VENTILATION

Mechanical

Natural

Supply

Exhaust

General

Local

Ventilation
The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to
and from any space.

1. Natural Ventilation

2. Mechanical Ventilation

Industrial Ventilation
The control of the environment with air flow. This can be achieved by
replacement of contaminated air with clean air.

Air Conditioning is the treatment of air and control its temperature, moisture
content, cleanliness, odour and circulation required by occupants, a process, or
products in the space.

Purpose of Industrial Ventilation Systems

Control of toxic air contaminants to acceptable levels

Control of noxious odors
Control of heat and humidity for comfort and health
Prevention of fire and explosions

Types of Industrial Ventilation Systems

Exhaust and Supply Ventilation Systems
An Exhaust ventilation system
removes the air and air borne
contaminants from the work
place, whereas, the Supply
system adds air to work room
to dilute contaminants in the
work place to lower the
contaminant concentrations.

Supply Systems
Purpose:
To create a comfortable environment in the place.
To replace air exhausted from the place.
Components
Air inlet section Hood
Filters
Fan
Ducts
Grills for distributing the air
within the work space

Exhaust Systems
Purpose
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne
contaminants from the work place air.
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it
may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at
its source.

Types of exhaust systems:

o General exhaust system
o Local exhaust system

General Exhaust System

Used for heat control in an area by introducing large
quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered and
recycled.
Used for removal of contaminants generated in an area by
mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the
average concentration is reduced to a safe level.

Exhaust Systems
Purpose
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne
contaminants from the work place air.
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it
may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at
its source.

Types of exhaust systems:

o General exhaust system
o Local exhaust system

General Exhaust System

Used for heat control in an area by introducing large
quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered and
recycled.
Used for removal of contaminants generated in an area by
mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the
average concentration is reduced to a safe level.

Local Exhaust Systems

The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the
contaminant as it is generated at the source itself.

Advantages:
More effective as compared to a general exhaust system.
The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low costs compared to
the high flow rate required for a general exhaust system.
The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning
equipment.

Types of Hoods
Receiving

Capturing

Enclosing

Pressure in a Ventilation System

Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of
differences in pressure.
In a supply system, the pressure created by the system is in
addition to the atmospheric pressure in the work place.
In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the pressure
in the system below the atmospheric pressure.
Types of pressures in ventilation systems:
o Static pressure
o Velocity pressure
o Total pressure

Velocity Pressure
It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate air from
rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional to the kinetic
energy of the air stream.
VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in the
direction of flow.
VP represents kinetic energy within a system.
VP is always positive.
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) = V2/2g

Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that tends
to burst or collapse the duct and is expressed in
meters.
SP acts equally in all directions
SP can be negative or positive

Total Pressure
TP = SP + VP
It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static as well
as the velocity pressures
SP represents the potential energy of a system and VP the
kinetic energy of the system, the sum of which gives the
total energy of the system
TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be positive
or negative

Pressure Upstream and Downstream of

the Fan
TP

SP

VP

Up-stream

Down-stream

Duct Losses
Duct dynamic losses or minor losses
Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow way.
hL = kv2/2g

Duct Friction Losses

*Factors effecting friction losses:

Duct velocity
Duct diameter
Air density
Air viscosity
Duct surface roughness

Darcy Weisbach Friction loss Equation

hf = f (L/d)VP
Where
hf = friction losses in a duct, m
f = friction coefficient (dimensionless)
L = duct length, m
d = duct diameter, m
VP = velocity pressure,m

ASHRAE Outdoor Air Requirements

L o c a tio n

c fm /p e rs o n

O ffic e S p a c e

2 0

C o n fe re n c e R o o m s

2 0

R e c e p tio n A re a

1 5

Acceptable Comfort Air Motion

Continuous Exposure

Air Velocity, m/s

Air Conditioned work areas

General Ventilation for work stations
(Spot cooling) Sitting
Standing

0.25 0.375
0.375 0.625
0.50 1.0

Intermittent Exposure, Spot

Cooling
Light heat loads & activity
Moderate loads & activity
High loads & activity

5-10

10-15
15-20

Range of Capture Velocities

Condition of Contaminant
Dispersion

Examples

Capture Velocity,
m/s

Released with practically no

velocity into quiet air

Evaporation from tanks,

degreasing, etc.

