies over the next five to ten years.
For companies such as Yahoo! and Google, which
already have large R&D facilities here, there is no better
way to corner the India market than using local talent to
work on local products. Almost all of the company's
India-specific applications are led by, if not entirely
developed in, their centres here. In the past two months
alone, the India R&D centres of Yahoo! and Google
developed at least two products each for the India market.
Yahoo! launched Our Cities and Yahoo! Maps, while
Google launched Hindi Blogger and a Hindi news service
on Google News.
As India's Internet market expands, products from
the India centres will focus on addressing the needs of
these users. Why is this a big deal? India differs from
other Internet markets due to its regional and linguistic
diversity, which poses some unique challenges from a
technology standpoint. If Internet companies can find a
way to overcome the barriers here, it will help them
understand users in other countries where Internet is yet
to take off. Technology platforms developed to tackle
challenges here could then be extended to other regions
with conditions similar to ours. This means that India
could lead the development of technology to crack other
markets where growth is possible. India is also one of the
few large markets where the mobile revolution took off
before the Internet If that route to Internet access is
exploited well, it could become a model for regions such
as Africa.
Yahoo! recently made its Bangalore centre the R&D
hub for emerging markets. That Includes India, Latin
America and other Asian markets, like Vietnam and Indonesia. Sharad Sharma, the newly appointed head (R&D)
at Yahoo! India, says a key part of his mandate is to build
more products specifically for emerging markets. "There
is definitely a greater emphasis on the Bangalore centre
because of this," he says.
Challenges Ahead
If the number of Internet connection in India have to
increase substantially, there must be growth beyond the
metros. Internet services need to become more regional
more local and easily accessible. They need to be in
regional languages and the options need to become more
localised. For example, a user should be able to locate the
nearest auto showroom to his house, online.
Answers
1. (B)
2. (D)
3. (E)
4. (C)
Synonyms
Average
Awkward
A
Abandon
Abandoned
Abdicate
Ability
Abnormal
Abound
Abrupt
Absorb
Absurd
Abundant
Accelerate
Active
Acute
Adept
Adjust
Admirable
Admit
Agree
Aid
Aimless
Allow
Amateur
Ambition
Anger
Anger
Apology
Appetite
Apt
Arrogance
Artistic
Ascent
Assist
Atrocity
Attack
Attain
B
Bane
Banish
Bard
Base
Bashful
Bear
Beautiful
Beg
Belief
Benevolent
Blithe
Bogus
Bold
Bounty
Brave
Breathe
Bright
Build
Burning
Busy
Callous
Calm
Candid
Capture
Champion
Chaos
Chaste
Cheat
Chronic
Clear
Clever
Cold
D
Damage
Dangerous
Dead
Dear
Decide
Deduce
Deed
Defeat
Defend
Defer
Dejection
Delay
Deliberate
Delightful
Deliver
Demolish
Denounce
Depict
Derisive
E
Eager
Earnest
Economical
Ecstasy
Effort
Emerge
Eminence
Empty
Encourage
Endeavour
Endure
Enemy
Enormous
Enthusiasm
Entreat
Eradicate
Erect
Essential
Esteem
Eternal
Examine
Expedient
Expensive
Extravagant
F
Fabricate
Fade
Faint
Fair
Fame
Fatal
Fear
Fierce
Fit
Flaw
Forbid
Formal
Fortitude
Fragrant
Frail
Free
Frenzy
Friendly
Furious
G
Gay
Generous
I
Ideal
Idle
Ignoble
Illegal
Illustrious
Imaginative
Immense
Immoral
Impossible
Impure
J
Jealous
Jolly
Junk
Just
Justify
Juvenile
K
Keen
Kind
Kindle
Knave
Knowledge
L
Laborious
Lack
Languish
Lasting
Lazy
Liable
Liberty
Loathe
Loquacious
Lucid
Lurid
Luxuriant
M
Merciless
Mad
Magnificent
Manifest
Marvel
Marvellous
Massacre
Meek
Melancholy
Miserable
Mitigate
Monotonous
Mourn
Mutiny
Mysterious
Mysterious
N
Narrate
Naughty
Neat
Nefarious
Nimble
Novel
Nuisance
O
Oath
Objectionable
Obligatory
Obscene
Obsolete
Obstinate
Obtain
Obvious
Offence
Old
Oppressive
Ostentatious
Outlaw
Outrage
Outstanding
Overcome
Overlook
P
Pact
Paralyze
Pardon
Pathetic
Q
Quack
Qualified
Quarrel
Queer
Quick
Quiet
Quit
R
Radiant
Rage
Raise
Rapid
Rash
Raze
Reasonable
Recover
Refined
Regard
Release
Reliable
Reliance
Remarkable
Rescue
Rigid
Rival
Rival
Robust
Romantic
Rude
Ruin
Ruthless
Bright, Brilliant
Fury, Wrath, Frenzy, Craze
Lift, Stir up, Incite, Increase
Swift, Speedy, Quick, Fleet, Fast
Incautious, Indiscreet, Hasty, Wild,
Foolhardy
Demolish, Destroy, Level, Obliterate
Cheap, Low-Priced, Moderate, Fair,
Credible, Plausible
Regain, Redeem, Salvage, Recuperate
Cultivated, Cultured, Well-bred
Respect, Esteem, Consider
Free, Liberate, Relinquish
Responsible, Trustworthy, Dependable
Assurance, Confidence, Credence,
Trust
Distinguished,
Noteworthy, Rare,
Uncommon, Unusual
Liberate, Set free, Deliver, Save
Stiff, Strict, Inflexible, Unyielding
Competitor, Opponent, Contender,
Antagonist
Competitor, Contestant, Antagonist
Adversary
Strong, Hardy, Seasoned, Tough, Sound
Idealistic, Fanciful, Poetic, Imaginary,
Sentimental
Barbaric, Uncivil, Insolent, Discourteous
Destruction, Downfall, Wreck, Perdition
Cruel, Pitiless, Merciless, Relentless
S
Sacred
Sad
Sarcastic
Savage
Scanty
Scorn
Scrupulous
Secret
Seize
Sensational
Sentimental
Shake
Sham
Shame
Shun
Solitary
Soothe
Sorry
Splendid
Spurious
Strange
Strenuous
Strife
Struggle
Summit
Superfluous
Swift
T
Tale
Target
Teach
Tedious
Tepid
Tidy
Timid
Transient
Tremendous
Trifling
Trust
Tyranny
U
Ugly
Uphold
Uproar
Urbane
Urge
V
Vague
Vigour
Vindictive
Vivacious
Voluble
Valiant
Vanish
Venture
Vessel
Vice
Victory
Vigilant
Vigilant
W
Wane
Wedlock
Wicked
Wily
Wisdom
Withhold
Witty
Wordy
Worldly
Wretched
Want
Wanton
Y
Yearn
Yield
Young
Z
Zeal
Zenith
Zest
Antonyms
A
Abandon
Abandoned
Abbreviate
Able
Abnormal
Abolish
Abominable
Above
Abridge
Abrupt
Absence
Absent-minded
Absolute
Accurate
Accuse
Acknowledge
Acquire
Acquit
Active
Actual
Absolutely
Absolve
Absorb
Abstract
Abundance
Abundant
Accelerate
Accept
Accompany
Accord
Acute
Add
Addicted
Adequate
Adhere
Adherent
Adjacent
Adjoining
Adjourn
Admirable
Admiration
Admire
Admit
Admonish
Ado
Adore
Adorn
Adroit
Adult
Advance
Advantage
Adversary
Adverse
Adversity
Advisable
Advocate
Affection
Affirm
Affliction
Afraid
Against
Aggravate
Aggressive
Agile
Agitate
Agree
Agreement
Ample
Amplify
Amuse
Amusement
Ancestor
Ancestry
Ancient
Angel
Anger
Angry
Animate
Announce
Annoy
Answer
Aid
Ailing
Alarm
Alert
Alien
Alight
Alike
Alive
Allay
Allege
Allegiance
Alleviate
Allow
Ally
Alone
Aloof
Alter
Always
Amateur
Amaze
Ambiguous
Ameliorate
Amiable
Amiably
Amiss
Antagonism
Anxiety
Ardent
Arduous
Argue
Argument
Arouse
Arrange
Array
Arrest
Arrive
Arrogance
Arrogant
Artful
Artificial
Artistic
Ascend
Descend, Go down
Ashamed
Proud, Self-respecting
Asleep
Awake, Alert
Assemble
Assent
Refusal, Disapproval
Assert
Assertion
Assist
Denial, Contradiction
Hinder, Obstruct, Impede, Thwart
Anxious
Apathetic
Apologetic
Appal
Apparent
Appeal
Appear
Appetite
Applaud
Appreciate
Apprehension
Apprehensive
Approach
Appropriate
Approve
Approximate
Apt
Assistance
Associate
Assorted
Assure
Astonish
Astute
Attach
Attachment
Attack
Attention
Attract
Attraction
Attractive
Audible
Austere
Austerity
Authentic
Authorize
Autonomy
Available
Aversion
Avoid
Aware
Awe
Awful
Awkward
Obstruction, Interference
Separate, Divide, Avoid
Same, Alike
Deny, Equivocate
Bore, Tire
Slow, Duel
Detach, Unfasten, Loosen
Detachment
Withdraw, Retreat
Inattention, Absent-minded
Repel, Repulse
Repulsion
Unattractive, Plain, Ugly
Inaudible, Indistinct
Lenient, Permissive, Soft, Luxurious,
Fancy, Opulent
Comfort, Luxury
Fake, Bogus, Imitation, Counterfeit
Prohibit, Forbid
Dependence
Unavailable, Unobtainable
Liking, Affinity, Attraction
Meet, Confront, Face, Encounter
Unaware, Unconscious
Scorn, Contempt
Wonderful, Delightful
Graceful, Deft, Elegant, Skilled,
Skilful
B
Barbaric
Barren
Beautifu1
Begin
Belief
Belief
Beneficial
Benevolent
Better
Bind
Bleak
Blessing
Bliss
Blunt
Boon
Brave
Bright
Civil
Fertile
Ugly, Repulsive
End, Conclude, Stop
Disbelief
Disbelief
Injurious, Harmful
Malevolent
Worse
Loosen, Set free
Cheerful, Bright, Sheltered
Curse
Agony, Sorrow
Sharp
Bane
Cowardly
Dim, Dark, Dull, Stupid
C
Calm
Candid
Care
Caution
Cavity
Cheerful
Civilized
Comfortable
Complicated
Compose
Conclude
Concord
Confess
Confidence
Conscious
Consent
Contempt
Contrast
Converge
Cooperate
Country
Courageous
Courtesy
Creation
Criminal
Cunning
Stormy, Boisterous
Evasive, Foxy, Tricky
Neglect, Carelessness, Indifference,
Heedlessness
Negligent, Reckless
Bulge, Protuberance
Gloomy, Pensive
Savage, Wild, Uncivilized
Uncomfortable, Miserable, Cheerless
Simple
Contrast
Begin
Discord
Deny, Renounce
Diffidence
Unconscious, Unaware, Oblivious
Dissent
Respect, Esteem, Reverence
Comparison
Diverge
Counteract, Nullify
Town
Timid
Rudeness
Destruction
Innocent, Moral
Artless, Nave, Simple
D
Dead
Deep
Defeat
Defensive
Deficit
Delay
Delicious
Alive
Shallow
Victory
Offensive
Surplus
Haste
Bitter, Nauseous, Bland
Delightful
Distressing, Horrid
Demand
Supply
Demolish
Construct, Restore
Deposit
Withdraw
Desolate
Inhabited
Despair
Hope
Difference
Difficult
Diligent
Easy, Obliging
Lazy
CAT Complete Course | 613
Diminish
Discourage
Distress
Docile
Domestic
Drunk
Dwarf
Dynamic
Increase
Encourage, Hearten, Cheer
Comfort, Safe
Ungovernable, Headstrong
Wild, Untamed
Sober, Temperate
Giant
Static, Still
G
Generous
Genuine
Glory
Gorgeous
Greatness
Grief
Guest
E
Eager
Earn
Easy
Ebb
Economical
Economy
Egoism
Encourage
Endure
Enemy
Enjoyment
Entrance
Excess
Expedite
Stingy, Ignoble
Spurious, Counterfeit
Humiliation, Shame
Plain, Simple, Ugly
Smallness
Comfort, Solace, Joy, Exultation
Host
H
Happiness
Harmony
Help
Heredity
High
Honest
Honour
Hope
Humble
Humility
Hurry
Hypocrisy
I
Idle
Ignorant
Impetuous
Busy
Wise, Learned, Aware, Informed
Careful,
Cautious, Thoughtful,
Prudent
Export
Unimportant, Obscure
Exclude
Decrease
Final
Guilty
Fact
Failure
Faithful
Falsehood
Fame
Famous
Fickle
Fine
Firm
Flexible
Foreign
Formidable
Fortunate
Fortune
Frank
Fiction
Success
Faithless, Untrue
Truth
Infamy, Shame, Dishonour
Notorious
Constant, Steady, Reliable
Coarse, Rough
Wavering, fickle
Rigid
Native
Weak, helpless
Unfortunate, disastrous
Misfortune
Reserved
Keen
Unwilling
Freedom
Slavery
Kindle
Extinguish
Fresh
Stale
Knowledge
Ignorance
Friend
Enemy, Foe
Frown
Smile
Full
Fuzzy
Empty
Clear, lucid, Well-defined
Import
Important
Include
Increase
Initial
Innocent
J
Join
Joy
Junior
Justice
Injustice, Inequity
L
Lad
Large
Lenient
Lass
Small, Little, Petty
Strict
Liberty
Liberty
Light
Like
Literate
Logical
Loyalty
Luscious
Restraint
Bondage, Servitude, Slavery
Darkness, Shade
Unlike, Dislike
Illiterate
Illogical, Absurd
Disloyalty, Treachery, Treason
Sour
M
Major
Make
Meek
Memory
Merit
Miser
Modest
Mortal
Motion
Mourn
Minor
Mar, Destroy
Arrogant,
Domineering,
Proud,
Blustering
Forgetfulness, Oblivion
Demerit
Spendthrift, Extravagant
Immodest, Ambitious, Indecent,
Conceited
Immortal
Rest
Rejoice
N
Native
Natural
Neat
New
Noble
Alien, foreign
Unnatural, Artificial
Filthy, Disorderly, Slovenly
Old, Familiar, Common, Obsolete,
Antiquated
Ignoble, Mean
O
Obstinate
Optimistic
Oral
Overt
Pliable
Pessimistic
Written
Covert, Secret
P
Pain
Peace
Plenty
Polite
Positive
Poverty
Praise
Precarious
Prefix
Pretentious
Pride
Progress
Pleasure
War
Scarce
Impolite, Rude
Negative
Affluence
Blame
Safe
Suffix
Humble, Simple
Humility, Modesty
Retrogress, Halt, Stop
Progressive
Prohibit
Prose
Proud
Prudence
Punishment
Pure
Orthodox, Reactionary
Permit, Allow, Sanction
Poetry
Humble
Imprudence, Folly, Indiscretion
Reward
Impure, Adulterated
Q
Queer
Quiet
R
Rabid
Rare
Rational
Raw
Real
Rear
Rebellious
Recede
Recovery
Regular
Religious
Reluctant
Remember
Renounce
Rest
Restrain
Reveal
Rigorous
Ruthless
Rational, Logical
Common, Ordinary
Irrational, Emotional
Ripe
Unreal, Apparent, Imaginary
Front
Submissive,
Acquiescent, Conforming, Docile, Manageable
Advance
Relapse
Irregular
Secular, Irreligious
Eager, Avid, Desirous
Forget
Assert, Maintain
Bustle, Motion, Commotion, Disturbance
Incite, Impel, Loose, Liberate
Conceal
Simple, Easy
Merciful
S
Sacred
Safety
Savage
Sensibility
Severe
Shallow
Skilful
Slow
Slow
Smile
Solid
Solid
Steadfast
Profane
Danger
Tame, Civilised
Insensibility, Deadness, Numbness
Tolerant, Lenient, Lax
Deep
Unskilful, Clumsy, Inept
Fast, Alert, Lively
Fast
Frown
Liquid
Liquid, Hollow
Fickle
CAT Complete Course | 615
Steep
Stop
Stupidity
Summit
Superiority
Supernatural
Sweet
System
Gradual, Flat
Start, Begin, Initiate
Intelligence, Acuteness, Keenness
Base
Inferiority
Natural, Usual, Common place
Sour
Chaos, Disorder, Confusion
T
Take
Talkative
Tardy
Terse
Thrifty
Tragedy
Transient
Transplant
Give
Silent
Prompt, punctual, timely
Diffuse, Wordy
Spendthrift, Prodigal
Comedy
Perpetual, Permanent, Lasting
Opaque
U
Unity
Universal
Unruly
Diversity
Regional
Orderly
V
Vague
Valiant
Valid
Victor
Violent
Definite, Precise
Cowardly, Afraid, Fearful
Invalid, Illogical, Fake
Vanquished
Compassionate, Kind
Virtue
Vice
W
Win
Wisdom
Folly
Y
Young
Z
Zealous
Indifferent, Apathetic
Test Paper1
Below in each set the lead word is followed by four
options. Pick out the most suitable ANTONYM from the
options.
1. UNREALISTIC
(A) Natural
(B) Visionary
(C) Reasonable
(D) Actual
2. DEPRAVED
(A) Great
(B) Enhanced
(C) Moral
(D) Prosperous
616 | CAT Complete Course
3. METICULOUS
(A) Slovenly
(C) Shaggy
(B) Meretricious
(D) Mutual
4. AMICABLE
(A) Cunning
(C) Hostile
(B) Shy
(D) Crazy
5. CLARITY
(A) Exaggeration
(C) Confusion
(B) Candour
(D) Reserve
6. OPULENT
(A) Wealthy
(C) Sumptuous
(B) Poor
(D) Drooping
7. SANCTIFY
(A) Dedicate
(C) Venerate
(B) Patronise
(D) Pollute
8. CHALLENGE
(A) Admire
(C) Favour
(B) Accept
(D) Praise
9. TEDIOUS
(A) Pleasant
(C) Lively
(B) Lovely
(D) Gay
10. COMMEND
(A) Censure
(C) Defy
(B) Condemn
(D) Defame
11. SUPERFICIAL
(A) Artificial
(C) Shallow
(B) Deep
(D) Real
12. EFFETE
(A) Adamant
(C) Courageous y
(B) Strong
(D) Bold
13. COMMEND
(A) Suspend
(C) Hate
(B) Admonish
(D) Dislike
14. SERENE
(A) Jovial
(C) Agitated
(B) Moving
(D) Nervous
15. ANTIPATHY
(A) Fondness
(C) Agreement
(B) Obedience
(D) Admiration
16. DAUNTLESS
(A) Cautious
(C) Weak
(B) Thoughtful
(D) Adventurous
17. CHAFFING
(A) Expensive
(C) Capitalistic
(B) Achieving
(D) Serious
18. TRAGIC
(A) Funny
(C) Light
(B) Comic
(D) Humorous
11. JETTISON
(A) Rejoice
(C) Accept
(B) Surrender
(D) Defend
19. EXODUS
(A) Restoration
(C) Home-coming
(B) Return
(D) Influx
12. PERSISTENT
(A) Wavering
(C) Enduring
(B) Obstinate
(D) Steady
20. PREVENT
(A) Excite
(C) Invite
(B) Support
(D) Incite
13. SCOLD
(A) Enamour
(C) Criticise
(B) Rebuke
(D) Praise
14. PODGY
(A) Short
(C) Weak
(B) Thin
(D) Slim
15. SEGREGATION
(A) Appreciation
(C) Integration
(B) Cohesion
(D) Union
16. JITTERY
(A) Profuse
(C) Bold
(B) Tense
(D) Shaky
17. VIRTUOUS
(A) Scandalous
(C) Wicked
(B) Vicious
(D) Corrupt
18. EXASPERATE
(A) Belittle
(C) Please
(B) Annoy
(D) Tarnish
19. SORDID
(A) Steady
(C) Generous
(B) Enthusiasti
(D) Splendid
20. GRIM
(A) Serious
(C) Delightful
(B) Satisfying
(D) Painful
Test Paper2
1. RUGGED
(A) Delicate
(C) Tough
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
EDIFICATION
(A) Lamentation
(C) Corruption
INNOCENT
(A) Sinful
(C) Deadly
PACIFY
(A) Quarrel
(C) Threaten
FURTIVE
(A) Straight
(C) Unambiguous
SECULAR
(A) Righteous
(C) Spiritual
(B) Coarse
(D) Timid
(B) Annotation
(D) Segregation
(B) Guilty
(D) Corruption
(B) Challenge
(D) Darken
(B) Obvious
(D) Open
(B) Religious
(D) Moral
DEAR
(A) Cheap
(C) Free
(B) Worthless
(D) Priceless
ASCETICISM
(A) Bliss
(C) Joy
(B) Pleasure
(D) Trance
PREDILECTION
(A) Denial
(C) Aversion
(B) Concealment
(D) Attraction
10. APPOSITE
(A) Inappropriate
(C) Inconsistent
(B) Intemperate
(D) Irregular
Answers
Test Paper 1
1.
7.
13.
19.
(C) 2. (C)
(D) 8. (B)
(B) 14. (C)
(D) 20. (B)
3. (A)
9. (A)
15 (A)
4. (C)
10. (A)
16. (D)
5. (C)
11. (B)
17. (B)
6. (B)
12. (B)
18. (B)
5 (D)
11. (C)
17. (B)
6. (B)
12. (a)
18. (C)
Test Paper 2
1.
7.
13.
19.
(A) 2. (C)
(A) 8. (B)
(D) 14. (B)
(C) 20. (C)
3. (B)
9. (C)
15 (C)
4. (A)
10. (A)
16. (C)
Abdicate
Aborigines
Accelerate
Acoustics
Affidavit
Agnostic
Alimony
Allegation
Allegorical
Allergy
Alleviate
Altruist
Amateur
Ambassador
Ambiguous
Anachronous
Anarchist
Annihilate
Anonymous
Antidote
Antonym
Apiculture
Apostle
Aquatic
Arbiter
Archaeology
Arsonist
Ascetic
Atheist
Auction
Audible
Audience
Authentic
Autocracy
Aviary
Bankrupt
Bathos
Bellicose
Belligerent
Bibliophile
Biennial
Bigamist
Bigamy
Bigot
Bilingual
Biography
Bizarre
Blasphemy
Bee-keeping.
A messenger to preach gospel.
Animals living in water.
One who is appointed by two parties
to settle a dispute.
Study of antiquities (historic and
prehistoric times).
A person guilty of maliciously setting
on fire of property etc.
One who practices severe selfdiscipline.
One who does not believe in God
A bargain Where things are sold to
the highest bidder..
A thing which can be heard.
An assembly of listeners.
A reliable piece of information.
Absolute government.
A place where birds are kept.
One who cannot pay his debts.
A fall from the sublime to the
ridiculous.
Given to fighting or fond of fighting.
Aggressive, eager to fight, engaged
in war.
A person who is a great lover of
books.
Happening or appearing once in two
years.
One who has two wives or husbands
at one time.
The state of having two wives.
One blindly devoted to a particular
creed or party.
Containing or speaking two
languages.
A written account of the life of a
person.
Strange in appearance or effect,
eccentric, grotesque.
The act of speaking disrespectfully
about holy and sacred things.
