Bucing Khantohna Le Picing Ki-Ukna: Pau Sian Lian

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BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA
BUCING KHANTOHNA
LE
PICING KI-UKNA
A Gelh
: Tg Pau Sian Lian
A Hawmkhia
: Rev Dr Kham Khen Mang & Family
Laibu bawlkum
: August 2015
Laibu bawlzah
: 700
Lai Khetna
: iPress. 34 Street
Kyaukthada Township
Yangon, Myanmar.
Thumasa
Hih laibu Bucing Khantohna le Picing Ki-ukna pen a diakdiak
in Philippines le Japan gamte ah ka sin khak thute siksan phadiak-in
hanciam-a ka gelh khiat laibu ahi hi.
Laibu sungah khenpi nih-in kikhen a, khen masa ah khantohna
tawh kisai thugil hon khat le mipilte muhkhiatte Zogam tawh kituakin ka gelh ahi hi. Pasian lam honsakna tawh research bawl ding ngiatin Zogam ah (3) vei bang ka zin khakna pan a ka muhkhiatte zong
kong hel hi.
Khen nihna ahih leh picing ki-ukna (good governance) lam hipha
diak hi. Zomite sungah makaihna (leadership) lam tawh kisai laibu
hoih om khin a, ahi zongin Kawl gam-ah democracy ki-ukna zat kipat
teh mi tampi-in dan thak tawh kituak-in ki-uk theih nading, thu
vaihawmna picing semsem theih nading veina tawh hanciam in ka
gelh ahi hi.
Ki-ukna hoih le khantohna pen a tonkhawm hi-in, ki-ukna hoihin picing semsem leh khantohna lam ah kimanawh semsem ahi hi.
Tua thute hih laibu sungah a kicing thei pen ding hanciam-in kong
hel hi.
Tua ahih man-in khantohna le politic lam university ah kician-in
a sin nuamten hih laibu pan tampi sin thei ding uhhi. Makaihna, thu
vaihawmna lam limlim ah kihel khua hausa, veeng makai, pawlpi
pastor, pawlpi upa, mipi kipawlna makai, party makai, member of
parliament (MP) cihte a kipan hunthak-ah democracy tawh kituak
thungaihsutzia, geelzia, vaihawm zia cihte-ah zatpah theih thuthak
tampi kihel hi.
Lungdampihna
I teenna sim leitung ah gam khat ahih keileh minam khat a
khantohna dingin mimal khat i khantoh photphot ding kisam masa
pen hi. Tua bang a mimal khat i khantohna dingin lah zakna, muhna,
laisimna, thu kikupkupnate hong kisamto leuleu hi. Khangto nuam
mahmah tase lehang i zakna, i muhna leh i sim ding laibu hong tawm
henla, hong om het keileh i lampi a bing keei ding ahi hi. Zakna i
kisam hi. Muhna i kisam lai hi. Sim ding laibu zong i kisam toto hi. I
muhna bangbang kikumkhawm aa i kigen i kihop tangtang ding
kisam hi. Thu tawh nungta i cihte tua bang mite ahi hi.
Kawlgam sunga teeng minam pi khat ahi Zomite zong
minampi dangte banin a mau tawh tan banga i kikim theih nadingin
khuadakin lam tuamtuam tawnin khantoh i tum pha mahmah hi. I
khantoh nop manin zong om mawkmawk hetlo-in i diang kheukho a,
zong i khangto zawdeuh takpi hi. Ahi zongin leitung minampi dangte
tawh kitehkaak lehang ei pen a luphong pan i himai hi. Minam dangte
pha-in i makhelh zawhna dingin i lungsim picingin a khantoh ding
kisam masa hi. Inn le lo, sum le paai, neih le lam i khantoh ding
kisam hi hang. Tua teng bek tawh khawl lo-in, ei sung le ei sungah,
ei sung leh midangte tawh kizop kipawlna taangzavai (social
relationship) ah zong khangto-in i picin ding kisam lai hi. Tua ciang
bekin a bucing khantohna ngah i kici thei pan ding hi.
Zomite hibangin a bucing khantohna lam zuan nuamin i daak
geekgeek laitakin i minam it-in a vei mahmah Sia Pau Sian Lian
(Lianpi) in Bucing Khantohna le Picing Ki-ukna cih laibu khat
hong gelh khia giap hi. A laibu ka hih theih tawpin ka sim samsam
a, laimai sim laimai simin manpha ka sakna hong khang semsem hi.
A bucing khantoh lam a manawh nuam leh tua lampi tawn ding a, a
kipan khin Zomi khempeuh adingin vangil mahmah khat hi pelmawh
ding hi, ka cingam lian hi.
Laigelhpa Sia Lianpi pen Japan gam Waseda University ah
Political Science tawh Ph.D la ngiat dinga, a sin laitak ahi hi. Mimci
teel taang citeel a kihaihhaih a kiteelteel lak panin a kilawm a kituak
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pen a kiteel ahih manin a awh a dal om het lo-in a hun a cin ciangin
zawhna lukhu neel kai (Ph.D) hong ngah ding a, i Zomi nam sung
bek hilo, i Kawlgam bup ah hong palhkhia ding i makai nuam pen
khat hong hi ding hi.
Manlahna tampi kawmkal ah a mipihte hong vei luat manin hi
bang laibu hoih hong gelhkhia Sia Lianpi tungah i minam bup in
lungdamna lei tampi i ba hi. Tua i leibatte i lohzawhna ding lampi
khat om a, tua in hih laibu innkim ah nei-in A Bucing Khantohna
deih ing a ci peuhmah in i sim tek ding ahi hi. Tua hileh laigelh pa
lungtup i khawng ngah pen ding hi.
I biak Tung Pasian in a minam-te vei-in laibu hoih mahmah khat
hong gelhkhiatsak laigelhpa Sia Pau Sian Lian (Lianpi) leh a gelhkhiat
laibu thupha hong piaksakin Zomite Bucing Khantohna le Picing Kiukna mun hong tunpih takpi tahen! ci-in thupha paihin hih ka
lungdamkohna (Thumasa) ka hial bawl hi.
Lungdam takin
Rev. S. Pau Khan En, Ph.D

Makaipi
Leitungbup Zomite Kipawlna (GZA)
Yangon
August 3, 2015
Lungdam kohna
A masa penpen-in laibu hong bawlkhia sak zo i biak Topa
Pasian tungah lungdam ka ko hi.
Ka laite hong endik sak bek tham lo, thu hong ngetsak-in
hong panpih den ka pianna ka nu-le-pa, Rev Dr Kham Khen Mang
le Nu Man Lun Niangte a kipan vai khempeuh ah hong gimpih den
pianpih sanggam teng le innkuanpihte tungah zong ka lung a dam
mahmah hi.
Laibu bawlman sum bei khempeuh hongsik, minam le
khangnote a vei mahmah Nu Ning Za Lun le a innkuante (Japan)
tungah zong ka lung a dam mahmah hi.
Pawlpi le minam bup makaihna tawh a manlah mahmah
kawmkal-ah itna le deihsakna takpi tawh hih laibu ading lungdam
pihna ong gelhsak, Zomite makai pipa, Rev Dr Simon Pau Khan
En tungah zong ka lungdam mahmah hi.
A ma nasep tawh buai mahmah khin napi tawlnga man lo
liangin ka laite laibu khat hong suahsak, puahsak le a hoih pen
dingin design hong geelsak ka lawm Tg Kam Lian Tuang
(Singapore) tungah zong ka lung a dam mahmah hi.
Laibu sunga thute tawh a kituak zawdeuhte ah ama suaihsa
limte phaltak-in hong zangsak, cartoon suaihsiam Tg Thawng Lai
Lung tungah zong ka lungdam mahmah hi.
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Laibu bawl zawh nading thungetna tawh, thu-le-la, thatang
tawh hong panpih den a kua mapeuh tungah hita le, hih laibu
hong elisak, simsak mimal khatkim tungah lungdam kong ko hi.
Hih laibu zuakna pan sum kingahkik 50% peuhmah tukum
July kha a kipan khuahun siat guahtam luatna hangin hamsat
tuak mipihte huhna-ah ki piakhia kik dinghi cihzong kong theisak
nuampah hi.
Lianpi
(Pau Sian Lian)
12/8/2015
Behlapna
Hih laibu online pan hawm ma-in laimal te hong sitpih, laigual
dan hong puahsak le pdf version tawh a simnuam pen thei dingin
hong leptuahsak Dr Nem Khan Dim (Research fellow at Tokyo
University) tungah zong ka lungdam mahmah hi.
Laibu sunga om thute tawh kituak dingin lim pawlkhat online
pan ka na la-a, lim neite min tawh ka na gelhpah hi. Amimal in
phalna hong ngen mannawn lo ka hih manin zong lim neite
tungah kong thum nuam pahhi.
Lianpi
(Pau Sian Lian)
13/1/2017
Zon-olna
Thumasa ...................................................................... 3
Lungdampihna ............................................................. 4
Lungdam kohna ............................................................ 6
KHEN KHAT NA ( BUCING KHANTOHNA) .................... 10
Khantoh Nadingin a Khangto Lungsim........................ 11
A Hoihzaw Ngaihsutna ............................................... 14
Myanmar, Zogam le Zomite Zawnna .......................... 17
Gam Haute A Hauh Semsemna Uh . . . ........................ 22
Hawmsiam Nungta Nebum Puksi................................ 26
Gamdang ah Sumzonna le Khantohna ........................ 31
Kibatlohna, Kikupkhopna le Khantohna ...................... 35
Kilemlohna le Khantohna ........................................... 39
Tangpi Khantohnading ............................................... 44
Khanna, Khantohna le Kiginna ................................... 48
Gammite Nopsakna Tehna ......................................... 51
Zogam Khuapi Suahsakna .......................................... 55
Zawnna Khiapna Geelna(ZKG) .................................... 58
Hunthak Numei le Khantohna ..................................... 64
KHEN NIHNA (PICING KI-UKNA) ................................ 77
Makai Hoih le Ki-ukna Hoih ........................................ 78
A Ithuai Thu Lamdang Muhthakna.............................. 84
Leitung ah Khialhna Nam 7 ........................................ 87
Sumtawh Kileitheilo ................................................... 89
Leitung ah Thumanna Om nading ............................... 93
Kuate in Politic ah Kihelthei? ..................................... 966
Khan Kumsawt Democracy ......................................... 99
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2015 Election teh Kuateel ding? ................................ 103
Biakna Makaiten Minam Makaihna-ah koicih panmun
lakding? .................................................................... 109
Democracy Ki-ukna Mailam le A Hoihzaw Dang ........ 113
Kikhelna ading Vai Lianpi Geelna .............................. 131
Zomi le Power ........................................................... 143
Social Democracy Ki-ukna ......................................... 154
Myanmar Gamah Democracy Kilamna ....................... 160
NLD Kumpi thak le Mailam Masuan............................ 163
Kum Zalom 21 Panglong Khawmpi ah Koicih Masuan
ding? ......................................................................... 168
A Suakta le A thuman Kiteelna .................................. 178
Web 2.0 Khanghun ah Minam Kilamna ...................... 181
Zomi Khangthakte Ki Makaih Ziading ........................ 187
Sponsor Nu Ning Za Lun te Innkuan .......................... 191
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KHEN KHATNA
BUCING KHANTOHNA
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Khantoh Nadingin a Khangto Lungsim
A kicing khantohna neih nadingin nawk loh a phamawh, seploh

phamawh lampi honkhat le vai honkhat om hi. Tuate in mipite sum
le pai (economic) lamah khantohna, pilna (education) lamah
khantohna, cidamtakin (health) nuntakna le gamvai (politics) lamah
suakta takin lungsimpholak theihna nei-in, kim le pam te zong hih
lampite ah tawsawn zawhna ahi hi.
Khantohna ngaimna bulpi-in mipite teeltheihna zaisak
semsemna (enlarge peoples choices) ahi hi. Tua ahihman in zawnna
cih in bangmah teel khuan omlo, teel theih ding a dang omlohna
zong kici thei pah hi. Meh duh bangbang teel theihna, puan deih
bangbang teelin silhtheihna cihte zong khantohna honglak
gamtatnate hipah hi. Nisim in gualkhadi lobuang nek ding adang,
teel ding adang neih lohna pen a kilang mahmah zawnna hipah hi.
Khantohna tawh kisai-in muhzia tampitak om hi. A cithei
sumbawlna tawh khantohna (development as economic growth),
tangpi tangta thumanna le a kikim hawmsiamna tawh khantohna
(development as distributive or social justice) le hunlapna tawh
khantohna (development as modernization) cihte zong khantohna
muhzia nam tuamtuamte ah kihel hi. Hih thului ah hunlapna tawh
khantohna thu tawm khat i sung ding hi.
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Hunlapna tawh Khantohna (Development as Modernization)
Khantohna cihpen hunlapna tawh ki zawitawn mahmah hi.
Sumbawlten tangzai semsemin bawl aa, sum zong sum lei-na ah
daupai semsemin, pun semsem nangin hih hunlapna (modernization)
in hauhna (wealth) le manneihna (value) manawh gamtatnate
(behavior) piangkhia sak hi. Mipite in hauhna le cihtheih nopsakna
a ngah nadingun hunlapna in gamtat hoihte le thu manphate
ngaihsut theih nadingin tawsawn den hi.
Hauhna manawh gamtatna sungah hang takin phutkhiat ngamna
(risk-taking), nathak geltawm bawltawmna (entrepreneurship),
lungsim kihonna (open- mindedness), tuahna (experience)
thakthakte maingat ngamna, vai tuamtuam thu tuamtuamte tawh
kisawh theihna (being cosmopolitan), matutna bekmah maingatna
(achievement oriented) cihte kihel hi.
Mahatma Ghandi in Leitungah kikhelna na muhnop leh nang
mahmah kikhel masa hamtang photin cihi. Tua ahih manin, Zomite
minamdangte tawh liangko kikim in, leitung thu le la piangte tawh
hunlap in khantoh khop theih nadingin, Zomi khatciat hunlui mi hihna
pan huhthak (hunlap) mi hihna, a khangto lungsim neihna, hunlap
ngaihsutnate i neih masak ding hong kul ding hi.
Mi khat peuhpeuh in hunlap mi a suah nadingin a nuai a nate
zong thupi mahmah in phamawh mahmah hi.
a) Zinsuk zintohna (transportation) lam ah khantohna, A
tangzai semsem, a kicing semsem kithuzakna (communication) le
thu kihopsawnna (media),
b) Khuapi
suahna (urbanization) le khuapi suahna zia
(urbanization system),
c) Mun le khua tuamtuam ah tun ziauhziauh, hawh ziauhziauh
theihna (geographic mobility) te ahi hi.
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Khanglui mi le khangthak mi kibatlohna
Hunlui Mi (Traditional Man)
Hunlap Mi (Modern Man)
Idea thak pongpong sang theilo
A thakthak theinuam,
Ngeina luite ultung sak
sinnuam, tuaknuam
Naihuaitengbek lunglut in buaipih Kikhelna ultung sak
Muhna kibanglote thalnial
Khuapua, gampua lam ate
Information thakte kin meel lo
thei nuam
A piangsa thute sutsut in nitum
Muhna kibang lote thupi san
Tomkal vaibek thupi sa
Information thakte lawptakin
A innkuan pih lobuang kuamah
ngai den
muanglo
Hun lapden, tu laitak
Technology thak pongpong
thupiangte kinbawl
langpan
Mailam ading a mannei tampi
Biakna lo buang thudang
geel den
bangmah thusa lo
Midangte vaipuak zo ding-in
To le sila kizopdan mah nuamsa
umin muan bawl
Toi ngaihsut
Technology thakte zatsiam
Dawi le kau cihte um den
nang hanciam
Pilna sinna (education) le
leitung nate thu (science)te
thupi sak
Midangte vang le
manneihnate thupisak
Zai ngaihsut
Na khempeuh a hoih lamin
muden
Mahatma Ghandi in Zingciang a si ding danin nungta inla, a

nungta tawntung ding danin thusin denin ci hi. A khangto lungsim
cih in na khempeuh sepna bangbangah zingciang si ding danin
kituatin mualsuang hoihpen neih ding tumin sawm a, nasep hanciam
cihtak kuhkal mahmah det ding ahi hi. Tua bek thamlo-in, leitung
thupiang la piangte ngai sim gige in, kikhelna a om the pilvang takin
gamtat theih ding zong kisam hi.
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A Hoihzaw Ngaihsutna
Khatvei vasa kizuakna sai khat-ah vasa nam tampi bawm

