SET 1

1.

Anodes are normally fitted with targets made from of what material
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

The velocity of electrons striking the target in an x-ray tube is a function of?
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

Anode
Cathode
Control panel.
None of the above

An x-ray tube with a small focal spot size will produce radiographs with:
a.
b.
c.
d.

6.

To dissipate heat.
For lubrication.
To reduce scatter radiation.
To reduce the current values.

In an x-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are two essential parts of the:
a.
b.
c.
d.

5.

The amount of mA used

The amount of KVs used
The distance between the anode and cathode.
The target material.

The purpose of circulating oil in some types of x-ray tubes is:

a.
b.
c.
d.

4.

Steel.
Lead.
Copper.
Tungsten.

Better subject contrast

Better radiographic contrast.
Better definition
Improved density

As x-ray energy increases wave length will:

a. Increase

b. Decrease
c. No change to the wave length.
d. Increase in beam width.

7.

Which of the following are reasons for setting the anode target at an angle?
a.
b.
c.
d.

8.

9.

To reduce exposure times.

To improve overall radiographic contrast.
To reduce actual focal spot size.
To reduce the effective focal spot size.

The primary form of energy conversion produced when electrons strike a target in
an x-ray tube:
a. Secondary X-rays.
b. Primary x-rays.
c. Electrons.
d. Heat.
As x-ray energy decreases wave length will:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Increase
Decrease
No change to the wave length.
Increase in beam width.

10. The projected (effective) focal spot size of an x-ray tube is determined by:
a.
b.
c.
d.

F.f.d and o.f.d.

The total area of the tungsten target set into the anode.
The angle of the tungsten target and the size of the electron beam.
The distance between cathode and anode.

11. The penetrating power of beta particles is

a.
b.
c.
d.

about the same as for gamma radiation

about the same or slightly less than for alpha particles
more than for alpha particles but less than for gamma radiation
none of the above

12. Which unit has replaced the Rad?

a.
b.
c.
d.

The sievert.
The roentgen.
The gray.
The Becquerel.

13. The number 60 in cobalt 60 is:

a. The number of neutrons added to the number of protons.
b. The number of neutrons only.

c. The number of protons only.

d. Dictates the element type
14. What are gamma rays?
a. They are the disintegration of a radionuclide.
b. They are a form of excess energy emitted because of certain disintegrations of a
radionuclide.
c. They are the sub-atomic particles which are emitted when a radio-isotope
disintegrates
d. Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted from all isotopes.
15. The absorption of radiation by a material varies:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Directly with the square of the distance from the source.

Directly with the thickness of the material.
Inversely with the amount of scattering in the material.
In an approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material.

16. Ytterbium 169 is a gamma source which:

a. Produces relatively good quality radiographs at the correct exposure when
compared with radiographs produced with Ir192.
b. Produces very short wave length radiation.
c. Generally used with fluorometallic screens.
d. All of the above.
17. What is the relationship between gigabecquerels and curies?
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.7 1010 GBq = 1 Ci

2.7 1010 GBq = 1 Ci
37 GBq = 1 Ci
109 GBq = 1 Ci

18. A large source size can be compensated for by:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Increasing the source-to-specimen distance.

The addition of lead filters.
Increasing the specimen-to-film distance.
None of the above.

19. Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

a. Caesium 137.
b. Thulium 170

c. Cobalt 60
d. Iridium 192.
20. When producing radiographs with x-ray equipment, if the kilo-voltage is increased:
a.
b.
c.
d.

The radiographic contrast decreases.

The subject contrast increases.
The film contrast increases.
The film contrast decreases.

21. The penetrating ability of an x-ray beam is governed by:

a.
b.
c.
d.

The intensity of the beam.

The wave length of the beam.
The thickness of the material under test.
All of the above

22. X-ray and gamma rays are types of:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Electromagnetic and ionising radiation.

Electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation.
Ionising and corpuscular radiation.
All of the above.

23. Which standard is entitled Non-destructive testing Image quality indicators?

a.
b.
c.
d.

BS EN 2910
BS EN 2600
BS EN 1435
BS EN 462

24. Ytterbium 169 is an ideal isotope for thin materials because:

a.
b.
c.
d.

It produces hard radiation

It produces soft radiation.
It has got a high deterioration.
It produced short wave length radiation

25. Which of the following defects normally will not be detected by radiographic
inspection:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Centre line cracking.

Lack of side wall fusion with associated slag.
Plate laminations (significant in area).
Cluster porosity.

26. Which of the following units is used to measure the activity of a radioactive
isotope?
a. Curie.

b. Rem.
c. Rad.
d. Roentgen.
27. In an x-ray tube head the filament in the cathode is usually made from:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Copper.
Steel.
Tungsten.
Titanium.

SET 3
1.

When carrying out radiography on a carbon steel butt weld using Ir192 as the
source, how many IQI wires must be visible on the radiograph for the technique to
be acceptable in most circumstances?
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less
clearly defined as:
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

Will produce radiographs of a better quality

Will produce radiographs with a reduced quality
Will have slower film speeds
Will reduce development times

In most cases which of the following is applicable to the double wall double image
radiographic technique:
a.
b.
c.
d.

5.

Source to object distance increases.

The thickness of the specimen increases.
The size of the source decreases.
The thickness of the specimen reduces.

Radiographic films with larger grain size when compared to films with small grain
sizes:
a.
b.
c.
d.

4.

5.
3.
7.
None of the above can be selected not enough information is given.

Should not be used on pipe diameters less than 100mm.

Should not be used on pipe diameters more than 100mm.
May be used on any pipe diameter providing the contrast is acceptable.
Should be used on plate butt welds.

In most cases which of the following radiographic techniques will require the IQI to
be placed on the film side:
a.
b.
c.
d.