Blonde
Bohemian
Boor
Botany
Bourgeoisie
Bovine
Brittle
Coche
Cadaverous
Calligraphy
Cannibal
Cant
Cardiologist
Carnivorous
Carnivorous
Catalogue
Cosmopolitan
Caucus
Celibate
Centenarian
Centenary
Charlatan
Chauvinism
Chronic
Circumlocution
Cliche
Colleague
Colloquial
Combustible
Compensation
Competence
Compromise
Confiscate
Congenital
An expert
Connoisseur
Conservative
Constellation
Contagious
Contemporary
Contiguous
Convalescent
Cosmo
Credulous
Culmination
Cynic
Cynosure
Declamation
Defector
Defensible
Deist
Delegate
Delinquent
Deluge
Demagogue
Democracy
Dermatologist
Dessert
Destitution
Detest
Despot
Hate, loathe
A ruler who uses force in order to
subjugate the people to obey him.
Digress
To wander away from the main point.
Dilettante : an amateur, lover of fine
arts.
Dilettante
A dabbler in art and literature, a
person who studies a subject or area
of knowledge superficially.
Diplomacy
The art of negotiation, specially
between states.
Diplomat
One who is engaged in the
diplomatic service of one's country.
Domestic
belonging to the house.
Drawn
A contest in which neither party
wins.
Duplicity
The nature of a double-dealer or
impostor.
Eccentric
not conforming to common rules.
Eccentricity A personal peculiarity of
temperament, an unusual trait.
Edible
that may be eaten.
Effeminate
One who is like a woman, unmanly.
Efficacious
able to produce quick and intended
result.
Egotism
talking too much about oneself.
Elegy
a song of mourning.
Elite
the best or choice part of a larger
body or group, a select group or class
elect.
Emancipate To free from the bondage of something, to liberate from.
Emeritus
A professor who has honourably
retired from service.
Emigrant
one who leaves his own country and
settles down in another.
Empiric
One who relies on experience and
observation,
Endemic
Something regularly found in a
particular area or among a particular
people or community.
Ennui
mental weariness from want of
employment, A state of mental
weariness from lack of occupation of
interest .
Entomologist scientist who studies insects. .
Entomology The study of insects.
Ephemeral
lasting only for a day
Epicurean
one devoted to luxuries or sensuous
enjoyment or one who believes in the
philosophy of pleasure
620 | CAT Complete Course
Epidemic
Fauna
Heterodox
Heterogeneous
Homicide
Homogenous
Honorarium
Honorary
Hygienist
Hymeneal
Hyperbole
Hypochondriac
Iconoclast
Idiosyncrasy
Idolater
Ignominy
Illegible
Illegitimate
Illiterate
Illusion
Immutable
Implacable
Implicit
Import
Impostor
Impracticable
Impregnable
Imprudent
Imputation
Inaccessible
Inaudible
Incendiaries
Incentive
Ludicrous
Laughable,
absurd, ridiculous,
preposterous.
Lunar
pertaining to the moon.
Macafee
A scene or situation which is gruesomely imaginative full of gruesome
details.
Machiavellism Philosophy of practising duplicity in
statecraft.
Majority
The greater number.
Malady
Feeling of bodily discomfort without
clear signs of a particular disease.
Malapropism A ridiculous confusion and misuse of
words.
Malleable
Any metal that can be spread out in
sheets. Animals which feed theyoung
with milk from their breasts.
Manuscript
Hand-written matter.
Materialistic Concerned solely with material
objects.
Matriarchy
A society in which mother is head of
family.
Matricide
The murder or murderer of mother.
Matrimony
State of being married.
Mediator
One who plays the role of bringing
two antagonistic part together
Melodrama
A drama which is marked by very
crude appeal to feelings and emotions.
Mercenary
A person working or a soldier fighting
merely for money.
Metamorphosis The state of being changed or transformed by natural supernatural
means.
Metaphysics philosophy dealing with the ultimate
truth.
Meticulous
Giving great or excessive attention to
details, very careful and precise .
Migratory
Birds moving from o n e place to
another.
Millennium A golden age, a period of 1,000 years.
Minority
The smaller number.
Misanthrope Hater of mankind
Misanthropist One who is a hater of mankind.
Misogynist
hater of Women.
Monarchy
government by a king.
Monogamist A person who believes in being
married to one woman or one man at
a time
Monogamy
practice of being' married to only one
person at a time.
Monotheism Doctrine that there is only one God.
Monotony
Ostracise
Parasite
Parasol
A lady's umbrella.
Pathology
science of diseases.
Patricide
Patrimony
Patriot
Pawn
Pedagogue
Pedant
Perception
Understanding, comprehension
Peroration
Pessimist
A lover of mankind.
Philatelist
Philately
Philistine
Philologist
Plagiarism
Plagiarist
Platitude
A commonplace or an oft-repeated
statement or remark. Plutocracy:
government of the rich and powerful
people.
Plutocracy
Government by the rich.
Polyandrous Woman who has more than one husband at a time.
Polyandry
The custom of having several
husbands at a time.
'
Polygamy
The practice of having more than
one husband or wife.
Polyglot
One who knows many languages.
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one
god.
Post mortem Operation of the body after death.
Posthumous born after the father's death; published
after the author's death.
Post-mortem that which is held after death.
Pragmatism Philosophy of judging the truth or
validity of one's actions solely on
their practical success.
Precedent
Some previous example from the
past.
Precedent
A former holder of an office or
position with respect to a later holder.
Prevaricate
To make evasive or misleading
statements.
Primogeniture right of succession belonging to the
first born son.
Prophecy
Statement showing remarkable
degree of prediction
Pseudonym
A fictitious name assumed by a
writer
Pseudonym
an imaginary name assumed by
author.
Psychiatrist
specialist in mental and emotional
disorders.
Psychologist
Pugnacity
Purist
Purl tan
Quack
Rebel
Spinster
Radical
Sterilize
Stoic
Suicide
murder of self.
Superannuation
to al1ow to retire from service on a
pension on account of o1d age or
infirmity.
Supercilious Overbearing, haughty, arrogant.
Sycophant
A person who flatters other for
personal motive.
Synchronize To take place at the same time as
another.
Syndicate
an association of persons formed with
a view to
Synopsis
a summary giving a general view of
some subject.
Taxidermist one who skins animals.
Teetotaller
Art of preparing and mounting skins
of animals in life like manner.
Teetotaler
A person advocating or practising
abstinence from alcoholic drinks.
Telepathy
Communication between minds. -A
person advocating or practising
abstinence
Tempest
A violent storm.
Termagant
a woman of over bearing nature.
Terminus
the extreme station at either end of a
railway or railroad.
Theist
One who believes in God .
Theocracy
government based on religion.
Tirade
A long vehement speech or reproof.
Titanic
enormous in size and strength.
Toddler
one who walks with short steps in a
tottering .way as a child or an old
man does.
Transmigration the passing of soul after death from
one body to another.
Transparent that can be seen through.
Treason
disloyalty or treachery to the state.
Triennial
that which happens once in three
years.
Truant
a student who runs away from the
class or school without permission.
Truism
an oft-repeated truth.
Turncoat
One who easily gives up his party or
principles
Ubiquitous
present everywhere at the same time.
Unanimous
With everyone agreeing
Underhand
Unsociable
Usrer
indisposed to society.
The practice of charging exorbitant
or excessive. interest on money
Utilitarianism the doctrine that actions. should be
judged as right or wrong solely by
their utility or promoting the happiness and good of the greatest number.
Utopian
admirable but impracticable.
Vacillation
wavering between different courses.
Valetudinarian one who always thinks that he is ill.
Vamp
an adventurer who extracts money
from men by means of sex appeal.
Vandal
One who destroys all work of art.
Vandalism
wilful destruction of works of art,
Vegetarian
one who lives on vegetables only.
Venial
a fault or sin which may be pardoned.
Ventriloquist one who can produce sounds and
words without any motion of the
mouth.
Venue
Verbatim
Verbose
Vesper
Veteran
Veteran
Voluntary
Vulnerable
Wardrobe
Whirligig
Widow
Widower
Zeal
Zealous
Zenith
Zest
Zone
Zoo
Zoology
Drills
DrillOne
1. abash
(A) squash
(C) amaze
(B) embarrass
(D) refuse
2. abate
(A) aid
(C) lessen
(B) remove
(D) howl
3. abominable
(A) unfortunate
(C) cheap
4. acclaim
(A) demand
(C) surpass
(B) loathsome
(D) stormy
(B) applaud
(D) elect
5. addicted
(A) strongly disposed to
(B) mad
(C) increased
(D) sentenced
11. avowal
(A) sacred oath
(C) harsh sound
12. berate
(A) deny
(C) scold
(B) downgrade
(D) judge
13. bicameral
(A) meeting twice a year
(B) having two legislative branches
(C) having twin lenses
(D) published every two years',
14. blatant
(A) tardy
(C) depressed
(B) futile
(D) noisy
15. capitulate
(A) summarize
(C) withdraw
(B) execute
(D) surrender
16. Careen
(A) secure
(C) decay
(B) sway
(D) fondle
17. cauterize
(A) sear
(C) cut away
(B) warn
(D) bind
6. affront
(A) insult
(C) invasion
(B) projection
(D) success
7. altercation
(A) drastic change
(C) noisy dialogue
18. cherubic
(A) mischievous
(C) rustic
(B) expensive
(D) angelic
8. anomaly
(A) abnormality
(C) accident
19. compliance
(A) flexibility
(C) obedience
(B) spite
(D) weakness
(B) ignorance
(D) rarity
9. arboreal
(A) holiday
(C) treelike
20. compunction
(A) remorse
(C) piercing blow
(B) conscience
(D) satisfaction
(B) bower
(D) shady
10. askew
(A) turned to one side (B) direct
(C) doubtful
(D) wide open
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(B)
(B)
(B)
(C)
2. (C) 3. (B)
8. (A) 9. (C)
14. (D) 15. (D)
20. (A)
4. (B)
10. (A)
16. (B)
5. (A)
6. (A)
11. (B) 12. (C)
17. (A) 18. (D)
DrillTwo
21. consternation
(A) group of stars
22. corrosive
(A) polishing
(B) acid-forming
(C) hiding
23. covert
(A) patent
(B) secret
(C) ditch
(D) greedy
24. covetous
(A) sheltered
(B) hidden
(C) grasping
(D) thrifty
25. cumbersome
(A) heavy
(C) unwieldy
26. debility
(A) debit
(C) pain
(C) limited
(B) solar
(D) everlasting
35. dolorous
(A) sorrowful
(C) sacred
(B) financial
(D) parsimonious
36. dowdy
(A) corpulent
(C) elegant
(B) rakish
(D) unstylish
37. dulcet
(A) melodious
(C) pastry
(B) zither
(D) twofold
38. echelon
(A) level of command (B) squadron leader
(C) summit
(B) sorrowful
(D) laborious
(B) instability
(D) weakness
27. decor
(A) dramatic presentation
(B) showpiece
(C) ornamental setting
(D) rich furniture
28. derisive
(A) mocking
34. diurnal
(A) news account
(C) daily
(D) battleground
39. edify
(A) amuse
(B) satisfy
(C) consume
(D) instruct
40. engender
(A) maneuver
(B) cause
(C) fertilize
(D) incite
Answers
(B) copied
21.
27.
33.
39.
(D) borrowed
DrillThree
23. (B)
29. (D)
35. (A)
24. (C)
30. (C)
36. (D)
41. epithet
29. derogatory
(A) questionable
(B) inquisitive
(A) inscription
(C) humble
(D) depreciating
42. expedient
30. devious
(A) multitudinous
(B) guessing
(A) advantageous
(B) free
(C) circuitous
(D) premature
(C) fatigued
(D) rapid
43. expiate
31. dilatory
(A) expanded
(B) casual
(A) expire
(B) sanctify
(C) slow
(D) amateurish
(C) demolish
(D) atone
44. exude
32. discursive
(A) profane
(B) rambling
(A) evaporate
(B) overflow
(C) detailed
(D) extraneous
33. disparage
(A) separate
(C) compare
45. facet
(B) discourage
(D) belittle
(A) gem
(B) aspect
(C) spout
46. filial
(A) parent
(C) duty
60. insipid
(A) tasteless
(C) interminable
(B) son
(D) wise man
47. fillip
(A) beverage
(C) large dose
48. flippancy
(A) levity
(C) heaviness
(B) dexterity
(D) clumsiness
49. germane
(A) bacterial
(C) relevant
(B) Teutonic
(D) microscopic
61. interloper
(A) acrobat
(C) slanderer
(B) intruder
(D) malingerer
50. gratuitous
(A) thankful
(C) satisfactory
(B) reproachful
(D) uncal1ed for
62. jocose
(A) trite
(C) useless
(B) playful
(D) illusory
63. malign
(A) disapprove
(C) curse
(B) mistreat
(D) slander
(B) animated
(D) unplanned
Answers
51. guise
(A) deceit
(B) malice
(C) protection
(D) appearance composed of
52. heterogeneous
(A) similar parts
(C) smooth surfaces
53. idiosyncrasy
(A) personality
(C) absolute rule
54. impinge
(A) paint
(C) steal
(B) constrict
(D) encroach
55. incisive
(A) penetrating
(C) compendious
(B) short
(D) assured
56. incongruous
(A) unofficial
(C) poorly timed
41.
47.
53.
59.
(C)
(D)
(D)
(B)
42. (A)
48. (A)
54. (D)
60. (A)
43. (D)
49. (C)
55. (A)
44. (D)
50. (D)
56. (B)
45. (B)
51. (D)
57. (A)
46. (B)
52. (B)
58. (C)
DrillFour
..
64. manifesto
(A) cargo list
(B) secret treaty
(C) revolutionary plot (D) public declaration
65. maudlin
(A) overwrought
(C) exceedingly sad
66. morose
(A) quick-tempered
(C) illhumored
(B) miserly
(D) despondent
67. mutation
(A) silence
(C) display
(B) severance
(D) variation to make:
68. obviate
(A) unnecessary
(C) sure
(B) clear
(D) difficult
(B) incompatible
(D) uneven
57. incumbent
(A) obligatory
(C) weak
69. ostentatious
(A) modest
(C) showy
(B) flagrant
(D) diligent
(B) dutiful
(D) slanting
58. ineptitude
(A) dullness
(C) awkwardness
70. perfunctory
(A) lazy
(C) mechanical
(B) official
(D) impromptu
(B) vacillation
(D) inexperience
59. insinuate
(A) spy upon
(C) set free
71. plaudit
(A) expression of approval
(B) consent
(C) detonation
(D) pleasure,
CAT Complete Course | 633
72. prevaricate
(A) authenticate
(C) lie
(B) delay
(D) anticipate
84. ruminate
(A) slander
(C) meditate
(B) digest
(D) remove
73. pristine
(A) meritorious
(C) expensive
(B) original
(D) traditional
85. salacious
(A) briny
(C) obscene
(B) purchasable
(D) flavored
74. privation
(A) seclusion
(C) security
(B) sloop
(D) hardship
86. savant
(A) cleansing agent
(C) young student
87. scrutinize
(A) erase completely
(C) examine closely
75. proton
(A) tribal leader
(C) food element
76. protrude
(A) stick out
(B) insult
(B) ludicrous
(C) disreputable
78. rampant
(A) forbidding
(C) protective
79. reiterate
(A) stutter
(B) repeat
(C) rewrite
(D) reassess
80. replica
(A) mythical creature (B) answer
(C) copy
Answers
61.
67.
73.
79.
(B)
(D)
(B)
(B)
62. (B)
68. (A)
74. (D)
80. (C)
63. (D)
69. (B)
75. (D)
64. (D)
70. (C)
76. (A)
DrillFive
81. retrospect
(A) brief summary
(B) bombastic
(D) fervent
83. roster
(A) nesting place
(B) professional team
(C) speaker's platform (D) list of persons
634 | CAT Complete Course
88. silo
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
sandy surface
water tower
structure for storage
musical notes
89. subsidy
(A) replacement
(C) public funds
90. torpid
(A) stormy
(C) warm
(B) hibernating
(D) inactive
91. travesty
(A) garment
(C) parody
92. tussock
(A) soft cushion
(C) bunch of grass
93. tycoon
(A) labor leader
(C) mystic prophet
94. upbraid
(A) plait
(C) elevate
(B) reproach
(D) foster
95. vapid
(A) spiritless
(C) accelerated
(B) foggy
(D) shapeless
96. venerable
(A) antique
(C) inimitable
(B) retired
(D) worthy of respect
97. vernacular
(A) native speech
(C) local custom
(B) slang
(D) uneducated group
98. vituperation
(A) wordy abuse
(C) bombast
99. winnow
(A) blow
(B) fish
(C) separate
(D) minimize
100. wry
(A) sad
(C) U1ldeserved
(B) smiling
(D) twisted
Answers
80.
87.
93.
99.
83. (D)
89. (B)
95. (A)
84. (C)
90. (D)
96. (D)
DrillSix
1. Loquacity is an inordinate amount of
(A) singing
(C) talking
2. Gullible people fall easy prey to
(A) doctors
(C) teachers
3. Suave men are experts at
(A) home repair
(B) surfing
(B) obesity
(C) vanity
5. Most likely to be esthetic is an
(A) electrician
(B) aviator
(C) artist
6. Taciturnity would likely be found in
(A) salesmen
8. A phlegmatic person
(A) sheds tears at an emotional play
(B) becomes hysterical in a crisis
(C) does not become easily emotional
9. Erudite men are most interested in
(A) scholarly books
(B) light fiction
(C) the comics
10. People who are complacent about their jobs will
(A) take it easy
(B) worry about their future
(C) keep an eye on the help-wanted ads
11. A punctilious person is a stickler for
(A) originality
(B) courage
(C) proper etiquette
12. To be indefatigable, one usually needs a great amount
of
(A) money
(B) energy
(C) education
13. Vapid people are
(A) boring
(B) successful
(C) quarrelsome
14. Iconoclasts are opposed to
(A) change
(B) tradition
(C) reform
15. A misanthrope dislikes
(A) people
(B) good food
(C) literature
16. Men are most likely to be puerile when
(A) they don't get their own way
(B) they are reading
(C) they are eating
17. Most ascetics prefer to
(A) drink excessively
(B) eat sparingly
(C) participate in orgies
Answers
(C) hermits
7. Opinionated assertions may likely lead to
(A) marriage
(B) arguments
(C) truth
1. (C) 2. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C)
13. (A) 14. (B)
3. (C)
9. (A)
15. (A)
4. (C)
10. (A)
16. (A)
5. (C)
11. (C)
17. (B)
6. (C)
12. (B)
Test Papers
Test Paper 1
20. The cancer patients are into their mode of life for
research purposes
(A) diagnosed
(B) checked
(C) probed
(D) examined
(E) investigated
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(B) 2. (C)
(B) 8. (D)
(C) 14. (D)
(C) 20. (E)
3. (C)
9. (B)
15 (D)
4. (A)
10. (A)
16. (C)
5 (A)
11. (B)
17. (B)
6. (B)
12. (C)
18. (C)
Test Paper 2
1. I request you to your crime
(A) apologise
(B) agree
(C) confess
(D) pardon
(E) submit
2. The payment was delayed this time because some of
the supporting documents for the claim were
missing
(A) unduly
(B) unjustifiably
(C) ul1foreseenly
(D) undeservedly
(E) unquestionably
3. The prisoner was released on for good behaviour
(A) probation
(B) bail
(C) parole
(D) grounds
(E) guarantee
4. Although religion does not inhibit acquisition of
wealth, the tenor of its teaching is to induce an
attitude ofto worldly things
(A) indifference
(B) hostility
(C) affinity
(D) immunity
(E) attachment
5. eyewitnesses, the news reporter gave a
graphic description of how the fire broke.
(A) Reporting
(B) Observing
(C) Seeing
(D) Quoting
(E) Examining
6. The library expects you to return each and every
book that you have .
(A) demanded
(B) taken
(C) lent
(D) handed
(E) given
7. between labour and management is
inevitable hi any industrial society.
(A) Controversy
(B) Friction
(C) Association
(D) Competition
(E) Coordination
8. This article tries to us with problems of
poor nations so that we help them more effectively.
(A) allow
(B) enable
(C) convince
(D) project
(E) acquaint
9. One should develop a habit of going through
a newspaper, some selected magazines and general
literature.
(A) continuous
(B) constant
(C) regular
(D) persistent
(E) recurring
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(C) 2. (A)
(B) 8. (E)
(B) 14. (D)
(D) 20. (D)
3. (C)
9. (C)
15 (C)
4. (A)
10. (D)
16. (D)
5. (D)
11. (C)
17. (A)
6. (B)
12. (E)
18. (E)
Test Paper 3
1. I request you to your crime
(A) apologise
(B) agree
(C) confess
(D) pardon
(E) submit
2. The payment was delayed this time because some of
the supporting documents for the claim were
missing
(A) unduly
(B) unjustifiably
(C) ul1foreseenly
(D) undeservedly
(E) unquestionably
3. The prisoner was released on for good behaviour
(A) probation
(B) bail
(C) parole
(D) grounds
(E) guarantee
4. Although religion does not inhibit acquisition of
wealth, the tenor of its teaching is to induce an
attitude ofto worldly things
(A) indifference
(B) hostility'
(C) affinity
(D) immunity
(E) attachment
5. eyewitnesses, the news reporter gave a
graphic description of how the fire broke.
(A) Reporting
(B) Observing
(C) Seeing
(D) Quoting
(E) Examining
6. The library expects you to return each and every
book that you have
(A) demanded
(B) taken
(C) lent
(D) handed
(E) given
7. between labour and management is
inevitable hi any industrial society.
(A) Controversy
(B) Friction
(C) Association
(D) Competition
(E) Coordination
8. This article tries to us with problems of poor
nations so that we help them more effectively
(A) allow
(B) enable
(C) convince
(D) project
(E) acquaint
9. One should develop a habit of going through
a newspaper, some selected magazines and general
literature.
(A) continuous
(B) constant
(C) regular
(D) persistent
(E) recurring
638 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(C) 2. (A)
(B) 8. (E)
(B) 14. (D)
(D) 20. (D)
3. (C)
9. (C)
15 (C)
4. (A)
10. (D)
16. (D)
5 (D)
11. (C)
17. (A)
6. (B)
12. (E)
18. (E)
12.
Test Paper 4
1. They decided to down their original plans for
the bigger house and make it smaller.
(A) rule
(B) turn
(C) change
(D) scale
(E) play
2. My father keeps all hispapers in a lock and key
(A) required
(B) necessary
(C) useful
(D) confidential
(E) enclosed
3. Everyone knows that he is not to hard work.
(A) trained
(B) accustomed
(C) willing
(D) suitable
(E) addicted
4. The Supreme Court had recently the government from implementing the Finance Commission
Report in view of adverse economic situation in the
country.
(A) abstained
(B) avoided
(C) directed
(D) withheld
(E) restrained
5. He made a slight of judgment for which he had to
repent later
(A) error
(B) slip
(C) mistake
(D) blunder
(E) inexactness
6. Freedom is not a but our birth right.
(A) sin
(B) gift
(C) farce
(D) illusion
(E) presentation
7. Macbeth is a tragedy of a man who was with great
qualities
(A) possessed
(B) empowered
(C) privileged
(D) endowed
(E) obsessed
8. Mounting unemployment is the most seri ous and
problem faced by India today.
(A) dubious
(B) profound
(C) unpopular
(D) intractable
(E) unattainable
9. Democracy some values which are fundamental to the realization of the dignity of man.
(A) cherishes
(B) nourishes
(C) espouses
(D) nurtures
(E) harbors
10. Successful people are genuinely very efficient in
their tasks
(A) making
(B) attaining
(C) achieving
(D) completing
(E) accomplishing
11. Automobile manufacturers are revving up to launch a
campaign designed to increase consumer about the
new emission control
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
(A) production
(B) education
(C) capacity
(D) knowledge
(E) awareness
To break the stalemate over the controversial issue,
the Prime Minister held discussions today with four
other leaders to a consensus.
(A) evolve
(B) win
(C) capture
(D) emerge
(E) develop
Forests on the whole are less than farms to
flood damage.
