Secondary Resources

Websites
Carroll, Jim. "Tinker v. Des Moines." Tinker v. Des Moines. Project Legal, 1995. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. John and Mary Beth
Tinker, aged 13 and 16 respectively, attended public school in Des Moines, Iowa. In December, 1965, they and their
parents attended a meeting to discuss ways of protesting the Vietnam War. The group decided to publicly wear black
armbands as a symbol of their protest.
"Kids." Tinker V Des Moines - Kids | Laws.com. Laws.com, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. The Tinker v. Des Moines court case is
one of the most groundbreaking trials in the history of the United States. The case involves 3 minorsJohn Tinker, Mary
Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhartwho were each suspended from their schools for wearing black armbands to
protest the Vietnam War.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Case Brief - Quimbee." Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Community School District Case Brief - Quimbee. Quimbee, 2007. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. John Tinker, Mary Beth Tinker, and
Christopher Echardt (plaintiffs), all minor school children, protested the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands to
their Des Moines school during the Christmas holiday season in December 1965. Tinker and the others were suspended
by Des Moines Independent Community School District (defendant). The children and their parents brought suit in
federal district court challenging their suspension as a violation of their First Amendment right to freedom of speech.
The district court ruled in favor of the School District, and a tie vote in the court of appeals permitted the district courts
ruling to stand. Tinker appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference, 15 Jan. 2017.
Web. 24 Jan. 2017. argued 12 Nov. 1968, decided 24 Feb. 1969 by vote of 7 to 2; Fortas for the Court, Stewart and White
concurring, Black and Harlan in dissent. Some Des Moines, Iowa, high school and junior high school students protested
the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands in school.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference, 15 Jan. 2017.
Web. 24 Jan. 2017. argued 12 Nov. 1968, decided 24 Feb. 1969 by vote of 7 to 2; Fortas for the Court, Stewart and White
concurring, Black and Harlan in dissent. Some Des Moines, Iowa, high school and junior high school students protested
the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands in school.

"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Legal Definition of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Community School District." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. U.S. Supreme Court extended the First
Amendment's right to freedom of expression to public school students. The ruling, which occurred during the Vietnam
War, granted students the right to express their political opinions as long as they did not disrupt the classroom. The
Court made clear that public school administrators and school boards could not restrict First Amendment rights based
on a general fear of disruption.

Images
Tinker v. Des Moines. 1969. Google Images, n.p. Chis Eckhardt wears glasses. Mary Beth Tinker and John Tinker are
related.
Tinker v. Des Moines. 1969. Google Images, n.p. Tinker v. Des Moines was during the Vietnam War
Tinker v. Des Moines. 1970. Google Images, n.p. The Armbands were black with a white peace sign on it.
Newspaper Articles
Tinker, Mary Beth. "Mary Beth Tinker, of Landmark Supreme Court Case, Visits Eastern Iowa." Mary Beth
Tinker, of Landmark Supreme Court Case, Visits Eastern Iowa [Des Moines] n.d.: n. pag. Print. Mary Beth
Tinker speaks to a group of students at Prairie High School in Cedar Rapids on Wednesday, May 4, 2016.
Tinker was at the center of a landmark freedom of speech case decided by the Supreme Court in 1969, Tinker
vs. Des Moines Independent Community School District, which held that Tinker and other students should be
allowed to wear black armbands protesting the Vietnam War while in school as an expression of symbolic
speech, which is protected by the First Amendment. The Tinker Test still is used by courts to determine
whether an action violates a student's First Amendment rights. (Rebecca F. Miller/The Gazette)

"Tinker v. Des Moines Marks 50 Years." Tinker v. Des Moines Marks 50 Years n.d.: n. pag. Print. DES
MOINES Fifty years after being suspended for protesting the Vietnam War, Mary Beth and John Tinker
traveled back to where it all began to talk freedom of speech in todays classroom. Students and faculty met at
North High School in Des Moines earlier this week to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the day John and Mary
Beth Tinker wore black armbands and were subsequently suspended.
Book
Farish, Leah. Tinker v. Des Moines: Student Protest. Springfield, NJ: Enslow, 1997. Print.Tinker v Des Moines
was a conflict between the school and the 5 students that were involved and the students had wore armbands
to protest their rights on the Vietnam War.
Video
Tinker v Des Moines. Perf. MckaylaH363. Tinker v Des Moines. Mary Beth Tinker, 29 May 2016. Web. 24 Jan.
2017. The students sued the school for the violation of their first amendment rules. The school got outraged
and the case went to the Supreme Court and the Court ruled 7-2 loss of the school.