0.25 -0.5

Released at low velocity into

moderately still air

Spray booths, welding,

plating, pickling
container filling,
conveyor loading

0.5 -1.0

Active generation into zone of

rapid air motion

Spray painting in
shallow booths, crushers, 1.0 2.5
conveyor loading

Released at high initial

velocity into zone of very
rapid air motion

Grinding, abrasive
blasting etc.

2.5 10.0

Control Velocity for Organic

Solvents
Type of Hood
Enclosure Type Hood
Side Suction Type
Outside
Bottom Suction
Fitted Type Type
Hood
Overhead Suction
Type

Air Velocity
(m/s)
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.0

Control Velocity of Dust Emission

Sources
Type of Hood

Air Velocity
(m/s)

Enclosure Type Hood

Side Suction Type
Outside Fitted Bottom Suction Type
Type Hood
Overhead Suction
Type

0.7
1.0
1.0

1.2

Air Cleaning Devices

Dust collectors
Electrostatic precipitators

Wet collectors
Dry collectors

Air filters

Electrostatic precipitators
Construction and Operation of Electrostatic Precipitator
The particles in a polluted air stream are charged by passing them through
an strong electric field generated by the charging electrodes.
The charged particles are led through collecting plates
The collecting plates carry charges opposite to that on the particles
The particles are attracted to these collecting plates and are thus removed
from the air stream.

Advantages of Electrostatic Precipitators

Electrostatic precipitators are capable very high efficiency,
generally of the order of 99.5-99.9%.
Since the electrostatic precipitators act on the particles and not on
the air, they can handle higher loads with lower pressure drops.
They can operate at higher temperatures.
The operating costs are generally low.

Disadvantages of Electrostatic Precipitators

The capital costs are high.
Although they can be designed for a variety of operating
conditions, they are not very flexible to changes in the operating
conditions, once installed.
Particulate with high resistivity may go uncollected.

Wet Scrubber Collector

Construction and Operation of wet scrubber
A wet scrubber consists of a rectangular or circular
chamber in which nozzles are mounted.
The nozzles spray a stream of droplets on the
incoming air stream.
The droplets contact the particulate matter, and the
particles get sorbed.
The polluted spray is collected.
Particles are settled out or otherwise removed from
the liquid.
The liquid is recycled.

Advantages of Wet Scrubbers

Wet Scrubbers can handle incoming streams at high temperature,
thus removing the need for temperature control equipment.

Wet scrubbers can handle high particle loading.

Loading fluctuations do not affect the removal efficiency.
They can handle explosive gases with little risk.

Disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers

High potential for corrosive problems
Effluent scrubbing liquid poses a water pollution problem.
Plugging of nozzles due to chemical imbalances in scrubbing liquids

Dry Collectors
Types :
I ) gravity settler separators
II) cyclone collectors

Cyclone Collection efficiency is influenced by

I ) size, shape and weight of the particles
II) size and design of the collector
III) inlet velocity
IV) concentration of dust

Advantages of Cyclone

Cyclones have a little capital cost.

Reasonable high efficiency for specially designed cyclones.

They can be used under almost any operating condition.

Cyclones can be constructed of a wide variety of materials.

There are no moving parts, so there are no maintenance

requirements.

Disadvantages of Cyclone

They can be used for small particles only.

High pressure drops contribute to increased costs of operation.

Air Filters
Filtration is a process of separating dispersed particles from air by means of
porous media.
The selection of air filtration equipment is based on

Upstream

Efficiency
Contaminant holding capacity
Pressure drop
Face of the filter with filter
cake of deposited particles

Downstream

Particles deposited
inside the filter
Filter
Air
Dispersed
particles

Filter
thickness

Channel
wall

Types of filters:
I) Flat filters:
Flat filters are used without frame or (for bigger size) holded by rigid
frame or supporting grid. They would be divided onto two variants,
bulk filters and thin filters.

Filter
Polluted
air

Supporting
grid
Clean
air

a) bulk filter

b) thin filter

II) Pleated filters

It is suitable for high efficient filters. Pleating process leads to bigger filter surface and
consequently to smaller pressure drop. It is possible to pleat flat materials, which stiffness
and elongation is similar to paper. It is necessary to hold textile pleats by rigid frame. Filter
thickness is usually from 1 to 3 cm.