(A) exposed
(B) affected
(C) destroyed
(D) vulnerable
(E) destructible
His logic everyone, including the experts.
(A) teased
(B) defied
(C) surprised
(D) confounded
(E) overwhelmed
The factory went into a state of suspended
today with. all its workers on strike.
(A) symbiosis
(B) animation
(C) ways
(D) condition
(E) mortification
It is not fair to cast on honest and innocent
persons.
(A) aspiration
(B) aspersions
(C) inspiration
(D) adulation
The code of Manu from the theological aspect is
regarded as from God.
(A) originating
(B) issuing
(C) generating
(D) emanating
(E) coming forth
This book is about a man who his family
and went to live in the Himalayas.
(A) exiled
(B) deserted
(C) banished
(D) expelled
(E) admonished
You must your career with all seriousness.
(A) direct
(B) complete
(C) follow
(D) manage
(E) pursue
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(D) 2. (D)
(D) 8. (D)
(D) 14. (C)
(E) 20. (A)
3. (B)
9. (A)
15 (B)
4. (E)
10. (E)
16. (B)
5 (A)
11. (E)
17. (D)
6. (B)
12. (B)
18. (B)
Test Paper 5
1. The villagersthe death of their leader by keeping all
the shops closed
(A) announced
(B) protested
(C) mourned
(D) consoled
(E) avenged
2. Everyone of us should endcavour to thc
miseries of thc poor.
(A) diffuse
(B) mitigate
(C) condemn
(D) suppress
(E) acknowledge
3. The government willall resources to fight poverty
(A) move
(B) collect
(C) harness
(D) exploit
(E) TIuster
4. These medicines arefor curing cold.
(A) proper
(B) real
(C) effective
(D) capable
(E) powerful
5. It is easy to but impossible to replace
English medium education.
(A) deny
(B) approve
(C) propagate
(D) castigate
(E) eliminate
6. Since she is a teacher of language, one would not
expect her to be guilty of a/am
(A) aberration
(B) solecism
(C) schism
(D) bombast
(E) stanchion
7. The poor ones continue to out a living in
spite of economic liberalisation in that country.
(A) find
(B) go
(C) eke
(D) bring
(E) manage
8. I will write a letter to you tentatively the
dates of the programme.
(A) involving
(B) urging
(C) guiding
(D) indicating
(E) propagating
9. He should be dismissed for his remarks about his
superiors
(A) critical
(B) depreciatory
(C) scurrilous
(D) laudatory
(E) impeccable
10. Contemporary economic development differs
from the Industrial Revolution of the19th cenury.
(A) naturally
(B) usually
(C) literally
(D) specially
(E) markedly
11. After discussing the matter for about an hour, the
committee without having reached any
decision.
(A) dispersed
(B) dissolved
(C) postponed
(D) withdrew
(E) adjourned
640 | CAT Complete Course
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(C) 2. (B)
(C) 8. (D)
(D) 14. (A)
(D) 20. (C)
3. (E)
9. (C)
15. (E)
4. (C)
10. (E)
16. (D)
5. (D)
11. (E)
17. (C)
6. (B)
12. (C)
18. (C)
Test Paper 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
(A) incalculable
(B) inalienable
(C) intolerable
(D) infallible
(E) indispensable
With the, growing in the country the Government is
gearing itself to quell there bellion
(A) disturbances
(B) tension
(C) unrest
(D) insurgency
(E) coup
It was hot that day and the cable suffered
the brunt of the heat.
(A) treacherously
(B) acceptably
(C) unfailingly
(D) unbelievably
(E) uncompromisingly
Sachin was to reach that afternoon but was
up at Delhi for some personal work
(A) kept
(B) held
(C) delayed
(D) stayed
(E) detained
I do not think the evidence you have heard
you opinion.
(A) promotes
(B) accuses
(C) commits
(D) warrants
(E) convinces
He his shoes till they shone
(A) brushed
(B) scrubbed
(C) shined
(D) polished
(E) wiped
The Hubble Space Telescope will search for planets
around other stars, a key to the for extra
terrestrial life.
(A) quest
(B) perception
(C) discovery
(D) inquiry
Colgate has also set an ambitious aim of an
eight per cent value share of the tooth paste market
by the end of the first year.
(A) keeping
(B) distributing
(C) cornering
(D) soliciting
Marie Curie was excited when she knew that she
was on the , of a new discovery.
(A) outskirts
(B) frontier
(C) threshold
(D) gateway
Many women in developing countries experience a
cycle of poor health that before they are
born and persists through adulthood passing from
generation to generation.
(A) derives
(B) establishes
(C) begins
(D) originates
Answers
1.
7.
13.
19.
(E)
(E)
(D)
(C)
2. (B) 3. (D)
8. (E) 9. (C)
14. (B) 15 (D)
20. (D)
4. (B)
10. (E)
16. (D)
5. (C)
11. (A)
17. (B)
6. (D)
12. (C)
18. (C)
Accept; Except
We accept your offer; All will be present, not even
your friend excepted.
Acceptation; Acceptance
We do not take the word in that acceptation
(meaning); The bill was sent for our acceptance.
Adverse; Averse
In the most adverse conditions, he never ceased to
pursue his great object in life; You are not averse to a
little recreation, are you ? He is averse to taking my
advice.
Affect; Effect
Does this affect you in any way ? What will be the
effect of their decision ?
Apposite; Opposite
The reply was not apposite (to the point). The house
is on the opposite bank of the river.
Appreciative; Appreciable
He did not show himself sufficiently appreciative of
my kindness. The difference will be appreciable.
Beneficent; Benevolent
He is the most beneficent supporter of the hospital.
Although poor, he has a benevolent heart.
Canvas; Canvass
A canvas tent was erected on the lawn. Will your
friend be prepared to canvass for orders ?
Childish; Childlike
This was, on the part of Mrs. Deepika, a very childish
remark This great man had a childlike simplicity.
Contemptous; Contemptible
They showed themselves contemptuous of our
offers of help. What a mean and contemptible trick !
Continual; Continuous
We suffered from continual interruptions. The warships of the battle-squadron formed a continuous line.
Council; Counsel
The common council approved of the scheme. He
would not follow our counsel. Counsel was of opinion
that they would lose the case.
Deficient; Defective
He is deficient in politeness. My typewriter is very
defective.
Definite; Definitive
Will he give us a definite (precise) answer ? The
edition of the works of the great poet must be regarded as
definitive.
642 | CAT Complete Course
Deprecate; Depeciate
I strongly deprecate the suggestion that I am not
impartial in this matter. You always depreciate my
efforts. The shares have depreciated during the last few
days.
Distinct; Distinctive
Although speaking the same language, the two
peoples have a distinct origin. Each of the guests wore
the distinctive emblems of the order.
Efficient; Effectual; Effective
She is an efficient shorthandtypist. I found this an
effectual method of preventing waste. Some of the
clauses of the Education Act are not intended to become
effective immediately.
Emergence; Emergency
Owing to the emergence of unexpected difficulties,
the plan must be abandoned. The Government has
proclaimed a state of national emergency.
Eminent; Imminent
Mr. S.K.F. Perumalis one of our most eminent
barristers. The catastrophe is imminent ; we may expect
it in a few hour.
Eruption; Irruption
We witnessed the eruption of Vesuvius. The Enemy
made an irruption (inroad, invasion) into the island.
Exceedingly; Excessively
They feel exceedingly (greatly) obliged. I think the
price is excessively high.
Factitious; Fictitious
Their indignation was entirely factitious (affected).
The shares in this company have only a fictitious
(imaginary) value.
Gourmand; Gourmet
Mr. Jagan Mohanis a well know g o u r m a n d
(greedy, gluttonous man). Mr. Perumalis a well known
gourmet (epicure).
Immigrant; Emigrant
All the immigrants were detained twentyfour hours
on Ellia Island. England does not want to send emigrants
to Brazil.
Ingenious; Ingenuous
This young man is a very ingenious mechanic. I was
amused by the childs ingenuous (frank) remarks.
Intelligent; Intellectual
The boy is ignorant, but he seems intelligent. The
writer of this book must have intellectual powers of the
highest order.
Judicious; Judicial
In this difficult situation, his answer was very
judicious (marked by wisdom). The Government will set
up a judicial body to settle the conditions in the industry.
Luxuriant; luxurious
She had her luxuriant hair cut yesterday. Nothing
can be more luxurious than their town residence.
Metal; Mettle
Gold is a heavy metal. I will pay you according to
your mettle.
Notable; Notorious
Your book is a very notable one. He was a notorious
swindler.
Observation; Observance
Her gift for observation was very remarkable. They
did not attach much weight to observance of that kind.
Official; Officious
I am not speaking to you in my official capacity. He
annoyed me by his officious manners.
Practise; Practice
Do you practise the piano every day ? I have given
up this practice altogether.
Primary; Primitive
This is only a primary (elementary) schools. He
follows his primitive instincts.
Principal; Principle
My principal (chief, employer) is Mr.Rajiv.
His principal object is to make money. The principle
is a very sound one.
Punctual; Punctilious
You will always find me very punctual. He is
punctilious (strictly observant of nice points) in his
treatment of the matter.
Salutary; Salubrious
This taught him a salutary lesson. The air is very
salubrious there.
Stationary; Stationery
The motor remained stationary. We want some
stationery at our office.
Summons; Summon
I sent him a summons. I summoned him.
Track; Tract
We travelled out of the beaten track. They bought a
large tract of land.
He presented me with his tract (small book).
Exercises
Q. 1
1. The prince wanted to ascent (A) ascend (B) to the
throne
2. The doctor did not expect (A) except (B) the patient
to die during the operation.
3. He delivered a speech on India shining with panacea
(A) Panacea (B) panache
4. The accused swore the he did not steel (A) steal (B)
the dead body of the saint
5. The customer could not gain accession (A) access
(B) to his ATM account
(1) BABBA
(2) ABBBA
(3) AAABB
(4) AAABA
(5) BBABA
Q. 2
1. This situation will not effect (A) affect (B) the results.
2. He made several illusions(A)allusions (B) to the
murder of the prime minister
3. There is little reason to altar (A) alter (B) my
decision
4. The chairman remarks were not very (A) Apposite
(B) opposite
5. A printer is an (A) Artisan (B) Artist
(1) ABBAB
(2) BABBA
(3) BABAB
(4) BBBAB
(5) BBABB
Q. 3
1. He accepted (A) excepted (B) my reason for being
late
2. The ministers drank to access(A) excess(B)
3. That was a terrible accident (A) incident (B) in his
life
4. We must adopt (A) adapt (B) ourselves to the
situation.
5. They must adapt (A) Adapt (B) the child if it is to be
saved
(1) ABABA
(2) BABBA
(3) ABBBA
(4) BBBBA
(5) BAABA
Q. 4
1. He used to be audited (A) addicted (B) to drinking
but now he is devoted to his studies
2. He acted on his lawyers (A) advise (B) advice
3. The lawyer nodded in a/an assent (A) ascent (B) at
6.p.m
4. We will avenge (A) revenge (B) the helpless and
poor people
5. He stepped on the breaks(A) brakes (B).
(1) BBAAB
(2) ABBAB
(3) BAABA
(4) BBABA
(5) BBAAA
Q. 5
1. My brothers vocation (A) vacation (B) is banking
2. These customs are a relics of barbarisms (A)
barbarity (B)
3. He could not bare (A) bear (B) such hardship
4. Water ran down the creak (A) creek(B) rapidly
5. His acts were (A) beneficent (B) beneficial to all.
(1) AABBB
(2) ABAAB
(3) BABAB
(4) ABBAB
(5) BAABA
CAT Complete Course | 643
Q. 6
1. Kindly reserve a birth (A) berth (B) for me
2. Shakespeare was borne (A) born (B) in Stafford
3. The bridle (A) bridal (B) ceremony lasted for two
hours
4. They canvas (A) canvass (B) strongly for their party.
5. There is a special cell (A) sell (B) for hard core
criminals.
(1) ABABA
(2) BBBBA
(3) AAAAB
(4) BAABA
(5) BBABA
Q. 7
1. His manner was rather (A) ceremonious (B)
ceremonial
2. The cession (A) cessation (B) of the territory was
demanded by the British
3. The bill will be introduced in the current (A) cession
(B) session
4. The teller was asked to cheque (A) check (B) his
accounts
5. The mans attitude was too childish (A) childlike (B)
for his age
(1) ABBBB
(2) AABBA
(3) ABABA
(4) ABBBA
(5) BBABB
Q. 8
1. The speaker will cite (A) site (B) many reasons for
our failure
2. My work is the compliment (A) complement (B) of
his
3. Her speech was scarcely comprehensible (A)
comprehensive (B)
4. He spoke with baited bated(A) breath(B).
5. The young man made his uncle confidant (A)
confident (B).
(1) ABBBA
(2) ABABA
(3) BABBA
(4) BAABA
(5) AAABA
Q. 9
1. I will keep your counsel (A) council (B) in mind
2. She was conscientious (A) conscious (B) of her faults
3. He is a contemptible (A) Contemptuous (B) chap
4. He worked continuously (A) Continually (B) from
morn till night
5. Corporal (A) Corporeal (B) Punishment is forbidden
in schools..
(1) ABBAA
(2) BAAAA
(3) ABAAA
(4) ABBBB
(5) BBABA
Q. 10
1. This coarse (A) Course (B) of action will eventually
ruin us.
2. The rumour was to far fetched to be credible (A)
creditable (B)
644 | CAT Complete Course
(1) ABABA
(2) BAABA
(3) BAAAB
(4) BBABB
(5) BBAAA
Q. 15
1. They played a ghastly (A) ghostly (B) trick on him
2. To forgive an injury is godly (A) god like (B)
3. The host was graceful (A) gracious (B) to all his
guests
4. He received an honourable (A) honorary (B) degree
from Harvard
5. I believe in the human(A) humane (B) treatment of
prisoners
(1) ABABA
(2) BAABA
(3) BAAAB
(4) BBABB
(5) AABBB
Q. 16
1. Humiliation (A) Humility (B) is a good virtue
2. A unicorn is an imaginary (A) imagery (B).
3. If a man is not industrious (A) industrial (B) he can
hardly except to succeed
4. No one will deny that he is ingenuous (A) ingenious
(B) and truthful
5. John was a Zealous (A) jealous (B) worker in the
cause of education
(1) AAAAA
(2) ABAAA
(3) BABAB
(4) BBABA
(5) BBBBA
Q. 17
1. He made a judicial (A) judicious (B) selection of
books.
2. The prisoners was set at library (A) liberty (B)
3. He was advised not to loose (A) lose (B) his temper
4. She was of a lovely (A) lovable (B) nature
5. My boss lead a luxurious (A) luxuriant (B) life
(1) BBBBA
(2) ABABB
(3) BABBA
(4) ABABB
(5) BABAA
Q. 18
1. A memorable (A) Memorial (B) was erected to the
memory to the memory of Pt.Nehru
2. The grand event was a momentary (A) momentous
(B) one
3. The servant was a negligible (A) negligent (B) of his
duties
4. Ravi was a notable (A) notorious (B) officer in the
indo pak war.
5. He is an official (A) Officious (B) person nobody
like him.
(1) BABAB
(2) ABBAB
(3) BBBAB
(4) ABAAB
(5) AABBA
Q. 19
1. The doctor is a man of peaceable (A) peaceful (B)
disposition
2. We know every tryst (A) twist (B) and turn of
ranipur more.
3. He received a pitiful (A) pitiable (B)amount for all
his labours
4. They took a tour of the back land (A) planes (B)
plains.
5. India is a popular (A) populous (B) country
(1) BAAAB
(2) AABAB
(3) ABBBA
(4) ABBBB
(5) BBABA
Q. 20
1. Your plan is not practical (A) practicable (B)
2. The vulture is a bird of prey (A) pray (B)
3. Let us precede (A) proceed (B) with the lesson.
4. In the past history of Pakistan rulers have often
proscribed (A) prescribed all religions other than
their own.
5. I refuse to play cards on principle (A) principal (B)
(1) ABBAA
(2) AABAA
(3) ABBBA
(4) BBBAA
(5) BBBBA
Q. 21
1. He took refuse (A) refuge (B) in an Arabic state
2. They warned him not to temper (A) tamper (B) with
the riddance.
3. Social (A) sociable (B) people do not like living
alone.
4. The stationary (A) stationery (B) was laid out on the
table
5. The monarchs scooter is the symbol of temporal (A)
temporary (B) power
(1) ABBBB
(2) BABAB
(3) BABBAA
(4) BBBBA
(5) AABBA
Q. 22
1. His feelings were easily hurt as he was a sensitive
(A) sensible (B) man
2. Gods laws are highly spirituous (A) spiritual (B)
3. The statue (A) statute (B) of the lord is simple
4. The house we saw is still empty (A) vacant (B)
5. He was ordered to give a verbose (A) verbal (B)
speech on education
(1) ABBBB
(2) ABABA
(3) BBABB
(4) BABAA
(5) ABBAB
Q. 23
1. Willing (A) wilful (B) waste make sad want
2. It is womanly (A) womanish (B) on a mans part to
shed tears
3. He worked all ones (A) his (B) life to get his
daughters married
CAT Complete Course | 645
(1) BBAAA
(2) ABBAA
(3) ABABB
(4) BABBA
(5) AAABB
Q. 28
1. The side hero was simply a substitute (A) substance
(B) for the main hers.
2. A breed (A) brood (B) of pigeons were placed in a
pen.
3. A gaggle (A) giggle (B) of geese waddled along the
banks of the rivers.
4. I have no opinion (A) option (B)but to resign.
5. The government has decided to wave (A) waive (B)
bad loans
(1) BABBA
(2) AAABA
(3) AABBA
(4) BBABA
(5) ABABB
Q. 29
1. He stepped on (A) into (B) the hall from the bedroom
2. The guests dined (A) dinner (B) on pies & wine
3. The Guptas live adjunct (A) adjacent (B) to the
kumars
4. There were three different causes (A) clauses (B) in
the contract
5. The basis on which his arguments are based is sheer
conjecture (A) conjunction (B)
(1) BABBA
(2) BABAA
(3) BAAAB
(4) ABBBA
(5) AABBA
Q. 30
1. The convict did not revel (A) reveal (B) his plans to
escape from prison.
2. The orator had a bass (A) base (B) voice
3. Full of happiness his face looked beatific (A) beauty
(B)
4. From the passage we can infer (A) inform (B) that
the author dislike corruption.
5. Columbus voiced his dissent (A) descent (B) on the
contentions issue.
(1) BBBAB
(2) BAAAA
(3) AABAB
(4) ABAAA
(5) BABAA
Answer
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
28.
(1) BABBA
(1) BBAAB
(4) ABBBA
(4) BABAB
(4) ABBAA
(1) AAAAA
(4) ABBBB
(1) ABBBB
(2) AABAA
(5) ABABB
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.
29.
(4) BBBAB
(1) AABBB
(1) ABBBA
(4)BAAAA
(2) BAABA
(1)BBBBA
(2) AABAA
(1) BABBA
(1) BABAA
(1)BABBA
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
30.
(3) ABBBA
(2) BBBBA
(3) ABAAA
(3) AABAB
(5) AABBB
(3) BBBAB
(4) BBBBA
(3) ABAAA
(3) ABABB
(2) BAAAA
PARTIII : LOGIC
Part A
Logical Reasoning
1. Analogy
Analogy test : Analogy literally means similar
features. Question on analogy, test the ability of a
candidate to understand the relationship between two
given objects and apply the same relationship to find that
asked in the question. It must be borne in mind that a
candidates intellectual skills is important to analyse the
similarity between two or more objects, yet a rich
knowledge of usage of different words adds to ones
performance. This type of question cover all types of
relationship that one can think of. There are many ways
of establishing a relationship, some of the most common
ones are given here.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Type of Relationship
Cause and Effect
Example
Fast : Hunger
Mosquito : Malaria
Subset of Set
Soldier : Regiment
Student : Class
Quantity and Unit
Area : Hectare
Energy : joule
Instrument and Measurement Odometer : Speed
Lactometer : Milk
Worker and Tools
Author : Pen
Carpenter : Saw
Gender or Sex Relationship Cow : Bull
Man : Women
Word and Synonym
Miracle : Surprise
Muddy : Unclean
Word and Antonym
Black : White
Kind : Cruel
Worker and Working place
Lawyer : Court
Secretary : Office
Study and Terminology
Numismatic : Coin
Paleontology : Fossil
Product and Raw Material
Grape : Wine
Pulp : Paper
Worker and Product
Author : Book
Painter : Painting
Association Relationship
Dance : Dancer
Melt : Liquid
Product and Quality
Diamond : Hard
Rubber : Soft
15.
Symbolic Relationship
16.
Numeric Operational
Relationship
17.
18.
Stages Relationship
19.
Limit Definition
20.
Habitual Relationship
21.
22.
23.
Degree of Intensity
24.
25.
Functional Relationship
26.
Word Relationship
27.
Relationship of Purpose
28.
29.
30.
31.
Alphabet Relationship
Star : Rank
Flag : Nation
3:9
5 : 125
Haridwar : Ganga
Delhi : Red fort
Girl : Women
Calf : Cow
Red : Blood
Green : Sea or
Military
Lion : Carnivorous
Cow : Herbivorous
Sailor : Crew
Singer : Chorus
Sonnet : Poem
Mammal : Animal
Cool : Cold
Warm : Hot
Day : Night
Winter : Summer
Scissors : Cloth
Axe : Wood
Wash : Face : : Sweep
: Floor
Rain : Cloud : :
Smoke : Fire
Anchor : Ship
Hook : Fish
Skin : Body
Tyre : Bus
Kick : Football
Eat : Food
Knock : Door
Ring : Telephone
ABC : ZYX
CBA : XYZ
(B) Blood
(D) Weakness
(C) Debate
(D) Skirmish
(B) Pound
(C) Commodity
(D) Measurement
(B) Doctor
(C) Temperature
(D) Mercury
(C) Exhibition
(D) Art
Solution : Stethoscope is used by the Doctor as a
tool to perform his work. Similarly a painter uses a
Brush as a tool to perform his work. Hence our answer
is (B).
7. Gender or Sex Relationship
Example : Bull is related to Cow in the same way
as Horse is related to
(A) Animal
(B) Mare
(C) Stable
(D) Meat
Solution : The relationship in question is a malefemale relationship. So, Horse is related to Mare.
Hence our answer is (B).
8. Word and Synonym
Example : Mad is related to Insane in the same
way as Slim is related to :
(A) Thin
(B) Healthy
(C) Sexy
(D) Timid
Solution : Mad is synonym of Insane. In the same
way Slim is a word nearest in meaning to the word
Thin. Therefore our answer is (A).
9. Word and Antonym
Example : Hate is related to Love in the same
way as Create is related to
(A) Make
(B) Renovate
(C) Destroy
(D) Build
(B) Law
(C) Court
(D) Ruling
(B) Soil
(C) Flag
(D) Stones
(B) Polythene
(C) Latex
(D) Chappal
(B) Jewellery
(C) Shoes
(D) Metal
2. Logical Diagram
Logical Diagrams are an extension of the venn
diagram concept.
Logical Diagrams for denoting propositions are
namely A, E, I and O types.
AProposition : An A Proposition is of the type
All Ps are Qs. Hence the diagram of A Proposition is
denoting in the following way.
Q
P
3. Ranking
This topic deals with the questions related with
comparison of ranks. The term ranks may include various
objects such as age, height, weight, marks, salary, %, etc.
Fixed Ranking : In the fixed ranking of objects, we
get the position of ranks as fixed.