tuamtuam ah kikhum-in kizuak zihziah hi. Tua a kizuak vasate`n
bawm sungpan suahtak theihtheih nading hanciam tek uhhi. Vasa
pawlkhatte`n ka suahtak mateng ci-in a bawm pumphut uhhi. Ahi
zongin siktawh khauhtak-in kibawl bawm a hih man-in liam gawpin
si zaw uhhi. Vasa pawl khat leuleu lah, `sih ding veve a nuam thei
penpen in omning` cih ngaihsutna tawh a pute` an piak zahzah
khamtak-in nephial lel-in thau iueu, dawng thihthiah mahmah pah
uh a, ithuai pahmawk a hih man-un mite`n lei masa lianlian uhhi. A
kilei hangin buk dangkhat ah sih dong kikhum mah ongsuak lelhi.
Tua lakah kikhum vasa no khat inzong phatakin ngaihsut
mahmah hi. Hih bawm thatang phut leng adangte dan mahin gimle-tawl tawh kasih lawh dinghi. Ki lungnuam sak-in an kipia teng nek
eueu lel ding lah thu kasa keihi, cih ngaihsut-in tua a kipan an
bangbang kipia taleh ne nawn vetlo, a vasa bawm lah phu langlang
se lohi. Ong om hithiat, dai khinkhian ahih manin a sawt pianteh a
pu lungnuam nawnlo-in, hih vasa a cina hiam? a liam hiam? natna
gil neihiam? cih theinopna tawh a buk pan dawm takin lakhia
khiankhian hi. Bawm pan a lakkhiat laitak-in tua vasa-in a tha
neihkhempeuh tawh kitom khia vatin lenkhiat san ziauhi. Suakta kik
hi.
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Hih vasa pen tuhun kampau in lo lehang critical thinking a nei
mahmah vasa a hihi. Pilna tawh a tha neihte sit khinkhian sehi. Tu
hun gam makai, minam makai ah hih dan ngaihsun siam miciim tam
pipi ih kisam hi. Critical thinking cih kammal mikim-in letkul lo-in ih
theihsa hi. Deihna bul zaw-in en lehang thinking outside of the box
cihna hi-in, a ki ciangtan, a kikhak, huang, ngeina lui, zia-le-tong,
dante pailet, khengkhia-in ngaihsut theihna, cihna ahihi. Kuama
phawkkhak loh, ngaihsut khakloh, muh kholhloh lampi hoih, geelna
hoih a nei giahgiah theite pawl cihna a hihi. Midangte ngaihsutna
tawh kibanglo den ding cih ciang hilo-in a dangte phawkkhak loh
ngaihsutna dangte sang hoihzaw neihna cihna ahihi.
Myanmar gamsung ka zin khak sunsunna munte-ah mi tampi
tak-in critical thinking cihtawh kisai hita leh, ngaihsut theihna, thugil
theihcianna tawh kisai-in, tuhun khangnote hawmthawh mahmah uh
a, pawlkhat in lah mipi bup ngiatin thu theilo ki hailua hi, cih bangin
kiphun ziahziah hi. Tua bang kazak teh ka lungsim sungah tua thu
taktak meel theilo, a hi milmel na cih uhte midang hilo-in nang-lekei ih hipah lelhi, ka cisim gige denhi. Kei mahmah a kipan ih gamah
critical thinking zangin thugenna, thu khensatna lamah kinang
mahmah hi. Gambup sang pilna (education system) ki mawhsak mun
pen a, ahi zongin tua zah khatmah-in ei ngiat zong khuak zang
nuamlo, laisim zolo, laisim hatlo ih hih hang na hilel hi.
Tukum, 2015 kum, pen Myanmar gam suahtakna ngah nading a
a makai General Aung San suahzawh kum 100 cinkum hi-in ama thu
kilim gen mahmah hi. Tua hun laitak General Aung San ka zahtak
mahmah san thu khat-in a ma neih critical thinking a hihi. Kum 30
khawngbek pha pan khangmoi khat hilel, Political Science cih khawng
a kah kha man tadih lah hilo na pin ki-ukna tawh kisai ama pom
thugilte (political philosophy) te na khauhpai mahmah khin mawkhi.
Ahang kanle hang thudang hi masa lo-in laisim na hat tuak mahmah
a, anne manlo liangin lai nasimsim hi.
Tua hih man-in critical thinking cih na neipahhi. Thugil napom,
thuthuk na mu, thuman khauhtak-in na dinpih a khangmoi mahmah
tase leh mipi bup na makaih zohi. General Aung San danin a zahtak
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huai mahmah Philippines te gam makai Jose Rizal zong gam
suahtakna ngah nading mapanna tawh kum 35 a phakteh ki thatlum
khat a hihi. Tu dongmah ama thu Philipines gambup hita leh gam
tuamtuam ah ama makaih ziate kisin, kikan mahmah hi. Jose Rizal
zong laisim a uk mahmah, laipil, laisiam, laigelh siam khat na hi-in
kum tawm lai mah tase leh a mipih te makaih zo khat suak hi.
India te makai Mahatma Gandhi-in a sih madeuh a gen thute
lakah, leitung ah mi a nawngkai sak, siatna piangsak thu 7 cih na
gen a, tuate lakah `Dinpih thugil neilo politic (Politic without
Principle) cihzong thukhat-in na helhi. Politic bek ah hilo-in milipte`
nisim nuntakna-ah dinpih thugil, ngaihsut ciantheihna khuak,
ngaihsut hoih neihtheihna khuak kisam a, tuate neih theih nading-in
a thu lam mahmah ih zawh masak ding kul limlim phot hi.
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Myanmar, Zogam le Zomite Zawnna
Zawnna tehna piciang nam tampi om a, tua lakah a baih pen-in

ni khat dollar khat nuai-siah ($1.25 tawh ateh om) a ngahte mizawng
ci-in kiciamteh hi. A dang zawnna tehna piciang nam tampi om lai hi.
Kawlgam zawna (poverty rate) pen UNDP lam a mipiltegenna ah
2010 kumin 32% hi, ci hi. Kawlgam 1/3 pen zawnna nuai-ah ki-om
lai cih ding ahi hi. Kumpiten bel 2011 kum pekin Kawlgam zawnna
26.5% hi, ci-in pulak uh hi. Journal pawlkhat-ah Kawlgam zawnna
taktak pen tudong 46% hi lai, a ci om hi.
Kumpi-in 2015 teh zawnna 16% ahih dong khiap zawh nang
hanciam ding cih gen hi. 1987 kum-in UNten leitung bupah
gamzawng pen (least developed country) sazian ah Kawlgam hong
helna uh pan 2015 teh paikhia ding. Tu laitak mikhat ngah khasum
a zah (3) khangsak zo ding cih a tum uh hingeu hi.
2011 kum Kumpiten gamvai kikhelna bek hilo-in sumbawlna
policy tampi zong hong khel uh ahih manin, khantohna honkhat mah
om cih ding hi. Asia Development Bank (ADB) tehong tuatsakna-ah
Kawlgam in hih bangin kikhelna a zop tohtoh leh 2012 kum-in
gamsung sumlut (GDP) 8% kahin, a zenzen-in GDP 8%ta kumsim i
kahsak det zawh leh 2030 teh Kawlgam pen leitung bupah sumlut
laihawl pawlgam (middle income country) ah lut zo dingin hong
muang uh hi. Kawlgam pen Asiate Sahang (Asia Tiger) hi kha thei
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ding, Asiate Aksipi (Asia Star) a ci tawh, Sen (China) gam bangin
khangto mahmah thei ding hi, cih bang liangin hong kilamen na hi
mawk hi.
World Bankte ciaptehna ah sumlut tawm gamte ah mikhat in
kumkhat in a tam pen US $ 1025 sumlut nei hi, ci hi. Tu laitak ei
zong hih dinmun i hi hi. 2030 kum teh gammi khat-in kum khat-in
US $ 2000-3000 sumlut nei ding hi, ci-in ADB in hong tuatsak hi.
2030 kum teh mikhat kumkhat sumlut pen a zah thum-in khang ding
cihna hi. 2030 kum teh sumlut laihawl gam khat i hih zawh ding pen
lungdam huai mahmah hi. Ahi zongin i gamvengte tampi pen tua
2030 kum teh sumlut hat gam (high income country) ahih zawh
nadinguh a tum, a sawm na himawk uh hi. Gamvengte tawh hauhna
le dinmun i kikim nop leh amau zah nih-in nasep hanciam ding hong
kul hamtang hi. A sawt nailo khatin Dr U Myint (Chief economic
adviser to the president) in a tuattuat teh Kawlgam 2030 teh sumlut
laihawl gam ahih ding a um ngam lo dan hihtuak lai hi.
Kawlgam ngiat hong zin, leitung bup a mipil minthangten
Kawlgam ading ngaihsut piakna tampi nei uh a, tua te lak pan tawnno
cik enkik pak ni.
Joseph Stiglits - Leisung sumpiangte (natural resource) pan a
kingah sumte leitung a om mihingte sungah (human resource
development) tuhkik huai hi. Tua hi keileh, Kawlgam in Gamhau,
mizawng suak ding hi.
Paul Collier Kumpi mei mahmah a hoih nading kin masak huai
hi. Africa gamlamte khantohnate pan zong sintheih ding tam
mahmah hi.
Francis Fukuyama Kawlgam in gamvai-ah a lawpmite
(political activists) sangin sumbawlna ah a siam mi (competent
economists) tam kisam zawta hi.
19
Zogam zawnna pen 2011 kum-in UNDPte muhkhiatna-ah
mizawng 73.3% ki-himawk hi. Kawlgam ah a zawng pen gam ahi hi.
2004 lai pekin tua zah percentage mah kihi a, tua kum ma lam a
saziante nei lehang zong kibang lel kha ding hi. Zomi 40% pen neek
le dawn cingtak zong a ne zolo dan kihi mawk hi. Zogam ah innkuan
khat-in innsung sum zatna sungah neek le dawn adingin sumngah
vekpi lak pan 76% kizang khia hi. Singaporeten 14%, North Korea
65% hi-in, Kawlgam bup huamleng 71%, Zogam bekah 76% ahih
manin leitung bupah a sukpen kihi ngelngel ding hi.
Kumpite phuatthak National Economic and Social Advisory ah
member-in a kihel, Professor Dr Aung Tun Thet (retired - UN College
principal) kiangah UNICEFte tawh gam tuamtuamah na sepna
tungtawn-in Zogam zawna khiap nading ngaihsutna piakna ka ngen
ngei-a a tomno in thu (4) hong gen hi.
1) Zomite nuntak kivak nadingin gamsung piang van le nate
(lenggah, coffee) zuak nading sumzuakna phual (market)
kisam ahih manin market zonsak huai hi.
2) Zogam tawh a lemthei ding, tam lah a man veva tuan samlo
setvan hoih kisam hi. (appropriate technology)
3) Biakna pawlpite mah in makaih-in, upna tawh sepkhiatna
kisam hi (faith movement).
4) A mun a mual tawh kituakin vai geelsiam theih ding hanciam
huai hi (local solution).
Hih a tunga hong ngaihsut piakte pen seminar khat-ah ka
kidot pak uh hi-in, a thukim lo, tha ngah lo le kicing a salo zong tampi
om kha thei ding hi. Tedim khua a omte ngiat kiang ka dot kawikawi
leh ngaihsut piakna, muhna tampi ka ngah a, tuate pawlkhat kong
hawmsawn kik hi.
1) Kumpi mei mah hong hoih limlim photleh tua-in vai haksatna
tampi hong zawhpih ding hi.
2) Education care le health care kinang lua hi. Khuata lamah
zato neih sunsunte na ngawnah siavuan kinei zolo hi.
20
3) Sangsia zong tawmlua-in, khua tampi-ah sang sia/siamah nih
bek in (khat omna zong tampi) tan lang pan li dong hilh mawk uh
hi.
4) NGO zong tam nailo-in, a om sunsunte na ngawn sihkham na
ciang hipan hi.
5) Sumzuakna phual (market) omlo cih kawmkal mahin a zuak
sunsunteading vanbul (raw material) tak zong i cin zo kei hi.
6) Zogam bup Chrsitian i hih lai-takin a zawng pen i hih se pen,
a langbai i hi diam?
7) Biakna pawi kibawl-in, gan tampi thatin pawi i kham ziahziah
laitak i mipih naupang no tampi sang kah zolo-in biakna dang
(lutol) te sang na bel ziahziah ta uh hi.
8) Inn simin gan khawi huai hi. Gan khawina pan innkuan sumlut
35% bang kingah hi.
9) Tangpi ading a kikoih vante zong innteek lungsim tawh kepna
(ownership spirit) kinei nai ngiatlo hi.
10) Ih theih tamin, i tel taktak tawm lai hi. I theih sunsunte zong
kinuntak pih taktak lo hi.
11) Neih sunsun neektheih mehteh mehgahte zong a lim le
cidam tha-om nadingin kihuan thei nai lo hi.
12) Neih sunsun leisung piang nate zong a hampi mahin kikem
a, man neih beh sakna (value added) kisiam nailo hi. Tua tawh
kisai pilna sinhuai hi.
13) Makai lam zawdeuh, i muan i suan khatkhatte lah minam
bup, gambup taktak huamin vei zolo lo uh. Amau pianna khua,
beh le tanaute bek buaipih thei uh. A veina uh tangzai nailo.
14) Gam dangah nasem, pilna sinten Zogam tawh kituak,
Zogam khua hun tawh kilem, sum suak thei ding, khaici (seed)
hoih tampi hong kan, hong zong unla, hong ciahpih un. A tuh dan,
a ciin dan zong hong hilh un.
21
Hih a tunga thute pen Tedim khua a omte muhna, kisapnate

amau genna lian bang mahin kong gelhkik ahi hi. Zogam adingin
Rural development, Agriculture, Entrepreneurship, Microcredit
cihdan pilnate kisam mahmah hi.
Zogam-ah NGO om sunsunte-ah a semkhate pen thupi kisa,
kilungdam pihin, i gamah sum le pai haksat luat manin amau khasum
pen a ki-eng dinmun himai hi. Tu laitak a NGO-ah kihelteveina tawh
a sepna uh kimuhsak lua nailo zaw-in, a ngahna uh ki-et sak zaw hi.
Ahi zongin i gam khangto taktak hileh, NGOte ah a kihel nuam
khempeuhten Ka Pasian nasepna hi. Ka vei man hi keileh khasum
hoih nasep tampi ka neihte nusia-in sum meetna nasep ahi lo (nonprofit), volunteer nasep ahi NGO-ah sem het kei ning. cih dinmun
hong tung ding hi.
22
Gam Haute A Hauh Semsemna Uh . . .
Khantohna tawh kisai muhna tuamtuam ah sum le pai hauhna

tawh khantohna (development as economic growth) thu i sung leuleu
ding hi. Gam khat khantoh nadingin sum le pai ngiat hauh photphot
ding cih muhna pen leitung galpi (II) na khitteh hong lang phadiak
hi. Gammi khat ciat nisim sumlut mah hong tam limlim leh tangpi
nuntakna hong sangin kikhangto ding, cihna hi. Tangpi sumlut tam
leh hong zatkhiatna lam kingam zawpah ding a, vanlenate zong tam
pipi kibawl zo pahin, gambup sumlut GDP, minam bup sumlut GNPte
zong kilang takin hong khang pah ziahziah ding hi.
Leitung bupah a zawngpen diak gamten (least develop
countries) khantohna ding geelna a neih uh teh, tuhun leitung
huihnunzia tawh a kituak pen van leh na tampi lah kibawl zo, a kilei
zo sak diak set tawh nasepna (industrialization) ultun sak semsem
ding tum uh hi. Banghang hiam cihleh set tawh nasepna ah setkhuak
tawhnasepna (technology) kilim hel mahmahin, tuaten sum leh pai
hauhnate tehna ah mazang sak mahmah hi. Tua ahih manin van le
nate khot semsem nop leh setvan hoih nono tampipi hong kisam pah
hi. Laitheihna piciang (literacy level), van le na leina nam tampite
(consumption patterns) le nasep neihna piciang (employment
level)ten gam khat peuhpeuh i sum le pai hauhna tawh khantohna
hong lakkhia thei hi.
23
Hih khantohna muhna-ah leitung bup aom gamte khenpi (3)
phasak uh hi. Khen khatna ah khangto sagam (developed), khen
nihna ah a khangto laitak gam (developing) le khen thumna-ah a
khangto nai lo gamte (underdevelopment) ahi hi. A khangto san
(laitak) gam le a khangto nai lo gamte-ah zawnna pen dil-in, uangin,
nasia pha diak hi. Nasep neihlohna piciang zong sang mahmah-in,
mihau le mizawngte neihsa lamsa zong van le lei-in kikhai hi. Tua
ahih manin van le nate zong tampi bawl zolo-in, sumlut lah tawm,
nuntak khuasakna lah niam mahmah hi. A diakdiak-in, van le nate a
kibawl zawhlohna, thoh zawhlohna a hang lianpi khat-in mimal
khanna (rapid population growth) kinawh lua ahih hang zong hi.
Gam khangto sate leuleu vang neipah uhleh kilawm phialmawk
uh-in, khantoh dan zang mahmah uh hi. Setvan bawlna pilna nei-in,
sumlom kep hat uh a, sumbul nei uh ahih man-un a zat setvante
zong khauhpai mahmah, nasia mahmah hi. Hih gamte-in sumzian
bulphuh vanlei vanzuakna (market capitalist economy) system zang
uhin, kumpi thukhunte (law) in mipiten aituam neihtheihna khuan
(private ownership) limtakin tawsawn hi. Kihenna omlo sumzuak
sumleina (free market), kihong takin kidem ziahziahna, a meet tam
ngah theihtheih nadingin van bawlna, zuaknate hangin van leiten
zong lungkimna ngah phadiak uh hi.
Khantohna lam a geel mipilten leitung gamte a ciangciangin
khentheih nadingin zia thak khat hong bawl uh hi. Gambup huam
sum le pai khantohnate en-in, nam (3) suahin khen uh hi. (1) Sumlut
tam (high income), (2) Sumlut laihawl (middle income), (3) Sumlut
tawm (low income) gamte cih bangin khen thum suah uh hi. Leitung
bupah gam 191 omin, gam khat ciat in, a tuamdang phadiak tangthu,
a lamdang diak nuntak khuasakzia tek nei uh hi.
Sumlut tam gamte sungah set tawh nasem phadiak gamte kihel
hi. Hih gamte pen setvan tawh kilumletna tuihualpi (industrial
revolution) ah limtak a peek man gamte ahi uh hi. Hih gamte-in
leitung maitang i 25% ah teeng uhin, leitung bup mipi 15% pha uh
hi. A bupun vanzuak vanleina ultungsak gamte (market driven) ahih
manun, sum bawlpih zawl neitek uh hi. Hih khen khatna sungah gam
24
40 bang kihel-in leitung bup sumlut (worlds income) khempeuh i
lang ( ) amau khut sungah om hi.
Sumlut laihawl gamte ah set tawh nasepna pen om liplip napin
tam meel nailo hi. Gam 90 bang hih khen nihna ah kihel hi. Gam 45
(or a lang) ten lokho nasep mah tawh kinamtak lai uh hi. Hih khen
nihna in leisung piang huih namsia (gas), meitui (oil) a pian phat
diakna leitung nisuahna laizang lam (Middle East) a om gamte, Latin
America gamte, Africa leitangpi nitumna lam a om gamte huam hi.
Sumlut laihawl gamten leitung maitang i 40% ah teengin, leitung
bup mi phazah vekpi seh thum suah sehkhat (1/3) pha uh hi.
Sumlut tawm gamte khempeuh phial in lokho uh hi. Sum le pai
vai-in en le hang hih gamte pen gamdangte tawh tehna-in,
vanbawlna, zuakna lamah nang mahmah lai-in kitawsiah dipdep hi.
Leitung bup leitang 35% ah busa-in, leitung bup mi phazah lak pan
52% pha hi. Hih sumlut tawm gam khempeuh a om mipi teng lakpan
25% bek khuapi-ah (urban) om uh a, a dang 75% pen khuata (rural)
ah khuasa lai-uh hi. Mikhat in kumkhat-in sumlut $1025 le a nuaisiah
angah leh tua mipa omna gam-in, sumlut tawm gam hi, ci-in World
Bankten ciamteh uh hi. Hih sumlut tawm gamte-ah Kawlgam zong
na kilim hel mahmah hi.
Asia Development Bank (ADB) te hong lametsakna ah Kawlgamin 2012 kum a kipan kumsim gamsung sumlut GDP 8% ta akhan det
leh 2030 teh sumlut laihawl gamte (middle income country) ah kihel
zo kha ding hi, cih ahi hi. Kawlgam mipi bup pan 30% khuapi ah
kiteengin, khuata lamah 70% kiteeng lai hi.
A thu-in cilehang, 1989 kum galkapten State Law and Order
Restoration Council (SLORC) min tawh hong uk a kipan market
economic system a kizang dan hihtuak hi. Ahi zongin makai lamte
siamna cinlohna, golhguk nekna (corruption) le gamdangte
khaktanna (sanctions) hangin (market economic system) a zang
gam dangte zahin kikhangto zolo hi. Ki kiamkiam zaw lai hi.
25
Gam haute a hauh semsem nading un a kisam thute in, khut
tawh nasepna pan set tawh nasepna, thatang tawh nasepna pan
khuak tawh nasepna, mihing hihna thuneihna (human rights), IT
pilnate na thupisak mahmah uh hi. Ki-ukna lamah pen democracy
mah hileh khantohna dingin muibun pen hi. Ahi zongin democracy
lampi a tot loh uh hangin Sen (China) gam bang suakta takin
sumzuak sumlei theihna (open market) leh sumzian ultun sumzonna
(capitalism) zangin a hauhna uh hong kah vanvan hi. Democracy
lampi zuih ding bel limgeel mahmah ta dan hi.
26
Hawmsiam Nungta Nebum Puksi
Khantohna tawh kisai muhna tuamtuam lakpan tangpi thumanna