Polluted
air

Rigid
frame

Filter
thickness

Clean
air

Filter

Air flow
direction

III) Cartridge filters

Flat (bulky) filter or pleated filter is wrapped around the perforated tube. The advantage
is smaller dimension of filter with regard to acting surface.

Clean air

Variants of cartridge filter

cross-section

Polluted air

Filter
Perforated
tube
Container

Flat (bulky) filter

Pleated filter

IV) Bag filters

Principle is similar as cartridge filters however bag length is much bigger in diameter and
usually the filter is cleanable by reverse pressure pulse. Most of the dust is collected on the
surface of filters. When the increasing pressure drop reached a set value, the filters are
cleaned by a short burst of compressed air moving in reverse direction. Typical maximum
pressure drop is 1000 2000 Pa, typical pressure pulse is in range 0.5 1 MPa and cleanig
time 0.1 - 100 sec.

Filters
Outlet of clean air
Inlet of
polluted air

Back pulse of
pressed air

Output of captured
particles

Advantages of Bag Filters

High Efficiency
Cost Effective
Easy to Operate and Maintain

Disadvantages of Bag Filters

Must Be Cleaned Regularly
Occupies Significant Space

Industrial Ventilation
Fans
To supply the necessary static pressure to move air in a supply or exhaust
ventilation system.

Types of Fans
Propeller
Axial
Centrifugal

Propeller Fan
Advantages
-

Wide range of volumes

A minimum operating cost
Minimum space and weight
Used in ventilation for toxic and odor removal

Disadvantages
- Sound-level problem with high speeds
- Not suited for corrosive applications
- Operating temperature limitations

Axial Fan
Advantages
- High volume flow rate with high efficiency
- Compact
- Used in many applications

Disadvantages
- Problems in protecting bearings
- Not suited for corrosive applications
- Noisy

Backward Centrifugal Fan

Advantages
- High static pressure
- Highest efficiency of any fan type
- Lowest noise level

Disadvantages
- Large weight and size
- Unsuitable for high dust loading, due to vibration of particulate buildup on impeller
- Difficult to clean

Forward Centrifugal Fan

Advantages
- Ideal for any volume at low to medium static pressure
- Quiet in operation
- Low speed

Disadvantages
- Lower efficiency than backward fan
- High shaft power
- Unsuitable for high dust loading

Straigt Blades Centrifugal Fan

Advantages
- Ease of maintenance and clean
- Can handle any type of gas or dust
- Suitable for high temperature operation

Disadvantages
- Lowest efficiency of all centrifugal fans
- Highest sound level of all centrifugal fans
- High shaft power

Fan Selection
Various factors effecting fan selection are:
Volume required
Fan static pressure
Type of material handled
Direct driven vs belt driven
Space limitations
Noise
Operating temperature
Efficiency

Fan Performance Curves:

Curve represents fan performance variables
plotted against flow rate.
Curve is specific to a fan of given size
operating at a single rotation rate ( RPM ).
Even with size and rotation rate fixed,
power and pressure requirements vary over
a range of flow rates.

System Requirement Curves:

Duct system pressure varies with volumetric
flow rate.
Curve represents the variation of pressure
plotted against volumetric flow rate.

Fan relations for changes of rotation rate:

Flow varies directly with rotation rate
Pressure varies as square of rotation rate
Power varies as cube of the rotation rate
Q2 = Q1 (rpm2/rpm1)
p2 = p1 (rpm2/rpm1)2
P2 = P1 (rpm/rpm)3

Fan relations for changes of gas density at constant fan speed:

Flow is not affected by a change in density
Pressure and power vary directly with density
Q

Fan efficiency= pQ/Pin

Air Volume Control Methods

-

Dampers placed in the duct system

Changing the pulley on the fan motor
Changing the pulley on the fan
Using variable speed motor
Using variable inlet vanes on fans

Noise Decrease Methods

- The equipment should be located a
reasonable distance from important rooms
- The fan should be of proper size and
capacity to obtain reasonable operating
speed
- Using sound damping materials and sound
trap

Air change per hour

The number of times in an hour the content of the room replaced by outdoor air.
Air change per hour =Air supply *Number of occupants/room volume

Determine the air change per hour for a private office of 30m3 volume
designed for 2 people.

