Chapter One

Transactional Communication Model: The Theory that views communication as a

constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and
receiver.

Parts of the communication process:

Source: the speaker, delivers message
Encoding: Taking in the information; processing it.
Message: Idea wanted to portray to the audience
Channel: Means of delivering, such as voice.
Receiver: Person who gets message
Decoding: Takes symbols from message and apply meaning to them.
Noise: Can impede the delivery and proper decoding of message.
Chapter Two
Communication Apprehension: Fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated
communication with another or others.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Convincing yourself that something is going to happen
before it does thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected.
Signs of Communication Apprehension: Rise of blood pressure, face to flush red,
shortness of breath, galvanic tightening skin.
Chapter Three
Ethical Responsibilities of Speakers: Choose topics that are in the best interests of
their audience, Dont choose topics that only benefit.
Ethical Responsibilities of Audience: Keep an open mind, do not heckle, pay
attention
Chapter Four
Contextual Factors: Include External environment, speaking format, and general
audience characteristics.
External Environment: Outdoors- Cant be controlled, more going on to distract the
speaker.
Indoors-Controlled, may not know your audience. Must make effort to verbally
identify audience. Size of room effecting audibility of voice. Smaller spaces are more
intimate.
Speaking Format: In person and mediated,

Inperson-more familiar, format is maybe changeable depending on size of room.

Mediated-less audience expectations due to not actually being there in person to
give speech.
General Audience Characteristics: Know your audience
Chapter Five
General Purpose Statements: Brief statement representing what you aim to do with
the speech; there are three types.
Narrowing the Topic: Brainstorm and use a concept map to narrow your topic to a
less dense one. Do not speak so vaguely.
Determining the Specific Purpose: Narrower version of GPS, says what you will talk
about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience takes away.
Thesis Statements: States your main points and what you are trying to say
Chapter Six
Types of Information: Background, Unique, and Evidentiary.
Background: Who, what, when, where, why and how. Must be relevant.
Unique: Stats, quotations, or stories about people that arent common knowledge
but are fascinating.
Evidentiary: Type of information like this is the core of your research.
APA Style: Quote; (Gleick, 1999).
Chapter Seven
Importance of Audience Analysis: Make sure you dont misinform your audience.
Know who you are speaking for.
Methods: Before the speech, during, and other.
Before: Direct observation, examine surroundings to see what could positively
benefit your speech.
During: Watch the audience for signs of distraction, or not paying attention.
Other: Contact those who are organizing the event. Surveys, and interviews.
Signals of Audience: shifting in seats, talking to neighbors, reading, sleeping,
leaving, looking at phone.
Chapter Eight
Forms of support: Statistics, Personal Testimony, Peer Testimony, Expert Testimony,
Personal and Professional Knowledge, Common knowledge, Maxims, Direct
Observation, Documents, Quiz.
Chapter Nine

Artistic Proofs: Constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerns ethos, pathos,
and logos.
Inartistic Proofs: all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the
speaker the audience but nevertheless can aid in persuasion.
Chapter Ten
Outlining Principles: Subordination, Coordination, Division.
Subordination: creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear
first, followed by more specific ideas.
Coordination: All info on the same level has the same significance.
Division: Principle that if a point is divided into sub points, there must be two more
sub points.
Chapter Eleven
Structure of the Introduction: 1. Get the Audiences Attention, 2. Clearly State the
Relevance of your Topic, 3. Establish Your Credibility, 4. State Your Argument, and 5,
Preview Main Points, Transition to the Body.
Transitions between Main Points: Using phrases or words to signal the next point.
Structuring the Conclusion: Build it around a summarization of your main points. Be
sure to signal it.
Chapter Twelve
Deductive Reasoning: an argument that reasons from known premises to an
inevitable conclusion.
Categorical Syllogism: argument is based on membership in a group.
Disjunctive Syllogism: Major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive
alternatives.
Conditional Syllogism: major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its
outcome.
Inductive Reasoning: an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute
conclusion.
Ad Hominem: Attacks other person instead of argument
Ad Vericundium: Appeal to authority, being in charge means you are more
important/right.
The Slippery Slope: Once one bad thing happens, more bad things happen.
Non Sequitor: unjustified idea from one thing to another
Straw Man: Distorts the actual position of an opponent.
Hasty Generalization: Drawing conclusions based on small samples of evidence.
Either or-we assume there are two alternatives, when there are really more

False cause- on event causes another unrelated event to occur

Red herring- speaker introduces irrelevant ideas to focus attention from the real
issue
Begging the question- assuming certain facts have not been proven
Chapter Thirteen
Object Speech: speech about a tangible item
Process speech: how to do something
Event Speech: Focus on an event that has happened, happening, or will happen.
Concept Speech: Speech about non-concrete concepts
Chronological: time
Cause effect: X causes Y
Problem solution: Introduces problem and way to fix it
Spatial: Organize based on location
Topical: Look at the particulars of the topic and find a theme for the topic in a
certain category
Chapter Fourteen
Persuasive Process: Issue Awareness, Comprehension, Acceptance, Integration.
Initial Credibility: based on your experience
Derived Credibility: manifests itself during your presentation
Terminal Credibility: Sum of initial credibility and derived credibility.
Types: Questions of fact, questions of value, and questions of policy.
Persuasive speech patterns: Problem-Solution, Problem Cause-Solution, and
Comparative Advantages, and Monroes Motivated Sequence.
Adapting to a favorable audience-dont do anything offensive they like you.
Neutral-Make a strong case, not offensive one.
Hostile- Alter delivery, do not be offensive.
Chapter Fifteen
Eulogies-speeches about someones achievements after theyve passed
Toasts-crowing achievements speech
Presenting an Awards- presenting some an award like a speech
Receiving an award-thanking and speaking about how you made the
accomplishments
Graduation addresses- congratulating people for graduating

Chapter Sixteen
Charts, videos, things that you use to enhance a speech.
Chapter seventeen
Repetitions-repeating things for effect
Alliteration- using same consonants
Parallelism- similarly structuring words
Antithesis- two ideas are parallel
Simile-comparison with like or as
Metaphor- comparison without like or as
Chapter Eighteen
Modes of Delivery- ways to deliver speech. Refer to chapter 18, this is selfexplanatory
Chapter Nineteen
Stages of Practice- refer to chapter 19th, once again really self-explanatory
Canons- Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, Delivery