Variable Ranking : In varying ranking the positions
of any one of the ranks keeps varying. The variable
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth
(B) Fat
(C) Fair
(D) Tall
(B) Fat
(C) Fair
(D) Weak
(E) Tall
Solution : First information given in the question
that one of the two persons at the extreme ends is intelligent and other one is fair, suggest as shown in Fig. (1)
and (2).
Intelligent
Fair
Fair
Fig. 2
Now, rest of the information regarding the position
of other persons can easily be inserted. The final ranking
of their sitting arrangement is as shown in Fig. (3).
Intelligent Weak
Fat
Tall
Fair
Fig. 3
Example 2 : Six persons are sitting in a circle facing
the centre of the circle. Parikh is between Babita and
Narendra. Asha is between Chitra and Pankaj. Chitra is
652
Pankaj
Babita
Narendra
Parikh
Fig. 4
Fig. 1
Chitra
B
X
Fig. 5
4. Calendar Test
The solar year consist of 365 days, 5 hours and 8
minutes.
Clock
1. In every hour, both the hand coincides once.
2. In every hour, the hands are at right angles 2
times.
3. In every hour, the hands are in opposite directions
once.
4. In every 12 hours, the hands are coinciding 11
times.
5. In every 12 hours, the hands of clock are in
opposite directions 11 times.
6. In every 12 hours, the hands of clock are right
angles 22 times.
More
1. One hour number division = 30 apart
2. One minute division = 6 apart
3. In one minute, the minute hand moves 6
1
4. In one minute, the hour hand moves
2
()
1
5. In one minute, the minute hand gain (5 ) more
2
5
11
t > 65 , then total time lost =
minutes and
11
t
clock is said to be slow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(B) 1 : 0
(C) 5 : 124
(D) 2 : 15
(E) 3 : 26
Solution : In the above classification, second number
is one less than the cubes of the first number. Option (D)
does not belong to the group, as it does not follow the
pattern.
Example 5 : Find the odd-one out.
(A) DEHG
(B) RSVU
(C) XYBA
(D) LMQP
(E) JKNM
Solution : Method used for the classification is
placement of alphabet in the order ( + 1, + 3, 1). Option
(D) LMQP does not follow the method. Hence it is oddone-out.
Example 6 : Find the odd-one out.
(A) Ears
(B) Hands
(A) 32 : 15
(b) 86 : 42
(C) Finger
(E) Legs
(D) Eyes
(C) 56 : 26
(D) 74 : 36
(E) 38 : 18
Solution : Second no. is one less than the half of
first number. So option (C) is our answer.
Type 1
Direction (15) : Find out the missing numbers :
1. 2, 9, 28, 65,
(A) 121
(B) 195
(C) 126
(D) 103
(E) 96
2. 2, 6, 14, 26 .., 62
(A) 52
(B) 54
(C) 44
(D) 42
(E) 50
3. 101, 100,, 87, 71, 46
(A) 92
(B) 88
(C) 89
(D) 96
(E) 99
4. 100, 50, 52, 26, 28,., 16, 8
(A) 30
(B) 36
(C) 14
(E) 12
(D) 32
5. 4, 9, 20, 43,.
(A) 133
(B) 84
(C) 96
(D) 95
Solution 2 : (D)
2
6
14
26
42
62
4
8
12
16
20
The different of each successive number is increased
by 4. Hence number 42 will fill up the space.
Solution 3 : (D)
101 100 96
87
71
46
(1)2 (2)2 (3)2 (4)2 (5)2
Difference of each successive number is the square
of natural number.
Solution 4 : (C) the second number is half of the
first number, fourth number is half of the third number
and so on.
Solution 5 : (A) The series follows the method :
4 2 + 1 = 9, 9 2 + 2 = 20, 20 2 + 3 = 43,
43 3 + 4 = 133.
Type 2
Direction : (610) : In each of the following question
one number is wrong in the series . Find out the wrong
number :
6. 864, 420, 200, 96, 40, 16, 6
(A) 420
(B) 200
(C) 96
(D) 40
(E) 16
7. 1, 2, 6, 21, 84, 445, 2676
(A) 2
(B) 6
(C) 21
(D) 84
(E) 445
8. 88, 54, 28, 13, 5, 2, 2, 2
(A) 28
(B) 54
(C) 13
(D) 2
(E) 88
9. 4, 12, 30, 68, 146, 302, 622
(A) 12
(B) 30
(C) 68
(D) 146
(E) 302
10. 3, 6, 9, 22, 5, 675, 23625, 945
(A) 6
(B) 9
(C) 225
(D) 675
(E) 23625
Solution 6 : (C) Pattern of the series from end
follows the rule 6 2 + 4 = 16, 16 2 + 8 = 40, 40 2 +
12 = 92, 92 2 + 16 = 200,.. and so on. Therefore
the number should be 92.
CAT Complete Course | 655
Alphabatical Series
In the question involving alphabetical series, a set of
letters is written four or five times with blank spaces in
between. The series follows a specific pattern and students
are required to find out the letters which should come in
place of the missing spaces. Pattern on which a series is
written, is not well defined and hence can follow any
method which an examiner can think of. Thus the
alphabetical series may look like any of the following
series :
abcde, bcdea, cdeab, deabc
Here in the first repetition of the sequence abcde, the
first letter is taken to the end of the sequence which then
becomes bcdea. Using the same procedure the next
repetition yield the sequence cdeab
abcde, abcee, abeee, aeeee..
Here the successive letters towards the end of the
series are replaced by e, the last letter of each sequence.
uvwxy, yuvwx, xyuvw
Here the last letter in the previous set is made the
first letter of the next set and so on.
Following examples will make the students understand the method as how to approach question based
on alphabetical series.
Example 1 : What are missing letters in the following
series ?
Pqrrs prsspq
(A) pqppq
(B) spqpr
(C) sqpqr
(D) ssqprq
Solution : Here the block which is repeated, consists
of four letters pqrs. Rewriting the series in the block of
656
bbacabbacacbaca
The filled up sequence now, suggest that the series
will be bcba ca bcba ca bcba ca b
Hence, the missing letters are acbcb. Thus (B) is the
right option.
Example 3 : Find the missing number letters in the
following series ?
Uvuwwxuvv
(A) vwxuu
(B) vuvuv
(C) uvxuv
(D) vuxuu
Solution : The presence of the term uww and then
the letter next to w, which is x, in the ninth position (the
blocks are of three letters) suggests the series to be uvv,
uww, uxx,uuvv, u, so the missing letters are vuxuu and
hence (D) is the correct alternative.
Example 4 : Find the last five missing letters of the
series :
aaabbabb
(A) baaaa
(B) babab
(C) baaba
(D) bbaaa
Solution : The presence of the term aabb in the
middle suggests the form of the series to be ab, aabb,
followed by aaabbb, aaaa. Thus (A) is the correct option.
Example 5 : Find the missing letters in the following
series :
Adbacdaaddcbdbccbda
(A) bccba
(B) cbbaa
(C) ccbba
(D) bbcad
Solution : In the above series, the letters are
equidistant from the beginning and end.
Adbcac b da b cddcb a dbc a cbda
Hence the missing letters are cbbaa. Therefore the
correct option is (B).
8. Direction Sense
These questions are designed to test candidates
ability to sense direction. Questions on direction are,
simpler than other questions, if student possess the right
knowledge of the direction. Confusion is created in the
question by giving frequent right and left turns to a
specific direction. Students are, therefore, advise to use
the diagram as given in the figure for the purpose of
sensing direction.
North
North-West
North-East
West
East
South-West
South-East
South
A R S
X Y Z
N
2 3
(B) VWXZ
(C) MWXZ
(D) WVZY
10
11
12
13
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
10
11
12
13
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
Part B
Data Interpretation
All about the Data Interpretation
Graphs, tables and charts etc., that display data so that
they are easier to understand, are all examples of descriptive statistics.
The Data Interpretation is a part of statistics. The
word statistics comes from the Italian word STATISTA
(meaning statisman) : IT WAS FIRST USED BY
Goffried Achewall (17191772), a professor at Marlborough and Gottingen. Dr. EAW Zimmerman
introduced the word statistics into England. Its use was
popularized by Sir John Sinclair in his work Statistical
Account of Scotland 17911799. Long before the
eighteenth century, however, people had been recording
and using data.
Every 5 years, Indians suffer through an affliction
known as the assembly election, television, radio and
newspaper broadcasts inform us that a poll conducted by
channel opinion research shows that which party
candidate has the support of 50 + percent of voters and
which party is losing their seat in the election. Can we
rely on the truth (so called) of what they reported? Who
has actually done the polling ? How many people did
they interview and how many should they have
interviewed to make this ascertain ? Polling is a big
business in India and many channels conduct polls for
political candidates, new products and even TV shows. If
you have an ambition to become manager, minister, run a
company, or even a star in a TV show, you need to know
something about Data Interpretation.
X-Ray of DI Questions
What Skill is required for solving the Data
It is very necessary for you to know about what is in
Interpretation
it and how to perform. For that this book provides you XNo mathematics beyond simple algebra is required.
If you felt reasonable and comfortable when you finished
your high school algebra course, you have enough background to understand everything in this DI part of this
book. Nothing beyond basic algebra is assumed or used.
My goals are for you to be comfortable as you learn and
for you to get a good intuitive grasp of statistical concepts
and techniques. As a future manager, you will need to
know when statistics can help your decision process and
which tools to use.
660
36
11
121
16
256
21
441
26
676
31
961
49
12
144
17
289
22
484
27
729
32
1024
64
13
169
18
324
23
529
28
784
33
1089
16
81
14
196
19
361
24
576
29
841
34
1156
25
10
100
15
225
20
400
25
625
30
900
35
1225
216
11
1331
16
4096
21
9261
343
12
1728
17
4913
22
10648
27
512
13
2197
18
5832
23
12167
64
729
14
2744
19
6859
24
13824
125
10
1000
15
3375
20
8000
25
15625
3.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
91
98
105
112
119
126
133
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
88
96
104
112
120
128
136
144
152
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
99
108
117
126
135
144
153
162
171
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
7.
2 1
= = 25%
8 4
8.
1
1
= 12 %
8
2
1
1
Extra Shot : 6 % =
4
16
(C) Dividing 100% into 6 equal parts.
6
5
1
1. = 100%
2. = 83 %
6
6
3
4 2
2
3 1
3. = = 66 %
4. = = 50%
6 3
3
6 2
2 1
1
1
2
5. = = 33 %
6. = 16 %
6 3
3
6
3
1
1
Extra Shot : 8 % =
3
12
(D) Non-Conventional Percentages.
1
1
1
1
1. 11 % =
2. 9 % =
9
9
11
11
18.
24 10 18
=
6 10
28 sec
19.
1
1
1
+
=
12 15 20
25 sec
12
20
+ 600000
100
100
10
+ 400000
=
100
2370
2.
=
45
75
50
2000
+ 4000
100
100
50
20
+ 3000
+ 8000
100
100
3.
=
4
70 + 60 + 45 + 40 + 80 + 75
+ 55 + 35 + 90 + 65 + 60 + 35
4.
=
43
1. 480000
1 min 15 sec
25 sec
133650000
=
24000
22. 72 25
1 min 5 sec
35 sec
1 min 5 sec
25 sec
11. 9 + 90 + 900 + 75 =
2 3 4 3 3 2
12. + + =
3 6 6 6 6 6
80
13.
=
60 20
+
40 20
275 18
14.
=
132 5
15 sec
40 sec
1 min 10 sec
10 4 270
=
6
20 sec
25.
2 50
=
5 5
+
6 4
35 sec
26.
30 sec
27.
600
4=
374
1 min 40 sec
1 min 45 sec
1.
4 7 5 7
+ =
9 15 9 15
2.
3.
4.
1 min 50 sec
35 sec
1200
=
4000 4000 4000
+
+
75
8
85
2 min 55 sec
125 + 262
=
30
1 min 20 sec
5. 100000 10 9 8 7 6 =
45 sec
6. 3
30 sec
7.
20 sec
24.
1 min 45 sec
25 sec
5
=
18
726 60
=
8250
1 min 29 sec
48 sec
51 sec
2 min 10 sec
23.
48 sec
1 min 55 sec
1 min 5 sec
7 6
765
+3
=
21
321
25 sec
282 32
=
40
20 sec
217600
127
= 099
128
11
5266
147
12
1650
13
5916
14
2370
10
25
365
= 2027
18
300
5
= 083
6
32
15
662
16
09
21
556875
26
660
17
75000
22
500
27
642
18
72
23
528
75
19
01
24
1800
6732
20
133650000
25
48
1074
1 min 45 sec
1 min 30 sec
Total Ques. : 25
10.
1 2 4 1
+ =
5 3 5 3
30 sec
1 1 1 1 1
11. =
5 4 3 2 1
12. 1 12 9 +
13. 42 35 + 2
+2
14.
1. 40 + 60 + 35 + 40 + 15 + 10 =
+ 15 5 + 10 6 =
35 sec
3. 200 (15 + 25 + 20 + 20 + 10 + 5) =
1
12 3 9 =
2
45 sec
1 22
(21)2
2 7
2 min 30 sec
1 22
49 51 =
3 7
1 min 30 sec
1 22
15. 45 (282 + 7 2 + 28 7) =
3 7
2 min 10 sec
22
16. 196
49 =
7
20sec
( ) 7=
55 sec
1 22
18. 21 21 =
4 7
40 sec
19.
2 22
27125 =
3 7
2 min 20 sec
20.
6 (33 + 4 2 + 5 2 )
=
6 (6) 2
1 min 10 sec
21.
22
(245 + 21) (245 21) =
7
1 min 15 sec
10 sec
57 sec
6.
14
100 =
64
1 min 2 sec
7.
18
100 =
71
55 sec
8.
20
100 =
60
7 sec
9.
93
100 =
9
14 sec
10.
83
100 =
3
16 sec
11. 4 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 13 =
16 sec
12. 10 + 14 + 18 + 20 + 25 + 30 =
14 sec
15.
15 sec
40 sec
26. 20 (4 + 39 4) =
1 min 30 sec
(125 105)
100 =
105
26 sec
14 sec
17.
130
=
78
50 sec
18.
220
=
200
6 sec
19.
135
=
90
13 sec
20.
80
=
65
40 sec
21.
3
=
50
16 sec
45 sec
12 sec
2 min 40 sec
24. 80 10 + 60 10 10 10 =
9 sec
14. 8 + 12 + 12 + 11 + 15 + 13 =
1 min 30 sec
2 22
23. (453 43 ) =
3 7
9 sec
5.
13. 7 + 9 + 5 + 3 + 6 + 8 =
(225)2 10
22.
=
(075)2 02
27.
6 sec
2. 40 1 + 60 2 + 35 3 + 40 4
1 min 30 sec
1 22
(175)2 =
2 7
1 22
7
17.
3 7
2
7
= 046
15
168
11
0008
16
42
21
5005
26
3200
151
625
12
270
17
8983
22
450
27
14280
79
115
13
38185
18
3465
23
5683
129
418
14
2618
19
5683
24
1300
69760
10
04
15
48510
20
188
25
4225
2
=
45
25
23.
=
40
25
24.
=
48
22.
16 sec
1401
100 =
3119
2 min
13.
428
100 =
2432
2 min 2 sec
14.
308
100 =
1522
1 min 6 sec
14 sec
54 sec
585
100 =
54
25.
12.
52 sec
200
2187
11
55
16
945
21
006
560
2535
12
117
17
167
22
004
105
3333
13
38
18
11
23
0625
45
6666
14
71
19
15
24
052
2173
10
16667
15
1904
20
123
25
10833
15.
117
100 =
933
1 min 28 sec
1.
3
100
35
56 sec
16.
22108 18669
=
18669
2 min 4 sec
2.
055
100 =
20
10 sec
17.
2 min 2 sec
3.
2
100 =
45
25 sec
18.
4.
4
100 =
75
27 sec
19.
9050
=
36750
5.
4
100 =
58
46 sec
20.
42 sec
21.
15 1150
100 =
1150
59 sec
22.
50 145
100 =
145
23.
48 36
100 =
36
24 sec
24.
14 + 46 + 58
100 =
400
20 sec
25.
48 + 22 + 6
100 =
400
13 sec
4741
6.
=
4136
50 sec
109292 97500
7.
100 =
97500
1 min 45 sec
97500 39303
100 =
39303
8.
4 min
39426 39303
9.
100 =
39303
1 min 13 sec
372
10.
100 =
5933
811
11.
100 =
4730
1 min 29 sec
2 min 7 sec
35 sec
1 min 7 sec
1 min 41 sec
857
275
444
533
689
6
7
8
9
10
151
1209
14807
0312
627
11
12
13
14
15
1714
4491
1759
2023
1254
16
17
18
19
20
018
1660975
4008
024
229
21
22
23
24
25
3043
24482
3333
295
19
58 + 76 + 68 + 62 + 48
100 =
45 sec
400
526 + 620 + 674 + 717 + 681
2.
=
2 min 51 sec
5439
14 + 46 + 58
3.
=
1 min 12 sec
62 + 48 + 22 + 6
717 + 681 + 612 + 540 + 517
4.
100 =
5439
1.
517
100 =
5439
33659 16613
100 =
16613
31795 18537
1
100 =
18537
4
201036
100 =
232992
16613
100 =
61
8191 623 100
=
623
10
5775
100 =
1855
179 + 150
100 =
1302 + 844
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
32 25
100 =
32
112 64
20.
100 =
64
5 + 9 + 74 + 8 + 4
21.
=
5
19.
21 sec
22. 12 + 23 + 6 + 6 + 6 =
35
23.
100 =
53
10 sec
41 sec
24. 25 12 12650 =
18 sec
1 min 41 sec
4 min 6 sec
3 min 8 sec
2 min 17 sec
56 sec
1 min 8 sec
1 min 45 sec
20 sec
2 min 40 sec
2 min 33 sec
7% + 105 131% =
57 sec
1 min 5 sec
9 sec
1. 15 12 10300 =
24 sec
2. 10 12 19400 =
211
3.
100 =
577
340 140
4.
100 =
140
351 150
5.
100 =
150
350 156
6.
100 =
156
14400
7.
100 =
185000
30 25
8.
100 =
30
25 22
9.
100 =
25
22 20
10.
100 =
22
20 15
11.
100 =
20
70
12.
100 =
203
17 sec
1 min 32 sec
20 sec
15 sec
1 min 21 sec
1 min 21 sec
7 sec
5 sec
7 sec
4 sec
15.
3999
100 =
1855
1 min 50 sec
16.
483 388
100 =
483
1 min 45 sec
13.
85
100 =
118
36 sec
1 min 9 sec
14.
216
100 =
408
1 min 5 sec
57 sec
15.
227
=
97
656 582
100 =
656
506 447
18.
100 =
506
17.
33 sec
39 sec
78
5916
085
5640
95
6
7
8
9
10
1026
1788
8628
27234426
314
11
12
13
14
15
3113
1533
1774
3999
2155
16
17
18
19
20
1969
1128
1166
2187
75
21
22
23
24
25
20
53
6603
3795000
240000
16.
16149 15308
100 =
15308
1 min 51 sec
13.
180 120
100
180
10 sec
17.
24941 19474
100
19474
1 min 41 sec
30 sec
6057 4123
18.
100 =
4123
15.
68718 42137
100
42137
1 min 45 sec
16.
82175 65303
100
65303
45 sec
17.
20177 8820
100
8820
40 sec
1 min 51 sec
058
19.
100 =
301
1 min 21 sec
060
20.
100 =
306
1 min 11 sec
055
21.
100 =
205
1 min 31 sec
19.
4928
2240
25 sec
054
100 =
170
1 min 27 sec
20.
1
17472
3
20 sec
21.
8514 5824
5824
25 sec
22.
25.
58 sec
30 sec
1 min 13 sec
2 min 21 sec
23.
25 sec
79
100
173
1 min
1854000
2328000
3657
14285
134
6
7
8
9
10
12435
778
1667
12
909
11
12
13
14
15
24.
Total Time : 30 Min. 00 Sec.
1.
1
100
10
1 sec
2.
15
100
20
2sec
2
100
333
22
4.
30
3.
16
17
18
19
20
25
3448
7203
5294
234
549
2807
469
1926
196
21
22
23
24
25
173 169
169
(1 + 236
100 )
103 100
26. (
20 )
25. 173
20 sec
325 32
325
10 sec
30 sec
28.
245
100
290
50 sec
400
100
535
30 sec
37 sec
29.
7. 2 (7 6 20) + 2 (3 6 10)
26 sec
8. 2 (6 6 20) + 2 (4 6 10)
18 sec
9. 2 (8 6 20)
15 sec
1 min
20 sec
22 sec
20 sec
30 sec
32.
790
6435
20 sec
33.
9810 5450
100
5450
25 sec
55 sec
27.
35 sec
666
25 sec
30 sec
5. 6 5 20
6 (4 5 2 + 6 5 2)
2682
3176
240000
4166
3333
34.
20 sec
4.
45 sec
5.
8352 7081
36.
100
7081
1 min 30 sec
986 745
37.
100
745
1 min 55 sec
(59719 149
131)
(1750 1520)
240 sec
30 sec
100
38.
100
648
35 sec
297
39.
100 297
765
30 sec
100
40.
116
613
50 sec
422
41.
100
1328
1 min 30 sec
20 sec
20 sec
17 sec
30 sec
31 sec
50 sec
55 sec
(11)3]
30 sec
50 sec
20 sec
1 min
1 min
15.
50 sec
16.
30 sec
45.
3454
4073
150 sec
+ 38478 + 174240)
1 min 10 sec
47.
43 9157
149
1 min 45 sec
17.
20 sec
48.
211600 18300
100
18300
1 min 45 sec
18.
40 sec
10
75
600
073
600
1440
2040
1920
1920
1800
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10000
420
3333
530
6308
2583
12876
5934
022
5824
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
046
150000
4566
002
17646
515
001
8448
7476
935
1.
2.
3.
(149 105
43 )
(78 105
43 )
(605 288 567)
150 sec
1 min
45 sec
46500
012
80
640333
47461
1794
3234
253
091
1892
2476
2410
(102 075)
20.
075
y
21.
11
15
y+y
41
25 + 4 03 78
22.
100
400
19.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
3177
16642
8166
619164
084
251963
26426
105628
45 sec
30 sec
50 sec
55 sec
45 sec
41. 200080
11 min
2832
1372
55 sec
43.
5760
1055
40 sec
130 min
63 51
100
53
13 min
63 59
29.
100
53
208x 139x
100
139x
638
31.
468
668
32.
100
2041
30 sec
17 sec
1 min
21 min
48.
16 min
150 min
49.
4 min
150 min
50.
15 min
51.
205 min
47.
115 min
30.
2 sec
42.
40 sec
200 min
600
10
25 sec
40 sec
5 sec
40 sec
40 sec
3. Bar Graph
4. Pie Charts
5. 3-D Diagram
30 sec
6. Venn Diagram
7. Pyramid Graph
25 sec
45 sec
36383
19046
98794080
67924
13125
4325
472
438
004
007
8896
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
213785
1238
1313
25
394
333
366
102
036
805
522
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
27859
3333
4117
166
2506
2264
2264
4963
136
3272
817
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
NB : These calculations are not mind games but taken from real papers.
668
1436
99
1527
3233
503
428
018
200020
206
546
4301
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
4283
3865
173333
1600
113333
163333
500
1.Tabular or Table DI
The number of table-based questions is coming in
previous years CAT papers
Construct
No. of Ques.
Tables
Bar Chart
Scatter Diagram
3 D Diagram
Case let
Miscellaneous
2004
Male
CAT
Making of A Table
Practice 1 : Present the following information in a
suitable tabular form, supplying the figure not directly
given. In 2005, out of a total of 2000 students in The IOP
2005
Female
1600
125
MAT
225
155
Total
1825
280
Total
1725
Male
Female Total
1500
50
1550
380
250
200
450
2105
1750
250
2000
(In Percent)
Sources
Internal
Plan
Depreciation
First
Second
Third
29
External
Total
33
62
45
202
305
186
Other
sources
Total
204
106
38
447
109
289
155
555
491
66
294
149
509
Questions
1. What is the maximum percentage increase in price
per cubic meter or per tonne over the previous year ?