36.5*2/30= 2.433 air changes per hour

Application

Estimated maximum occupancy (persons/100m2)

Office
Conference room
Retail's store
Street level
----------------Upper floors
Class room
Library
Hospitals
Patient room
----------------Operating room

7
50

Type of space
Factory

30
20
50
20
10

air supply m3/hour per person

18-30

Supermarket
30-43

Hotel bedroom
Laboratories
Office
Conference room

Air changes per hour

Offices- above ground

2-6

Offices- below ground

10-20

Workshops

20-30

Laboratories

10-12

Restaurants

10-15

Classrooms

3-4

Libraries

2-4

20

shops

Cafeteria

Accommodation

65-90

Ductwork Classifications
1. Supply duct: Conditioned air is supplied to the conditioned space.
2. Return duct: Space air is returned to the fan room where the air-handling unit is
installed.
3. Outdoor air duct: Outdoor air is transported to the air-handling unit, to the fan room, or
to the space directly.
4. Exhaust duct: Space air or contaminated air is exhausted from the fan room.

Ductwork Materials
Galvanized Sheet Metal Ductwork

Relatively inexpensive
Lightweight and durable
Widely available in many sizes
Easily fabricated into both rectangular and round shapes
Readily formed into special transitional fittings
Smooth surface offering low resistance to air flow

Fiberglass Ductwork

May be cost effective when an insulated duct system is specified

Provides excellent sound attenuation
Requires less skill and fewer special tools than metal
Available in rigid panels (duct board). performed rigid round duct, and
flexible round duct.

Ductwork in Concrete Slabs

Cement asbestos pipe, clay tile, and newer types of plastic and plastic coated
metal duct are used where ducts are to be embedded in a concrete slab.
Lower initial costs in both labor and materials.
Joints more readily waterproofed to prevent infiltration of ground water.
more compatible with newer materials, e.g. fitting, fastening.

Ductwork Shapes
Rectangular Ducts

Could be fabricated on-site

Convenience
Easily fitted into building fabric

Round Ducts

Less fluid resistance against air flow

Better rigidity and strength
Less noise

Flat Oval Ducts

Share the advantages of rectangular and round ducts

Less air turbulence
Quicker to install
Less air leakage

Flexible Ducts

Used to connect the main duct to terminal box

Ease of removal to allow relocation of terminal devices
Minimum flow resistance when be very short

Ductwork Sizing
Duct sizing determines the dimensions of each duct section in the air duct system. After the duct
sections have been sized, the total pressure loss of the air duct system can then be calculated, and
the supply, return or relief fan total pressure can be calculated from the total pressure losses of the
supply and return duct systems and the pressure loss in the air-handling unit or packaged unit.
Three duct-sizing methods are currently used:
1. Equal-friction method
2. Constant-velocity method
3. Static regain method

Equal-Friction Method
This method sizes the air duct so that the duct friction loss per unit length pf, at various duct
sections always remains constant. The final dimensions of sized ducts should be rounded to
standard size. The total pressure loss of the duct system pt in Pa, equals the sum of the frictional
losses and dynamic losses at various duct sections along the critical path.

Constant-Velocity Method
The constant-velocity method determines the minimum air velocity at various duct sections
according to the requirement to float the particles, either by calculation or by experience. On the
basis of the determined air velocity, the cross-sectional area and, therefore, the dimension of the
duct can be estimated and then rounded to a standard size.

Static Regain Method

This method sizes the air duct so that the increase of static pressure (static regain) due to the
reduction of air velocity in the supply main duct after each branch takeoff nearly offsets the
pressure loss of the succeeding duct section along the main duct. As a consequence, the static
pressure at the common end of the diverging tee or wye of the sized duct section remains
approximately the same as that of the preceding section.

1 m3/s
E

4 m3/s

(30 m)

(15 m)

A
Fan

D
(15 m) C

(30 m)

pf

m3/s

m2

m/s

mm H2O

AB

30

1.06

0.882

9.7

2.4

BC

15

1.01

0.8

8.75

1.2

CD

75

0.82

0.528

7.6

(60 m)

F
3 m3/s