ahihkeh hawmsiamna tawh khantohna (development as distributive
or social justice) thu ih sung dinghi. Tangpi thumanna ahihkeh
hawmsiamna tawh khantohna muhna ah zawnna khiap ding pen
thukin masak a hihi. Hawmsiam na cihmah bangin mizawng le
mihaute dinmun kikhaihna a kiam nading hahbawlna a hihi. Hih
khantohna muhna-ah gamkhat hauhna tehna a hi GDP, GNPte thupi
masa lozaw kik hi.
Sumlepai a ultun gamkhat ih hauhna tehna GDP, GNPte sangin
mipi bup nuntak khempeuh a huamkim khantoh khuasak khop
ngeingaina thupi masa hi. Banghang hiam cih leh a khangtosa gam
pawl khatkhat ah mihaute tehzawh loh phial mawkin hau napi, tua
gammah ah neek ding nangawn neilo-in a puk si ziahziah zong na
om theimawk hi. Gentehna-in, mipil Joseph Stiglitz muhkhiatnaah
USA gambup sumlut 25% pen mipi bup pan 1%te khut sungah om
cimawk hi.
UNDPte muhkhiatna ah leitung bup mi khempeuh lakpan 1% te
khut sungah leitungbup van manphaneih (global assets) 40% omin,
mi 2%te khutsungah 51% om a, mi 10% te khut sungah leitungbup
van manphaneih (global assets) 85% om ci mawkhi.Leitung bup
27
mihing khempeuh lakpan 50% in global assets 1% bek nei ci laihi.
Leitung bup a mihaupen 500te sumngah pen mizawng pen awn 416
(million 416) te sumngah sang tam zaw ci laihi. Tua a hihmanin
tangpi thumanna ahihkeh hawmsiamna tawh khantohna pen hong
deihhuai mahmah hi.
Mihaute hauhna le mizawngte zawnna a kikhaihna a kiam
semsem na dingin le hauhna, nopsaknate kikim takin hawmsiamna
tawh khantoh theih na dingin lampi, zialetong, dan nam tampi om a
tuate lakpan tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatna (social services) zong a
kizangthei pen nam khatin kihelhi. Tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatna (social
services) ten zawnna khiam (alleviate poverty) hi. Neihsa lamsate
hawmsawn kik thei hi (redistribution of wealth). A ki langlek tangpi
nuntaknate lemkik hi (reduce social inequities). Tua hihmanin tangpi
buaina (social problems) te kiamsak-in mipite cihtheina sangkhatin
hihtheihna zong khangtosak hi.
Tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatna (social services) ah a diakin sang
pilna (education), cidamna (health), tangpi nunna nopsakna (social
welfare), nuntak kivakna huhna (livelihood assistance) and tangpi
patauh venna (social security) te tawh a kizom sepkhiatnate thupi hi.
Thu khat ah a tung a kigelhsa tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatnate pen a
kisam taktakten a ngah theih nading, a zat ziauziauh (accessible)
theih na ding un muibun tak le kicing takin (effectively and
efficiently) a kisepkhiat ding kulhi.
Tua a hihmanin hih tangpi bulphuh na sepna a sem, a geelten
ka sepkhiatnaten a kisamte a bun takpi mah hiam? A kisap hun-in,
a kisapna ah zat ziahziah, baihtak-in a zat ziauhziauh theih dingin ka
nai om hiam (accessibility)?, cihte kidot det kulhi. Unite Nations
Economic and Social Comission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
ten tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatna ah a zuihloh pelmawh thu (3)
nakhung uhhi. (a) Tuntheih ziauhna Mun (locational accessibility),
(b) Kisap Hunin zattheihpahna (temporal accessibility) le (b)
Muibuntakin zattheihna (effective accessibility) cihte a hihi.
28
Tun theih ziau na Mun (locational accessibility) cihna-ah tangpi

huh sepkhiatna pen koimun, koikhua, koigamah kipia cih, mun le
gam kigamlatna hong thupi hi. Lai sinna sang, zato, kumpi zum cihte
pen khetawh tun theihna ah koih hamtang huai hi. Mipiomna tawh
kilometer (8) sang gamlak zawkloh ding thupi hi. Kawlgam a
university tamzawte bang gamlak ah kikoih-in, bus bek tawh kipai
thei a, a sap man lah tam, deih hunhunin pailo ta sawnsawnin, nisa
guahzu nuaiah hun le nai tampi bei-in kipai himawk hi. Kilawm hetlo
hi.
Kisap Hunin zattheihpahna (temporal accessibility) cihna-ah
nai bangzah sung mipite huhna piazo hiam? cih hongthupi zeel hi.
Zato, dammawh kilahna (clinic) munte mipite kisap hun-in
tuntheihpah, zattheih pah ding kisam hi. Tuate phadiak bang nisim
a hong uh hiam? Nai 24 sung a kiging den uh hiam? A kisamte kisap
mahmah hunin huhna a kipia khia mah hiam? NGOten khaici tuhhun
ma, a hun lap-in khaici hong hawm uh hiam? cihte limtak sitkul hi.
Muibuntak-in zattheihna (effective accessibility) cihna-ah hih
tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatnaten a kisamte kisap taktak a sepsak zo
hiam?, cih hong thupi dinghi. Gentehna-in, cina gim, bangmah ne zo
nawnlo, zatui bek tawh aki namtak khat cikhum le bawngnawi tawh
natveh sangin sum zawh zahzah tawh va vehna pen muibun nasepna
hi pah hi. Mei kisam mahmah khua khat-ah, ganhing khawiding va
hahbawlpih masak khakna cihte a omloh nang kidop huaihi.
Tangpi bulphuh Sepkhiatnate a Nawngkaisakte:
Hih a tung a pelmawh thu (3) te pen tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatnate
a ngahdingten a ngah ding zahin a ngah nanguh, a kisamten a kisap
hunin a zattheihnang ngaihsutna ah kal masa suan nading theihsak
kiauna hipan hi. A kicing zaw-in etbeh le hang, (1) Sumlepai
haksatna (economic barriers), (2) Amun, agam gamlatna
(geographical barriers), (3) Kiukna nawngkaisakna (administrative
barriers), (4) Mi kideidanna (social barriers), le (5) Gambuaina le
29
khuahunsiatna (conflict and disaster situations), cihte hi. (UNESCAP,
2002).
1. Sumlepai Haksatna: tangpi bulphuh sepkhiatnate-in
mizawng daipamte huh ding hinapi a kisam tuamtuam hangin
tua mizawngten zangtheihlo, phattuam pih zolo thei uhhi.
Sangpilna (education) a mawkna-in sinsak hang, laisimbu man,
suanglai man, laibu laikung man, tuition man, sangpuan man a
kipan lamsap na nangawn kisam thei hi. Tua kawmkalah,
naupang pawlkhat-in sang a kah uh sang, a pualam nasem leuh nulepate sumtawh a huhzo bang na omphial thei hi.
2. Amun amual Gamlatna: sang pawl khatkhat pen setbing lo
tawh tun zawhlohna, gunkuanglo tawh tun theihlohna mun ah
kikoihthei se hi. Khuakhung munsang pen ah zato kikoih leh gal
etleng a hoih teutau phial zongin cinate tung zolo ding uhhi.
3. Kiukna Nawngkaisakna: laitheilo, sangkah ngeilote kiang
zatui ngahtheih nang form dal (3) val bang a pha fill-up sak tadih
le hang ammang-in, zatui bang deihlo zo zaw phialmawk ding
uhhi. Innkuanlai, gammihihna card (INC), nausuahna lai (birth
certificate), hausapa thauhkhansa, letmat cih denkeite kidop
huaihi. Tua bangmahin hih sepkhiat na pen tangpi bup, mikim a
ding a hihlam a theihna dingun thu (information) zaksak,
theihsak kawikawi ding zong kulding hi.
4. Mi Kideidanna: RCte bek, AG suak masa ding, cihdan a kipan,
bang beh? bang minam? Galkap uliante tawh kimeltheihte
maipha ngah diak cih bangin deidan khak lohding thupi hi. Tua
bang mahin tan (10) peuhmah zo ham tang ding, numei naupang
kingahlo, ci-in laitheilote pampaihna neilo bek themlo-in a
pusuak khia zolo piteek puteekte, naupai numeite, cidamlote,
khelbai zawngkhalte nangawn a huam sepkhiatna hih ding thupi
hi.
30
5. Tualgal, gambuaina leh khuahunsiatnat: Hihte a tangpi
bulphuh nasepnate nawngkaisak bekthamlo-in, khaktan hi.
Kachin gamah tualgal a om man-in, mipite galtai-in lai sinman lo
uhhi. Nargis huihpi hangin sang tampi sia-in, ki suplawh, ki
zawnlawh, kisihlawh hi.
Hih tangpi bulphuh nasepnate limtak hanciamin hahbawlle
hang mihausaten suplawh tuan vanvan samlo, mizawngte zong
hauto semsem veve ding a hong nuam lingling peuhmah dinghi.
A sumtuan omlo win-win situation hongsuak dinghi. Hih thusim
a thei khinkhiante lakpan Bill Gate bangin a sumlepaite tawh mi
zawng mi cimawhte huhna phung (Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation) nei-in, mihuh kizen mahmah uhhi. Tua hilo-in,
sumlepai ngahna bek na ultun sakkha le hang, namlian le
namneu, mizawng le mihau, khuapi a omte le khuata a omte
kikal-ah ki galbawlna, ki hazatna, ki elna, ki thangpaihna hong
tamsemsem-in, huaihamna, angsung bek theihna tawh
hawmsiam loh manin a tawpnaah, nebum puksi cih dinmun
ki tung ding hi.
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Gamdang ah Sumzonna le Khantohna
Gamdang-ah nasem-in sum thalawhten a gam uh bang ci bangin

panpih kik zo hiam cih dotna pen mipilte lunglut mahmah uh thukhat
hi. 2001 Kum, September 11 ni World Trade Centre a kisuksiat khit
phetin, tua mi ngongtatte sulzuih dingin USA kumpi in a gam uh a
om gamdang mi nasemtethu, innlam ah sum a khak dan uh cihte a
neng a tawngin kan tiltel-in leizon pah uh hi. Sum kikhak dan azia
atongte kanin, a khak zahte uh zong ciapteh sak ciatciat uh hi. Hih
vai sepna hangin mi ngongtatte thu a theih beh zuahzuah sam loh
hangun, thuthak tampi hong mukhia uh hi. Gam dangah zin-in sum
thalawh leitung bupah mimal awn 200 (200 million) bang pha-in
tuate in a gam, a khuapihte uh bangzah ta-in huh zo mawk uh hiam,
cih hong mukhia thak uh hi. Hih muhkhiatna tungtawnin, gam
dangah sum thalawhna in, tangpi ading siatna piangsak lo bek tham
lo-in, kiphattuam pih mahmah hi, cih hong mukhia uh hi.
Gamdangah sum a va thalawhten naham tuamtuam semin a
ngah uh sumte innlam a khak uh summalte khempeuh gawm le hang
a khangtosa ni tumna gamten gamzawngte a piak uh huhna summal
phazah sang tamzaw hi, cimawk uh hi. World Bankte bawl sazianah, 2008 kumin gamdang ah sum thalawhte innlam khak sumin mak
328 (billion) pha-in, tua sumzah pen a hau gamten gam zawngte a
huhna uh summal mak 120te zahnih sang tamzaw mawk hi. India
gam bang ci le hang, gamdang ah sum thalawhte khakkik summal
32
mak 52 phazah pen, India gamah gamdang mite tuh summal
(Foreign Direct Investment) phazah sang tamzaw cimawk hi.
Leitung bupah gam dangah sum thalawhte sum khakkik
(overseas remittances) a tam ngah pen gamte-in India, Sen, Mexico
le Philippines gamte ahi uh hi. Philippines gammi bup pan 11% in
gamdang sum thalawh in zin mang uh hi. Gamsung sumlut GNP bup
lak pan 13.5% kim bang pen gamdang ah sumthalawhte (overseas
Filipino workers) zon sa hihtuak mawk hi. Tua ahih manin kumpiten
gam ading galhangte (heroes of the country) ci-in pahtawina
minpha pia uh hi. Khuahun siatna hangin dong tuak hun teh
gamdang a om mipihte khak sumte in thu hong nei mahmah hi.
Zogam ah zong innkang, mencim, kialtung, zusa lang cih bangin
dongtuah zeuhzeuh teh gamdang a om mipihte sum le pai tawh gal
huhnate in hong vai zangsak mahmah tuam hi. Zawnna khiapna
(poverty alleviation) ah zong kizang thei-in mihingte nuntakna hong
sangkhan to hi.
Gamdang ah na a vasemten sum le pai bek tham lo, a dang
lampi tuamtuam tawh a gam uh lim panpih zo mahmah uh hi.
UNDPten kumsim in a hawmkhiat uh Human Development Report
2008 ah gamdang ah zin-in sumzon ding thapia-in, hanthawn pha
mahmah hi. Gamdang ah zin-in sum zonna hangin, sum bek kingah
lo-in, a nuamzaw nuntakna, cidam kikepna, pilna siamnate zong
kingah beh ahi hi. Tua a kingah pilna siamnate tawh lam kiatna khua
le tui, gamte kihuh kik thei hi. Gam khantohna ding, ngaihsut piakna
hoih nono, hanthotna, lamlahna, gam ading thuthuk tuamtuam
kuppih kikthei mawk uh hi.
Tua ahih manin, Kawlgam kumpi U Thein Sein-in a nasep kipat
zawh a sawtlo-in, gamdang a om mipihte limtak hopih, lawmbawl-in
gam ading nasep khop ding zolbawl den hi. India mite zong gamdang
panin a gam uh khantoh theihnang vai haksa tampite ngaihsut na
hoih nono piakna tawh a kumpite uh panpih den uh hi. Tua ngaihsut
piaknate zong a India kumpi-in limtak thupilakin taksuah sak pahpah
uh hi. America leitang-ah om gam pawlkhat in zong, gamdang om
33
mipihte khak sum phazah tawh kikim linlian summalte kumpi in zong
lam tawhna, sang lamna-ah zatkhiat dingin kamciam pia pah ekek
uh hi.
Mipi makai Daw Aung San Suu Kyi mahmah zong kum (20) val
khitteh gamdang ah a zin masak pen penna Thai gamah, Kawlgam
mi sum thalawhte kiang va hawhin, thapiakna le vai lianpi honkhat
va vaansak hi. President Thein Sein zat mipil Winston Set Aung
(economic advisor president) in zong Kawlgam tawh kisai reasearch
tampi a bawlna tung tawnin gamdangah sum thalawhna pen hoih hi
ci-in thukim mahmah hi. Kumpite lampan gamdang ah sum thalawh
nuamte a huh zawh pah zuahzuah kei zongin passport vai a kipan
vai tuamtuam ah a manlang theipen vai hawmsakin nawng kaisak
loh ding thupi hi.
Thu hoihlo lam-in en ni ci le hang, hih bang mipihten i gam hong
nusia ziahziah mawk uh ahih manin brain drain cih, khuak
luankhiatna hong piang hi. Mipil, misiam tampi a kisum suak mawk
hi. Amaute a paikhiat nuam loh nadingun Pull factor cih kisam hi.
Gam sungah a om nop theihtheih nadingun kumpite mah makai-in
lawpsak, zolbawl kul hi. Tua hi lo-in, Push factor a kici, amaute
nawlkhin, pampaih, awngthong sak, gilkial dangtak sakin nehpik san
lehang, lonnona-ah hong taisan ding mah uh hi. Gamdang ah
sumzon nasepna pen tu ciangciang hoih hi, cih theih hi. Bang hun
ciang dong hong hoihsuak ding cih bel kam kisang ngam nailo hi. Tu
tadihin bel leitung bupah mipha zah lak pan 2% in gamdang ah
nasem hi, kici hi. Zomite zong kum 2000 khit pawl a kipan nitumna
gam lam-ah lampi tuamtuam tawh kitung ziahziah hi. Tua gamlam
manawh mipih honkhat gam nihna ah tamlai uh hi. Tua ahih manin
Zogam ah khangno ngumngek heupian cih phialmawk theih hi.
Hih vai-in a hoihna le a hoihlohna zong honkhat om ding hi. A
lungdamhuaina khat en le hang, The Bottom Billion laibu gelh, a pil
mahmah Paul Collier in gamzawngte awkna thang (trap) nam (4)
om cihi. (1) Tualgal (civil war), (2) Gamsung piang na manphate
hamsiatna (resource curse), (3) Gam veng hoihloteleitangumcip,
34
tuipi tawh kigamla gamte (landlock with neighbours), (4) Kumpi te
uksiamlohna (bad governance) cihte hi, cih gelhkhia hi. Tualgal a
pianna hang phadiakte lakah thu khat-in pilna neilo naupang tamna
hang, ci hi. Zomite haihang, pillo, ciimlo hihang cihna hilo zaw-in,
Kawlgam akipan Zogam phadiakah pilna hoih kingah zolo hi. I naute,
tate pilna hoih taktak i piakzawh keileh i gamah tualgal a piangpah
kei zongin, gamlumna tamin zawnna thang-ah ki-awkawk ding hi. Mi
zawngte zawng uh hi. Banghang hiam cihleh amau zawng uh ahih
man hi. (The poor are poor because they are poor) cih thang ah kiawk thei ding hi. Tun ahih leh, munnuam gamhoih, pilna siamna a
khauhpai mahmahna gamte-ah vatung thei-uh ahih manun
lungdamhuai mahmah hi. Ni dangteh amau zonsa sum le pai, amau
sinsa pilna siamna, a mau kansa thuthukte tawh i gam zunkik zo
dingin i lamen hi.
Tu tadih kiallap ngaihsut huai khat-in, gam le minam mailam
adingin gamdang atungsa i mipihten pilna mah kin belin nei-in,
sintheih tawpin hong sin, hong zon masak ding uh thupi ding hi. Tua
bek thamlo, sum le pai a va zongte hong khak sumte zong
inngakten zatsiam kul mahmah hi. Sawmah khat sumpi biakinn i tut
khitteh, uten khua-ul luangin a zonsa uh sumte nu le paten a naute
pilna zonna ah tuh, vawh beh kik leh hong hoihpen ding hi, cih
ngaihsun ing. Pasian le pilna tawh Zogam paallun sak ni.
35
Kibatlohna, Kikupkhopna le Khantohna
(Diversity, Dialogue and Development)
Leitung mun tuamtuam ah Pasian