(A) 33.33%
(B) 85%
(C) 50%
(D) Cannot be determined
2. Which product shows maximum percentage increase
in price over the period ?
(A) Saw Timber
(B) Plywood
(C) Logs
(D) Cannot be determined
3. If cubic metre = 750 kg for saw timber, find in which
year was the difference in price of saw timber and
logs the least ?
(A) 1989
(B) 1990
(C) 1991
(D) 1992
4. If one cubic metre = 700 kg for plywood and 800 kg
for saw timber, find in which year was the difference
in the prices of plywood and saw timber (per cubic
metre) the maximum ?
(A) 1989
(B) 1990
(C) 1991
(D) 1992
Actual
2009-10
Budget Estimates
2009-10
Revised Estimates
2009-10
Budget Estimates
2010-11
Rupees in Crores
1. Gross traffic Receipts
353824
41718
437579
534363
318205
370090
389228
452077
40310
51091
53340
67182
4. Dividend payable
General Reserves
35647
40512
45817
4655
to
Data Interpretation
Illusion : A : Answer the following questions based on the following information :
In the following table, the price of Logs shown is per cubic metre that of plywood and saw timber is per tonne.
Price in Rs.
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Saw Timber
10
10
12
10
13
15
20
Logs
15
16
18
15
18
19
20
Plywood
670
Solutions
Questions
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
12
10
13
15
9
750
975
1125
Logs
(Price in
Rs. / cubic
meters)
Difference
in
Price
18
15
18
19
9
750
825
775
Saw
Timber
(Price in
Rs. /
Tonne)
Saw
Plywood Plywood
Timber (Price in (Price in
Rs. / m3 )
(Price in
Rs. /
Rs. / m3 ) tonne)
Difference
in
Price
2002
12
960
4
280
680
2003
10
800
5
350
450
2004
13
1040
4
280
760
2005
15
1200
6
420
780
Hence, it can be seen that the difference is maximum
for the year 2005.
Illusion B : The Table below represents sales and net
profit in Rs. crore of IOP Ltd., for the five years from
1994-95 to 1998-99. During this period, the sales
increased from Rs. 100 crore to Rs. 680 crore. Correspondingly, the net profit increased from Rs. 25 crore to
Rs. 12 crore. Net profit is defined as the excess of sales
over total costs.
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
Sales
100
250
300
290
680
Net Profit
2.5
4.5
6
8.5
12
Solutions
1. (A) Percentage growth in 1995-96150%.
50 100
Percentage growth in 1996-97 =
= 20%
250
Percentage growth in 1997-98There is no growth
but decrease in sales.
390 100
Percentage growth in 1998-99 =
= 13448%
290
Hence, the growth in 1995-96 is maximum.
2. (D) Percentage growth in net profit in 1998-99
35 100
=
85
= 4117%
Percentage growth in net profit in 1997-98
25 100
=
06
= 4166%
Percentage growth in net profit in 1996-97
15 100
=
45
= 3333%
Percentage growth in net profit in 1995-96
2 100
=
25
= 80%
Hence, the highest percentage growth in net profit is
in 1995-96.
3. (B) The profitability in 199899
12 100
=
= 176%
680
The profitability in 1997-98
85 100
=
= 293%
290
The profitability in 1996-97
6 100
= 2%
300
Hence the profitabilty in 1997-98 is the highest.
=
Table Chart
Solved Example
Directions (Q. 1 to 4) : Answer the questions on the
basis of the information given below.
The following table shows the growth of regular
monthly investment at 7% return compounded annually :
Number
of Years
Monthly Investment
Rs. 50
Rs. 100
Rs. 250
Rs. 500
2
5
10
20
1292
3601
8705
26198
2583
7201
17409
52397
6458
18003
43524
130991
12915
36005
87047
261983
Discussion
Interest earned = 17201 12 5 100
= Rs. 1,201
Interest on 10 years
17409 12000
2. (D)
=
Interest on 5 years
7201 6000
5409
=
9:2
1201
1. (A)
Total
Emission
Growth in
Emission per person
emission per
(Tonnes in (In Tonnes) person (1974-78)
Millions)
(Per cent)
Hungary
672
= Rs. 5409.
123
024
235
1289
071
13
Pakistan
285
262
03
Japan
597
526
44
China
90
096
71
UK
356
239
216
Sri Lanka
954
308
241
India
Discussion
356
100 10%
3694
123
6. (B) Population of Hungary =
= 512 million
024
285
Population of Pakistan =
= 109
262
5. (A)
Percentage =
954
= 318;
308
90
China =
= 100;
096
Sri Lanka =
123
= 500;
024
1289
India =
= 1815
071
So, obviously Hungary is Second in population, if we
arrange in descending order.
Directions (Q. 9 t o 13) : Hundai and Maruti can
produce either Body Case or Carburetor. The time taken
by Hundai and Maruti (in minutes) to produce one unit of
Body Case and Carburetor are given in the table below :
(Each machine works 8 hour per day)
Product
Hundai
Maruti
Body Case
10
8
Carburetor
6
6
Hungary =
Discussion
9. (B) Since time taken to manufacture Carburetor on
both the machine is the last, we have to manufacture
only Carburetor in order to maximize the output for
the day.
In such a case total number of units of Carburetor
8 60
produced on Hundai =
= 80 units and that
6
8 60
produced on Maruti =
= 80 Units.
6
( )
( )
( )
( )
48 carburetor = any, because both have equal efficiency. Maruti takes 48 6 = 288 minutes. Idle time
= 480 288 = 192. NOT SATISFIED.
(b) 64 Body case = Hundai takes 48 0 = 480
minutes (one day)
Maruti takes (64 48) 8 = 16 8 = 128 minutes
64 carburetor = Maruti takes 64 6 = 384 minutes.
Idle time = 480 (128 + 384) = 32 not possible.
NOT SATISFIED.
(c) 61 Body case = Hundai takes 48 10 = 480
minutes (one day) Maruti takes (61 48) 8 = 13
8 = 104 minutes.
61 carburetor = Maruti takes 61 6 = 366 minutes.
Idle time = 480 (104 + 366) =10 minutes idle
SATISFIED.
(d) If 64 is not satisfied, 71 also rejected. NOT
SATISFIED.
Exercise1
Direction (Q. 1 to 5) : Refer to the following tabular
statement which records performance of department of
surgery of a hospital for the period January to July.
Department of Surgery, M.G. Medical College E.N.T.
and Eyes Operations
Month
Total
Successful
Operations
Total.
Unsuccessful
operations
Total no. of
operations
performed
3
4
2
3
2
3
4
8
16
23
32
38
44
50
E.N.T. Eyes
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
2
3
3
4
2
1
0
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
Birth Rate
807
518
54.3
60.7
752
792
783
Death Rate
713
417
442
506
651
631
664
Child deaths
20%
19%
20%
19%
21%
17%
22%
Directions (Q. 15 to 18) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
The table (I) shows the number of toppers in the various entrance exams and the other table (II) shows the
number of students enrolled at different institutes. Refer to the tables to answer the questions that follow :
TableI
Number of toppers in the entrance exams for
Institute where toppers are trained
Civil Services
Bank P.O.
SSC
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
X
4
3
7
2
3
4
4
4
4
Y
2
1
8
5
6
2
6
2
1
Z
3
1
2
6
4
3
7
1
2
P
6
4
1
7
1
5
5
3
4
Q
5
3
1
3
6
5
1
1
2
TableII
Enrollment for training at different institutes for various entrance exams
Civil Services
Bank P.O.
SSC
Institutes name
Enrollment
Success
Enrollment
Success
Enrollment
Ratio
Ratio
X
800
01 : 10
1500
01 : 10
1000
Y
1000
01 : 10
2100
01 : 15
800
Z
500
01 : 08
1500
01 : 12
1000
P
900
01 : 10
1800
01 : 12
500
Q
600
01 : 15
1000
01 : 20
900
Success
Ratio
01 : 10
01 : 10
01 : 10
01 : 10
01 : 12
(B) Bike
(C) Scooter
(D) Bus
Worker
Mon.
Tue. Wed.
Thr.
Fri.
Sat.
3000
3200
3100
3250
3300
3650
(A) Car
(B) Bike
4008
3850
3900
4050
4100
4300
(C) Scooter
(D) Bus
4320
3900
4000
4200
4300
4400
2820
2900
3030
3100
3240
3500
4550
4350
4400
4500
4100
4650
19. The production of which worker shows highest increase on Saturday over his production on Monday ?
(A) Worker 1
(B) Worker 5
(C) Worker 4
(D) Worker 2
20. On Wednesday, the production of worker 3 was what
% of production of worker 1 ?
(A) 2903%
(B) 12903%
(C) 783%
(D) 8649%
21. On which of the following days did the production of
worker 4 show the highest increase over his production on the preceding day ?
(A) Monday
(B) Friday
(C) Wednesday
(D) Saturday
22. For each of the given days, the ratio of number of
workers, having their production above average, to
those, having below the average, is :
(A) 3 : 2
(B) 2 : 3
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 : 4
Directions (Q. 23 to 26) : The following table gives
the sales details for Nuts and Bolts of Car, Bike, Scooter
and Bus.
Year
Car
Bike
Scooter
Bus
2005
42137
8820
65303
25343
2006
53568
10285
71602
27930
2007
58770
16437
73667
28687
2008
56872
15475
71668
30057
2009
66213
17500
78697
33682
2010
68718
20177
82175
36697
(B) Bike
(C) Scooter
(D) Bus
5068
6144
6716
6997
6997
Turnover
6172
4486
2624
3475
4062
Cash
Losses
794
1480
1882
1678
1157
Net Losses
1669
2547
3128
4450
2658
Directions (Q. 31 to 34) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
Demand and Capacity Projections
Intermediates
Demand
Capacity
1989-90
1994-95
1999-00
1989-90
1994-95
Ethylene Oxide (non MEG)
19,000
23,990
29,350
12,000
17,000
MEG
146,300
199,800
268,000
23,500
140,000
Propylene Oxide
17,000
95,000
115,000
30,000
Acrylontrile
91,200
125,600
169,000
24,000
50,000
Phenol
48,640
68,250
92,185
56,000
15,000
Maleic Anhydride
6,500
13,850
24,237
6,000
58,700
Benzene
412,000
626,000
885,000
234,500
238,000
Toluene
51,270
62,220
76,430
45,000
Paraxylene
225,000
301,000
396,000
46,000
Orthoxylene
67,000
106,000
151,200
27,000
67,000
31. Which product demand-wise has shown the highest
growth rate from 1989-90 to 1999-2000 ?
(A) Propylene Oxide (B) MEG
(C) Maleic Anhydride (D) Orthoxylene
32. Which of the following are the products that will not
have a short fall of capacity (As compared to demand)
of more than 30% of demand in 1999-2000 ?
(A) MEG
(B) Toulene
(C) Acrylonitriel
(D) Phenol
33. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ?
I. Orthoxylene capacity will be in surplus in the
year 1999-2000.
II. Paraxylenes demand to capacity ratio is higher
in 1989-90 than in 1999-2000.
III. Total demand for all products in 1994-95 is 50%
higher than in 1989-90.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) II and III
1999-00
34,000
163,500
30,000
74,000
71,000
65,700
472,500
45,000
237,100
118,400
34. The demand for which product has shown the lowest 38. If cut-off in the written test is 200 and in interview
60, how many people would be selected ?
growth rate from 1994-95 to 1999-2000 ?
(A) 100
(B) 110
(A) Propylene Oxide (B) Benzene
(C)
98
(D)
105
(C) Paraxylene
(D) MEG
Directions (Q. 35 to 38) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
The following table gives the performance of 2,000 candidates who have taken a written test and a GD. The
number of candidates who have scored in the specified range of written test scores and GD marks given in row
headings and column headings respectively.
Max. marks in the written test = 300 :
Maximum marks in GD = 100 marks
Written test
GD marks
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70
Total
250
16
36
52
36
52
8
2000
200 to 249
10
8
60
44
20
18
160
150 to 199
32
20
90
112
36
18
308
100 to 149
56
84
200
380
30
10
760
50 to 99
70
230
40
16
14
10
380
Below 50
64
64
40
8
12
4
192
Total
248
442
482
596
164
68
2000
CAT Complete Course | 677
Solutions
1. (B) Add the number of successful operations given in
the 2nd and 3rd column :
5 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 2 = 29
2. (C) Out of the total operations performed. 29 were
successful or 58%.
3. (E) In July the number of unsuccessful operations
was more than successful operations performed.
4. (B) In March five operations were successful and
two were unsuccessful or say 70% compared to the
previous month.
5. (C) To make 70% score of successful operations.
there should be 70 operations successful out of 100.
Since there were already 29 successful operations
performed till July. There should be 7029 or 41
successful operations out of the next fifty to make
overall percentage 70.
6. (D) 7. (D)
8. (B)
9. (C)
10. (A) Total production of all the five states in 2008
= 725.
1/8th of 725 = 9 (approx.).
State A contributes close to 1/8th of the total
production of all the five states.
11. (C) 2008
12. (A) Percentage increase in production of state
26
A in 2009 over that in 2006 =
100 = 288
9
Similar figures for the other states are respectively
20, 123, 394, 571.
13. (E) % Increase of production in 2007 over that in
16
2006
100 = 761. Similar figures in 2008 over
21
that in 2007 = 26 and in 2010 over that in 2009 is
765
14. (C)
15. (C) Total number of toppers of entrance exam H = 10
minimum ( 7 + 8) - 10 = 5 took training from
both X and Y
Maximum 2 took training from X, Y and Z
16. (A) Successful candidates
600 1000 900
=
+
+
15
20
12
= 40 + 50 + 75 = 165
Maximum number of toppers
= 5+3+1+3+6+5+1+1+2
= 27
Required percentage
27
180
=
100 =
%
165
11
678
= 63% ( approximate).
42137
24. (C)
Nuts & Bolts 2005
2010 Percentage Growth
Car
42137
68718
66%
Bike
8820
20177
125%
Scooter
65303
82175
26%
Bus
25343
36697
36%
25. (B) Again referring to the above table, we can see
that the % growth rate is maximum for Bikes Nuts
and Bolts, viz 25%.
26. (D) It can be seen from the given table that though
car Nuts and Bolts have shown a consistent growth.
On the other hand, Bike and Scooters Nuts and Bolts
have shown a consistent increase except for 2007
when it had declined. But the Buss Nuts and Bolts
have shown a consistent growth over the period.
27. (D) Losses from 92-93 to 95-96 total 2547 + 3158 +
4450 + 2658 = 12793 cumulative loss at the start of
92-93 was 21474 12793 = 8691 crores.
28. (D) The net worth is eroded when cumulative losses
total more than the share capital and reserves. Since
we do not have data on commutative loss, we can not
determine the year when the net worth became
negative.
29. (A) Cash losses are 8/51; 15/61; 19/67; 17/70; 12/70
The lowest is 12/70 which is in 91-92, hence option
1st is the answer.
MEG
Demand
Capacity
Shortfall
Shortfall as
% of
Demand
1635
104
> 30%
268
Toulene
76
45
31
> 30%
Acrylonitrile
169
74
95
> 30%
92
71
21
< 30%
Phenol
35.
36.
37.
115000 95000
100
95000
= 21%
885000 626000
Benzene =
100
626000
= 41% Paraxylene
396000 301000
=
100
301000
= 315%
268000 1998000
MEG =
100
199800
= 34%
(B)
200 + 160 = 360
(D) Sum of the first three row = 200 + 160 + 308 =
668. Thus, all we can know is the cut off will be in
range 150 199. We cannot find exact cut off.
(C) Average marks = [Class interval mid point
average marks for class] / total number of candidates
25 192 + 75 380 + 125 760
+ 175 308 + 225 160 + 275 200
=
200
273200
=
= 1366
2000
(C)
52 + 8 + 20 + 18 = 98.
38.
Exercise-2
Directions (Q. 1 to 4) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
The following table gives the performance of 2,000 candidates who have taken a written test and a GD, the number of
candidates who have scored in the specified range of written test scores and GD marks given in row headings and
column headings respectively.
Maximum marks in the written test = 300
GD marks
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70
Total
250
16
36
52
36
52
2000
200 to 249
10
60
44
20
18
160
150 to 199
32
20
90
112
36
18
308
100 to 149
56
84
200
380
30
10
760
50 to 99
70
230
40
16
14
10
380
Below 50
64
64
40
12
192
248
442
482
596
164
68
2000
Total
(B) 750
(C) None
Directions (Q. 5 to 8) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
The table given below shows that the achievement of agriculture development programmers from1970 to 1976.
Programmes
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
2205
2270
2320
2400
2460
2532
Minor
2860
3277
3277
3420
3400
3514
290
36
46
47
54
52
2. Wheat
1590
1610
168
178
194
191
3. Bajra
1690
1820
197
187
217
228
4. Paddy
14
16
16
17
19
5. Maize
31
35
39
44
53
51
111
121
132
144
173
189
2. Potash
342
368
407
422
520
549
3. Nitrogen
059
062
067
073
078
084
Gross
Cropped Area
(Hectares in
millions)
1748
1731
1770
1726
1804
1878
40
50
30
B
40
20
60
C
50
20
20
D
30
60
20
12
15
10
B
12
08
16
C
15
08
08
D
10
16
08
17. If a man wants to buy all the goods listed in the table
and travelling between any two countries costs $20,
then what is the lowest price at which he can procure
all the goods ?
(A) $ 1456556
(B) $ 1454643
(C) $ 1465186
(D) None of these
18. If Common Currency (CC) were introduced by
averaging out the given five costs across the countries, then how much would a compaq presario 2240
costs, if 1 CC = 2 dollars. (in CC) ?
Directions (Q. 13 to 16) : Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below :
The following table gives the readership of different categories of magazines (in hundreds) from 1980 to 1995.
1980
1985
1990
1995
Category
E
H
E
H
E
H
E
H
Business
300
100
400
150
600
250
800
500
Film
600
800
900
1200
1000
1500
1200
1800
Sports
400
200
600
400
1000
700
1200
800
General
1000
1200
1500
1600
2000
1800
2500
2000
The following table gives the number of magazines published in different categories during the period 1980 to
1995 :
1980
1985
1990
1995
Category
E
H
E
H
E
H
E
H
Business
4
2
5
3
6
4
7
8
Film
3
4
5
6
5
7
6
8
Sports
3
2
5
3
7
4
8
6
General
12
10
15
14
17
15
29
16
E : English H : Hindi
Note : No magazine was discontinued during the given period.
13. In 1985, as against in 1980, readership per magazine
(A) 6056 CC
(B) 12112 CC
declined for thecategory.
(C) 8421 CC
(D) 6073 CC
(A) Business
(B) Film
19. If a person buys all the goods and uses all the
(C) Sports
(D) General
services listed, then between which 2 countries is the
absolute difference the most ?
14. How many new magazines were started between
1980 and 1990 ?
(A) China and Malaysia
(A) 22
(B) 24
(B) Malaysia and Sri Lanka
(C) 25
(D) 28
(C) Sri Lanka and China
15. Between 1980 and 1985 what was the ratio of new
(D) China and India
Hindi magazines, to new English magazines ?
20. How much does a person spend if he makes a round
(A) 1
(B) 2
trip covering all the 5 countries, using up 84 liters of
(C) 3
(D) more than 3
Petrol in each country ? Each country takes 1 day to
cover and no country permits another countrys car
16. What is the average (approximate) readership per
to enter.
magazine, in 1990 ?
(A) $ 7275
(B) $ 1101
(A) 13,000
(B) 13,600
(C)
$
988
(D)
$ 1255
(C) 14,000
(D) 14,600
Directions (Q. 17 to 20) : The following tables shows the costs of various good/services in the given countries.
Refer to the table to answer the questions that follow :
(All the values are in $)
Goods/Services
China
Korea
India
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Pepsi (15 litre)
205
105
189
165
114
Pizza (8)
286
308
267
248
238
New Port Jeans
7100
8300
8100
6900
7000
Compaq Presario 2240
131600
134800
91700
120800
126700
Petrol ( 1 litre)
093
103
087
094
073
Dry Cleaning ( Shirt)
368
467
243
275
292
Santro (1 day rental)
15400
11000
10300
24300
11300
Volkswagen Golf GI
1355300
1631700
1399900
1705600
1735600
CAT Complete Course | 681
2004
20
24
20
18
21
2005
36
22
16
24
23
2006
18
16
12
22
16
(A) 10
(B) 20
2007
24
30
18
20
30
(D) 25
2008
28
32
26
19
34
(C) 50
(E) None of these
2009
22
26
28
25
38
(D) 50
(E) None of these
23. What was the difference in the number of travellers
for destination D from 2005 to 2007 ?
(A) 4,000
(B) 400
(C) 6,000
(D) 8,000
(E) None of these
Directions (Q. 24 to 28) : Study the following table carefully and answer questions given below it :
Number of Candidates Appeared and Qualified Under Various Disciplines in an Examination Over the Years
Disciplines
682
Arts
Science
Commerce
Agriculture
Engineering
Total
Years
App.
Qual. App.
Qual. App.
Qual. App.
Qual. App.
Qual. App
Qual.
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
850
1214
975
820
1412
738
200
315
250
196
378
359
402
420
500
450
625
880
212
220
260
300
320
308
170
150
160
160
200
210
270
350
300
312
301
400
1254
1455
1470
1418
1824
2157
1614
1826
1970
1560
2120
3506
750
800
860
842
1105
1240
614
580
624
490
760
640
801
934
742
850
642
962
4629
5354
5171
4562
6039
7086
Factor
Job Content
Opportunities
Training
Compensation
Companys Image
Flexibility
Sense of Purpose
Leadership
Work Culture
Work Relationships
Quality of Work life
Higher Studies
Overseas
Assignments
Personal Needs
Why
employees
leave an
organization
50%
57%
21%
36%
7%
0
0
21%
7%
0
0
42%
64%
29%
29. The single most popular factor to encourage employees to leave an organisation is :
(B) Not enough training
(C) The attraction of foreign assignments
(D) The desire to pursue higher studies
30. For how many factors listed in the table, is the percentage for employees leaving the organization
greater than the percentage for employees liking an
organization ?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
31. If the job content and work culture are right, approximately what percentage of the employees would be
happy in an organization ?
(A) 90%
(B) 30%
(C) 75%
(D) 50%
Solution
1. (C)
200
= 10%
2000
169 + 29 31 + 14
017 013 = 004
422 073
1973-74 =
234 61
018 012 = 006
1974-75 =
52 078
271 72
1975-76 =
544 084
28
71
1748
111 + 324 + 059
1748
512
1971-72 =
1731
551
1974-75 =
1804
771
1972-73 =
177
606
1975-76 =
1878
822
7. (C) In 1972-73 = 2320 + 3277 = 5597 and In 197374 = 2400 + 3420 = 5820
More = 223 ( remember these figures are cumulative
figures)
CAT Complete Course | 683
= $ 12112
12112
In CC =
$ = 6056
2
19. (A) Calculate total of all the goods and services for
all the countries.
China
15,10352
India
15,10786
Sri Lanka
18,58382
Malaysia
18,81317
10. (B) Using the same logic as in question 13, the two
possible routes are CBAD and CDAB
because from C the minimum cost is to B and D and
is equal to Rs.160. Cost of route CBAD = 20 8 +
40 12 + 30 10 = Rs. 940. Similarly, cost of route
CDAB is Rs 940. Thus total minimum cost is Rs.
940.