SWSI panoramic
DWSI
SWSI.
Both a and b.

6.

Which of the following criteria are important considerations when selecting the
correct IQI to use?
a. The wire shall have a coefficient of absorption as close as possible to that of the
material under test.
b. The wire shall be made from the same material as the material under test.
c. The wire can be made from any material providing the desirable image quality
is achieved.
d. The wire is always made from stainless steel to prevent rusting occurring.

7.

Density is a logarithmic ratio of:

a.
b.
c.
d.

8.

When struck by x-rays or gamma rays lead screens emit:

a.
b.
c.
d.

9.

The transmitted light compared with light from the viewer.

The incident light divided by the transmitted light.
The light from the viewer divide by the incident light
The transmitted light multiplied by the incident light.

Electromagnetic energy.
Electrons.
Protons.
All of the above

The half value thickness of a material depends upon:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Exposure time.
The intensity of radiation used.
The wave length of radiation used.
All of the above.

10. The characteristic curve of a fast film superimposed on a graph containing a

characteristic curve of a slow film, the fast film will?
a. Will be superimposed on top of the curve for the slow film but with a steeper
gradient.
b. Will be superimposed on top of the curve for the slow film, but the length of the
curve will be different.
c. Will lie to the right of the curve for the slow film.
d. Will lie to the left of the curve for the slow film.

11. Which of the following are reasons for fixation?

a.
b.
c.
d.

To remove the undeveloped silver halides in the emulsion.

To dissolve silver halide crystals which have an excessive photographic density.
To reduce the surface tension of the solution.
All of the above.

12. In order to reduce penumbra:

a. The object could be made artificially thicker.

b. The radiation should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations
will allow.
c. The film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed.
d. The distance from the radiation source to the film should be as long as
practicable.
13. The steeper the gradient of the straight line portion of a specific films characteristic
curve:
a.
b.
c.
d.

The wider the films latitude.

The higher the films definition.
The higher the film contrast
The lower the film contrast.

14. Which of the following has no effect on film contrast?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Wavelength of the radiation used.

Film density.
Film type.
All of the above.

15. A trace on a radiograph which shows the relationship between the logarithm of the
exposure applied to a photographic film and the resulting photographic density is
called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

A bar chart.
An exposure chart.
A logarithmic chart.
A characteristic curve.

16. Inherent unsharpness is:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Another term given to penumbra.

Is caused through the use of large focal spot sizes.
To some degree is always present in a radiographic image.
All of the above.

17. Which of the following information can be obtained from a films characteristic
curve?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Changing the exposure time if the f.f.d changes.

Determining the films definition.
Determining the film contrast
Determining the radiographic sensitivity.

18. The welding process most suited to the joining of thin materials such as copper,

stainless steel and aluminium:

a.
b.
c.
d.

MMA
SAW
TIG
FCAW

19. Which of the following are considerations to determine the minimum number of
exposures required to cover a 500mm diameter pipe to pipe weld DWSI technique:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Development conditions, material type and f.f.d.

Material thickness, pipe diameter and f.f.d.
Pipe diameter, material type and f.f.d.
All of the above.

20. Lead foil in direct contact with x-ray film:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Intensifies the primary radiation.

Filters out scatter radiation.
Increases radiographic contrast.
All of the above

21. Which of the following radiographic techniques would be most likely used when
carrying out radiography on a 300mm diameter pipe to pipe weld (circumferential)
with no internal access?
a.
b.
c.
d.

DWDI.
DWSI.
SWSI (panoramic).
SWSI.

22. Under most conditions, which of the following would give a SWSI multiple image
technique?
a. The radiographic examination of a plate butt weld over 40 metres in length
b. The radiographic examination of a pipes girth weld, full circumference less than
90mm diameter, no internal access.
c. The radiographic examination of a pipes girth weld, full circumference over
500mm diameter, both internal and external access.
d. The radiographic examination of the same conditions as for c but no internal

access.
23. A graph showing the relationship between material thickness, kilovoltage and
exposure is called a:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Characteristic curve.
Bar chart.
Exposure chart.
H and D curve.

24. Radiographic contrast is affected by:

a.
b.
c.
d.

The thickness of the specimen.

Scatter radiation.
The intensity of the radiation used.
Both a and b.

25. Approximately what is the thickness range of Co 60?

a.
b.
c.
d.

2mm to 12mm.
50mm to 200mm.
12mm to 80mm.
10mm to 150mm.

26. Which of the following is naturally occurring radioisotope?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Iridium 192
Cobalt 60.
Radium 226.
Ytterbium 169.

27. A densitometer is:

a.
b.
c.
d.

A meter used to measure x-ray intensity.

An instrument for measuring film density.
A meter used to measure radiation exposure.
A meter used to measure current.

28. All most all radiography is performed with:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Naturally occurring isotopes.

Artificially produced isotopes
Thulium 170
None of the above.

29. The time required for a one half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to
disintegrate is called:

a.
b.
c.
d.

The inverse square law.

The curies.
The half life.
The half value thickness.

30. Scattered radiation from the floor or walls is referred to as:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Primary radiation
Reflected radiation.
Back scatter radiation
Particulate radiation

31. The density difference between two selected areas of a radiograph is known as:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Radiographic contrast
Definition.
Film density.
Specific density.

32. The sharpness of an image at the edge of a density field is referred to as?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Definition
Subject contrast
Radiographic contrast
Film density.

JAWAPAN SET 1
No

Answer

No.

Answer

No.

Answer

11

21

12

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17

27

18

19

10

20

JAWAPAN SET 3
No

Answer

No.

Answer

No.

Answer

12

23

13

24

14

25

15

26

16

27

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28

18

29

19

30

20

31

10

21

32

11

22