nasep kipawlna lian khat ahi Youth
for Christ pan South-East Asia
Director pa Kawlgam hong zin khatin
Kawlgam a tumdanna, a tuamdan
diakna bang hi nasa hiam ci-in ka
dong kha hi. Amah in nambat khatna
ah mun khempeuh ah Buddhistte
pagoda om kawikawi sa ing.
Thunihna-ah Myanmar mi kua taktak hiam cih telhak sa ing,
pawlkhatte India minam meel pua, pawl khatte Sente peuh tawh
kisun, pawl khatte lah Philippineste le Malaysiate tawh a kisun
mahmah lah om sa ing, hong ci hi.
Ama genzah tak bilbel in Kawlgam pen pau le ham, meel le sa,
tun le tong, dan le zia, upna le biakna tuamtuam tampi tak kigawm
nianua, kihel zau, om khawm ziazua mah hi. Tuma kum (5) vallaiin Dr Simon Pau Khan En in a thugenna, lai-in ka simkik khak khatah kumzalom 21 ah Pasian nasemte phutkhak ding tonapi
(challenge) nih in- (1) globalization hi a, a (2) na-in biakna
tuamtuam kam kikup khopna hi, cihdan khat ka sim khangei hi. A
laimal tiktek ka mangngilh a, a thu pen tuadan khat ahi hi.
Tu hun-in ahih leh, Siapa genpen Kawlgam-ah tuate hong lim
thupit tektek ta hi. Biakna tuamtuamte kimu khawmin kam kikup
khopna (dialogue) pen makaite veipen le deihpen kammal hong hiin, a munmun ah hong lang mahmah hi. Tunung June, 2013 sungin
American Centrete vaihawmna tawh Yangon khua-a om biakna
tuamtuamte biakbuk ah ka hawh kawikawi uha, Muslimte mosque
ah a makai, lamlak siapipa hita leh, International Theravada Mission
36
University a, makaipa genna hita leh a kuakua-in biakna tuamtuam
makaite dialogue hih ding cihpen gen thithe uh hi.
Bang hang hiam cihleh Kawlgam pen a huam-in Buddhist gam
a hih zenzen hang, Christian, Muslim le Hindu zong a tawmlo
khatmah a ki-om veve himawk hi. Hih biaknateng kitel siamna,
kitheihsiamna om keileh Kawlgam pen sunkhat zankhat-in vut le vai
a suakthei lua himawk hi. Biakna paulam-in gamtuamtuam a om mi
gilo, mi ngongtatte nawkgawp, sukgawp zong kithuak kha thei hi.
Rakhine pan a hong piang kithahna, gamtatnate a kipan, Meikhtila,
Oakkan le Lashio khua lama thupiangte en le hang biakna tuamtuam
lampan
makaiten
kimuhkhop,
kam
kikupkhopte
nei-in,
ngongtatnate a ven mengmeng theihnang lampi hong zon
mengmeng dingpen seploh pelmawh ahihna kithei semsem hi.
United Nations ten May kha 21 ni pen ngeina kibanglote
kithukupkhopna le khantohna ni ci-in, na ciamteh uh hi. Tua ni-in a
kibang kilkel lo ngeina, biakna le pau le hamten koici bangin a
lemthei penin thu le la vaihawm khawm, nungta khawm thei ding
hiam cih, zuihhuai ngaihsut piakna nam (10) pulak khia uh hi. Tuate
enkhawm pak ni.
Ngeina tuamtuamte ngimngiat-in a kilak limlahna pawi (art

exhibition) le khanglui vante kepna inn (museum) ah hawh
in.
Na innvengte lak panin biakna dang (ahih keh) ngeina
dang ahi innkuan khat pongpong na innah anneek pihin la,
nuntakna tawh kisai na muhnate uh kihawmsawn un.
Ngeina dang le biakna dangte bawl movie a hihkeh laibu
kawm inla en-in, sim in.
Minam dangte na innah kihawh sak inla, na ngeina, na
dante uh gen in.
Nang minam le ngeina sungpan ahilo minam dang thuthuk
ngaihsun mipilte thu sim in. (Gentehna, Confucius,
Socrates, Avicenna, Ganesh, cihte).
37
Mai nipi sungin biakna dangte kikhopna ah va lengla inla,

a pawite uhah zong va kihel sin in.
Tuampian kimawlna (stereotypes game) kimawl-in. Na
tal tungah gam min kigelh laineng khat na lawmte belh sak
in (Nang bang gam cih en ken). Midangte kiang tua natala om gammite amau bang danin mu cih amau aituam
muhnate dong kawikawi-in. Amau gennate tungtawn-in na
tal tunga om gam min pen na genkhiat theihleh nang a zo
nahi hi.
Ngeina tuamtuamte dan le ziate kan in. Kawlte tuibuah
pawi, Islamte Ramadan, Sente kumthak cih bangte kan
in.
Facebook zangin na ngeinate leitung bup theihin pulak
kawikawi inla, midangte ngeina zong kan den in.
Ngeina dangte tumging le la te zong ngai zeel in... cih
bangteng ahi hi. Hih thu (10) lo, a dang septheih, zattheih
lampi nam tul val bang omlai hi. Hih thute pen zatpak
theihte ahi hi.
A tunga UNte ngaihsut piakna thu (10) te san haksa a sa lai, a

lipkhap upna le biakna, kisam a sa lua nailo mi, Zomi sung le Kawlmi
sungte ah dil tham ding hi. Theihna kibehlapna (knowledge) hong hi
photphot ding hi.
Kawlgam Nay Pyi Taw-ah a sawt nailo-in a kibawl leitung bup
sum le pai tawh kisai kikupna (World Economic Forum) ah Aung San
Suu Kyi le mipil honkhat in hih biakna le ngeina kibatloh nahangin a
piang thusiate a ven nadingin khat le khat kitheihsiamna le khat le
khat kizahtakna om limlim masa leh cih limgen pha diak uh hi. 2011
kumin mipilten, leitung bupah a uangpen kilem lohna, kibawlsiatna
(25) lakah (2) in gamkhat le gamkhat kikal hi-in, a dang (23) te pen
gamkhat, huangsung dai-sung khat-ah a piang kilemlohna,
kibawlsiatna le gamh tatna (violence) vive ahih lam hong mukhia
lailai uh hi. Kawlgam zong hih upna, biakna, ngeina kibatlohna
zatkhialhna hangin siatlawh, suplawhna ngen ah a awkawk kihi toto
ta hi.
38
Laigelh pa kei mahmah zong Christian, Pasian a um khat ka hi
hi. Ahi zongin biakna dangte pen langdo, langpan ding cih hituan
samlo hi. Totbawl, neubawl, kobawl-in, midangteupna, biakna le
ngeinate va simmawh sak ding hi lo hi. A kibang lo upnate uppih
zawh zenzen loh hang zahpih loh ding, zahtak sak ding ahi hi. Biakna,
ngeina kibanglote i kithuaksiam (religious tolerance, culture
tolerance) kul pelmawh hi. Tua hi keileh i gam pen biakna le upna
kibatlohnate puaklahna thang sungah awk-in siatna, supna, sihna
tawh zawn leh ngau-in hong ukcip den kha ding hi.
39
Kilemlohna le Khantohna
(Conflict and Development)
Rwanda, Uganda, Ghana, Mozambique,

Northern Ireland, South Korea le Singpore.
Argentina,
Chile,
Hih gamten bang kibatna nei-uh hiam? A sawt lua nailo-hun laiin, hih gamte in gamsung buaina, tualgal, kilemlohna, ki galbawlna,
gam vai-in gamlum gawpnate hangin lamet omlohna gamte ahihkeh
a kitambaih (fragile) gamte uh a hihi. A nungkik, a nungleh ding
gamte-in kiciamteh hi. Tun a hihleh, tua gamte vekpi phial-in
kilemlohnate nawkkhia zo-in, a dai hithiat mahmah gamte cih
dinmun tungto zo uhhi.
Ni dangin Malaysiate khut nuai-ah khua mengno kha a hi
Singapore-in gamkhangto pen khat hong suakta hi. South Korea gam
zong setvan bawlna lamah ngalkuahang mah abang hi ta-in,
Norththern Ireland zong bomb puakkhap ding patauh sang, sumlepai
bawlna tawh buaizaw uhhi. Mi tampi-in Uganda gam siatna pan kilam
kikna dingin khang tampi mah sawt dinghi, Rwanda gamzong minam
khatlekhat kithahna pan kum tampi mah hun la-in kipuah kik kul
ding cih a ngaihsut uh hangin tua gamte a manlang takin ki lamto
mengmengin khantoh suak nading a hanciam kik hi zaw ta uh hi.
40
Hih gamten bang a cihuh leh hong khangto kik-in, a dang
kilemlo gamten bang hihkhial uh hiam? cih pen a lunglut huai
mahmah thu hong suak hi.
Hih dotna tawh kisai a kan dingin World Bankten July kha 2009
kum-in mipil honkhat Africa, Europe, Latin America, Asia nisuahna
saklam a om gamte, Pacific gamte, Afaghanistan gam le Nepal gamte
ah kumnih sung bang khahkhia in kilemlohna, patauh venna le
khantohna thu va kansak uhhi. A muhna uh thu kicing takin a thei
nuamten World Bankte hawm World Development Report (2011) ah
kisim theih hi.
Tua laibu sungah World Bankte thupit sak diakin, Mipite patauh
venna (security) nei sakin, thuman lohnate (injustice) puahpha-in,
nasep (jobs) te zonsak theih na dingin hanciam huai masa pen hi.
Ki-uksiamna le ki-ukna innpite tak suah sak-in (institution
legitimate)a khauhpai ding kul dinghi. Hih mipite kisap nate kinbawl
kha kei le hang gamsung buaina, kilemlohnate om tawntung dinghi,
cihhi.
Tua bek thamlo, gamsung ah ngongtatna (violence) om loh na
dingin a thupi pen mahmah khatin, mipiten thu manlohna (injustice),
diklohna (unfairness) le nawlkhin pampaihna (exclusion) cihte tawh
kisai muhna (perception) a neihloh nading uh thupi hi. ..kei hong
ki nelhsiah, nawlkhin, pampaih, simmawh pha diak. cih bang
ngaihsutnate mipite sungah omloh ding thupi dinghi. Thumanna
(justice) le dikna (fairness) ngah na dingin thu khensatna panmun
(rule of law) hong thupi dinghi.
Tua ahih manin, gamkhat kilemna a om theih an dingin, all
inclusive cih mikhem peuh kihel theih sak ding hong thupi hi.
Kawlgam zawnna a hang zong kilemlohna pan hi a, gam vai nasepna
ah kihelkimna ih kisam hi. Tua ahih manin, U Thein Sein le Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi in zong, kibatlohna te nawlkhin-in, kibatnate
tungah dingin (common ground) na semkhawm ni, cih thukimna
hong nei uhhi. Gamvai a kiman mite zong kikhah khia toto ta hi.
41
Aung San Suu Kyi-in zong a thugenna-ah U Thein Sein um ing,
kawlgam ah democracy a hat na dingin galkapte lawptakin kihelna
thupi hi, mah ci tangtang hi.
Tu ta dihin thukin huai mahmah khat-in galkapte le gam minam
neu tuamtuamte kilem ding hita hi. all inclusive cihmah bangin
galkapte, kumpite leh partyte (NLD phadiak a kipan) a ki thutuah
ngeingai phial uhhang, gam sung a om minam (ethnic) tuamtuamte
hong thusim kei uhleh cik mahin ih gam ah kilemna om ngeilo-in, ih
gam khangto ngeilo ding hi. Kawlgam a dingin Rakhine le Kachin
vaite ah thuman takle pilvang takin hong van dinguh thukin a hihi.
2012 kum ai Gam Kisiatheite Kigualhna (Failed States Index)
ah Kawlgam pen a tunglam nambat (21) na-ah kiom teutau lai-in
etcik laiding (critical) cihtawh kiciamteh hi.
September Kha 21, nipen Leitung bup Kilemna Ni (World Peace
Day) hi-in, ih gam sungah kilemna taktak tu dong ih nei naikei hi. Ih
gam sungah kilemna taktak kumpiten a deihleh, Kawl mite le minam
dang tuamtuamte kikal ah injustice, unfairness, exclusion cihte a
neihloh dinguh thupi hi. Hihte a om keileh, kitot kidona om denin
gamdang sumbawlten hong nehngam lo dinguh a, gamsung
sumbawlten lah noptak gamta thei lo dinghi. Gammi tampitak galtaiin tuatawh ki nitum den dinghi.
Thant Myint-U (UNO a secreatary semngei U Thant tupa) gelh
The River of Lost Footsteps (kawllai-in kilet khin) laibu sungah,
Kawlgam tualgal pen leitung bupah a sawtpen ki dona hi-in,
Kawlgamah suahtakna a kingah khit a kipan tu dongmah dan
tuamtuamin ki dona omom lai hi. Kawlgam pen tudong mah Galpi II
na a om laina gam kici theihi . . . . tualgal hangin mi awn khat bang
sikhin dinghi. Mi awn tampi galtai uhin, sumbawlnate kiam mahmah
a . ci-in na gelhhi.
42
Kilemna (peace) omlohna ah khantohna (development) om
theilo hi. Kilemna ngahtheih nading lampi tuamtuam om a, Kawlgam
kilemna ding kikup huai honpi khat mah omhi. Hih thului-ah tuate
sang, ih kilemlohna hangin a kisumte, a ki beilawh, zawnlawhnate ih
kikum dinghi.
Kidona, kilemlohna om leh gamsung sumpiangteng thauvui
thautang leina in kizangin gam zawng semsem hi. Gentehna-in, M16
thau khat-in $586 man hi. Dollar 586 tawh a nuai-ate kilei theihi.
Kialtun na-ah an neek 1, 503 kivak zohi.
Tuikhuk siangtho 1 ki nei zohi.
Khangham khua munawnlo mi 18te khuamuh kik nading
kibawlsak thei hi.
Galtai mi 167te zattheih puanzapi (blanket) ki leisak zo hi.
Galtaiten puanza puaman tangtang lo uhhi.
Thopuan 63 kilei zo dinghi. Kumsim mi awn 2 (2 million)
ngetphia natna (malaria) tawh si ziahziah denhi.
A
tamzaw pen kum 5 nuai naupangte hi.
Naupang 18te natna pan ki kemcingthei hi. Naupang khat
a sisak ziau thei natna gil 6 (diphtheria, whooping cough,
measles, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis) pan kikem zo dinghi.
A gah nektheih singkung kung 63 ki suanzo dinghi. Singah
in pumpi cidam sakin a zawngte ading an himawk hi.
Ngasa siahna ngen (net) 52 kilei zo dinghi. Naupangno
khat, nupi khat hih ngen pia lecin, a innkuan bup nek ding
an zong zo uhhi.
Ak 21 kilei zo hi. Aktui pan protein kingah a zatui hipah hi.
Ak thumte tuite gawm lehang innkuan khat vakzo hi. Akno
zong kingah lai dinghi.
Cidamna tawh kisai nasemte a ding tentan (training) 52
vei kibawl zo hi. Hih tentanten cidam na ding kikep
kikhoina ciang hih thei-in Siavuan omlohnate bangah
kizang thei mahmah hi.
43
Sang naupang 15 te sang sabuai le sangvan kisamte ki
leisak zo hi. Sabuai khatta, laibu, khedan le ball pente
kileisak zohi.
Naupang no lamsiau theilote ading peinei leng
(wheelchair) 2 kilei zo hi. Wheelchair tawh suakta takin
sangkah thei uhhi.
Tui sitna (water filter) 52 kilei zo hi. Tui sitna neihloh
manin, natna lungno tampi om tui mah nisim a dawndawn
mi tampi om laihi.
Setbing (bicycles) 9 kilei zo hi. Naupangte nisim sangkah
thei pah dinghi.
Tuinek siangtho ngah theih na dingin Chlorine tablets 58,
600 kilei zo dinghi.
Kilem kei le hang Pasian longal midang, gam dang a dah lua
taktak om khollo hi. Gam tuamtuamten ih kilem lohna pan meetna
a ngahna dingun hong encik simden uh a hihi. A tunga kigelh
suplawhnate pen supna tam pi lakpan tawmkhatbek ahih lam ih
theihkim teksa a hihi. Muhtheihloh supna-ah ki-itna, kimuan na,
kithutuahna, lungnopnate kisum hi. A sih lawhte, a khate-uh
pammaih danbel gen theihloh hi.
Tua ahih manin, Topa aw, ka gam uh hong cidam sakin (Lord
heal our land) ci-in, Pasian tokhom mai-ah ih thumthum ding a hihi.
AKTA MANG KUAN KI TUTU,

KILEMNA OM KEILEH
KIAMSUKNA, MAN THANNA
PIANG.
44
Tangpi Khantohnading
(Towards Social development)
Tuni dong mah Zogam thu mi namdangte in hong kidot ciangin

a nungta Pasian a bia gam le Kawlgam ah a zawng pen gam i hih lam
ka zom pahpah kha hi. Pasian bia gam dingin bang hang zawngpen
cih zong ngaihsut huaikhat hi. 2010 khit kumpi thak i neih khitteh
gamtawng lamah tangpi nasemte khasum kumpi in a zah nihin khan
a, i gamah zong nuamtuam kisa, kitheituam mahmah hi. Tua bek
tham lo gamdang ah tun, a teeng kitam semsem ta-in, gamdang pan
sumlut khauhpai zaw semsem ta hi. Ahi zongin hih dinmunte pen
nidang tawh i tehkakna-in nuntakna nuamtuam zawbek hi a,
midangte tawh kiteh kak lehang bangmah kihitham nai hiaulo hi.
Leitung muntuamtuam a kithehthang Zomiten i gam, mipihte
huh, puahin zuun ding thu kilim gen mahmah, kivei semsemta a,
lungdam huai mahmah hi. Tua ahih manin i gam koici puah ding i
hiam, cih pen phatakin ngaihsut huai hi. Professor Hans Rosling
thugente bulphuhin Zomite khantoh theih nadingin thu pawlkhat
kong sung ding hi. Amah pen zato siavuan khat lah hi-in, Africa
gamah kum 20 val teengin khantohna tawh kisai thugil tampi a
kankhia, a mukhia ngiat mipil mahmah khat hi. Tu laitak zong Bill
Gate tawh kithuah-in zawnna ngaunate a dokhawm khat hi. Ama
gen pawlkhat bulphuh kawmsa le Zogam ah thugil kanna (research)
45
bawlna vai-in ka zin zeelna pan ka theihkhak thute kong sung nuam
hi.
Thu khatna-ah, zawnna nungngatin i khantoh theih nadingin
setkhuak siamna ci ding i hiam, technology cih hong thupi mahmah
hi. Technology i cihteh laithei loteng computer tawisak ni cihna hipah
sam lo-in, i gam a piang mehteh mehgah, singggahte zatsiam,
kepsiam, bawlsiam nading cihna lam hizaw hi. Gentehna-in, Zogam
ah ka zinsim ka zak theihzeel khatah huan le lo pan a piang sahawk,
lenggah, singgah tuamtuamte a minteh nek manman ne, zuak
manman zuak cih himawkin a kine manlo, a kizuakman lo, a
kikhawng pahlote hun tomno sungin a muat hiziau mawk hi. Tuate a
muat pah lohnang, hun sawtpi kemin sum asuah nading pilna kinei
lo hi. Tua munah i technology cih kisam mahmah hi.
Vaimim ciang nangawn zong tudong mah sum mah tawh a kisusu
hi lai hi. Tua mun ah mihing thatang bei lo-in mihing tha tawh nibup
a kisemte settha tawh minute 10 in a kizo thei lua ta hi. Set tawh
nasem theile hang kum 70, 80 a phasa pitek putekte nangawn in
olno takin na tampi a sem thei lai uh suak hi. Mi khempeuh mannei,
kizang thei ding hihang. Zogam ah a kigen thei zeel mahmah thu
khat in, i gamah vaimin bek tuh thapai lo-in gam-le-lei tawh a kilem,
a kisuan thei, sumsuak thei ding adang khaici hoih nono bangteng
om hiam cih gam tuamtuam a om mipihten hong zonsak zo leh cih
pen hong thupi simsim hi.
Thu nihna ah, van zuakna phual (market) zong i zon kul hi. Zong
ding i hiam ahih keh bawltawm in mi kizuan sak ding i hiam cih khat
hi ding hi. Ih Zogam ah tu laitak lenggah, zawngtah, elephant food
yam (kawllai - wahuh) cihte mun dang pan broker (pwesar) ten hong
tan zeel uh hi. Hi theileh ei-ngiat in pwesarte kullo in van zuakna
phual ngiat ah direct in vazuak theile hang sum meet tampi kingah
beh ding hi.
Tua ahih leh market i cih vanzuakna phual dong i vante a tun
theihna dingin bangteng kisam hiam?
46
1. Sang pilna (school) kisam hi. Laisim theilo, ganan tuat theilo
khat in van manpha tampi a nei zongin zatsiam theilo ding hi.
Tua ahih manin sum le pai i deih mahmah ta zongin pilna a
hiciang khatmah i zonkul ding hi (ahihkeh) pilna zontheih nading
i panpih kul hi.
2. Mi khat in bangzah ta-in pil-in a siamta zongin cidam keileh
bangmah kisem thei tuanlo hi. Innkuan sungah tate cina-in ngap
keileh nulepa, innkuan pihten a pualam bangmah semthei lohi.
I gamah cidamna lam kikepna pen nanglua mahmah ahih lam i
theih ciatsa hi. Hi theileh Tedim bangah basic nurse aid training
ciang peuhmah nei thei-in, Zogam a om khuakim pan khuamite
ngiat teel-in tuate training pia zo lehang, kumpiten a khuakhua
ah siavuan siamah hong puak zokei phial zongun tampi phatuam
veve ding hi.
3. I gam pen mualkuam, kenkawm ah om ahih manin
infrastructure lam zong kinhuai mahmah hi. I huan le lote pan a
piang mehteh mehgahte mundang khua dangah pua-in i zuak
theih nang lampi hoih kisam mahmah hi. A lungdam huai
mahmah khatah tu laitak i gamah leito set i cih bulldozer a nei
ki-om liplip ta ahih manin, khua kim ciatin ko khua-ah motor a
tun mateng, saikel banghun banghun a tun ziauhziauh theih
mateng cih i hanciam lai ding hi. Khua om khempeuh i kizop sak
ngeingai loh in pianglo ding hi.
4. Sumbul leitawi theih (credit) zatpak theih ding zong i neih huai
hi. Vai tampi ah nasep i kipat nop hangin sumbul nei kei lehang
kitang thei mahmah lo hi. A meet tamlua lak loh (zong lalo phial),
sumbul zattheih nang vaihawm huai mahmah hi. Yangon
khuasung lamgei ah Rakhine an zuak numei khat a sai kipat dan
ka dot leh amah zong a tungin sum neilo pimah, sai hon zawh
nadng Rakhine Associationte kiang sum na kileitawi theidan hi.
Kawlgam sum 150, 000 ks leitawi khitteh sai neu khat a kipat
leh kha 2 sungin loh kikzo-in amah le amah sai nei nu suakziau
mawk hi. Ei kiangah zong a dan hoihtak in hihsiam lehang hih
47
sumbul leitawina tawh nasep a kipan nuamten tampi mah
nuamtuam lawh ding hi.
5. Hih teng i neih khitteh a thupi laikhat ah thu le la kizakna
(information) zong thupi mahmah hi. Eimite pen thu-ip sim
khawng kiva mahmah hihang. I mipih sapihte noptuam nading
ahih leh kipan pihin kitheihsak ding thupi ding hi. Koilai munah
bang om, kuaten bang deih in, bang kizuak thei cih a kipan
kitheihsak zawhnang hanciam kul hi.
Tu laitak Zomi Radio neih zawh nading i hanciam laitak hi-in, i
neihzawh teh thuhoih lahoih tampi, thuthang tuamtuamte i kizaksak
kul hi. Khantohna tawh kisai a kantelten thu le la kihopsawnna pen
mihing thapia-in thuneihsakna (human empowerment) hoih
mahmah khat in a ciapteh uh ahi hi. I minam, i gam puahin, lapsang
nadingin hih a tunga te hihtheih zahin hanciam lehang tampi mah
kithei hanhan dingin ka lamen hi.
48
Khanna, Khantohna le Kiginna
(Growth, Development and Readiness)
(Photo credit: Thor Thorn)
Khanna (growth) le khantohna (development) pen a thudan

luangkhawm litlet leh kilawm mahmah napin, a khiatna taktak
kibang lo hi. Gam khat adingin khanna cih pen nasep (job) tamzaw,
gamdang mite sum bawlna khauhpai semsem cihna hi-in, tangpi
adingin na khempeuh kibangbang lel, nuntakna kilamdanna om tuan
hiaulohna zong hi thei lel hi. Tua nasep tamna, gamdang mite
sumtuhna (investment) tamnaten tangpite ading teelkhuan tamsak
tuan (increase choices), khuasakna khantuanlo-in tangpite siamnate
tawsawn tuan kei henla sepngei teng mah semsem, semtheihte bek
sem thei suak leng tua pen khanna hipong-in khantohna hilo hi.
Khantohna ah kiamna nangawn a om thei lua hi. Innkuan tawh
kigenteh le hang inntekte agen siasia lengla atam ziazua sang,
kuamah hong hawh khollo dingin innkuanteng nui khawm lingling
leng tua zong khantohna hipah hi. Gamdang miten nasepna zum
tampi hong hon teh kikhangto pah ding cih kamciam om tuan
peuhmah lo hi. I neihsa leisung sumpiangte, singkung lopate amau
angsung meetna bek dingin a zung pan hong lotkhiat sak dikdek ding
mi namdangte i gamah phual hong sa-in ei innteek te niangtui man
ciang peuh tawh hong khem uh sangin, i lo le gam hoh hong thei kha
vet keizaw mai le uh kikhasia lo ding cih dan hi.
49
Khanna omlo-in khantohna om thei in, khantohna-ah khanna
zong kul masa pelmawh lo hi. Tua ahih manin khanna (growth) pen
a phazah (quantity) tawh kisai phadiakin khantohna (development)
pen a muibun taktakna (quality) tawh kizawi tawn pha diak hi.
Project tam keei pong, plan a hon amangin suai den cihte zong
lungdam huai tuan lo hi.
I Kawlgam ah gam tuamtuam le a diakdiakin Sen gam lampan
project hong bawl uh hon khatte etsak le hang nasia thei mahmah
napi, Kawlgam mi, tangpi phattuam nang a om meel lo nasep, na dil
mahmah thei hi. Myitsone dam project bang etsak pak lehang,
meitha a kingah zah 90% pen amau gam lamah puak ding hiziau
mawkin, a mun, a gam, a khua a suplawh pen Kawlgam mite hong
hilel hi. Tua project adingin nasem nangawn Kawlgam mi tam kholloin amau Sente tengmahin nasep ngah hi lai hi. I theihloh tuadan
project zong tamtuak mahmah lai hi.
Hlutdaw chairman U Thura Shwe Man le Dr U Myintten a
thugenna uhleh a laigelhna te uhah a kisemsa projectte enpha kikin
tangpi ading phattuamna a om ding hiam cih sittel huai hi cih hahgen
mahmah uh hi. Tulian laitak, Kawlgam ah sumbawl nuam, sum
tuhnuamten Kawlgam Foreign Direct Investment law le zuih ding
thugil (rules and regulations) a lunglut mahmah laitak uh hi. Hon
khat zong ong lutlut khin uhin, hong lut lai ding zong honkhat mah
om hi. Tua hun ciangin, amau nasepna-in khanna bek omsak pongin
khantohna a piangsak mahhiam cih sittel huai mahmah hi.
Thu khat leuleuah, khantohna ading nasepnate-ah tangpi-in i
hamphat nopleh ei mahmah zong i kigin kul hi. Pilna siamna i na neih
limlim phot ding kisam hi. Tu hunteh Manglai simtheih, pautheih,
gelhtheihna ciang bek hi nawnlo-in Internet, English le IT hong
hita mawk hi. A tawm penpen tuate i siam limlim keileh nasep hong
kipiak nop, khasum hoih, za hoih hong ki-ap nop hang hong lem tuan
peuhmah lo ding hi.
50
Dr Nay Win Maung (Egress) gendan cilehang pilna siamna i neih
kholh keileh i gamah zum tampi, company tampi gamdang miten
hong hon uh hangin, ei Kawlgam mite adingin sawl tangzang nasep
(general worker) leh kongkhak ngak, gate cing (security guard) peuh
bek i septheih hong suak lel mawk ding ci hi. Asean gamsungteng
suakta takin van zuakna (Asean Free Trade Area) cih bang limtak
hong kisem hileh pilna siamna i neih kei leh ei gam sungah gamdang
mite sila peuh kisuak thei lel ding hi.
Tuhun teh mikang, mivom a kuakua tawh liangko kikimin na i
sepnop, i kidem nop leh siamna theihna nihta bang i kop ding kisam
ta hi. Mikanglai bek, computer bek, accountancy bek cih bangin
namkhat bek pumsiam hi nawnlo-in, Mikang lai (TOEFL,IELTS) le
LCCI, Manglai le Senlai, Senlai le IT, IT le LCCI, LCCI le mikang lai
cih danin namnihta helh dimdiamin i siam mahmah kul hi. Tua lo-in
midangte kidem zolo ding hi.
Tua bang khat mahin ei Zomite phadiak bang gam le vai huihnun
dan hong kikhel mahmahin, gamvai (politics) ah zong suak tatakin
kihel theih hun hong tung ahihmanin midangte ukna nuai,
zawhthawhna nuai, nopnehna nuaiah i ki pekpek nop kei a leh
Political Science pilnate zong sang kician mah-ah limtakin sinhuai
mahmah ta hi. Tua hi keileh tu mahmah zongin hong kinopnehna
tam mahmah ta hi. Tuhun pen thatang tawh kidemna, thatang
vangneihna hard power hun hi nawnlo-in, pil kiukiauna, ciim
khinkhian na, khuak taina smart power hun hita hi.
Hunhoih hunpha (opportunity) cih pen hong pai thithe lo hi.
Mitphiat kalin mangziau thei-in, khatkhatte kum (20) bang kingak
kik thei hi. Khatkhatte lah khatvei zong hong kuadawk nawnlo thei
lai hi. Khanna le khantohna khen siamin, hun hoihte adingin pilvang
takin kigin siamni.
51
Gammite Nopsakna Tehna
Gross National Happiness(GNH)
United
Kingdomte
Prime
Minister
David
Cameroon
in
Gammite ip sungah sum a lut
theih nang bang cih ding, cih ciang
bek ngaihsun lo-in amau lungtang
ah nuamna i puak zawh nang zong
ngaihsut huai hi, ci-in na gen ngei
hi.
France te Prime Minster a sem ngei Sarkozy in zong gamkhat
khantohna i teh ciang gambup sum lutna ahi GDP, GNP bekbek zat
kicing lo hi. Mipiten nuam a sa uh hiam, a lung uh a tai hiam, cihte
zong kinhuai hi, na ci hi. Mipil lam pan Nobel pahtawina a ngah
Joseph Stiglitz le Amartya Sen cihte pen hih gammite nopsakna
tehna ah kihel phadiak uh hi. Sumhau mahmah gamte-in lungkham,
lungzinna tam nei lua uh ahih man-in hih thu lim gen mahmah ta-uh
hi.
Hih GNH thu sakhi tuinek pan pan hile hang, Bhutan gam
kumpi
King Jigme Singye Wangchuch in 1972 in a patkhiat
ngaihsutna ahi hi. Ama` deihna bulpi, GNH omna a hang bulpi in
gammite nuntak nopsakna taktak (quality of life) et nang hi-in, sumle-pai bek tawh kiteh tha- paihna kicing salo hi. Sum-le-pai
khantohna le lungsim cidamna a tonkhop keileh khantohna taktak
hilo hi. Mihingte nuntakna-ah thupi pen-in hauhna hi masa lo zawin cidam nopsakna hi zaw hi, cih ahi hi.
Adang deihna khat-ah hih GNH pen biakna (Kha mitna) tawh
zong na ki zom hi. Bhutan gam phadiak pen Buddhist gamah a
khauhpai pawl hi-in, biakna mi lehang lungnopna om hi, cih zong a
lahnop man ahi hi. Zogam, Zomite zong a nungta Pasian um
Chrisitan i hih man-in sum-le-pai lam-ah a zawng pente i hihhang,
Pasian i -upna hangin nopsak lungnopna lam i khangto cih lunglut
52
huai kasa mahmah hi. Lem leh bang Zogam ngiatah hih thu kantelna
(research) sephuai kasa hi.
GNH tehna piciang sungah a thupi pen a ki-en thu 9 om hi. Tua
teng zangin gam tuamtuam kiteh thei hi. GNH a piangsak tua khuam
(9) te en dih ni.
1. Lungsim Cidamna (Psychological well-being)
Nuntakna vaite khempeuh ah lungkimna, nuntak limlim nopsak
na, cih hingiat mai hi. Tangpi bup-in nuamsa in a lungnop nang
uh thupi ahih man-in kumpite mahmah in zong mipite` lungnop
nading policy ngiat geel-in sepsak huai hi. Myanmar President
U Thein Sein in zong Kineihsiam Kipawlna (Myanmar Motion) te
tawh a kimuhna khat-ah, gammite`n a lungnop nang uh no
zong hong hanciam un ci-in, GNH kammal na zang ngei hi.
2. Hunzatna (Time Use)
Gammiten a hunte uh bangci zat, cih thu hi. Nikhat nai 24 sung
a zat uh hunte nop a sa mah uh hiam? Lungkim mah hiam?,
cihna hi-in, thu dangkhat ah ei upmawh ahi ni bup na pumsep,
sem tantan cih namte hilo leuleu hi. Sumlut nading nasep hun
om kul a, lungnop nading zong hun lak veve kul hi. Gentehna,
movie en, la ngai, lamsiau, kimawl, tuipek cihte zong sumlut a
om loh zenzen hang a manpha mahmah hunzatna hi.
0
3. Veng-le-Pam tawh kizop kisawhna (Community Vitality)
Inn vengte, inn nuaite cih bang, veng-le-pam tawh kizopna-ah
nuam a sa mah uh hiam? A kihawh, kiho tangtang uh hiam?
Patauh huaina a tam lua hiam? Khat le khat kimuanna,
kimaingapna, kipahpihna cihte en-in tehna ahi hi.
4. Ngeina tuamtuamte le Kithuakzawhna (Cultural Diversity and
Resilience)
Suahpih paute mah kizang tangtang lai hiam?, cih a kipan paule-ham, ngeina tuamtuamte kepsiamna hi-in ngeina kibang lo,
pau kilamdang, zia-le-tong tuamtuam omte om khawm liailiai
53
theihna, khat-le-khat kilamdannate kithuakzawh siamna, kitel
siamnate zong ki-en hi.
5. Cidamna (Health)
Cidamna a ki-et teh, gammi bup cidamna dinmun, cidam
kikepna zia cihte a kipan, mi bangzah khut cinglo khe cinglo,
pumpi cinglo om-in, mipite a pumpi thaulua (obesity) cih bang
om hiam cihte nangawn zong ki-en hi. Tua bek thamlo, HIV a
kipan natna lauhuai tuamtuam tawh kisai mipite` thutheihna
zong ki-en in, cina kibawlna zato phazahte zong ki-en hi.
6. Sang pilna (Education)
Mipite pilna dinmun, siamna, theihna, kivakna, picinna, gammi
hoih suahnate thupi hi. Mi bangzah laivuan ong, degree ngah
cih ciang bek hilo-in, a sinsa lai-le-thute a zang thei kik takpi
mah uh hiam? A kinuntak pih hiam? Tangpi ading phattuamna
om hiam?, cihte ki-en hi.
7. Kim-le-Pam kepcingna le Nuntakkhopna (Ecological Diversity
and Resilience)
Gamsung singkung lopa kepna, gamsale-ganhingte kepnate
etcianna hi-in, tua singkung lopa kepna hangin khuahun
hoihnate ki-en hi.
8. Nuntak Khuasakna Dinmun (Living Standard)
Nuntak khuasak na dinmun et teh, sum lut kicing tak-in neihna
zong kihel pah hi. Mi khat-ai sumlut, innkuan khat-ai sumlut
kicinnate le adang kisam thupi ahi omna inn-le-lo neihna, neekle-dawn patauh lohna cihte a kipan, pawi tuamtuam kibawl teh
kihel zo hiam?, puansilh nikten kisap teh leizo hiam? Inn kisia
leh puakzo hiam?, cihte ki-en hi.
9.
Ki-ukna Hoih (Good Governance)
Ki-ukna hoih etna ah kumpite` ukdan mipite` muhna kisitna hiin, ukdan siamna, deihsakna, bun tak-in septheihna, kineih
54
khemna omlo muanhuainate thupi mahmah hi. Tua bek thamlo,
mihingte thu neihtheihna (human rights) om mah hiam?, kiukna ah a dawldawl a om uliante makaih siam mah hiam? Thusit
zumte a thuman mah hiam? Gamtatsiatna (corruption) a
uanglua hiam? Mipite kitangsap bulpite a kipia hiam?, cihte kien hi.
Reference:
Ura,K. (2008). Gross national happiness.
http://grossnationalhappiness.com/gnhindex/
intruductiionGNH.aspx
http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/9domains/psychological-well-being/
Picture credit:TIME magazine
55
Zogam Khuapi Suahsak na
(Urbanizing Zoland)
A phazah kician taktak lian ka theihloh hang i Zogam Tedim khua

ki-ukna sungah khua nonoteng kigawm siang leh 80 val pha-in,
Tongzang ahih leh 30 val dingin ka tuat hi. Tua sang tamzaw tham
ding hi. Cikha lam bel tuatthei keng. Tua khuate lakah ka neu lai-a
kipan nung kum ciang dong dong ka zin teng gawm leng 18
ciangbang pha khinta hi. Ka zin kawikawina lak-ah lamdangsa-in ka
dot kiaukiau det khat-in bang hang peuhmah in khua omnate tawng
mahmah, gamla, mualkawm, kenkawm suanglak ah kiteeng hiam cih
thu hi. Khua tam, mi tawm, sum omlo cih hi mawk hi. Leitang hoih
ci-in hong genuh khua om lualo hi.
Tua ahih leh bang hangin hih zahta-in kithehthang ziazua i hiam
cih ka dot leh, khanglui i pu-le-pate kilem lo, kitawng, kinuak, kido,
gal lau, galtai, cih thute hang hi pipen hi. Hih kilemlohna thu gen ta
dih ding bel hikei-in, Zogam khantoh nading lam tampi tak sung pan
ka ngaihsutteh hih ki thehthang ziazua khua neuneute limtak
geelsiam-in gawmkhawm theileng cih hi mai hi. Tua hih zole hang
phatuamna, hamphatna tampitak hong om kha dingin ka lamen hi.
1. Khua nonoteng khawmthei-in, milip limlim hong tam semsem
leh sumbawlna phual (market) hong zai zaw ding hi. Sumzuak
sumleina (trade) hong khauhpai semsem ding hi. Inn 40 a pha
khua 4 kigawm leh inn 150 val hong pha ek dinga, huan pan
piang mehteh mehgah ciang nangawn a kipan kizuak kileina
56
hong khang semsem ding hi. Sumbuk zong hong tam thei ding
hi. Tua lo sumbawl theih nading lampi tampi om lai-in teh.
2. Kumpi lampan, ki-ukna tawh kisai hamphatna kingah beh ding
hi. Khua neuneu (village) teng gawmkhawng thei lehang khuapimeng (sub-town) khat hongsuak-in, khuano neu khat ngahtheih
hamphatna pan khuapi-neu khat ngahtheih hamphatnate kingah
beh ding hi. Gentehna-in, milip hong tam limlim leh lampi, lei,
pilna sang, zato, siavuan siamah cih bangin mipi phazah tawh
kituat, khua dinmun ciangtanna tawh kituak a kipia hamphatnate
hong nawh zaw deuh ding hi.
3. Gam tuamtuam pan huhna hong lutdan lemin, honlut, honzat
theih hong om zaw ding hi. NGO zumte mahmah zong khua
dinmun tawh kizui-in a kitusak hi-in i khua-ah mipi hong tam-in
khuano pan khuapi-meng, khuapi meng pan khuapi suakto
mawk lehang amau zong tua tawh kituak zum le huhnate hong
pia thei pah ding uh hi. Gamdang tungsa i mipihte mahmah in
zong khua-le-tui khantohna ding hong panpihnate-uh kigawm
khawm theileh vai lianpipi, na lianpipi kizo khia dingin ka lamen
hi.
A dang hamphatna tampi om lai dingin ka um hi. Hihteng pen
ommuan in ka lungngaih khak teng hi. Khuano (village) te pan
khuapi-neu (sub-town) suaksak in, tua khuapi neu hong tam sesem
leh pawlkhatte khuapi taktak (town) hong suak ding hi. Tua khuapi
teng gawm khawm thei lehang ki-ukna phualpi (district office), tua
pan state cih nangawn kizomto thei zawdeuh ding hi. Ngaihsut ding
khat-ah, thunei khatpeuh pianna khua thupit bawl tuan cih omloin, a leitang hoihna zuidan, lampi sial lemzia cihdan tehna (criteria)
hoih neih masak huai hi. Tua lo in thuzawhna peuh tawh hih ding
hoihlo hi. Mipi makai, biakna maikaite le thunei zawdeuhte hih
khuapi suahsakna nasep (process) limtak tel sitset masak huai hi.
Khuapi suahsakna' hamphatnate amau i telsiang sak (convince)
zawh keh hong lem lo ding hi.
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Hih khuate a gawmkhawm hile hang pu-lepate phuhsa khua,
neihsa leitang, ka lam kiatna ci-in nusiat ding haksa kisa mahmah
ding hi. Pau-le-awkaih vai, beh-le-phung vai hangin zong a teeng
khawm theilo phial tampi om ding hi. Tua mun ah, i veksik-in i
kibatna ahi Zeisu Khazih sungah innkuan khat hihna le Zomi ah
pumkhat hihna cih dinmun kibatnate mah siksan in hanciam huai
hi.
Tua bangmah-in hih pen a thu-in gen a baih hang sepna taktak
lam-ah baihngial lo ding hi. Kumpi lamte mahmah zong hih
urbanization lam a kiva tawm kha ding hi. Tua ahih man-in kha 1
sung in kikhin hamtang ding cihdan, sun khatthu zan khat thu-in
hih biangbuang lopthop hih theih hilo-in, hih khuapi lamzia a sin
taktak, a siamte tawh kum 3,5,7 planning kigin masak huai hi. A
kinusia khua a om leitang zatdan vai zong buaipi khat hong om
ding hi. Kumpi-in mihau, sum nei khatpeuh zuak ziau cih bang,
thautawi kipawlna khatpeuh buk tomsak cihbang, mipite upna
tawh kituak lo biakna dangte sang le innmun ding peuh in a zatsim
loh ding hong thupi mahmah ding hi.
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Zawnna Khiapna Geelna (ZKG)
Poverty Alleviation Program (PAG)
1970 khitlam 1980 pawl a kipan leitung bup gam tu-amtuam

lakpan a diakin a zawng deuh
gamten zawnna do kipat sawm
mahmahin, Zawnna Khiapna Geelna-ZKG (Poverty Alleviati-on
Programs-PAP) cih khat phuangkhia uh hi. Hih geelnate' deihna
bulpi-in mi zawngte, a diakdiak in nekding neilo tangial dinmun
omte, ki-ukna hoihlo le sum-le-pai hamsatna tuamtuam pan huin ih kepnop leh a mau ading ngiat a tuam vilvel-in vai ih geelsak
loh phamawh ding hi, cih ngimna a hihi.Hih geelna pen a hoihpen,
a kicing pen cihna zong hituan lohi. Khat veivei ahun, a muntawh
na kituak lo, mi teeldan siamlohna, a kiteel nasepte gina lokha
cihbang
in thanemna om luahi. Ahi zongin zawnna
khiapnageelnate ah helloh a phamawh, ngaihsut loh a phamawh,
zatloh a phamawh hamtang pawlkhat omin tuate ensuk dihni.
ZKG ah Kihel hamtangding Pelmawhte
Tuam Vivel Geelna (Exclusive Program)
A bulpi penpen le a kul hamtang ding thu-in hih geelna in mi
honpi a huam miaimuai pongmawk geelna hilo-in mizawng te linlian
bek ngimsa in a kisuai, a ki vaihawm geelna ahih hamtang kulhi. A
ki khialhmun mahmah khatin mipi khantoh nading geelna nasep
cih min pua pong mawkin mizawng taktakte'n phattuam pihding cih
thadah, na theikha ngiatlo theihi. Mizawng cih kammal inzong tam
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huamlai ahih man-in a zawng pente, nekding na ngawn a neilo ta
ngialte ngim sa a kigeel ahih keileh theihtham ki lamdanna omlo
dinghi.
Zawnna Tehna Piciang Bawlna (Defining parameters of
being poor)
A thupi nihna in mizawng te ngimngiat-in thu ih geel khitteh
kuate taktak mizawng in ciamteh ding ihhiam, cih a hihi. Vai tampiah mizawng cihpen khuata lam a omte, lokhote, khuanawl lam a
teengte cih a kipan ki upmawh lak khaziau theihi. Zong kikhial mun
mahmah hi. A zawng taktak, a zawngngiat cihte pen khasum
bangzah sang? Sum lut limlim bangzah nei? Sum suak thei vangil
bangteng nei? cihte mah tuat ngiatngiat, sit niloh kulhi.
Mizawng cih Mukhiatna le Mun piakna (Locating and
identifying the poor)
Hih ZKG ah kikhial mun khat leuleu in, huam gen lehang
mizawng cihziauh na sungah hamphatna khatpeuh lunggulh manin mi tampi kiguang kha theihi. Mizawng cih tehna piciang hoih ih
neih khitteh tua pen mah siksan den-in, deih bawl, deihlak, cih
bangin kuamah ki pumdeihsak huai lohi. Adiakdiak in a zawng
gamte ah gamtatsiatna (corruption) tam-in, tua corruption tamna
ah hihbang kipum deihsak nate uang sehi. Tuahih manin mizawng
cihte siangtak-in teh, muhkhiat ding thupi mah bang-in, tuate a
sitding, a mun a phual taktak-ah a teelkhia ding kua, cih zong ong
thupi kan dinghi.
Zawnna Khiapna Sepna (Activity for Poverty Alleviation)
Zawnna pen a zung pan longkhia-in ih bot loh phamawh hi. Tua
zungpi te-in sum lut neihlohna, sum suakthei van neihlohnate a
hihi. Tua hihman in ZKG nasep in sum-le-pai ngahna nasepna a hih
hamtang kulhi. Tangpi khantohna (community development) nasep
na-ah cidam kikepna, pil sinna, dawn tui lakna, lampi sialna cihte
thupi mahhi. Ahi zongin, huanding neilo meikhu paisuak innte,
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mipite ading hih nasep te-in kiallap lohi. Tua ahih manin sum
ngiatmah a lut nasep ih geelsak ding kulhi.
Sum-le-pai lutna nasep cih nangawnah bangdan nam nasep
namte hiam, cih ong thupi dinghi.Hih munah zong gam tuamtuam
ah kituak mun khat-in, mizawngte-in kizom suak sumlut ih neihsak
nop takpi leh an nekkhat neknih sum ngahpak nasep namte hilo-in
hunsawt mah a kisem thei nasep te geelsak pahhuai hi. Adiak in
amau-le-amau dintheih tawm nasep (self employment), sumbul
(capital, asset, skills) cihte mabun diakin kimu hi.
Mizawng khat nasep thaman (wage) piakna in hehnepna
ciangbek hi-in zawnna khiapna lakahkhasum piak nasep in muibun
pen masa lohi. Zawnna khiapna nasep in a kizom tawntung mannei
van kician (asset) te neihsakna nasep hi-in, tua sumsuak thei
mannei vankiciante a neih zawh uhteh zawnna pan suahtak nang
lamet ompan hi. Siamna khatpeuh hilhin, amau le amau nasep ih
neihsak zawhnain khasum piak nasep sang pha zaw tham hi.
Nasep sawthun Ciangtanna (Duration of the Program)
ZKG ah bangtan sawtsak lehang muibun pending cih dotna
zong ong thupi mahmah dinghi. Zawnna in ahang thu tampi tak
kigawm le hunsawt khopkhat a kitok nawi khitteh piang ahih manin
hih zawnna khiapna nasepte zong sun khatthu, zankhat thu-in ki
zoziau thei nasep namte hilo hi. ZKG ah a ki panpih mizawngte hun
kicing khatmah pia, nghak in pattah kul hamtangdinghi. Mizawng
khat ama thu-in dingtang zo-in sum bawlna ah a kihel zawh nading,
a zawn kikloh nading cih zenzen a hiziau theilo, lungduai kisam
nasep a hihi. Gam tampi ah a ki-et teh mikhat a zawn kik loh nading
in kum 5-7 tan ciangbang hunlak kulin kimu hi. Hun tomno sung
khatvei seppak zualtawh kuamah ki lamdang lo dinghi.
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Huhna Piakna Sepsiamna (Performance of delivery Service)
ZKG sepna-ah kikhial mun dangkhat-in thu khensatna
(decision making) pen a tunglam ulian themcikte khut sungah
humcip (centralized) lua khatheihi. Cimawh haksate tawh a
omkhawm taktakte, mun-le-phual taktak a pha zo, na a vasemten
thukhensatna khuan cih peuhmah neilo miumiau thei uhhi. Tua
kawmkal-ah thunei taktakte`n a mun taktak ah va en, kan, sit cih
bangin van meello-in a phual a nasem taktakte citak kei laileh
geelnate tangtung ngeilo hi.
Tua hih man-in pahtawina le taina (reward & punuishment
system) zatkul hi. Nasem thadah, kicianlote pilna khopding thuhilh
kul a, mi kiciante pahtawi kulpah hi. A mazang ZKG te ah tunglam
makaite le nungzui nasemte thu neihna ahi ciangkhat kihawm thei
uhhi. Makai lamte`n phual a nasemte thu khensat theihna hoih
khopkhat piak kawmkal mah-in va sitzeel, va makaih, va van
zeelzeel kul hamtang hi.
Huhna Ngahte lampan Ki theihthamna (Performance of
Beneficiaries)
ZKG ngimna bulpi-in mizawngte panpih thapiak ding ahihi. Tua
ahihman-in sepkhiatna a kineihteh panpihna ngah lampante-in
zong noptuamna, phattuam na a omlam lahkhiat kulhi. Gentehnain, mi cimawh khat-in huan bawl nading sumbul zatkhuan a
ngahleh tua sumbul zang pen-in hun lap-in agah muhkhiatsak ding,
a ki vawh sa bangin ki-at kik takpi ahihlam, supna hilo meetna ahih
lam lah zawhnang hanciam ding kisamhi. Tua ciang bektawh
khawllo-in, ZKG ah panpihna ngah mizawngte ading innkuan kilam
kipuahzia, ta neih zahding, sumbawl siamna ki pattahna, cidam
kikepna cihte vaihawm sak hamtang huaihi.
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Kiphakna,
Kipawlna
le
Kihel
Organization and Participation)
kimna
(Mobilization,
ZKG ah kihel panpihna ngahte thapiakna-ah politic vai a

kipan, sum bawlna vai, tangpi vaite ah thu-le-la theihsakna, pilna
tuamtuam theihsakna, siamna tuamtuam kipattahna cihte tawh
thapiakna zong om huai hi. Tua hi keileh amau a zawhthawh nuam,
amau neih sunsun a khema luh sawm omthei hi. Kipawl khawm-in
sepna in ZKG ah mabun sak mahmah ahih manin panpih nangah
mizawng teng kipawl khawmsak-in pattah huaihi. Theihna tampi
kiguan thei kawmkal-ah hih kipawl khop nasepna-in a kihel
cimawhte koicih panpih leng hoihzaw ding cih nahoih sepna
(mechanism) khat omsak hi. Kipawl khopna hangin a kihelte-in na
hoih khatpeuh ngaih suttheihna, patkhiat ngamna, amau-le-amau
tung kinghak ngamna, kimuan ngamna cihte neisak tuam hi. A
thupi mahmah ah amau kisap taktak banghiam cihte kikum
klhawm, zongkhawm, mukhia khawm thei-in, bang sephuai hiam
cihte geelkhia khawm theih uh a, mikim kihelna tawh khensatnate
kinei zo theihi.
A Tumdang ngiat Nasepna (Exclusive and separate delivery
system)
Thu tawpna-ah hih ZKG te a phual-ah sep taktak hunteh ZKG
ading ngiat nasemte, a geelte cih bang in, a mi, a dan, sepdan ziale-tong thak tuam vilvel geelkul hi. ZKG sepkhiatna` tumdang na
pen kumpi ki-ukna lamte nasep dan, biakna kipawlna khatpeuhte
thu geeldante tawh kibang khin khollo dinghi. Adang NGO
kipawlnate nasepte dantawh zong ki lamdang lai dinghi. Khat veivei
kumpi zum lamte`n ZKG hoih tuamtuam geel-in sem napi, sep
taktak teh a dan khat man theilo-in amau zum ngeina luiteng mah
zangkik, zia-le-tong luiteng mahtawh semkhia nuamin, ZKG tum
dangna mangngilh kha thei-uhhi.
ZKG in a kihel nasem miding teelna, panmun piakna,
pahtawina piakna, taina, ki-ukna lamzia, nasep vandan, ki
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makaihzia cihte ah ama dan, zia, thukhun tuam cihkhat om se-in
tuate kigin huai hamtang hi.
Zawnna Khiapna-ah Vanzatte (Instruments for Poverty
reduction)
Zawna khiapna lam-ah mipil Matt Zimmerman in a muhkhiat
zat pahtheih honkhat a nuai-ah enni.
Sumngah theih nading lampi honsakna (credit, remittance,
insurance) le mizawngte adingsumsuak thei van (asset) bawlsak
na. Tua hileh amau mihing (human capital) khantohtheih nading
(pil sinna, cidam kikepna, cihte), neih-le-lam khantohna (physical
capital) a hi (leitang, a man kahthei vangil, cihte), zopthuah
khantohna (immaterial capital) ahi nei-le-lam keptheihna thukhun
(property rights) cihte amau thu-in zomto zosuak ding uhhi.
Myanmar gam ah a ki limzat zawh nailoh hang, hi zo leh
insurance (arrmahkhan-Kawllai) te ah cidamna, nuntakna, inn-lelo, accident cihte ading kizop huaihi. Tua hileh a neihsa uh asset te
patauh loh theihtheih nading kepsakna hipah hi.
Mizawngten a neih-uh asset te a ki behlap nang le behlap zawh
nang vai hawmsakna (vocational training cih a kipan siamna
tuamtuam pattahna)
Zawnna khiapna a thupi sak, a ngimngiat, mizawng teng a
huamkim mipi sungah sumtuhna (social investment) hoih pha takin geelsakna
Nawlkhin thuak, a ki mangngilh te ading-in mipi huam (social)
le sum bawlna (economic) policy phatak-in bawlsakna.
Tua lo hih zawnna khiapna-ah a kizang mun mahmah
Muhammad Yunus patkhiat microfinance te zong ciantak-in kanin,
a dan lemtuah thei lehang ki gualzo mahmah lel dinghi.
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Hunthak Numei le Khantohna
(Modern Women and Development)
2010 kum ma lai-in Bill Gate in Saudi Arabia gam ah World

Economic Forum ah thugenna khat nei hi. Thugenna inn sungah
numei le pasal a tutna uh a lang tuakin kikhen dimdiam a, amau
ngeina ahi numeiten a maibup phial uh dial tawh tuam uh hi. Tua
laitak mikhat dingto-in Siapa aw, ka gam uh 2010 teh leitung bup
sum le pai bawlna-ah a madawk lam penpawl-in ka kihel zo uh tam?
ci-in a dot leh Bill Gate in Na gammi bup-uh lak pan a langte
siamna, kivakna (talent) te zong a vekin na zatsiam zawh mateng
un na madawk zo tuan kei ding uh hi, ci-in mai kituam numei a
langte dinmun thupitna na genkhia hi.
Leitung bup ah Numeitedinmun
Leitung bupah mi billion 7 a omna lakah 1.3 billion pen zawn le
ngauna sungah om lai uh hi. Tua 1.3 billion sungah numei te 70% hi
mawk uh hi. Hih numeite adingin zawnna pen sum le pai neih lohna
ciangbek hilo-in, mitenawlkhinna, thu neihtheih lohnate thuak uh a,
duh leh deih zong genkhiat khuan ngahlohna hi.
Leitung bup nasep a kici khempeuh a nai-in kituat hileh
numei ten sehthum suah sehnih (2/3) sem uh hi.
Ahi zongin leitung bup sumlut a ngahte a ki-et teh
numeiten za-ah-sawm (10%) bek ngah kha uh hi.
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Leitung bupah van leh na neihna (worlds property) lakah
numeiten a min uh tawh aneih khak uh van le na pen 1%
bek hi.
Leitung bupah khangham lai simtheilo, laigelh theilo mi
million 876 ki-om in, tua lakah numeite pen 2/3 hi uh hi.
Leitung bupah tan lang pan tan li (primary school) a kah
khalo naupang million 77 omin, tua lak ah numeite pen
60% hi-uh hi.
Hih dinmun tuamtaumte hangin leitung bup gam tuamtuamte

kipawlna (United Nations) ten 2015 teh zawhloh phamawh a tupna
pi ahi leitung bupah zawnna a lang khiam ding cihna uh ah, numeite
thapiakna leh pasal numei liangko kikimna zong a seppi ding uh thu
(8) lak pan a thumna-ah na hel pah uh hi. Hih pen kumtullom
khantohna geelna pite (millennium development goals) kici hi.
UN ah Secretary a sem ngei Kofi Annan mahmah in zong, 2015
ma-in kumtullom khantohna geelna pite (millennium development
goals) i mahial zawh nadingin hun awng cih peuhmah om nawnlo hi.
Tua ahih manin numeite phungvuhna (invest) bek in eite mahial
zawh nadingin hong lamen sak zo bek ding hi ci ngiau hi.
Numeite pen huankho lokho, singpua, anhuan, naucing, teekte
khoi-in kem, innhah, kuangsawp puansawp, cih bang nasep liante
sem ngekngek na pi-uh, kuamah in nasep kician, nasep gina-in kisim
sak lo hi. Khasum cih peuhmah a kilamen sak vetlo hi. A pualam na
sem sunsun le-uh a tam zaw pen khasum tawm nasep le nasep niam,
zaneu dinmunte bek kipia hi. Tua kawmkal-ah ki-ukna thukhun tampi
leh ngeina tuamtuam ah numeiten amau min tawh lo le gam, mun
le mual, van le na nei thei lo uh hi. Mun tampi ah sum nangawn
leitawi theilo uh hi. Gou le gamh na ngawn luah theilo ngiau uh hi.
Hih kiciangtannaten numeite sumlutna khaktan, heusak bek
tham lo-in, a tate-uh nangawn un thuaklawh uh hi. Bang hang hiam
cihleh numeite a tam zaw-in a neih uh sum le paite pen vai dang
sangin a tate cidam nading, pil nading kin pih zaw uh hi.
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Mihing khantohna (human development) tehna-ah sang pilna
pen a kilim hel mahmah thu khat ahi hi. Sang pilna a nei numiten
sang a kah kha ngeilo numeite sangin nau neih dan zong siamzawin, nau neihzah ding zong ciangtan siam zaw uh hi. Nausiat tawm
zaw-in, a tate uh damsuah zaw uh hi. A tate mahmah uh zong sang
kahsak hamtang zaw tham uh hi.
Leitung bup nasemte thatang zatna (global labor force) a ki-et
teh numeite tha 40% kihel hi. Lokhawh nasepna-ah numeiten 43%
panmun la uh a, leitung bup university sangte ah a lang pen numeite
hita hi. Tua ahih manin numeite sang pilna limtak sinsak lo, nasepnaah panmun a ngah ding kilawm zah kingah sak lo a, khasum piak
zah dingin kipia kha keileh numeite tha, numeite nasep theihnate
zatsiam lohna, zatkhialhna hong hi-in tua meizom in nasepna-ah
meet zah taktak ding zahin kimeet lo, sum le pai bawina mit tawh en
le hang in a kisum mahmah suak hi.
Nitumna gam lam-ah Numeite dinmun
Nitumna gamlam, mikang numeite dinmun a tom-in en pak ni.
US gam le Europe lam a om gamte ah numei college kah phazah pen
pasalte tawh kikim hi. Amau sin thute zong tangtawng pekin
numeite sin huai-in a kiciapteh sak pong ahi laihilhna (teaching)
pilna, nurse pilna cih ciang bek hilo-in thukhenna pilna (law) le cidam
kikepna (medical) pilna lam a sin numei pen tam mahmah in khang
hanhan lai hi. 2000 kum-in US ah law a sin numei khempeuh pen
law a sin bup lak pan 47% hi-uh in, 2002 kum-in UK ah cidamna
pilna a sin pen cidamna pilna a sin bup lak pan 60% phata uh hi.
America saklam a om khuate le Europe leitang nitumna lam a
om gamte-in kivakpih theih pilna (professional degree- law, medical,
business) degree a piak uh 2/3 pen numeite hita uh hi. Tua ahih man
in kumpi zumte-ah numeite panmun ngahna pen khang semsem hi.
2006 kum ciangciang in US ah kumpi nasem zumte sazian kepnaah manager le thu vaihawmna dinmun ah numeiten 38% panmun
neita uh a, thukhensatna-ah a lianpen zum nasem lian (chief
executive officers) a sem numeite pen 28% pha ta uh hi.
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2000 kum lai pek in US innkuan lai (Census) ah a ki-et teh nupa
thum sung pan khat in a zi khasum tawh a pasal le inn kuanpih vak
hi. Papi in innah a tate kem uh a, a zite uh zumkah zaw hi. 1924
kum in US nupi 87% in innah a tawmpen nai (4) hun la-in inn na
sem uh hi. 1977 kumin 43% kiamsuk han in, 1999 kum teh 14%
hisuk lai hi. Pilna siamna khanna le sum le pai zatna hamsat semsem
man hangin innkuan le tate vak nadingin numeiten a pualam
nasepkhiatna a neih uh kilim nial ngam nawnlo hi. Gammite ngiat in
zong nupi sa a pualam nasep neihna a khan hanhanna pen siatmuh
nawnlo-in, phal mahmah ta-uh hi.
1995 laipek in Virginia Slims poll ah a ki-et teh numei guk pan
khat, pasal nga pan khat in numeiten a tate kepkawm-in a pualam
ah na a sep uh phallo uh hi. Thum pan khat in phal mahmah uh a, a
dangten bel numeite thuthu hiziau cilel uh hi. 1997 kum teh nasep
nei ta neisa nupa sawm pan kua in ka lung uh kim mahmah lel cita
uh hi. Nupi khat-in ko buaipih pen numeiten a pualam na sem ding
maw, semlo ding cih hi tadih peuhmah kei-in, a pualam nasep
kawmmah in tate koi cih leng hoih takin kikhansuah thei ding hiam?,
cih hizaw na ci hi.
Nisuahna Asia gam lam ah Numeite Dinmun
Leitung bup numei pasal liangko kimna-ah a khauhpai pen gam
sawm sung ah Philippines gam na kihel zo hi. Ahi zongin a dang
gamte ahih leh numeite dinmun suk mahmah lai hi. Sen gam
phadiak pen ta khat neihtheihna policy (one child policy) hangin ta
numei deih masa khollo-uh a, a nu gil sung pekin nauno pen numei
ahih leh kisusia pah ngekngek hi. Tua ahih manin pasal numei
phazah kikimna ah uang takin kikhai a, tua a nu gil sungah suksiat
thuak numei te pen, a kimansuah numeite (missing women) ci-in
min kivawh hi.
Tua hang mahin mipite nuntakna zong a hoihlo lamin susia veve
hi. Ta pasal khat bek nei uh ahih man in, a ta khatbek neih sutte uh
it-in thupit bawllua-uh ahi manin, a ta pasal uh pen lungtang khauh,
kiphasak-in, kumpi neu (little emperor) ci-in kisam phialmawk hi.
68
A mo ding uh zong omlo ahih manin gam veng Kawlgam a kipan gam
tuamtuam ah a honhon-in zi zong, mo zongin buai mahmah in,
buaina tam piangsak mahmah hi.
Asia gam lamte pha diakah numeite gou, lo le gam luahtheihna
pen a omlo hi phialmawk hi. Mote bangpen ta pasal a neih keileh a
kinolh kik tangial hi. Asia gamte lak pan zong Islam gamte uang
phadiak hi. Hih gamte-ah numeite pasalten a buan uh leh, buan
thuak numeite pen kithat zaw mawk hi. Jordan, Lebanon gam
bangah buanthuak numeite a that sung pan 70-75% pen a
numeitesuahpih sanggam pasalte hi zaw lai hi. 2002 kum in a kibawl
thukanna-ah Alexdria le Egypt gamah numei buanthuak a that lak
pan 43% pen tua nu tanau teng mah ahih lam mu kha uh a, amau
pen tua bang thahna pen phathuai mithahna (honor killing) ci dep
uh hi. Pasal khat-in Ka sanggam nu ka that pen kisik keng. A that
lo hileng zong ka tanauten that lel inteh, ci ngam hi.
India leuleu ah mo kipina a om teh a numei lamten movan apiak
uh kul hi. Movan lian pipi piakhia-uh a, pia kei le uh pen a tanu uh
kuaman deihsak lo tawh kibang ahih manin nu le pate a na lau sim
gige uh hihtuak hi. Tua kawmkal-ah mo man pen a numei lamte ut
bangbang, kizawh zahzah piak theih hilo-in, pasal lamte nget zahzah
hanciam takin piak dingdan hi lai hi.
Asia lam gam tampi-ah numeite pen pasal te utut-in a ukna
nuai-ah mang tinten kul hi cih kumpite thukhun le biakna hilhna
zungthuk takin om hi. Tua ahih manin a pasal-in ama tungah
thuman lo takin vua, sat, ngongtatin a zawhthawh dikdek zongin
numeiten kumpi zum ah puak theilo hi. Thukhun in pasalte lam pang
limlim ahih manin numeiten thukhen zum a pai ma-un a lel khinsa
ahi hi.
2001 kumin UN lam Naupangte kepna kipawlnate muhkhiatnaah Nepal gam bang numei 7% in kum 10 a phakma-un mo kikhak
in, 40% pen kum 15 a phak ma-un pasal a kinei sak hih tuak hi. Kum
69
tawm lai-in pasal neihna-in nau paaina-ah tampi nawngkai sakin
naupangte cidamna zong nakpi takin susia hi.
Zogam a Numeite Dinmun Tehkakna
Ni tumna gamlam a numeite dinmun le nisuah na Asia gam lam
a numeite dinmun kikhaihna pen uang mahmah ahih lam kimu khia
hi. Kawlgam le Zogam a om numeite dinmun pen Asia gam pawlkhat
te zahin a suksiat gawp sam loh hangin khangto tuan veva nai hiaulo
ahih lam kimu thei hi. Numeite thugen kithusim lo-in, mothak a neite
bang Na mo-uh a kizen na? cih dotna kinei masa pelmawh hi.
Zomi sungah zong numeite a nengniam ngeina hoihlo honkhat
kinei hi. Ngeina etcianna tampi lak pan paunak le lakamten zong i
ngeina hong lakkhia mahmah hi. I paunak sungah Numei khat le
zabel khat; numei hangsan akpi kihta; numei sat ngeina zam tum
ngeina; numei khua le sakhi khua; numei khem le vamin khem;
numei thu le sialpiki-in kilam lo; cihte om hi.
Numeite gou le gamh kiluah sak lo hi. Numeite kima thei hi. A
diakdiak-in tudong mah Zomi tampitakte-in numei lellel cih
kammal tawh numeite tung lungsim ngongtatna (mental violence)
kilimzat mahmah lai hi. Numeiten bang sem nuam?, bang uk?, bang
deih? Bang sin nuam? , cihte a kipan kua ngai?, kua tawh kiteeng
ding? cihte ah nu le pa ten a teelsakna uh khauh pai lai mahmah
hi.
U sung nau sung ah zong sihna manna ahi zongin, lungdamna
ahi zongin om leh kikhopna-ah innteek thupulak dingin pasalte mah
kigen sak den hi. A innteekte sungthu a thei zaw pen in innteek nu
ahi phial zongin amah kizangsak lo-in, khual gamla pan innteekte
sung thu taktak zong a telpih meello beh sung pan u ham khat peuh
kigen sak thei hi. Numei pasal cih hilo-in innteekte lungdamna
taktak a genkhia thei ding mi teel ding hizaw hi.
Kipawlna tampi-ah khuanu khuapa (myo mi, myo pha) kici napiin pasalte bek kihel den mai hi. Beh le phung tutkhopna khat
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peuhpeuh ah zong tokhom tengah kilawm taleh kilawm ta keileh
pasal hi limlim pongte kitusak-in mun kipia masa hamtang hi.
Kum 2000 khen khit pawllamteh Zomite sungah nuntakzia
khuahun kiheina tampi hong omin gamdang ah kitung phangphang
hi. Tua khitteh parcel cih kammal hong lang mahmah a, gamdang a
tate ading zi kikhak zuahzuah hi. Hih pen hoih hi, hoih lo hi cih
lamsang nialhtheih loh, khamtheih loh thu (reality situation) hong
hita hi. Zomi le Zomi mah hong kideih uh lungdam ding cih himai hi.
A ngaihsut huai, a patauh huai phialmawk thu khat-ah:
gentehna-in pasal khat-in sum kisap mahmahna hang-in tuipi gal
gam ah va tung hi. Sum a neih zawk deuh teh a zi ding khua pan
hong samin, a numei zong sum le pai neih loh manin (kitheihpih sa,
kingaihpih sa khat ahih keh muh ngeingiat loh) khat a pasal dingin
va delh pah hi. A tupna gamah a tunteh sum le pai hong nei zaw
deuh leh, a kisap, a deih, a lunggulh, a ngah hong suak hi. Tua laitakin a pasal in a utut sawl-in zawhthawh kha zenzen leh a zi-in ka deih
sum ngah ing ci-in, nial ngam, tawngkik ngam, nusia ngam khathei
ding hi.
A diakdiak-in nitumna gam lamte bang mihing khatngahtheih
thu (human rights), mihing vang neihna (human dignity) cihte a
kipan suaktakna (freedom) cihte ultung sak phadiak uh ahih manin
pasalten a zite utut-in kizothawh thei nawnlo hi.
Tua kawmkal mahin mo le teek kizopna zong hong kilamdang
ta ding hi. A teeknu-in a mothak lai-in amah a kibawldan-in a monu
bawlkik theilo ding hi. A deihdeih in pantah, uk, kithuahpih thei loin, a mo thuneihna hong khauhpai zaw thei lai ding hi. Tua ahih
manin hih mipi huam kikhelna (social change) pen mi khempeuh in
pilvang takin gamtat siam kul hi. Nitumna lam gam a numeite
dinmun le nisuahna lam numeite dinmun kikhaihna a tungah ciantak
in ki-en thei khin hi. Kibang lo hi. Ki-el puakin, kilehbulh mahmah hi.
Vai khat peuhpeuh ah Pasian mah cih tinten lohngal adang om lo hi.
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Huhthak Numeite Khantoh nading I ngim le tup bulpi in
numeitekhantoh nading, khantohna sungah hong kihel nading uh ahi
hi. Ni suahna lam a om numeiten khangto-in nitumna lam a om
numeite mah bangin leitung kisap, mipite lunggulhnate huhin a
vaak ding uh ahi hi. Hih bangin khantoh theih nadingin laigelh pa-in
Khantoh nadingin a Khangto lungsim cih thului a gelhsa sung pan
hunlui le hunthak ngaihsutna tehkakna graph hong zang kik ding hi.
Hunlui Mi (Traditional Man)
Hunlap Mi (Modern Man)
Idea thak pongpong sang
A thakthak theinuam,
theilo
sinnuam, tuaknuam
Ngeina luite ultung sak
Kikhelna ultung sak
Naihuaitengbek lunglut in
Khuapua, gampua lam ate
buaipih
thei nuam
Muhna kibanglote thalnial
Muhna kibang lote thupi san
Information thakte kin meel lo
Information thakte lawptakin
A piangsa thute sutsut in
ngai den
nitum
Hun lapden, tu laitak
Tomkal vaibek thupi sa
thupiangte kinbawl
A innkuan pih lobuang kuamah Mailam ading a mannei
muanglo
tampi geel den
Technology thak pongpong
Midangte vaipuak zo ding-in
langpan
umin muan bawl
Biakna lo buang thudang
Technology thakte zatsiam
bangmah thusa lo
nang hanciam
To le sila kizopdan mah
Pilna sinna(education) le
nuamsa
leitung nate thu(science)te
Toi ngaihsut
thupi sak
Dawi le kau cihte um den
Midangte vang le
manneihnate thupisak
Zai ngaihsut
Na khempeuh a hoih lamin
muden
72
Numeite Thu neihsakna (Women Empowerment) i cih in
Women empowerment i cih-in, numeite pasalte liangko tungah
tuto sak veuvau ding cih hisam lo-in, pasalte tawh liangko kikim sak
ding hi zaw hi. Tua bek thamlo, numeite innngak sak hithiat a dop
ding hi lo-in a pua lam-ah pilna sinsak, thu sinsak, sangkah sak, na
sepsak ding kisam hi. A pualam pan thu theihna hong hau le-uh
amau makaih a tate limtak hong pantah kik theih ding hi, cihlam
hizaw hi. Numei thuneihsakna i cih ciangin Eve-in Adam kiang a
kikham singgah a neksakna pen mawh lo hi cih bangin mawh
pengsakna hilo zaw-in, tua bang a khialhpih kik loh na dingin pattah
ding hi, cihlam hi zaw hi.
Numei le pasal kihel kipawlna, mipi omkhopna khat peuhpeuh
ah a huamkim thei penin makaih theih nadingin numei le pasal mah
in makai khawm leh picing semsem pen ding cih ahi hi. Banghang
hiam cihleh numeite gilnat numeite bekmah in thei pen hi. Makai
teelteh a pilna siamna le matutnate (achievement) et mah bangin
ahihna (idenitity-beingness) zong et kul veve hi. Numeite zong
numei ahihna hangun kihel kul a, numei sung pan a navak, thuthei
zawdeuhte teelkhiat ding ahi hi. Numei limlim ahihna uh tawh bel
amau ading mun a om hamtang kul hi.
A diakdiak-in kipawlna tuamtuam-ah hi theileh makaite sungah
numeite 30% ciang peuhmah helhuai masa hi. Gentehna-in veeng
maikai lakah 30% numei hih hamtang sakna zong hipah hi. Tua
numeite mah in mipi sung a numei, naupangte haksatna a thei
taktakte uh ahi hi. Numeite kisap taktak a pil mahmah pasal pa-in
zong theisiang tuanlo hi.
American ah senator ahi, John Mc Cain makaih International
Republic Institute kipawlna bangin leitung mun tampi-ah gam cidam,
ki-ukna hoih ahih nading huh kawikawi uh a, amau tupna khat-in
leitung bup-ah Hlutdaw ah mipite aitang mapang ding mite (member
of perliament) sungpan 50% pen numei ahih ding lim hanciam
mahmah uh hi.
73
Pawl khat leuleu-in numeite i makaih sak nop hang a pilna, a
siamna, qualification cing naikei hong ci uh hi. Zomi sung-ah B.A,
BSc, MA, MSc, MDiv, Dmin, Phd ngah numei om ta hi. Tuate pen
Sunday school hilh ding bek-in tuatdet ding hilo hi. Tua bangmah-in
numeite qualificatioin nei om naikei i cihcihna-in qualification neisak
lo hi. Amaule amau kimuanna omsak lo hi.
Vaihawmna tawh kisai-in mipilte gentheih khat-in Titanic
tembaw pen khutsiam mahmah, mipilte lam hi-in kibung hi. Noah
tembaw pen mi mawkmawk pawlkhat lam hi-in leitung mite le
ganhingte hon zo hi, a cih mah bangun, numeite zong Pasian tawh
limtak hunla-in Pasian lamlahna tawh na ngah peuh le uh Pasian in
gualzawh pih lel ding hi.
Numeite makaihna-ah hel limlim phot lehang, amau zong hong
hanciam pah dingin, a siam pah vangvang kei zongun hong siam toto
lel ding hi. Kuamah a siam sa-in suak omlo hi hang. Tua khit teh a
makai lak-ah hong kihel le-uh naupang, khangthak numei noten ei
numeite zong makai kisuak thei mawk veh ee, hong ci ding uh, makai
lungsim amau le amau hong kiguan ding uh a, hong hanciam to pah
ding uh hi. A lungsim uh zong hong kiging zo ding uh hi. Pasal numei
a kuakua Pasian lamlah na kisam uh hizaw hi.
Thukhat-ah women empowerment cih ciangin, mipi lak-ah
thuthei lopi kamtam sak suasua ding cih hisam lo hi. Mipi lak-ah
picing tak-in hong makaih theih nadingun pantah ding cihna zong ahi
hi. Innsung ah zong nuten nibup puansawp-in a gim a tawl uh tangin
puansawp na (washing machine) leisakna, gam lakah sing zong, inn
ah pua kaikai-in, tuate tawh zingsang bup an a huanin hun a beisak
tangun, meitawh an huanna (rice cooker) leisakna cihte in zong
numeite tha le ngal, hun tampi dawn uh a, inn le lo vai, pilna siamna
a zon nadingun hun tampi neih beh sakzaw ahih manin hahbawl huai
hi.
74
Patauh huaithu
Zomiten numeite tawh kisai-in hih gou le gamh luahna, khang
kisimna cihte i buai pihpih laitak, amau tawh khang kisim kei, numei
sum mu theite kiphasak lua i cihcih laitak-in minam dang gamdang
numeiten Hlutdaw sung khawngah na kihel ziahziah ta, vuanzi
khawng na sem, kumpite ngaihsutpia khawngin na kihel ziahziah ta
uh hi. Mikang, mivom sungah Kawlpau, Mikangpau-in thu gen-in, na
kipei ziahziah ta uh hi. Kawllak, mikang lakah zong sum bawl-in na
leng ziahziah ta uh hi. Tua laitak ei Zomi numeite pen inn sungah
anhuan, innphiat ciangbek in i koih khak ding ka patau simsim hi.
Ngeina cih pen tangthu sung, khang laibu sung, ngeina la
sungbek-ah om hilo-in, nisim i ngaihsutna pen ngeina hong suak lel
hi. I ngaihsut dan, zia ahi ngeina sungah mihing a khangto saklo, a
khaktan, a nengniam, a hen, ngaihsutna limlim laih kul hi. Mihing
mah ahi numeite mailam khantoh nading a khaktan ngaihsutna,
ngeina te zong phiathuai hi.
Zomi numeite pen sum le pai zonna-ah kizen mahmah uh hi. A
diakdiak in Tedim gam bang ci le hang lam dungteng ah numeite
makaih sumbuk zuakna vive hi. Tua numeite thapiak kul hi. Panpih
kul hi. Gamvai (politics) lam ah zong numeite theihna niam mahmah
hi. Kiteelna (election) a omteh a kihel zo ngam dingin panpih ni. A
diakdiak in Zomi numeite in ngeina pawite ah kihel nuam sa mahmah
uh hi. Biakpiakna, nopna dahna le khuado pawi, lungdam bawlte ah
kizen mahmah uh a, amau lo-in a pianglo hiphial mawk hi. Tua munte
ah vai khat peuhpeuh khensat ding a kisapteh numeite tawh kikup
hamtang huai hi. Amau khensatte zong thalnial huai pah lo hi.
Numei tawh kisai Upkhialhnate
Numei le Biakna makaihna: Numeite pen makaih siamlo-in,
muanhuai lo hi. Biakpiakna-ah zong makaih sak huailo hi cihthu
kigen den hi. Leitung bupah pawlpi mi tampen a nei Dr Yonggi Choin ka pawlpi hizah ta-in a khantohna-in ka nupiten veeng kikhopna
ah citak tak in a kihelna hang uh hi, cih thu geen bel-in nei hi. A
pawlpi-ah numei upa tampi om hi.
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Numei le sumlepaai: Numei pen sum le pai vai-ah a muang zo
ngiat lo mi honkhat om hi. Leitung bupah sumbul pia-in summeet
bawlna a siam, Nobel prize bang angah Muhamad Yunus in numeite
bek sum leitawi ngam ing, amau a sumte uh mawkzat ngamlo-in
zathuaina munte bekah zang hi, na ci hi. Sum leitawi a piak awn
tampi omin tua lak pan 90% pen numeite bek ahi hi.
Numei le Nainganzi: Leitung gam tampi-ah numei president sem,
prime minister sem tam mahmah ta hi. India gam kumpi zumte ah
numeite makaih khuate-in tangpi tangta kisap sem zo zaw cih muuh hi. (Gtn, tui siangtho vai hawmsak). Numei khua makaiten
pasalte sang golhguk (bribery) nelo zaw uh ci hi.
Gamvai, biakna vai a kipan thukhensatna bawlna, thukhun
suaihnate-ah numei le pasalten kikim takin kihelna kupkhopna nei
thei kei le uh, kensatna khat peupeuh ah a thuzawhte gen bang
peuhpeuh kimang kha ziauziau mawk hi.
Thukhupna
Zogam pen Kawlgam ah a zawngpen gam hi-in, mipi bup pan 73.3%
pen zawnna piciang nuai-ah kiom lai hi. Khasim i ngah zah sum
khempeuh lak pan 75% pen an le meh lian-in a kizang hi-in, a
diakdiakin buh leina-in kizang hi. Tua nangawn zong a lim a al, cidam
nading hi peuhmah lo-in, sihkham na ciangbek ahi hi. Tua ahih
manin Zomi, Zosuan taten a bucing khantohna taktak i ngah
nadingin numeite kihelna lo tawh kitangtung theilo ding hi. Kinusia
theilo hi. Zomi numeite zong hih gam ki-ukna hunthak ah meidawi,
lungneu den keei nawnlo-in, Pasian ading, gam le minam nopsak
theih nadingin hangsan tak-in paungam, phungam, sepngam kul hi.
References:
Drinkwater, M., (2005) We Are Also Human: Identify And Power
In Gender Relations. Care.
Lian, Pau Sian (March, 2013). Participation of Women in
Community Development in Tedim Township, Chin State,
Myanmar. Unpublished M.D.M Thesis, University of Cordilleras.
Baguio, Philippines.
76
Marilyn Gittell., Isola Ortega-Bustamante., Tracy Steffy. (July
1999) Creating Social Capital And Social Change, A Study Of
Women-Led Community Development Organization. Mcauley
Institute And Supported By Ford Foundation.
Megan Thibos, Danielle Lavin Loucks, Marcus Martin. (May
2007). The Feminization Of Poverty. The J.MCDONALD
WILLIAMS INSTITUTE
The South Commission. (1990). The Challenge To The South:
The Report Of South Commission. OXFORD
United Nations Development Program. (2011). Integrated
Household Conditions Survey In Myanmar (2009-2010).Poverty
Profile. UNDP.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2003). A
Path Out Of Poverty:
Developing Rural And Women
Entrepreneurship. UNITED.
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KHEN NIHNA
PICING KI-UKNA
78
Makai Hoih le Ki-ukna Hoih
(Good leaders and Good governance)
Makai Hoih
Makai hoih tawh kisai-in
tehna piciang nam tampi mah
om hi. Tua lak-ah Sen thuthuk
ngaihsun mipil Lao-tzu in a
muhkhiat makai nam (4)te
thu i en dinghi. Lao-tzu
genna-ah,
Makai
hoih
penpente pen a om lamuh
zong mipiten phawk kha
pakpak meello hi. Makai hoih
cih ciangte bel mipiten phat-in pahtawi uh hi. Adang pawlkhatte
mipiten kihta-in, a suksia pente bel mipiten hua uh hi. Makai hoih
penten nasep a gualzawh uhteh, mipiten i nasep khop ngeingai zo
ngawngaw hang-ei ci hi. cih bangin makai hoih le hoihlote dan na
khen dimdiam hi.
Ki-ukna hoih cih kammal pen a diakdiakin khantohna tawh kisai
lai tuamtuamte ah kilim muh phadiak hi. Bang hang hiam cihleh kiuk khialhna, ki-ukna hoihlote in mite sungah siatna a piangsak
ngitngetna, na hoihlote zungpi ahi hi. Gam tuamtuam a om, kipawlna
tuamtuam, huhna pia kawikawi kipawlnaten huhna apiak dingte,
huhna a ngah dingte ki-ukna a hoih le a hoihlo et masakin nei
pelmawh den uh hi.
Ki-ukna
Ki-ukna in thu khensat sepna lampi (process of decisionmaking) le tua thu khensatte taksuah sakna (a hihkeh tak suahsak
lohna) ahi hi. Veng hausa sepna, beh makai sepna, khua makaihna,
gambup kumpi sepna cih bangin ki-ukna pen mun tuamtuam ah
kizang thei hi.
79
Ki-ukna cih-in thu khensat nasep sepna lampi le tua thu
khensatte taksuah sakna cih mah bangin, ki-ukna pen telkheh zaw
deuh lehang hih thu khensatna sepna ah mi namkim (nautang mipite
le kumpi nasemte) panmun la khawm sakin khen satnate taksuah
sakna hi.
Kumpi cih pen ki-ukna-ah a kihel a meng khat hi zaw hi. A
cialcial-in omto diudeu kumpi nasemte dinmun tawh kituak-in kiukna ah a kihel dan uh zong nam taumtuam om dimdiam hi. Ki-ukna
ah kihel kumpi nasem lote i cian-et teh, khuata lam ah bang gamvai
nasem partyte, biakna makaite, lokho kipawlna makaite, NGOte, veng
makaite, numei kipawlnate, biakna kipawlnate cih bangin nam
tuamtuam in om diudeu hi. Khuapi lama om mipi kipawlnte-in khuata
lam a te sangin a kihel tamzaw-in kikai-awh ngeingai zaw uh hi.
Gambup huam mipi kipawlnate i et teh media-te, mi zolte (lobbyists),
gam tuamtuam nasep mipi huh kipawlna (INGO) te cih bangin om
kawikawi-in thu khensat na sepna-ah kilim hel mahmah uh a, thu
khensatna bawl nang khat peuhpeuh ah a aw uh thawl mahmah hi.
Kumpi nasemte le galkapte kihello hih thu khensat nasep naah a kihel khempeuh pen mipi kipawlna (civil society) ci-in min
kivawh hi. Gam pawl khatkhat-ah mipi kipawlnate tawh kizom-in
limtak a kigawm, gamtatsiate kipawlnate in thu khensat na sepna-ah
nakpi takin nawngkai sakzo uh hi. Tua bang khatmah-in kumpi kiukna lamten panmun tuamtuam la-in na a sepna uh ah zong thu
khensatna nasep a tangtun mengmeng nadingin mipi kipawlna-in a
mazang sak thei mahmahte ahi-uh hi.
Gambup huam nasepna-ah, kumpi lamte phuattawm hilo
kipawlna dang thukhensatna-ah a kihel mi dang zong om thei tham
hi. Gentehna-in, ngaihsutna pia kipawlna,
anbuk lam tanute
kipawlna, lokhote kipawlna cihte khawngzong a khauhpai lammah hiuh hi. Khuata lam leuleu-ah, thu khensatna khat peuhpeuh ah thunei,
aw ginngaih phadeuh innkuan, tanau om thei mawkmawk hi. Ahangin
ki-ukna lam a uliante ukkhialhna, gamtat siatna le golhguk nekna
lamte hangpan hiham tang lel hi.
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Ki-ukna Hoih
Ki-ukna hoih khat ngah theih nadingin a kihel kim hamtang
ding thudik pi nam (8) om hi. Tuate in, kihel theihna (participatory),
ipsim tuam neihlohna (transparency), tavuan lakna (responsive),
mabutna le vaitam zawhna (effective and efficient), kikimna le mikim
huamna (equitable and inclusive) leh thukhunte ukna (rule of law)
cihte ahi hi.
Hih thu (8) te a om nakleh kua makai peuhmah ut bangin
pheng gamtat thei lo-in, golhguk nekna zong kiamtuam mahmah ding
hi. Mi citawmte zong kipampaih thei nawnlo dingin, mi namneute
thugente zong thu khensat nasep sepna-ah limtak-in kingaihsak ding
hi. Tangpite zingvai kisapna le mailam ah a pelmawh ding thute
tavuan kilaksak ding hi.
Kihel theihna (Participation)
Ki-ukna hoih suahtheihna dingin pasal le numeite a kihel kim
ding pen a khuampi, a mungpi ahi hi. Hih kihelna-ah a mimal in
kiteelna, kumpi zum lam le thukhun tawh kizui-in palai ding teelin
kihelsakna, tangmi (representative) teelna cihte kizang thei hi. Kihel
kimna om theihna dingin tangzai takin geelin sepna, kipawlna tawh
kisai thute mipi khempeuhte tungah theihsaknate a kilem linlian
dingin sep ding kisam hi. Tua ahih manin suakta tak-in mipi kipawlna
neih theihsak ding kisamin, tua mipi lam pana kiphuan kipawlnate
thanghuai nianua lo-in, siang takin septheih nading lam honsak ding
thupi hi.
ThukhunteUkna (Rule of Law)
Ki-ukna hoih a suah theih nadingin maitang piaktuam paihtuam
a neilo, maipha piak tuan a neilo a dik, a man thukhun neih ding thupi
hi. Tua thukhunte-in mihingte thuneihna, minam neute thuneihnate
khauhtak-in kep cingsak cinten ding ahi hi. Mi khempeuh a kibangin
thukhen-in, maipha piaktuan a nei thukhenna a bei nadingin thukhen
zumte le thukhen mangte-in kuama thu neihna nuai-ah a om loh
dinguh kulmasa hi. A tuam vilvel ngiat-in tuam dinsak kul a, palik
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(police)te mahmah in zong golhguk nekna a pelh hamtang ding uh
ahi hi.
Thu-ipsim tuam Neihlohna (Transparency)
A kua mapeuh muh theih nadingin kihonna, ipsim tuam neih
lohna cihin thu khensat bawlna peuhpeuh, zuih dingin a kibawl
thukhunte mah siksanin khensat ding hi-in, tua thukhenna tawh kisai
thu le la khempeuh mipi khempeuh in suakta takin a theih nadingun,
zaksakna, theihsakna, ipsim neihlohna ahi hi. A diakdiak-in
thukhensatna ah a kihelte, thu khensatna sepkhiat teh tua hangin a
sia a pha a thuak kha dingten thu le la khempeuh cingtakin a theih
dinguh thupi hi.
Tua bek thamlo-in hih thute tangpi tangta theihsak teh thu
vuicing takin theihsak ding leh tua thute mipi a kua maciatte tel baih
theih pen dingin sut siam ding kisam hi.
Tavuan lakna (Responsiveness)
Ki-ukna hoih cih ciangin kipawlna tuamtuaten na a sep takuh teh
mipi khempeuh huam kimin, a kilawm ciangkhat hun ciangtan in tua
hun sung mah-in a sep zawh nadingin hanciam ding hi.
A tamzaw santheihna ultunsakna (Consensus Oriented)
Tangpi omna khat peuhpeuh ah mi nam tuamtuam, a kibanglo
deih le sap tuamtuam om nianua mah hi. Ki-ukna hoih cih in tua a
kibanglo deihna, muhna tuamtuamte sungpan maipha piaktuan,
thupi san tuan cih bang omlo, tangpi a huamzo thei pen le tangpite
ading hamphatna atam pen dingte zon siamin, sepkhiat theih ding
kisam hi.
Zingvai nitak vai ciang bek buaipih lo-in, mailam ading
thukhualna tak tawh geel-in, ngaihsut kul hi. Mailam hun saupi a kip
a kho khantohnate tawh mipite khansuah-in tua khantohnate ngah
theih nading lampi hoih tuamtuamte zongin sep ding kisam lai hi. Tua
ahih manin, thu khat peuhpeuh khensat ma-in a mun, a khuate dan,
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ngeina, tangthute kantel-in, mun le gam tawh kituak theithei ding
geel masak pelmawh ding hi.
Atamzaw
santheih
Asia apha
puakngamna
Kihel theihna
Thu ipsim tuam

