All piping of the potable water supply system should be proved watertight by the

application of the water pressure test, using potable water, so as to disclose leaks and
defects. It is recommended that all potable water supply piping inside buildings should
be tested, prior to covering or concealment and before fixtures and faucets are installed.
1. Rough Piping Testing- Installation is subjected to a hydrostatic test at 862 kPa
(120 psig) minimum for a period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight
without any loss of pressure.
2. Finished Piping Testing- The entire completed system, including all fixtures and
faucets, should be subjecting it to a hydrostatic test of 517kPa (75 psig) for a
period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight without any loss of pressure.
DISINFECTION METHODS
Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply systems, including water
supply tanks is required to remove objectionable matters in order to correct an
unsanitary condition.

Procedure
1. All water supply connections should be disconnected, plugged or
effectively shut off to prevent any foreign matter or contamination from
entering the water supply thereto.
2. For disinfection, on of the following methods may be applied:
a. The systems, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 50 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 24 hours before flushing and returning to
service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 200 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 3 hours before flushing and returning to
service.

BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR SUPPLY PIPES AND FITTINGS

PIPE VISE- This is used to hold

pipe to be cut, threaded or
assembled.

1. PIPE VISE
2. PIPE CUTTER
3. PIPE REAMER
4. PIPE STOCK AND DIES
5. PIPE TAP
6. PIPE WRENCH
7. MONKEY WRENCH
8. STRAP WRENCH
9. PIPE TONG/ CHAIN WRENCH
10. BASIN WRENCH
11. OPEN- END WRENCH
12. ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
13. FLARING TOOL

5. Reducer- a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with a smaller
diameter than the other and used for connecting pipes of different size. Both
openings have the same center line.
6. Bushing- a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and
used to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a
different size.
7. Plug- is used to close an opening in a fitting.
8. Cap- is used to close the end of a pipe.

9. Union- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of
which can be turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down
occasionally. Its parts are:
a. Thread piece
b. Center piece
c. Shoulder piece
10. Flange- a ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with
holes for bolts, to allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.
The resulting joint is a flanged joint.
11. Extension Piece-

OPWD

Determine the capacity of the storage tank of a school building with an estimated
student population of 1,500 people. Assume 25% of the population as daily users of the
building.
Solution
1. Solve for estimated average water demand in the school
BAWD
BAWD

Types of valves
1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Check Valve
4. Angle valve
5. Ball valve/ stop cock
6. Faucet/ Bibb

BPWD

N x OAWD [1 + 0.00077 (Td-65)] + S

1500 (0.25) x 25 [1 + 0.00077 (89.6 65)] + 0
375 x 25.47
9,551.25 gallons per day
(Use this value for the tank capacity)

=
=
=
=

N x OPWD [1 + 0.00115 (Td-65)] + S

1,500 (0.25) x 0.12 [1 + 0.00115 (89.6 65)]
375 x 0.12
45 gallons per minute

3. Solve for Volume of Tank.

*1 cu. Meter= 264 gallons
V= 9,551.25
264
V= 36.18 cu.m.

TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS

1. Threaded joints- used in Galvanized Iron (G.I.) pipes and fittings. The thread
extensions of the G.I. pipe are as follows:
PIPE SIZE
THREAD EXTENSION
NO. OF THREAD PER
25MM (1)
6mm (1/4)
9mm (3/8)
18
9mm (3/8)
9mm (3/8)
18
12mm (1/2)
12mm (1/2)
14
19mm (3/4)
14mm (9/16)
14
25mm (1)
17mm (11/16)
11
32 mm (1 )
17mm (11/16)
11
37mm (1 )
17mm (11/16)
11
50mm (2)
19mm (3/4)
11

=
=
=
=

2. Solve for the peak water demand in the school

BPWD

Peak water demand per occupant in gallons/ minute

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determining Capacity of Tank by Occupant Load

VALVES
Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper
location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served.
There are usually valves at:
a. Risers
b. Branches
c. And pipes to individual fixture or equipment

Say: 37 cu.m.
TOOLS FOR SUPPLY PIPING WORKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Pipe vise
Pipe cutter
Pipe reamer
Pipe stock and die
Pipe tap
Pipe wrench
Monkey wrench

WATER SUPPLY PIPE TESTS

8. Strap wrench
9. Pipe tong/ chain wrench
10. Basin wrench
11. Open end wrench
12. Adjustable wrench
13. Flaring tool

2. Solder joints- for rigid and flexible copper tubing.

3. Flared joints- for flexible copper tubing.
4. Solvent weld or cement joint for plastic pipe.

METHOD 2. Using occupant load of the building.