1400 2100
to
7
11
600 1000
to
5
8
2200 3100
to
22
29
Exercise3
Directions (Q. 1 to 4) : The Line-bar chart below
provides certain data regarding Hero Hondas dealers in
four metro cities of India for the year ending March 31,
2009. Footfall is defined as the number of customers
visiting each store per day. Assume each of the stores to
be opened on all 365 days during the year. Also assume
every customer visiting each of the stores in a day to be
different.
Delhi
Mumbai
Kolkata
Chennai
Cannot be determined
Capital
Longitude
Latitude
Country
Capital
Longitude
Latitude
34 S
58 E
Ireland
Dublin
53 N
6E
Australia
Austria
Buenos
Aires
Canberra
Vienna
35 S
48 N
149 E
16 E
Libya
Malaysia
32 N
4N
13 E
101 E
Bulgaria
Brazil
Canada
Sofia
Brasilia
Ottawa
42 N
15 S
45 N
23 E
48 E
75 E
12 S
52 N
41 S
77 E
21 E
174 E
Cambodia
Phnom
Penh
Quito
Accra
Tehran
11 N
105 E
Riyadh
24 N
46 E
0S
5N
35 N
78 E
1E
51 E
Peru
Poland
New
Zealand
Saudi
Arabia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Zambia
Tripli
Kuala
Lampur
Lima
Warsaw
Wellington
Madrid
Colombo
Lusaka
40 N
7N
15 S
3W
80 E
28 E
Argentina
Ecuador
Ghana
Iran
6. Number of capital cities name starting with consonants in the northern hemisphere in the table.
(A) Exceed the number of cities starting with consonants in the southern hemisphere by 1
(B) Exceed the number of cities starting with consonants in the southern hemisphere by 2
(C) Is less than the number of cities starting with
consonants in the east of the meridian by 1
(D) Is less than the number of cities name starting
with consonants in the east of the meridian by 2
7. What is the ratio of names of country starting from a
vowel and situated in southern hemisphere to the
number of countries whose capital begin with a
vowel is
(A) 3 : 2
(B) 3 : 3
(C) 3 : 1
(D) 4: 3
(A) Spain
(C) Far East
(B) Africa
(D) None of these
Directions (Q. 814) : Following table gives the data about operations performed by a company in different
countries.
Income
Expenses
Far East
Year
Total
Spain
Africa
98
99
2000
98
99
2000
98
99
2000
98
99
2000
3790
2832
4357
2996
1372
2960
794
1460
1397
487
727
888
169
91
324
129
38
205
40
53
119
16
30
59
106
215
660
53
142
465
55
73
195
30
35
153
408
340
1354
340
296
1024
68
44
230
33
21
184
98
99
2000
307
733
509
24
23
60
20
38
42
35
23
46
North
America
709
680
1094
594
450
818
115
230
276
63
137
218
52
93
58
806
454
224
774
298
115
62
256
119
31
134
72
North
Sea
300
716
409
82
146
23
218
570
396
105
280
196
Other
World
611
30
216
645
44
184
34
14
30
31
122
47
113
290
200
32
14
24
Australia
Argentina
690
306
66
409
2
126
281
304
60
209
176
72
128
60
(A) 41 million
(B) 34 Million
(C) 44 million
(D) 47 million
(E) 37 million
16. In how many decades, population of female is more
than that of male ?
(A) 5
(b) 1
(C) 2
(D) 0
(E) 3
Directions (Q. 1922) : Answer the questions on the basis the following table :
Below is a table that lists countries region-wise. Each region-wise list is stored, first birth rate and than
alphabetically by the name of the country. We now wish to merge the region-wise list into one consolidated list and
provide overall rankings to each country based first on birth rate and then on death rate. Thus, if some countries have
the same birth rate, then the country with a lower death rate will be ranked higher. Further, countries have identical
birth and death rates will get the same rank. For example, if two countries are tied for the third position, then both will
be given rank 3, while the next country (in the ordered list) will be ranked 5.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Country
South Africa
Egypt
Cameroon
Mozambique
Zaire
Ghana
Angola
Madagascar
Morocco
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Ivory Coast
Rhodesia
Uganda
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Algeria
Kenya
Upper Volta
Japan
Korea (ROK)
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Malaysia
China
Thailand
Turkey
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Region
36
39
42
45
45
46
47
47
47
47
45
43
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
16
26
26
26
13
31
34
34
12
13
22
18
18
14
23
22
16
17
23
23
14
17
22
19
17
16
14
28
6
6
9
5
6
11
10
12
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
CAT Complete Course | 687
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
India
Burma
Iran
Vicuiam
Korea (DPRK)
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Syria
Iraq
Afghanistan
36
38
42
42
43
44
46
47
47
48
52
15
15
12
17
12
14
20
19
14
14
30
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Rank
Country
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Region
1
Germany (FRG)
10
12
Europe
2
Austria
12
13
Europe
3
Belgium
12
12
Europe
4
Germany (DRG)
12
14
Europe
5
Sweden
12
11
Europe
6
Switzerland
12
9
Europe
7
U.K.
12
12
Europe
8
Netherlands
13
8
Europe
9
France
14
11
Europe
10
Italy
14
10
Europe
11
Greece
16
9
Europe
12
Bulgaria
17
10
Europe
13
Hungary
18
12
Europe
14
Spain
18
8
Europe
15
USSR
18
9
Europe
16
Yugoslavia
18
8
Europe
17
Czech. Rep.
19
11
Europe
18
Portugal
19
10
Europe
19
Romania
19
10
Europe
20
Poland
20
9
Europe
1
U.S.A.
15
9
N. America
2
Canada
16
7
N. America
3
Cuba
20
6
N. America
4
Mexico
40
7
N. America
1
Australia
16
8
Pacific
2
Philippines
34
10
Pacific
3
Indonesia
38
16
Pacific
1
Argentina
22
10
S. America
2
Chile
22
7
S. America
3
Colombia
34
10
S. America
4
Brazil
36
10
S. America
5
Venezuela
36
6
S. America
6
Guatemala
40
14
S. America
7
Peru
40
13
S. America
8
Ecuador
42
11
S. America
19. In the consolidated list, what would be the overall 20. In the consolidated list, how many countries would
rank of the Philippines ?
rank below Spain and above Taiwan ?
(A) 32
(B) 33
(A) 9
(b) 8
(C) 34
(D) 35
(C) 7
(D) 6
688
27. Which of the following had the least cost per room ?
(A) Lokhandwala group
(B) Raheja group
(A) 8
(B) 7
(C) IHCL
(C) 6
(D) 5
(D) ITC
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5
24. The largest difference between the indices of 2007
and 2008 is in the month of :
(A) January
(B) April
(C) July
(D) October
(E) December
25. As against 2007, production performance in 2008 is :
(A) Almost same
(B) Somewhat better
(C) Inferior
(D) Consistent
(E) Can not say
Directions (Q. 2731) : Answer the questions based on the following table.
Hotels in Mumbai
Projects
No. of Rooms
Year of Completion
Windsor Manor
Leela Hotels
Mumbai Heights
Royal Holidays
Majestic Holiday
Supremo Hotel
Hyatt Regency
600
310
250
536
500
300
500
275
235
250
225
250
300
250
1999
1999
1998
1998
1999
1999
2000
Company
IHCL
Leela Hotels
Bombay Hotels
Lokhndwala Group
Raheja Group
ITC
Asian Hotels
Directions (Q. 32 to 36) : Answer the questions based on the following informations, which gives data about
certain coffee producers in India :
Production
Capacity Utilisation
Sales
Total Sales Value
(%)
(000 tonnes)
(000 tonnes)
(Rs. in crores)
Brooke Bond
2.97
76.50
2.55
31.15
Nestle
2.48
71.20
2.03
26.75
Lipton
1.64
64.80
1.26
15.25
MAC
1.54
59.35
1.47
17.45
Total (including others)
11.60
61.30
10.67
132.80
32. What is the maximum production capacity (in 000
tonnes) of Lipton for coffee ?
(A) 253
(B) 285
(C) 224
(D) 207
33. Which company out of the four companies mentioned
above has the maximum unutilized capacity (in 000
tonnes) ?
(A) Lipton
(B) Nestle
(C) Brooke bond
(D) MAC
34. What is the approximate total production capacity (in
000 tonnes) for coffee in India ?
(A) 18
(B) 20
(C) 187
(D) Data insufficient
35. The highest price for coffee per kilogram is for
(A) Nestle
(B) MAC
(C) Lipton
(D) Data insufficient
36. What per cent of the total market share (by sales
value) is controlled by others ?
(A) 60%
(B) 32%
(C) 67%
(D) Data insufficient
Direction (Q. 37 to 41) :
Market share of JRD International inc.
100
10
42
38
25
10
Egypt
Philippines
Japan
Australia
30
Brazil
Malaysia
39
22 1996-2005
12 1985-95
Argentina
79
50
35
0
690
Directions (Q. 42 to 44) : Answer the questions based on the following information :
The following table gives the tariff [in paise per kilo-watt-hour (kWh) levied by the UPSEB in 1994-95, in four
sectors and the regions within them. The table also gives the percentage change in the tariff as compared to 1991-92.
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4
Region 5
%
%
%
%
%
p/kWh increase p/kWh increase p/kWh increase p/kWh increase p/kWh increase
Sector 1
425
+ 15
472
+5
420
4
415
+8
440
+ 10
Sector 2
430
+ 12
468
+8
448
+7
423
3
427
+ 11
Sector 3
428
+8
478
4
432
+6
441
+ 10
439
+8
Sector 4
434
5
470
+ 15
456
+ 10
451
+ 12
446
12
Additional directions : T h e UPSEB supplies power under four categories; urban (25%), domestic (20%),
industrial (40%) and rural (15%). In 1994-95, the total power produced by UPSEB was 7875 megawatts.
42. If in 1994-1995, there was a 10% decrease in the 45. The athletes from FRG and USE decided to run a 4
100 m relay race for their respective countries with
domestic consumption of power as compared to that
the country having three athletes borrowing the
in 1991-92, what was the consumption of Power in
athlete from CZE. Assume that all athletes ran their
the rural sector in 1991-92 ?
stretch of the relay race at the same speed as in
(A) 1312 megawatt
(B) 1422 megawatt
Decathlon event. How much more time did the FRG
(C) 1750 megawatt
(D) None of these
relay team take as compared to the USA team ?
43. In the given two years, what is the total tariff paid by
(A) 018
(B) 028
the urban sector ?
(C) 078
(D) 000
(A) Rs. 224 lack
(B) Rs. 216 lack
46. What is the least that Daley Thompson must get in
(C) Rs. 272 lack
(D) Cannot be determined
score 2 that ensure him a bronze medal ?
44. Which of the following statements is true ?
(A) 5309
(B) 5296
(A) The average tariff in region 4 is 4375 p/kWh.
(C) 5271
(D) 5270
(B) The average tariff in region 2 is greater than the 47. At least how many competitors (excluding Daley
average tariff in region 5
Thomson) must Michael Smith have out jumped in
(C) In 1991- 92, the industrial sector contributed to
the long jump event ?
about 42% of the total revenue from power
(A) 1
(B) 2
(D) None of these
(C) 3
(D) 4
Directions (Q. 45 to 47) : Answer the following questions on the basis of following information :
In a Decathlon, the events are 100 m, 400 m, 100 m Hurdles, 1500 m, and High jump, Pole vault, Long jump,
Discus, Shot put and Javelin. The performance in the first four of these events is consolidated into score 1, the next
three into score 2, and the last three into the score 3. Each such consolidation is obtained by giving appropriate
positive weights to individuals events. The final score is simply the total of these three scores. The athletes with the
highest, second highest and the third highest final scores receive the gold, silver and bronze medals, respectively. The
table given below gives the scores and performance of nineteen top athletes in this event.
Name
Eduard Hamalainen
Michael Smith
Thomas Dvorak
Uwe Frrimuth
Torsten Voss
Erki Nool
Christian Plaziat
Jurgen Hingsen
Siegfried Wentz
Guido Kratschmer
Daisy Thompson
Frank Busemann
Alexander Apaichev
Grigory Degtyarov
Robert Zmelik
Dave Johnson
Steve Frritz
Bruce Jenner
Dan OBrien
Country
BLS
CAN
CZE
DDR
DHK
EST
FRG
FRG
FRG
FRG
GBR
SOV
SOV
TCH
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
582
3003
10.55
2.1
4.6
8805
568
5392
2945
10.60
2.0
4.8
8803
492
5370
3115
10.92
2.0
4.8
8823
339
5196
3114
11.05
2.1
4.9
8832
494
5455
2883
10.78
2.1
5.1
8811
366
5370
3114
10.78
2.1
5.0
8827
427
5163
3119
10.75
2.0
5.0
8846
483
5280
3200
10.94
2.0
4.8
8897
408
5331
3120
10.36
2.1
4.8
CAT Complete Course | 691
(C) 78
(D) 81
(E) None of these
50. Which day shows the biggest change in inventory as
compared to the previous day ?
(a) Monday
(B) Saturday
(C) Wednesday
(D) Friday
(E) Tuesday
51. If Mr Anil Datta GM Operation said, the inventory
can be supplied only on Monday, Wednesday and
Friday, and inventory goes out only on Tuesday,
Thursday and Saturday, then what inventory will
remain after 15th June of the same year ?
(A) 1210
(B) 1190
(C) 1325
(D) 1335
(E) 1265
52. If company orders a special inventory of 200 unit
when the total stock goes to 600 units or below, then
on which one of the following days will the company
order a special inventory ?
(A) 9 July
(B) 8 July
(C) 10 July
(D) 11 July
(E) 12 July
Directions (Q. 53 to 55) : Answer the following question on the basis of the table given below :
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
AP
985
992
993
987
980
986
981
977
975
972
978
Assam
919
915
896
874
875
868
869
896
910
923
932
Bihar
1061
1051
1021
995
1002
1000
1005
957
948
907
921
Goa
1091
1108
1120
1088
1084
1128
1066
981
975
967
960
Gujarat
954
946
944
945
941
952
940
934
942
934
921
Haryana
867
835
844
844
869
871
868
867
870
865
861
HP
884
889
890
897
890
912
938
958
973
976
970
J&K
882
876
870
864
869
873
878
878
892
896
900
Karnataka
983
981
969
965
960
966
959
957
963
960
964
1004
1008
1011
1022
1027
1028
1022
1016
1032
1036
1058
MP
972
967
949
947
946
945
932
920
921
912
920
Maharastra
978
966
950
947
949
941
936
930
937
934
922
Orissa
1037
1056
1086
1067
1053
1022
1001
988
981
971
972
Punjab
832
780
799
815
826
844
854
865
879
882
874
Rajasthan
905
908
896
907
06
921
908
911
919
910
922
TN
1044
1042
1029
1027
1012
1007
992
978
977
974
986
UP
938
916
908
903
907
998
907
876
882
876
898
WB
945
925
905
890
852
865
878
891
911
917
934
India
972
964
955
950
945
946
941
930
934
927
933
Kerala
692
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 8
(B) 80
(C) 70
(D) 90
(B) 40
(C) 20
(D) 50
(A) 5
(C) 10
(B) 6
(D) 14
Directions (Q. 5659) : Answer these questions based on the table given below concerning the busiest twenty
international airports in the world :
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Name
Hartsfield
Chicago 0 Hare
Los Angeles
Heathrow Airport
DFW
Haneda Airport
Frankfurt Airport
Roissy - Charles
San Francisco
Denver
Amsterdam Schiphol
Minneapolis - St. Paul
Detroit Metropolitan
Miami
Newark
McCarran
Phoenix Sky Harbor
Kimpo
George Bush
John F. Kennedy
International
Airport Type
A
A
A
E
A
F
E
E
A
A
E
A
A
A
A
A
A
FE
A
A
Code
Location
Passengers
ATL
ORD
LAX
LHR
DFW
HND
FRA
CDG
SFO
DIA
AMS
MSP
DTW
MIA
EWR
LAS
PHX
SEL
IAH
JFK
77939536
72568076
63876561
62263710
60000125
54338212
45858315
43596943
40387422
38034231
36781015
34216331
34038381
33899246
33814000
33669185
33533353
33371074
33089333
32003000
15
2009
2010
10
5
0
AutoEntertain
mobile
ment
Expenses
Food
Miscellan
eous
Mortgage
and
Savings
property
Income
taxes
2009
24
24
27
2010
21
24
27
Directions (Q. 65 to 68) : The table provides information about the salary and the number of working days of
employees in a company. Employee will be paid only if he works with minimum required efficiency.
Employes Code
694
Medium
Simple
Complex
Medium
Simple
Total
200040
149
50
199
10
13
200050
236
536
722
11
00
20
200060
350
100
450
11
15
200070
500
405
76
981
13
23
200080
200090
200100
200110
200120
200130
200140
200150
200160
200170
200180
600
450
550
140
250
330
390
360
160
490
1234
700
377
50
100
166
120
600
20
120
200
176
126
86
56
46
89
129
300
620
1270
1127
366
376
516
446
572
249
739
2134
10
8
9
11
4
9
10
6
15
8
19
0
10
7
2
0
6
0
1
0
5
2
11
6
9
9
1
2
10
1
6
6
1
21
24
25
22
5
17
20
8
21
19
22
65. How many employees are getting more then Rs. 50 per day in complex work ?
(A) 2
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) None of these
66. Which employee has received maximum salary per day in complex work ?
(A) 200180
(B) 200080
(C) 200170
(D) 200040
67. How many employees are having more then 80% attendence and earning more then Rs. 600 in the month of June
which consist of 25 working days ?
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 8
(D) 10
68. How many people worked for complex and medium both and earn more in complex work then in medium work ?
(A) 7
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 9
Directions (Q. 69 to 76) : Answer the following questions based on the table :
Year
1970
1971
1972
1974
1975
1980
1981
1983
Agricultural loans
Value (Rs. in
Consumer
No. (000)
millions)
price index
183
200
43
204
358
49
251
626
55
412
3454
70
514
5221
78
1357
4984
131
1528
6124
137
211.6
915.7
149
70. Form the given Data, the number of rural loans upto
1980 formed approximately what percent of those in
1983 ?
(A) 112%
(B) 80%
(C) 97%
(D) Cannot be determined
71. Which o f the following pairs of year showed the
maximum increase in the number of rural bank
loans ?
(A) 1971-72
(B) 1974-75
(C) 1990-91
(D) 1980-81
73. In which year was the number of rural bank loans per
rural bank least ?
(A) 1974
(B) 1971
(C) 1970
(D) 1975
74. What is the simple annual rate of increase in the
number of agricultural loans 1970 to 1983 ?
(A) 132%
(C) 75%
(B) 81%
(D) 1056%
(B) 290000
(C) 2900
(D) 2900000
(E) 290
80. How many states showing below average production
in 2006-07 showed above average production in
2007-08 ?
(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 3
(E) 5
(D) 1
Directions (Q. 8287) : The following table gives the quantity of apples (in tonnes) arriving at New Delhi
market from various states in a particular year. The month, in which demand was more than supply, the additional
demand was met by the stock from cold storage.
Month
State
Cold Storage
Total
HP
UP
J&K
April
59
73
May
12
13
June
9741
257
8017
18015
July
71497
18750
90247
August
77675
20286
97961
September
53912
56602
110514
October
12604
79591
24
92219
November
3499
41872
42
45413
December
1741
14822
15
16578
January
315
10922
201
11438
February
25
11183
77
11285
March
983
86
769
696
Directions (Q. 88 to 91) : Answer the questions based on the table given below :
The following is a table describing garments manufactured based upon the colour and size for each. There are
four sizes : MMedium, LLarge and XXLExtra-Extra Large. There are three colours: Yellow, Red and White.
Lay
Number of Garments
Yellow
Red
White
Lay No.
XL
XXL
XL
XXL
XL
XXL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Production
Order
Surplus
14
0
20
20
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
75
1
14
0
20
20
0
22
24
20
20
20
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
162
162
0
7
0
10
10
0
11
24
20
20
20
0
22
2
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
136
135
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
10
10
10
0
11
2
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
136
135
1
0
0
18
0
24
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
8
8
0
8
97
97
0
0
0
18
0
24
24
0
2
0
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
5
32
32
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
194
194
0
0
0
9
0
12
12
0
0
0
26
26
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89
89
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
13
13
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
1
0
1
2
59
59
0
0
42
0
30
30
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
135
135
0
0
42
0
30
30
32
0
0
0
22
20
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198
197
1
0
21
0
15
15
16
0
0
0
22
20
22
0
20
22
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195
195
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
10
11
0
20
22
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
12
14
12
156
155
1
88. How many lays are used to produce Yellow coloured fabrics ?
(A) 10
(B) 11
(C) 12
(D) 14
89. How many lays are used to produce Extra-Extra Large fabrics ?
(A) 8
(B) 16
(C) 17
(D) 18
90. How many lays are used to product Extra-Extra Large Yellow Extra-Extra Large White fabrics ?
(A) 8
(B) 9
(C) 10
(D) 15
91. How many varieties of fabrics, which exceed the order, have been produced ?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
CAT Complete Course | 697
Directions (Q. 92 to 95) : Answer the questions on the basis of the following information :
The following is the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) of a select list of items with the base year of 1993-94. In other
words, all the item prices are made 100 in that year (1993-94). Price in all other years for an item is measured with
respect to its price in the base year. For instance, the price of cement went up by 1% in 1994-95 as compared to 199394. Similarly, the price of power went up by 3% in 1996-97 as compared to 1993-94.
1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
All Items
100
1020
1025
10400
10300
10500
10600
10800
10700
10600
Cement
100
1010
1005
10300
10250
10350
10310
10380
10370
10400
Limestone
100
1020
1025
10275
10225
10300
10400
10500
10450
10500
Power
100
1015
1025
10300
10350
10400
10600
10700
10750
10800
Steel
100
1015
1010
10350
10400
10425
10500
10550
10600
10550
Timber
100
1005
1015
10200
10200
10200
10300
10350
10400
10450
Wages
100
1015
1030
10350
10350
10425
10400
10475
10490
10530
92. Let us suppose that one bag of cement (50 kgs) consumes 100 kgs of limestones and 100 unit of power.
The only other cost item in producing cement is in
the form of wages. During 1993-94, limestone, power
and wages contribute, respectively, 20%, 25%, and
15% to the cement price per bag. The average operating profit (% of price cement bag) earned by a
cement manufacturer during 2002-03 is closest to
(A) 40%
(B) 395%
(C) 385%
(D) 375%
93. Steel manufacturing requires the use of iron ore,
power and manpower. The cost of iron ore has
followed the All Item index. During 1993-94 power
accounted for 30% of the selling price of steel, iron
ore for 25%, and wages for 10% of the selling price
of steel. Assuming the cost and price data for cement
as given in the previous question, the operating profit
(% of selling price) of an average steel manufacturer
in 2002-03
(A) Is more than that of a cement manufacturer
(B) Is less than that of a cement manufacturer
(C) Is the same as that of a cement manufacturer
(D) Can not be determined
94. Which item experienced continuous price rise during
the ten-year period ?
(A) Power
(B) Cement
(C) Wages
(D) Limestone
95. Which item (s) experienced only one decline in price
during the ten-year period ?
