PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PAST PAPER COMPILATION

DEFINITIONS 3*8 = 24
MCQ 1*10 =10
TRUE & FALSE 1*8=8
ACRONYMS 0,5*4=2
SHORT QUESTIONS 5*7=35
LONG QUESTIONS 7*3 =21
DEFINITIONS
Disease: is reffered as the aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis
caused by harmful agents in a certain condition,
Death(WHO criteria): Absence of any electrical activity of the brain
Hypovolemic hypernatremia/ hypertonic dehydration: The dehydration in
which water loss is in excess of salt loss and the remaining ECF of the body is
hypertonic (serum Na > 150mmol/L, Plasma osmotic pressure >310mmol/L)
Hypovolemic hyponatremia/ hypotonic dehydration: The dehydration in which
the salt loss is in excess of water loss and the remaining ECF of the body is
hypotonic (serum Na+ <130mmol/L , Plasma osmotic pressure <280mmol/L)
Edema: is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial space or serous
body cavity which is apathological process caused by diseases rather than a disease
entity.
Hypokalaemia: Serum potassium concentration <3.5mmol/L
Anion Gap: AG= unmeasured anions unmeasured cations
AG= [Na+] ([Cl-] + [HCO3-]) , Normal AG is 12mmol/L
Metabolic Acidosis: Refers to primary decrease in plasma HCO3- concentration,
the pH tends to be decreased
Respiratory Acidosis: refers to the primary increase in plasma H2CO3
concentration, the pH tends to be decreased
Metabolic Alkalosis: refers to the primary increase in plasma HCO3 concentration,
the pH tends to be increased.
Respiratory Alkalosis: refers to primary decrease in plasma H2CO3
concentration, the pH tends to be increased.
Hypoxia: can be defined as that cells cannot obtain enough oxygen or cannot fully
utilize oxygen thus leading to change in function, metabolism or structure of the
body.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PAST PAPER COMPILATION

Hypotonic Hypoxia : defined as a decreased PaO2, making CaO2 reduced. The
supply of O2 to tissue is inadequate.
Methemoglobinemia: When the content of HbFE3 + OH is increased by 20-50% in
the blood, signs and symptoms may appear.
Enterogenous Cyanosis: It is a common HbFe3+OH-nemia. When a lot of pickled
vegetables containing nitrate may be deoxidized to nitrate by enterbacteria
(intestinal flora), and reabsorbed nitrate react with HbFe2+ to form HbFe3+OH.
Modern concept of stress: Refers to the nonspecific, systemic(general), adaptive
response of the body to any demand.
Concept of GAS: various physical or psychological stressors induce a general
Adaptive syndrome which is a group of physical manifestations affected by many
stress states.
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs): HSP refers to a group of proteins synthesized
increasingly ( constitutive HSP) or newly (inducible HSP) in cells during heat or other
stress. HSPs belong to non-secretory protein.
Acute phase proteins (APPs) : Proteins that are raised in plasma within hours
( quickly) or days during stress because of infection, inflammation or tissue injury
are called acute phase proteins (APPs).
Apoptosis: is an active cell suicide process induced by intracellular or extracellular
factors triggering predefined death programs within a cell, which enables
multicellular organisms to regulate cell number in tissues and to eliminate
unneeded or aging cells.
CAD: