Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TE
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Institute of Engineering and Science, Southwest Jiao Tong University, Chengdu 610031, China
National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou 014010, China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, the three-dimensional transient model of the mould temperature is estab-
lished and the temperature variation is analyzed with the consideration of different mould
wall thickness and cooling water rates. For the numerical computation, a corresponding
28 July 2007
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Article history:
nite element method (FEM) program is developed with FORTRAN language, and 6-face and
8-node isoparameter elements are applied; the Newton method is used to solve the heat
equations. The experimental data have been used to validate the model. According to the
calculated temperature distribution, the appropriate mould wall thickness is 10 mm and
the different parts of the mould should be equipped with cooling water of different rates in
Keywords:
Mould
Continuous casting
Temperature eld
1.
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Billet
Introduction
Corresponding author at: 133# Mailbox Southwest Jiao Tong University, The North First District 111 of The Second Ring Road, Chengdu
610031, China. Tel.: +86 28 87600770.
E-mail address: xie yanmin@163.com (Y. Xie).
0924-0136/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.07.043
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Mathematical model
2.1.
Basic assumptions
2.
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In order to simulate the heat conduction of the mould conveniently, the following assumptions are made in Eqs. (1)(9):
2.2.
Based on of the above assumptions, a three-dimension geometrical model of the mould during continuous casting is
shown in Fig. 2, as well as the coordinate system (x,y,z). The
three-dimensional unsteady-state heat conduction equation
of the mould can be described as follows:
T
kx
T
ky
T
kz
= c
T
t
2.3.
(1)
(2)
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y 0,
z0
2.4.
(3)
T
= 0;
x X=0
T
=0
y y=0
(4)
T
= qS
x X=A
T
= qS
y Y=A
(5)
(6)
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The following effective value of heat convection coefcient is specied in the model:
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The mould has cross and longitudinal sections with two symmetry axes. That is the reason that only one fourth is used
for analysis, thus making the calculation time is shorter. The
following boundary conditions are applicable to the model:
d
ds
(7)
T
= hw (Tm Tw )
x X=A+B
T
= hw (Tm Tw )
y Y=A+B
(8)
(9)
0.8 C 0.4
w w
kw
(10)
hw Dw
Dw Vw w
= 0.023
kw
w
T
4
4
= b [(Tm + 273) (Te + 273) ]
z z=0
T
4
4
= b [(Tm + 273) (Te + 273) ]
z z=780
(11)
(12)
where is the radiation ratio of the mould; b the Stefan Boltzmann constant (5.67 1011 kW/(m2 K4 )); Te the
environment temperature ( C); Tm is the temperature of
the mould ( C).
2.5.
[K] +
1
[N]
t
{T}t = {P}t +
1
[N]{T}t t
t
(13)
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3.
4.
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Regarding the symmetry, one forth of the mould is modeled, and a nite-element method program is developed to
calculate the temperature eld of the mould with FORTRAN
language; the Newton method is used to solve the equation. In order to reduce the size of the factor matrix, the
one-dimension variable-bandwidth technique is employed.
Eight-node hexahedron-isoparameter elements are used to
calculate the mould. The mould wall is divided into ve layer
elements. The total elements are 21,840 and the total nodes
are 27,318.
The temperature model is validated under the process conditions that the cooling water rate is 10 m/s and the mould
wall thickness is 10 mm. The process parameters are listed in
Table 1. The measured values of the symmetry centerline on
the hot surface are in Fig. 4. The calculated temperatures and
the measured temperatures of key spots on the hot symmetry
centerline are listed in Table 2.
In Table 2, the calculated temperatures are found to be
consistent with the measured ones. The model is valid.
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Mould material
Mould length (mm)
Mould corner radius (mm)
Meniscus height (mm)
Mould thickness (mm)
Casting steel material
Billet sizes
Casting speed
Water slot width
Poured temperature
Cooling water speed
Mould initial temperature
Calculated temperature ( C)
Measured temperature ( C)
Relative error (%)
Position
Top
Meniscus
Bottom
61.984
60.0
212.411
194.0
134.554
125.0
3.2
8.7
7.1
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Fig. 5 Temperature eld of the mould cross-section (xy) at the bottom ( C).
For 10, 13 and 15 mm MWT, the temperature variation is the same down the height of the mould.
These variations of different MWT are reected in
Figs. 5b and c and 6b and c.
(iv) Temperature variation with cooling water rate:
The mould temperature descends as the cooling water
rate increases, as shown in Fig. 9. On the hot surface,
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Fig. 6 Temperature eld of mould symmetry plane (yz) with cooling water at 10 m/s ( C).
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5.
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In this work, the usefulness of three-dimensional numerical temperature eld analysis for continuous casting process
is presented. A set of transient difference equations are
solved by using classical control theory in order to identify
and rigorously study the effects of relevant parameters on
the thermal exchange of the mould. Experimental data have
proven that the models are in accord with real situations
of mould heat exchange. Some conclusions obtained are as
follows:
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references
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