This method provides for the design population with the assigned average daily
water consumption for various buildings and other facilities.
Table 5. Estimated Water Supply Demands
OCCUPANCY
Assembly, Theaters ,Lecture Halls
Churches, Mosques, Synagogues
Factories: No Showers
Factories: with showers
Hospitals
Hotels, Motels
Offices, Stores, Airports, Bus
Terminals
Residences, Homes, Apartments
Restaurants: Dinner only
Restaurants: 2 meals/ day
Restaurants: 3 meals/ day
Schools: with food service
Schools: with gym and showers

AVERAGE DEMAND
(GPD per occupant)

PEAK DEMAND (GPM

per occupant)

5 seats + employees
5
15
25
15
75
10 (add 5 for food
service)
100
2
35
50
25
30

0.17
0.12
0.12
0.50
0.50
0.43
0.09

Formula: Solving for estimated average water demand in a building

BAWD

N x OAWD [1 + 0.00077 (Td-65)] + S

Where
=
BAWD
N
=
OAWD =
Td
=
S
=

0.33
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.40

NIPPLE- a short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male

threads) at both ends, used to join couplings or other fittings.

ELBOW- a pipe fitting having a

bend and makes an angle
between adjacent pipes for a
change in direction.
Also know as ELL

REDUCING ELBOW- joins two

pipes of different diameters at
right angle of each other.
When specifying reducer fittings
the bigger is stated first,
followed by the smaller
diameter.
(example: reducing elbow 25mm
x 20 mm)

N x OPWD [1 + 0.00115 (Td-65)] + S

Where
BPWD

STREET ELBOW- a pipe fitting

having 45o and 90o bend with an
inside thread on one end and an
outside thread on the other.
It is also known as SERVICE
ELL or STREET ELL

Average water demand of building in gallons/day

Number of occupants in building
average water demand per occupant in gallons/day
summer design temperature in oF (use the value= 89.6 oF)
Average or peak demand of any special loads

Formula: Solving for Peak water demand in a building

BPWD

COUPLING- a short internally

threaded (female thread) at
both ends and used to connect
two pipes in a straight line.

Peak water demand of building in gallons/ minute

TEE- a t-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular

directions.

REDUCER- a pipe coupling, with

inside threads, having one end
with smaller diameter than the
other and used for connecting
pipes of different size.
Both openings have the same
center line.

BUSHING- a pipe
fitting which is
threaded on both the
inside and the outside
and used to reduce
the size of the pipe
opening to receive a
pipe or fitting of a
different size

PLUG- is used to close

an opening in a fitting.

CAP- is used to close

the end of a pipe

UNION- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of

two pipes, neither of which can be turned.
It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down
Occasionally.

EXTENSION PIECE

FLANGE- a ring sharped plate screwed

on the end of a pipe and provided with
holes for bolts; to allow joining the pipe
to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.
The resulting joint is a flanged joint.

MODEL VOL. DIMENSION

CWT
M3
m/m
D
H
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
6000
10000
20000

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
6.0
10.0
20.0

992
1322
1597
1641
1877
2180
2300
2800
3300

1265
1695
2145
2060
2170
2660
2780
3150
3770

PIPE CONNECTION
(A)
f
S O d RP
20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65

20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65

20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65

20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65

185
185
210
225
310
310
325
325

WGT.
KGS
F1

F2

F3

F4

1102
1102
1510
1877

652
652
917
955
1043
1303
1303
1715
2077

864
864
1126
1245
1345
1595
1595
2010
2415

19
19
19
25
25
25
25
38
44

8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16

40
36
91
137
164
227
235
420
750

45 water closets
40 lavatories
14 urinals
9 kitchen sinks

4 showers
18 slop sinks
16 drinking fountains

Solution
1. Determine the demand load (refer to Table 3)
Water closet
Lavatory
Urinal
Kitchen sink
Shower
Slop sink
Drinking Fountain

43
40
14
9
4
16
6
Demand Load

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

10
2
5
4
4
5
2

430 WSFU
80
70
36
16
80
12
728 WSFU

2. Estimate the demand in gallons per minute (refer to Table 4) from Table 4. The
estimated demand for 724 WSFU is 175 GPM.
3. Estimate capacity of the storage tank.
Assume 1 hour as the duration that will adequately satisfy demand.