(A) Steel and Limestone
(B) Steel and Timber
(C) Timber
(D) Timber and Wages
Directions (Q. 96 to 100) : Following table showing
investments made by five companies over the year
(amounts for various year in lakh of rupees) :
698
202
192
176
163
16
Directions (Q. 110 to 114) : Answer these questions with reference to the table :
Information Technology Industry in India
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
Domestic
Exports
350
485
490
734
670
1083
950
1750
1250
2650
Domestic
Exports
590
177
1037
35
1050
286
1205
201
1026
4
Domestic
Exports
148
6
107
142
36
2041
196
6
143
172
73
2886
181
14
185
182
156
3807
229
19
263
221
193
5031
329
18
302
236
237
6052
Software
Hardware
Peripheral
Training
Maintenance
Networking and other
Total
Urban
85
99
97
82
92
79
88
88
Rural
79
96
56
69
80
54
52
60
Sanitation Facilities
Total
81
97
67
74
86
62
57
63
Urban
70
79
74
77
88
73
68
58
Rural
14
44
7
22
66
40
62
12
Total
29
48
24
47
77
51
63
1
Factories
7
1
52
08
Employment
277
105
162
10
Fixed Capital
432
175
243
14
Gross Output
258
127
116
15
Value Added
308
141
149
18
18
903
09
100
51
646
26
100
68
468
32
100
84
638
20
100
81
587
24
100
Directions ( Q . 125 to 128) : These question are 129. Which country has the lowest spending on Infotech ?
based on the following table giving the number of fatal
(A) Indonesia
(B) Malaysia
accidents in different Power Projects of India in 2004
(C) Philippines
(D) India
-2009 as reported in Economic Times (29 Feb., 2008) :
(E) Singapore
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
NHPC
BHEL
ONGC
NTPC
JPEE
SUZLON
RELIANCE
ENERGY
TATA
POWER
107
37
23
5
18
23
1
20
131
2
5
10
23
9
22
36
18
2
9
13
7
23
29
2
3
11
17
8
22
26
10
5
14
12
8
24
27
9
3
10
20
6
(B) Malaysia
(C) Philippines
(D) Indonesia
(D) China
131. Which country has the highest growth rate in the
number of Laptops in 2008 ?
(A) Malaysia
(B) China
125. For which power project has the percentage decrease
(C) USA
(D) UK
in accidents been maximum from one year to the
next ?
(E) Cannot be determined
(A) NHPC
(B) BHEL
132. India is the 4th largest market on which parameter ?
(C) ONGC
(D) TATA POWER
(A) Per capita GDP
(E) JPEE
(B) Laptop penetration per 1000
126. The number of power project for which the percentage increase in accidents from one year to the next is
(C) IT spending % of GDP
maximum is
(D) Laptop sales in 2008
(A) 4
(B) 3
(E) None of these
(C) 2
(D) 1
Directions (Q. 133 to 135) : The following table
(E) None of these
gives
the number of dolmite produced by the employees
127. The power project which has the maximum number
in
a
National
Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. in
of accidents consistently for all the six year compared
to any other is
January 2008. The total number of dolomite produced
(A) BHEL
(B) NHPC
during the mouth was 45,000.
(C) SUZLON
(D) ONGC
Number of Dolomite
(E) None of these
Number of employees
produced by each
128. Consider the power project with the least Total numemployee per day
ber of accidents during 2004-2009 for a certain year,
049
20
a particular power project might have had a fewer
accidents than this power project in the correspond5099
60
ing year : which one is it ?
100199
80
(A) NTPC
(B) ONGC
200499
30
(C) TATA POWER (D) JPEE
500800
10
(E) None of these
Directions (Q. 129 to 132) :
Country
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
UK
USA
702
Laptop Sales in
2008 in (000s)
7168
1880
417
670
279
490
525
6000
48620
Installed Base in
Millions
26.3
6.2
2.8
1.9
1.7
2.4
1.9
19.2
153.8
Laptop Penetration
Per 1000
21.9
6.2
11.2
69.4
19.1
700.0
22.0
296.0
500.0
IT Spending
% of GDP
1.1
0.8
1.0
1.3
0.6
2.5
0.5
3.7
4.3
Per capita
GDP in US$
793
461
881
3288
981
26360
2008
23238
31915
133. What is the average number of dolomite produced 139. Which region contributes to more than a fourth of all
per employee during the month of Jan. 2008 ?
assembled Laptop sales ?
(A) 175
(B) 200
(A) Africa
(C) 225
(D) 275
(B) Latin America & Caribbean Island
(E) None of these
(C) Central
134. The percentage of workers producing 500 or more
(D) Asia
dolomite in January 2008 is
(E) Europe
(A) 30%
(B) 25%
(C) 20%
(D) 15%
140. In the current year, two regions alone account for
(E) None of these
more than 55% of Laptop sales. What was the contribution of these regions to sales last year ?
135. The number of employees producing less than 50
dolomite is less than that producing 200 or more
(A) 56 : 1%
by
(B) 568%
(A) 20%
(B) 30%
(C) 559%
(C) 40%
(D) 50%
(D) 560%
(E) 60%
Directions (Q. 136 to 140) :
Industry
Laptop Sales
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America &
Caribbean Island
North America &
Oceania
Indian
Brands
MNC
Brands
Others
(Assembled)
Market
Share (%)
Market Share
(%)
Contribution
(%)
Current Year
Volume
(000s)
Last Year
Volume
(000s)
Market
Share (%)
100
13.2
34.9
14.6
21.2
54813
7261
19117
7984
11617
54691
7002
19319
7700
11743
38.1%
36.2%
47.1%
37.8%
44.0%
4.0
13.2
10.3
1.7
0.7
57.9
50.6
42.5
60.3
55.2
16.1
8833
8927
24.9%
1.5
73.6
(B) Asia
(C) Europe
(D) Africa
(E) North America & Oceania
137. What is the ratio of the number of Laptop of MMC
brands sold in the Asia to those of Indian brands in
the Africa for current year ?
141. In how many years the increase in price of Tungsten
(A) 1 : 104
(B) 1 : 33
or Bentonite is more than ten percent of it support
price in previous year ?
(C) 1 : 407
(D) 1 : 706
(A) 10
(B) 8
(E) 1 : 1
(C) 4
(D) 6
138. What is the overall rate of growth in the industry
(E) 12
(Current year over last year) ?
142. A Company produces 50 quintals of Tungsten and
(A) 22%
(b) 02%
75 quintals is of Bentonite per year for 1998-99 and
(C) + 02%
(D) + 22%
1999-2000. What is companys income during this
period ?
(E) Cannot be determined
CAT Complete Course | 703
(B) Rs.99,750
(D) Rs 1,01, 875
Directions (Q. 149 to 153) : In Institute of Perfection, Haridwar every student, except physically handicapped students have to participate in at least one sport.
There are 1200 students in IOP, of which 40% are
girls. The table below gives the number of boys and girls
participating in a sport.
350
320
Cricket
Football
Hockey
Chess
Volley Ball
Table Tennis
Badminton
300
240
250
200
200
150
100
160
120
240
160
100
150
80
120
100
50 60
50
0
Boys
Girls
(B) 9 Rounds
(C) 10 Rounds
(D) 11 Rounds
(E) 12 Rounds
153. If mixed doubles and doubles games are possible for
badminton and every student who participated in the
badminton section participated at least in one double
game and one mixed doubles game, then what is the
minimum number of students who participated in
more than two teams?
(A) 1
(B) 10
(C) 20
(D) 15
(E) Cannot be determined
Solutions
1. (B)
4. (B)
2. (A)
3. (E)
9. (A) Out of the four options, only two option (a) and
(b) show the net profit exceeding tax and charges
Ratio of net profit to tax and charge of these
23
countries are Far-East = = 109.
21
290
North Sea =
= 103.
280
Hence option (A) is the correct answer.
10. (D) Total revenue in 1998 = 3,790, 5% of 3,790 =
1895. Now it is clear that only two countries have
revenue contribution less than 5% to the total
revenue.
11. (D) If we compare income of 99, the only country
which has expenses exceeding income, is other world,
has least efficiency.
12. (D) Efficiency of Spain in
2832
= 206.
1372
3790
98 =
= 126,
2996
99 =
1354
= 132
1024
1999 =
340
= 115;
296
1050
164
1050 + 1000
= 84 millions.
And population of female is 1960
= 8 millions
CAT Complete Course | 705
( )
100
116 = 187 (000 tonnes)
613
422
100 = 32% approxi.
1328
38. (C)
39. (E)
2% of x = 9 crore
x = Rs. 450 crore
30% of X = 25
1575
09
= 1750 megawatt. This constitutes 20% of total power
consumed in 1991-92, and the rural consumption
15
= 1750
= 1312 megawatts .
20
In region 2 =
= 472 p/kWh
(440 + 427 + 439 + 446)
and region 5 =
4
= 438 p/kWh.
Hence, the average tariff in region 2 is greater than
region 5 this statement is not correct hence third
statement cannot be evaluated.
45. (a) Total time taken by FRG team = (1095 + 1085
+1058 +1063) = 4301. Total time taken by USA
team = (1078 + 1075 + 1094 + 1036) = 4283
Difference = 018
46. (b) First ranked person has total score of 8905 and
second ranked person has total score of 8897. Therefore he must get a score of greater than 8880 but less
then 8897. Presently he is scoring 582 +3003 = 3585.
Therefore, if he gets a score of 5296, his total score
would become 3585 +5296 = 8881, it ensures him a
bronze medal.
47. (d) There would be 4 competitor namely Torsten
Voss, Jorgen Hingsen, Grigory Degtyarov and Steve
Fritz in which Michael Smith has performed better in
long jump than his competitors.
48. (C) Inventory In = 125 + 160 + 120 + 90 + 130 + 180
= 805
Inventory Out = 150 + 140 + 200 + 110 + 190 + 120
= 910
Thus, in a week, total inventory goes down by 105
Total stock after one week = 1200 105 = 1095
49. (B) Since every week inventory will get reduced by
105, hence after 11 weeks
Inventory remaining = 1200 1155 = 45
Now, on Monday, inventory will get reduced by 25
and on Tuesday it will increase by 20 but on
Wednesday it will reduce further by 80 which is not
in the store room.
Total days for which inventory will last = 11 7 +
2 = 79 days
50. (C)
51. (D) Total inventory In during a week = 125 + 120 +
130 = 375
Total inventory out during a week = 140 + 110 + 120
= 370
Total inventory up during a week = 5 units
Hence, in two weeks, i.e., up to 14 June and on 15
June, inventory = 1200 + 10 + 125 = 1335.
52. (B) Every week inventory gets reduced by 105 units.
Hence at the end of 5th week, the inventory will go
63. (C)
64. (C) Expenditure of the three in 2009 adds up to Rs.
80,000 (16% of Rs. 5 lakh) and in 2000 Rs. 72000
(18 % of Rs. 4 Lakh).
80000
10
=
= 11111%
72000
9
73. (C) The number of rural bank loans per rural bank is
least in 1970.
74. (B) Required % increase
211600 18300
=
100
18300
= 1057%
Since this growth is spread across 13 years, therefore
1057
simple annual rate of increase =
% = 813 or
13
81% approximately.
75. Consumer price index 1970 is 43 which is to be taken
as 105 as per instruction. According to price index
for the year 1983 and 1975 should be taken as
105
105
149
= 36383 and 78
= 19046,
43
43
respectively. Hence their difference = (36383
19046) = 17337 = 174 approximately.
76. (B) Total value of loans = Rural bank loans + Agriculture loan. Rural bank loan in 1980 = (605 288
567) = Rs. 9879 million. Total value of agricultural
loan in 1980 = Rs. 4984 million. Hence total loan in
1980 = (9879 + 498 ) = 59719 .
77. (B) From the bar-chart, production for Orissa in
2007-08 = 9
And production for Orissa in, 2008-09 = 12
9
Required ratio =
= 075
12
78. (B) From the bar-chart, for Rajasthan and West
Bengal, there is a steady increase in the production of
cotton.
79. (B) From the bar chart, total cotton production by
Assam = 8 + 14 + 7 = 29000 tons.
Now, ten quintal = one ton
494021000
= 1,23,50,525 trees
40
= 125 million trees (approximately).
12350525
87. (D) Required area =
250
49,40,21,000 kg.
= 49,402 (approximately)
88. (D) Required number of lays = (Total number of
lays) (Number of lays which do not produce any
size of yellow fabric) = (27 13) = 14.
89. (B) Required number of lays = (Total number of lays)
(Number of lays which do not produce XXL of any
coloured fabric) = (27 11) =16.
90. (D) Required number of lays = lays which produce
either XXL of yellow fabric or XXL of white fabric
or XXL of yellow and white fabric = 15.
91. (B) There are four entries in the surplus row. Hence
there are three varieties of fabric which exceed the
order.
92. (C)
93. (D) The question asks us to find the operating profit
as a percentage of selling price. The selling price of
steel is not given.
94. (A) It can be clearly seen from the table, Power
experience continuous price rise during the ten year
period.
95. (D) It can be clearly seen from the table, Time and
Wages experience only one decline in price during
the ten year period.
99. (B)
82. (A) It is very clear from the data table that quantity 97. (A) 98. (C)
of apples supplied by J and K in the month of 100. (B) By observation, we find that the increase is more
in the year 2007 and 2009 over their corresponding
February i.e., 11,183 tonnes is very close to the total
previous years.
figure 11,285,
165 112 53 1
11183
Increase in 2007 =
=
=
which is
100 = 99%.
165
165 3
11285
228 179 49
1
Hence it shows the maximum percentage.
Increase in 2009 =
=
=
179
179 35
83. (C) HP supplied a total of 2,31,028 tonnes, UP
supplied a total of 258 tonnes and J and K supplied a 101. (A) Deficit intensity of the year 1997-98
total of 2,62,735 tonnes. Hence state J & K supplied
= (142- 92) = 5,
maximum number of apples.
1996-97 = (162 82 ) = 8,
84. (C) It is clear that J and K supplied the highest
percentage of apples.
85. (C) The stock taken from the month May to September is Zero hence during this period supply was
greater than the demand.
1993-94 = (124 73 ) = 51
=
= 429 or 43
GFA
41
other year if hardware activity in that year is greatest
than other year. All options other then (D) are correct
104. (D) Option (A) cannot be inferred because sales
because in the year 1998-99 hardware activity = 1030
component is not given . Option (B) and option (C)
and
in the year 1996-97 hardware activity = 1336.
cannot be inferred because of the same reason.
However, it is very clear that deficit intensity has 114. (D) Option (A) is not true because peripherals activity
in 1996-97 is which is less than that of in the year
increased from 1993-94 to 1996-97.
1995-96, i.e., 202.
Hence option (D) is the correct choice.
8 76
= 0058,
7
58
1997-98 =
= 075.
4
1996-97 =
x =
y.
41
Q Percentage for rural population
y
=
100
x+y
y
=
11 = 732%.
15
y+y
41
Total firms =
270000
= 150000
18
638
= 136.
468
1000
08
62 106
461
62
100
= 3688 109
123. (C) Value added per employment and value added 130. (C) Population of Singapore
per fixed capital respectively for sector given in
1000
options are as wholly private = 09 and 125 and joint
=
24 106 = 343 106
700
sector 159 and 119;
Population of Thailand
Central/state/local = 18, 128, other 092 and 075.
1000
It is now clear that central and state/local has the
=
19 106 = 8636 106
22
highest ratio among all others.
Total population of Singapore and Thailand
124. (D) Percentage of joint sector firm = 18, now 18%
= 8979 106
of total = 2,700
CAT Complete Course | 711
Percentage Growth
19117 19319
100 = ()ve
19319
Europe
7984 7700
284
100 =
100
7700
7700
Africa
7261 7002
259
100 =
100
7002
7002
275 11
=
= 122
225 9
1996-97 =
350 14
=
= 127
275 11
1997-98 =
375 15
=
= 125
300 12
425 17
1998-99 =
=
= 121
350 14
450 6
1999-2000 =
=
= 121
375 5
The ratio in 1996-97 is the highest.
144. (D) Rate of increase of support price of Bentonite
175 7
from 1995-96 to 1999-2000 =
=
275 11
Rate of increase of support price of Tungsten from
150 2
1995-96 to 1999-2000 =
=
225 3
Support price of Bentonite is less than that of
2 7
1
Tungsten by
=
3 11 33
1
33
Percentage =
100 = 45%
2
3
= 690 610 = 80
145. (B) Support price of one quintal of Bentonite in 2001
150. (A) Total number of girls playing outdoor = 350
25
= 450 +
450 = Rs. 476
425
Total number of girls playing indoor = 450
CAT Complete Course | 713
153. (A) Now there are 160 boys and girls who play
badminton. Hence, 150 mixed doubles teams can be
= 27 + 54 + 40 = 121.
easily formed. But then 10 boys were left with no
152. (C) After the first round, 280 players get maximum
girl partner. Hence, at least 1 girl has to form more
points.
than two-mixed doubles teams i.e., she will particiAfter the second round, 140 players get maximum
pate in 11 mixed doubles apart from one doubles
points.
team.
After the third round, 70 players get maximum points.
Hence minimum number of students, participating in
After the fourth round, 35 players get maximum
more than two teams, is one.
points.
714
Mock CAT1
Directions (Q. 1 to 5) : Study the following information and answer the question given below :
Following are the conditions laid down for declaring
the results of examinees in annual examinations of an
institute :
There are five groups P, Q, R, S, and T. Among them
P, Q and R consist of two question papers each.
Following are the criteria to declare a candidate passed. It
is necessary for the success of candidate that :
(i) he/she must get 50 marks out of 100 in each
paper of group P (paper I and II) and S.
(ii) he/she must get 40 marks in each paper of group
Q and 30 marks in each paper of group R.
(iii) he/she must get 25 marks in group T.
(iv) he/she must get the minimum pass marks as
determined above.
However, if a candidate has passed in all the paper/
group except the following :
P. Those who have secured minimum 40% marks in
two papers of group P together but passed in only one of
them, then his/her case is to be referred to Asst. Headmaster provided he/she has secured minimum 70% marks
in group T.
Q. Those who havent passed in group P or group R
but have obtained minimum 35% marks in each paper
and minimum 60% marks as a whole in the group, then
his/her case is to be referred to Headmaster.
R. Those who havent passed in group P or group Q
but obtained minimum 50% or more marks in that group,
are entitled to ATKT.
Based on the above criteria and the information given
in each of the following questions, what course of action
will be taken in case of the following candidates ?
Give answer:
(a) If the candidate is to be declared passed.
(b) If the candidate is to be declared failed.
(c) If the candidate is to be referred to Asst. Headmaster.
(d) If the candidate is to be referred to Headmaster.
(e) If the candidate is entitled ATKT.
Questions Paper
Gr. P
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Marks
Candidate F
Candidate G
Candidate H
Candidate I
Candidate J
I
(100)
50
58
63
52
46
II
(100)
45
28
47
74
76
Gr. Q
I
(100)
64
60
46
54
72
II
(100)
72
74
54
62
59
Gr. R
I
(75)
40
32
50
67
34
II
(75)
21
36
60
28
43
Gr. S
Gr. T
(100)
56
76
69
64
55
(50)
27
36
43
35
32
(A) 7
(C) 6
(E) None of these
(B) 8
(D) 5
(D) The total number of symbols immediately preceding letter in Ravis series is less than the total
number of symbols immediately followed by
numbers in Asifs series.
Year
Car
Bike
Scooter
Bus
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
42137
53568
58770
56872
66213
68718
8820
10285
16437
15475
17500
20177
65303
71602
73667
71668
78697
82175
25343
27930
28687
30057
33682
36697
11. What is the growth rate of sales of Nuts and Bolts for
Car 2005 to 2010 ?
(A) 29%
(B) 51%
(C) 63%
(D) 163%
(E) 150%
718
She then goes to the first deity and presents 'm '
number of flowers to him. Then she again goes to the
river (As Raj Kapoor decided) and dips the
remaining flowers in the river. The number of
flowers again increased by 50%. She then goes to the
second deity and presents it with 'm' number of
flowers. Then she again goes to the river (As Raj
Kapoor decided) and dips the remaining flowers. The
number of flowers again increased by 50%. She then
goes to the third deity, presents it with 'm' flowers.
Now she finds that she is not left with any flowers.
(As Raj Kapoor had not decided).
So Raj Kapoor put two Questions in front of his
team, Tell me, the minimum number of flowers
Pravin Boby could have got from her home and the
minimum number of flowers the Pravin Boby could
have presented to each deity are ......... ?
(A) 38, 27
(B) 39, 28
(C) 40, 30
(D) 35, 25
(E) 50, 50
20. Once upon a time, during the Indus civilization A
peasant with a goat, a bundle of grass and his bravo
dog were crossing the Sindhu River in a boat. The
boat could only carry the peasant with only one more
item in a trip. The goat if left with the grass would
eat it away. If the dog and goat were left behind, the
dog is prone to bite the goat hence two cannot be left
together. What is the minimum number of crossings
to transfer all four to the other side intact?
(A) 8
(B) 7
(C) 6
(D) 9
(E) 5
Directions (Q. 21 to 25) : Following are the conditions for admission to Paramedical Course in the ABC
Medical College :
A candidate must
(1) have passed B.Sc. with at least 50% marks
(Second Division).
There is relaxation of 5% marks for candidates
belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
(2) have completed 19 years of age in the case of
girl candidates and 20 years of age for the boys as on
January 1, 2002.
(3) deposit Rs. 25000 with the application, if the
candidate has secured second division in graduation.
However, if the applicant has secured more than 75%
marks at graduation, the deposit amount would be
Rs. 15000 and if the marks are above 60% but below
70% the deposit amount will be Rs. 20000. If the
candidate is a son or daughter of the staff member of the
college offering the course, the amount of deposit will be
50% of that applicable to others, keeping the merit
criteria the same.
CAT Complete Course | 719
(4) For SC/ST candidates who produce valid certificate of their category, the deposit amount is 20% of that
applicable to non-staff relation candidates and the
condition of marks for each slab described above in (3) is
relaxable by 5% for SC/ST candidates.
(5) If a candidate fulfils the criteria at (1) and (2)
and can pay at least three-fourth amount of applicable
deposit, the candidate may be provisionally admitted.
(6) If a candidate who is eligible under (1) and (2)
criteria, and can pay at least half of the applicable
deposit, the candidate can be referred to the Chairman
of the Institute.
(7) The candidates who are eligible under criteria
(1) and (2), but who cannot pay even half of the applicable deposit, cannot be admitted.
Based on the above criteria, decide which of the
following courses of action should be taken in the cases
of the candidate whose description is provided in the
following question. Please note that you are NOT to
assume any data other than those described. However,
you may treat the candidate as General Category
candidate if his category is not explicitly mentioned as
SC/ST.
Mark (a) as your answer if the candidate can be
admitted.
Mark (b) as your answer if the candidate can be
provisionally admitted.
Mark (c) as your answer if the candidate should be
referred to the Chairman.
Mark (d) as your answer if the candidate cannot be
admitted.
Mark (e) if the data given are not sufficient to decide
the course of action.
21. Shekhar, the son of an ST member of the ABC
Medical College, was born on 27th February, 1979
and has passed his B.Sc. with 64% marks. He can
pay a maximum of Rs. 7500.
22. Mangesh, an M.Sc. with 665% marks, is the son of a
businessman. His age is 22 years as on the stipulated
date. He can pay Rs. 25000 as the deposit.
23. Ranjit, the son of a staff member of the ABC
Medical College, was born on 7th January, 1982 and
has passed his B.Sc. examination with 76% marks.
He can pay Rs. 20,000 as deposit immediately.
24. Brinda, the daughter of a teacher, has passed her
B.Sc. with 78% marks. She was born on 23rd
September, 1980. She can pay a maximum of Rs.
8,000 as deposit.
25. Mohini, the daughter of an ex-employee of ABC
Medical College, was born on 1st April 1981. She
passed her B.Sc. examination with 68% marks. She
can remit Rs. 11,000 as deposit.
720
Passage1
I think that it would be wrong to ask whether 50
years of India's Independence are an achievement or a
failure. It would be better to see things as evolving. It's
not an either-or question. My idea of the history of India
is slightly contrary to the Indian idea. India is a country
that, in the north, outside Rajasthan, was ravaged and
intellectually destroyed to a large extent by the invasions
that began in about AD 1000 by forces and religions that
India had no means of understanding.
The invasions are in all the school books. But I don't
think that people understand that every invasion, every
war, every campaign, was accompanied by slaughter, a
slaughter always of the most talented people in the
country. So these wars, apart from everything else led to
a tremendous intellectual depletion of the country. I think
that in the British period, and in the 50 years after the
British period, there has been a kind of regrouping or
recovery, a very slow revival of energy and intellect. This
isn't an idea that goes with the vision of the grandeur of
old India and all that sort of rubbish. That idea is a great
simplification and it occurs because it is intellectually,
philosophically easier for Indians to manage. What they
cannot manage, and what they have not yet come to terms
with, is that ravaging of all the north of India by various
conquerors. That was ruin not by the act of nature, but by
the hand of man. It is so painful that few Indians have
begun to deal with it. It is much easier to deal with British
imperialism. That is a familiar topic, in India and Britain.
What is much less familiar is the ravaging of India before
the British.
What happened from AD 1000 onwards, really, is
such a wound that it is almost impossible to face. Certain
wounds are so bad that they can't be written about. You
deal with that kind of pain by hiding from it. You retreat
from reality. I do not think, for example, that the Incas of
Peru or the native people of Mexico have ever got over
their defeat by the Spaniards. In both places the head was
cut off. I think the pre-British ravaging of India was as
bad as that. In the place of knowledge of history, you
have various fantasies about the village republic and the
Old Glory. There is one big fantasy that Indians have
always found solace in about India having the capacity
for absorbing its conquerors. This is not so India was laid
low by its conquerors. I feel the past 150 years have been
years of every kind of growth. I see the British period and
what has continued after that as one period. In that time,
there has been a very slow intellectual recruitment. I
think every Indian should make the pilgrimage to the site
of the capital of the Vijayanagar Empire, just to see what
the invasion of India led to. They will see a totally
destroyed town. Religious wars are like that people who
see that might understand what the centuries of slaughter
and plunder meant. War isn't a game. When you lost that
kind of war, your town was destroyed; the people who
built the towns were destroyed. You are left with a
Passage2
When Deng Xiaoping died a few years ago, the
Chinese leadership barely paused for a moment before
getting on with the business of governing the country.
Contrast that with the chaotic contortions on India's
political stage during the past month, and it is easy to
conclude that democracy and democratic freedoms are
serious obstacles to economic progress. When the Chinese
leadership wants a power plant to be set up, it just goes
ahead. No fears of protracted litigation, of environmental
CAT Complete Course | 721
Passage3
Of each of the great leaders, it is said by his follower,
long after he is gone, he made us do it. If leadership is the
art of persuading your people to follow your bidding,
without their realising your involvement, the archetype of
its practice is N.R. Narayanan Murthy, the chairman and
managing director of the Rs. 14381 crore Infosys
Technologies (Infosys). For, the 52-year-old CEO of the
globalised software corporationwhich he founded with
six friends, and a combined capital of Rs. 10,000, in 1981
and which now occupies the front rank of the countrys
most admired corporations, leads with the sublets of
weapons personal example. Infosys rank only 578th
among the countrys listed companies, and sixth in the
software sector, in terms of its turnover. But it is setting
new standards for India Inc. through its practices of inter
alai awarding stock options to its employees, putting the
value of its intellectual assets and its brands on its
balance sheet, and conforming to the disclosure standards
of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the
US. Behind all this is the stubborn personal subscription
of its CEO to the underlying cause of wealth-creation,
people-power and transparency. What were choice
earlier and compulsions now, asserts Murthy. In fact, the
mirror image of Murthy, the Man, can be found all over
Infosys, his company. His egalitarianism-which finds
expression in such habits as using the same table and
chair as anyone else in the organisation-is practiced firmly.
When it comes to charting a course for the companys
future, everyone has voice. We have no hierarchy just
for the sake of control.
Brimming with the conviction that customer satisfaction is the key to success, Murthy has built a fleet-footed
human resource management system that treats employees
as customers, using the resources of the organisation to
meet their professional and personal needs. His instruments are not just top-of-the market salaries, but also
operational empowerment as well as every facility that an
employee needs to focus on the job. Just what method
does Murthy use to ensure that his DNA is replicated in
his company ? Not for his are the classical leadership
genre-transactional or transformational, situational or
visionary. His chosen style, instead, is to lead by example,
ensuring that the CEOs actions set the template for all
infoscions. Murthy believe that the betterment of man can
be brought about through the creation of wealth, legally
and ethically. The personal example that he has set,
3
8
1
4
9
2
5
10
6
11
12
(A) 69760
(C) 99748
(E) None of these
(B) 30240
(D) 62255
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) 27
(C) 29
(E) None of these
(B) 28
(D) 31
Discussion1
1.
= 63% ( approximate)
42137
12. (C)
P
(B) 69 min.
(D) 43 min.
1
1
g (x) =
and h (x) = x 2 , then find :
x
1x
fogoh (2)
(A) 1
(B) 1
1
(C)
(D) 3
2
(E) None of these
74. If f (x) =
5
1
x+ y
6
4
1
3
And quantity of liquid B in the mixture = x + y
6
4
5
1
x+ y
6
4
Given
= 1
1
3
x+ y
6
4
5
1
1
3
x+ y = x+ y
6
4
6
4
4
2
x = y
6
4
1
x
2
3
=
=
y
2
4
3
Monday
Group Discussion
Tuesday
x
Wednesday
Quality circles
Thursday
Leadership
Friday
Decision Making
Saturday
Assessment Centre
Sunday
Motivation
Ans. (B)
(C)
Lights
1
2
3
4
Raman
ON
ON
ON
ON
Pawan
ON
ON
X
X
Ritesh
ON
X
X
X
Hetesh
X
ON
ON
ON
(D) There are two married couples, three females and
three males. It means, there are two married males
and females each and one unmarried male and
female each. Now, S-III & IV make it obvious that A
or E or C or F are not the least talkative. This leaves
D or B. But S-V says that the least talkative person is
married while S-VIII says that D is unmarried. It is
therefore obvious that B is least talkative person. She
is a married female. Now, D is a male and hence the
other unmarried person must be a female and thus by
virtue of IX, A is a female. A is the most talkative
person and by XI, A is a married female. Now, E is a
married male, So he must be married to either A or B
(because there are only two married females). But X
says that E is not married to A. Hence E must be
married to B.
(A) 38, 27
(B)
Left Bank One the river
Right Bank
Dog; Grass Man; goat ?
(i)
Dog; Grass Man
(ii) Goat
Grass
Man; Dog
(iii) Goat
Grass
Man; Goat
(iv) Dog
Goat
Man; Grass
(v) Dog
Goat
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
26.
31.
36.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
57.
Man;
x + y + z = 10
Also
y = x+z
2y = 10 y = 5
and 100z + 10y + x = 100x + 10y + z 99
xz = 1
x+z = 5
and
xz = 1
x = 3, z = 2
= 1
1 + b.1 + c = 0
b+c+l = 0
61. dom (f + g) = dom. f dom g dom.
f = R- {3}
and dom. g = {x x - 2 > 0}
= ]2, [
dom. f dom. g = ]2, 3[]3, [.
62. (D) Let the value of y be = 1
After an increase of 10%, y = 1.1
Given that x = y2 = x = 1
If y = 11; the x = (11)2 = 121 = > y is increased by
21%.
63. Required number of words
= Total number of words Total number of words in
which no letter is repeated
= 105 10P 5 = 100000 30240 = 69760
(As each place of word can be filled in 10 ways by
any letter)
64. (B) Area of triangle ABC
=
65.
67.
68.
69.
730
70.
71.
72.
4
1
Area of half circle = 142 = 308
2
Area of shaded portion = (339481 308)
= 3148 cm2.
(D) 66. (D)
(B) Suppose originally x ladies were present then
number of gents = 2x.
When 9 more ladies join, the ratio of the no. of ladies
to gents is (x + 9)/2x
(x + 9)
2
(i.e.)
=
so x = 3.
2x
1
(i.e.) Number of gents = 2x = 2 3 = 6.
(C)
(B) Let
Father's age = x
Mother's age = 35 (x/4)
Elder son = 3x /8
Younger son = x /8
Youngest daughter = x /8
Given that x /8 = 5 x = 40
Father's age = 40;
Mother's age = 35 (40/4) = 35
Elder son's age = (3 40) / 8 = 15
Younger son's age = 10
| CAT Complete Course
73.
74.
75.
4 1
P (A ) = 1 =
5 5
3
The probability of speaking truth of B, P (B) =
4
1
The probability of not speaking truth of B, P ( B ) =
4
The probability of that they contradict each other.
= P (A). P ( B ) + P ( A ). P (B)
4 1 1 3 1 3
7
= + = +
=
5 4 5 4 5 20 20
(C)
CE =
a2
BE =
4a2 + a2 = 5a
AE =
9a2 + a2 =
10a
a
2, a
5, a
10
There is no definite relationship among them.
Let the cistern be filed in time t. Pipe A and B are
opened for t min. and pipe C is opened for 2 min.
t t 3
+ = 1
4 8 5
15t = 64
t = 426
(D) fogoh(2) is the same as f [{g (h (2)}].
To solve this, open the innermost bracket first.
This means that we first resolve the function h (2).
Since h (2) = 4, we will get :
f [g {h (2)}] = f {g (4)} = f ( 1/3) = 3.
(C)
We get the series 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + the series
upto in terms to get n2 < 200 hence x must lie
between 14 and 15. Now last 27 must appear in
183th place, hence the next number is 29.
Number1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25,
27, 29
Place1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26,
28
Cumulative1, 3, 7, 13, 21, 31, 43, 57, 73, 91, 111,
133, 157, 183, 211
Mock CAT2
Direction (Q. 1 to 5) : The amount of money invested ( rupees in crores) in the core infrastructure areas of two
districts, Dehradoon and Haridwar of Uttranchal, is as follows :
Core Field
Power
Hydro
Road
Solar
Technology
Total
Dehradoon
NDA GOVT 2003
8152
3895
6324
4681
6179
29231
Core Field
Power
Hydro
Road
Solar
Technology
Total
Haridwar
NDA GOVT 2003
20658
7453
12327
13635
16743
70816
Hundai
10
6
Maruti
8
6
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Direction : Study the following table carefully and answer questions given below it :
Number of Candidates Appeared and Qualified Under Various Disciplines in an Examination Over the Years
Disciplines
Years
Arts
Science
Commerce
Engineering
Total
App.
Qual.
App.
Qual.
App.
Qual.
App.
Qual.
App.
Qual.
App
Qual.
2004
850
200
1614
402
750
212
614
170
801
270
4629
1254
2005
1214
315
1826
420
800
220
580
150
934
350
5354
1455
2006
975
250
1970
500
860
260
624
160
742
300
5171
1470
2007
820
196
1560
450
842
300
490
160
850
312
4562
1418
2008
1412
378
2120
625
1105
320
760
200
642
301
6039
1824
2009
738
359
3506
880
1240
308
640
210
962
400
7086
2157
(B) 2005
(C) 2007
(D) 2008
(E) 2006
15. In which of the following years, the percentage of
total number of candidates of all the disciplines
together, qualified to the appeared, was the maximum ?
(A) 2005
(B) 2006
(C) 2007
(D) 2008
(E) 2009
732
Agriculture
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
20
36
18
24
28
22
24
22
16
30
32
26
20
16
12
18
26
28
18
24
22
20
19
25
21
23
16
30
34
38
(B) 2005
(C) 2007
(D) 2008
(B) B
(C) C
(D) E
(B) 2009
(D) 2008
Before appointing a personal associate to a government post, President Irfan always checks to make
sure that he or she has been certified as politically
sound by the Minister of Justice.
21. Mr. Jamil is a member of the Independence Party. To
obtain a government post, his next step must be to
either :
(A) Be certified as politically sound by the Minister
of Justice, or give a substantial donation in gold
bullion to the party's campaign fund.
(B) Donate 300 hours of service to the Independence
Party, or give a substantial donation in gold
bullion to the President's Personal expense
account.
(C) Be certified as politically sound by the Minister
of justice, or donate 300 hours of the service to
the party.
(B) II only
Passage1
Management education gained new academic stature
with US Universities and greater respect from outside
during the 1960s. Some observer attribute the competitive superiority of US corporations, to the quality of
business education. In 1978, a management professor,
Herbert. A Simon of Carnegie Mellon University, won
the Nobel Prize in economics for his work in decision
theory. And the popularity of business education continued to grow. Since 1960, the number of masters
degree awarded annually has grown from under 5000 to
over 50,000 in the mid 1980s and the MBA has become
known as the passport to the good life.
By the 1980s however, US business school faced
critics who charged that learning has little relevance to
real business problems. Some went so far as to blame
business schools for the decline in US competitive.
Amidst the criticism, four distinct arguments may be
discerned. The first is that business schools must be either
unnecessary or deleterious because Japan does do well
without them. Underlying this argument is the idea that
management ability cannot be taught, one is either born
with it or must acquire it over year of practical experience.
A second argument is that business schools are overly
academic and theoretical. They teach quantitative models
that have little application to real world problem. Third,
they encourage undesirable attitude in students, such as
placing value on the short term and bottom line targets,
while neglecting longer-term development criteria. In
summary, some business executives complains that
MBAs are incapable of handling day to day operational
decisions, unable to communicate and to motivate people,
and unwilling to accept responsibility for following
through on implementation plans. We shall analyse
this criticism after having reviewed experience in other
countries.
In contrast to the expansion and development of
business education in the United State and more recently
in Europe, Japanese business schools graduate no more
than hundred MBAs each year. The Keio business
School (KBS) was the only graduate school of management in the entire country until the mid 1970s and it still
boasts the only two year masters programme. The absence
of business schools in Japan would appear in contradiction with the higher priority placed upon learning by its
Confucian culture. Confucian colleges taught administrative skills as early as 1630 and Japan wholeheartedly
accepted Western learning following the Meiji restoration
of 1868 when hundreds of students were dispatched to
universities in US, Germany, England and France to learn
the secrets of Western technology and modernization.
Moreover, the Japanese education system is highly
developed and intensely competitive and can be credited
for raising the literary and mathematical abilities of the
Japanese to the highest level in the world.
734
Passage2
Government looking for easy popularity have
frequently been tempted into announcing give-away of
all sorts free electricity, virtually free water, subsidized
food, cloth at half price and so on. The subsidy culture
has gone to extremes. The richest farmers in the country
get subsidised fertilizer. University education, typically
accessed by the wealthier sections, is charged at a
fraction of cost, Postal services are subsidised, and so are
railway services. But fares cannot be raised to economical
levels because there will be violent protest, so bus travel
is subsidised too. In the past, price control on a variety of
items, from steel to cement, meant that industrial consumer of these item got them at less than actual cost,
while the losses of the public sector companies that
produced them were borne by the taxpayer! A study done
a few year ago came to the conclusion that subsidies in
Passage3
The membrane-bound nucleus is the most prominent
feature of the eukaryotic cell. Schleiden and Schwann,
when setting forth the cell doctrine in the 1830s,
considered that it had a central role in growth and
development. Their belief has been fully supported even
though they had only vague notions as to what that role
might be, and how the role was to be expressed in some
cellular action. The membraneless nuclear area of the
prokaryotic cell, with its tangle of fine threads, is now
known to play a similar role.
Some cells, like tire sieve tubes of vascular plants
and the red blood cells of mammals, do not possess nuclei
during the greater part of their existence, although they
had nuclei when in a less differentiated state. Such cell
can no longer divide and their life span is limited. Other
cells are regularly multinucleate. Some, like the cells of
striated muscles of the latex vessels of higher plants,
become so through cell fusion. Some like the unicellular
protozoan paramecium, are normally binucleate, one of
the nuclei serving as a source of hereditary information
for the next generation, the other governing the day-today metabolic activities of the cell. Still other organisms,
such as some fungi, are multinucleate because cross
walls, dividing the mycelium into specific cells, are
absent or irregularly present. The uninucleate situation,
however, is typical for the vast minority of cells, and it
'would appear that this is the most efficient and most
economical manner of partitioning living substance into
manageable units. This point of view is given credence
not only by the prevalence of uninucleate cells but
because for each kind of cell there is a ratio maintained
between the volume of the nucleus and that for the
cytoplasm. If we think of the nucleus as the control centre
of the cell, this would suggest that for a given kind of cell
performing a given kind of work, one nucleus can take
care of a specific volume of cytoplasm and keep it in
functioning order. In items of material and energy, this
must mean providing the kind of information needed to
keep flow of materials and energy moving at the correct
rate and in the proper channels. With the multitude of
enzymes in the cell, material and energy can of course be
channeled in a multitude of ways; it is the function of
some information molecules to make channels of use
more preferred than other at any given time. How this
regulatory control is exercised, is not entirely clear.
The nucleus is generally a rounded body. In plant
cells, however where the centre of the cell is often
occupied by a large vacuole, the nucleus may be pushed
against the cell wall, causing it to assume a lens shape. In
some white blood cells, such as polymorphonucleated
leukocytes, and in cells of the spinning gland of some
insects and spider, the nucleus is very much lobed. The
reason for this is not clear, but it may relate to the fact
that for given volume of nucleus, a lobate form provides
much greater surface area for nucleur-cytoplasmic
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
59. If x = 7 + 4
3 and xy = 1, then value of
(A) 64
(C) 194
(E) None of these
(B) =
1
(D) = ( + )
2
( )
101
100
(A) 3
(C) 300
(E) None of these
100
is nearest to
(B) 30
(D) 3000
1 1
+ is
x2 y2
(B) 124
(D) 214
30 kmph., 50 kmph.
40 kmph., 60 kmph.
60 kmph., 80 kmph.
80 kmph., 100 kmph.
None of these
(B) 57
(C) 55
(D) 58
58. Two roads connect the towns A and B. The first road
is 10 km. longer than the second. A car travels along
the first road and covers the distance between the
1
towns in 3 hrs. Another car travels along the second
2
1
road, and covers the distance in 2 hrs. What is the
2
speed of each car, if it is known that the speed of the
first car is 20 kmph. less than that of the second ?
CAT Complete Course | 739
(A)
(C)
m2
(B)
m2
(D)
m2
4 2
m
3
(B) 4/5
(C) 2/5
(D) 3/5
(E) 1/5
68. log3 (1 + 1/4) + log3 (1 + 1/5) + log3 (1 + 1/6) +
+ log3 ( 1 + 1/2915) = ?
(A) 0
(B) 4
(C) 8
(E) 1
(D) 6
(B) 210
(C) 10!
(E) None of these
(D) 1023
(B) 160
(C) 360
(D) 450
(B) 2/17
(C) 10/17
(D) 7/8
Discussion1
1. (D) Total investment in the two districts in 2003 =
29321 + 70816 = 10,000
Total investment in the two districts in 2004 =
29321 + 70816 = 10,000
Total investment in the two districts in 2004 =
34895 + 8352 = 11840
(11840 10000)
Required % =
= 18%
10000
2. (B) Total investment in Power and Road in both the
districts in 2003 = (8152 + 6324 + 20658 + 12327)
= 47461. Total investment made in that year =
29231 + 70816 = 10047 = 10000. Hence, required
47461
percentage is
= 47%.
10000
1270
18%
7080
Total investment in Hardwar in 2005 will be 118
8352 = 985536 = 9850
=
X% =
100 = 200% appox.
250
50
12. (A)
x 100
500
13. (E)
14. (D) Percentage of the qualified to the appeared in
270
Engineering discipline in 2004 =
10 = 3371.
801
In 2005 = 3743, In 2006 = 4043, In 2007 = 3671,
In 2008 = 4688 and In 2009 = 4158.
15. (C) Percentage of the qualified to the appeared in all
the disciplines together in 2004
1254
=
100 = 2709.
4629
In 2005 = 2718, In 2006 = 2843, In 2007 = 3108,
In 2008 = 3020 and In 2009 = 3044
16. (C) 18
17. (D)
18. (B) 38
6
1
19. (C)
100 = 33
18
3
20. (A)
24000 20000 = 4000
21. (C) 22. (E) 23. (D)
24. (A)
25. (B) Probability of getting white is 1/2 in each of the
given choices except (b), where the probability is 1/2
1 + 1/2 49199, which is greater than 1/2.
26. (C) Refer paragraph 1
27. (B) Refer paragraphs 2 & 3
28. (B) Refer paragraphs 6 evidences.
29. (C) Refer paragraph 6 & 7
30. (C) 31. (D) 32. (D)
33. (A) 34. (B)
35. (E)
36. (E) 37. (A) 38. (B)
39. (D) 40. (C)
41. (C)
Head
Head 075 025 Tail
Head 04 06 Tail
Head 075 025 Tail
Head Tail Head Tail
Head Tail Head Tail
06 04 020 08 07 03
055 045
(A) If it is head on turn 2 the probability of getting
head on turn 4 is (04 06 + 06 02) = 036
(B) If it is tail then the probability of getting head on
turn 4 is (075 07 + 025 055) = 06625
42. (E)
50
Milk
Tea
0
0
Coffee
742
150
200
Gyol (F)
53. (A)
Price of pizza = r2
20 = k (4) 2
x = k1 (6)2
( )
54. (A)
55. (A) Here a2 2 + b + c
and
a2 2 b c
Now, Let
f (x)
f ()
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
= 0
(i)
= 0
(ii)
2
2
= a x + 2bx + 2c
= a2 2 + 2b + 2c
= a2 2 < 0
and
f () = a2 2 + 2b + 2c
= 3a2 2 > 0,
f () and f () are of opposite sign and < .
There exists between a and such that
f () = 0
Here < <
Where is a root of a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0.
(D) 8100 = 34 52 22
Required number of ways
= 1/2{(4 + 1) (2 + 1) (2 + 1) 1} = 22.
(A)
(C) Distance from road 1 = x + 10
Distance from road 2 = x
1
Time taken to travel by first road = 3 hrs.
2
1
Time taken to travel by second road = 2 hrs.
2
Speed of the first car traveling by road 1
= (y 20) kmph.
Speed of the second car traveling by road 2
= y kmph.
s = d/t
y = 25x
x + 10
y 20 =
(1)
35
x
or
y =
(2)
25
x = 25y
From (1) and (2)
35y 70 = 25y + 10;
y = 80, 60
(C)
Here x, y are positive integers and 7x + 12y = 220
5y
3
x+y+
= 31 +
7
7
i.e.
(x + y 31) =
3 5y
must be an integer.
7
15y 9
is an integer,
7
y2
y2
i.e. (2y 1) +
is an integer an so
is an
7
7
integer,
y2
Let
= p so y = 7p + 2, then x = 28 12p, were p
7
is any integer so that x and y turns to be positive
integers. Thus :
p
0
1
2
x = 28 12p
28
16
4
y = yp + 2
2
9
16
Thus (x, y ) = (28, 2), (16, 9) and (4, 16), i.e. 3
solutions in all.
61. (A) Here change points are 2, 1 and 0.
(i) x < 2, equation becomes
x + 2x + 2 3x 6 = 0
Thus
Diameter =
3
Side of a square = a
2= 4
3
a =
2
2
1 2
2 2 2 = 4 m2
2
3
3 3
r = 3/5
5 6 7 8
2916
68. (D) log3
4 5 6 7
2915
2916
log3
= log3 729 = 6.
4
69. (A) The component A, from Germany, forms 30% of
the total production cost. The price of German Mark
is risen by 30%, which in turn results into the rise of
(30) 30/ 100 = 9% increase in the total production
cost. Also component B forms 50% of the total
production cost : The price of USA dollar is risen by
22%, which in turn results into the rise of (50)22/
100 = 11 % increase in the total production cost.
Thus the total rise in the production cost is 9 + 11 =
20%. But the selling price is already kept 20% higher
than the production cost. Thus after the rise in the
744