Capacity = 175 gallons x 1 hour (60 mins)

Mins
= 10,500 gallons
4. Determine the volume of tank
*Use 1 cubic meter= 264 gallons
V= 10,500 G
264
V= 39.77 cubic meter
Say: 40 cubic meter

70
80
90
100
120

35
38
41
43.5
48

70
80
90
100
120

58.8
62
64.8
67.5
72.5

140
160
180
200
225

52.5
57
61
65
70

140
160
180
200
225

77.5
52.8
87
91.5
97

250
275
300
400
500

75
80
85
105
125

250
275
300
400
500

101
105.5
110
126
142

750
1000
1250
1500
1750

170
208
240
267
294

750
1000
1250
1500
1750

178
208
240
267
294

2000
2250
2500
2750
3000

321
348
375
402
432

2000
2250
2500
2750
3000

321
348
375
402
432

4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

525
593
643
685
718

4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

525
593
643
685
715

9000
10000

745
769

9000
10000

745
769

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determine Capacity of Tank by WSFU Values

Determine the capacity of the storage tank of a school building with the following
fixtures:

expressed as multiples of that factor. As an aid in this regard, tabulated values to given
loads in water supply fixture units are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Demand Load of Fixtures in Water Supply Fixture Units
FIXTURE TYPE

WSFU
Private
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
6

Bathtub
Bidet
Drinking Fountain
Kitchen Sink
Lavatory
Laundry Tray
Shower (Each head)
Service sink
Urinal
Water Closet (Flush Tank)
Water Closet (Flush valve)

Public
4
4
2
4
2
4
4
4
5
5
10

Note: In estimating demand for water closet, use the value for flush value type.
Table 4. Estimating Demand
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY
FOR FLUSH TANKS
Loads, WSFU
Demand, GPM

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY

FOR FLUSH VALVES
Load, WSFU
Demand, GPM

6
8
10
12
14

5
6.5
8
9.2
10.4

10
12
14

27
28.6
30.2

16
18
20
25
30

11.6
12.8
14
17
20

16
18
20
25
30

31.8
33.4
35
38
41

35
40
45
50
60

22.5
24.8
27
29
32

35
40
45
50
60

43.8
46.5
49
51.5
55

4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or
automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish
water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems.
5. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes:
a. Intel Pipe- located not less than 100mm (4) above the top of the
overflow pipe.
b. Overflow Pipe- shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet pipe
and not less than the sizes given in Table 1. Overflow pipe shall
discharge above and within 150mm (6) of a roof or catch basin.
c. Emptying Pipe- shall be located and arranged so as to prevent
damage from water discharged. Sizes shall be in accordance to the
sizes given in Table 2.
d. Outlet Pipe- connected to the down feed pipe and sized according to
the water demand.
e. Air vent pipe- shall be provided with durable screens of not less than
100 mesh.
Table 1. Sizes of Overflow Pipes
TANK CAPACITY

WATER SUPPLY STORAGE TANKS

In the interest of economy and speed in delivery, it is recommended that
standard sizes of water supply tanks be used wherever possible.

Types of Water supply storage tanks

1. Pressure tanks- used for hydro pneumatic water supply systems. These
are most advantageous used where the peak water demand rate is
relatively low, such as in small buildings.
2. Gravity tanks- are elevated tanks recommended for large buildings and
high peak water demand rates.
Requirements for Water Supply Tank Design and Construction
1. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be:
a. Water tight
b. Vermin-proof
c. Corrosion resistant
d. Capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be
operated
e. Provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection
2. The capacity of any single tank in or on a building shall not exceed
113,000 liters (30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
3. Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof construction.

Liters
0 - 2,842
2,843 5,684
5,685 11,369
11,370 18,948
18,949 28,421
Over 28,421

Gallons
0 - 750
751 1,500
1,501 3,000
3,001 5000
5,001 7,500
More than 7,500

TANK CAPACITY
Liters
Gallons
0 18,948
0 5,000
18,949 36,895
5,000 10,000
Over 36,896
More than 10,000

SIZE OF OVERFLOW PIPE

mm
25
37
50
62
75
100

inches
1
1
2
2
3
4

SIZE OF EMPTYING PIPE

mm
Inches
62
2 1/2
72
3
100
4

SIZING OF GRAVITY TANKS

Tanks storage capacity required for domestic water supply should be based upon the
peak demand load on the water supply system and should be adequate to satisfy that
demand for at least 30 minutes.
METHOD 1. Using Load Values (WSFUs) Assigned to Fixtures
The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load
producing effects of different kinds of fixtures and their conditions of service can be