neihlohna
Ki-Ukna Hoih
Thukhunte zuihna
Mabutna le
ultunsakna
Tavuan lakna
Kikimna le
Huamkimna
Kikimna le Huam kimna (Equity and Inclusiveness)

A cidam tangpi omkhopna a pian theih nadingin tua sunga kihel
mipi khempeuh-in ken mun ka nei hi, kei ading mun khat peuhpeuh
om hamtang hi cih a lungmuan nang uh le mipite sung pan huaidiak,
pampaih diak neih khak loh dingin kidop huai hi. Hih tengah mi
khempeuh kihel ding kisam a, a diakdiak in a thanem, a zawm
phadiakte a kipan khutzaw khebai, mittaw, bengnongte a kipan a
cingtaak lote zong kihel kha-in amauten khantoh phattuamna a ngah
nadinguh thupi hi.
Ma butna le vaitam zawhna (Effective and Effcient)
Ki-ukna hoih cih teh kipawlna tuamtuamte le nasep naten sum le
pai, vangil neih zahzahte tawh mipite kisap taktakna mah huh zawh,
sepsak zawh, piak zawh nading tup hamtang kul hi. Hih ki-ukna ah
vaitam zawh ding cih ciangin kim le pam kepcingna, leisung piang
vangilte hun saupi kicing takin zattheih suak nading, khom nading
bulphuhna cihte kihel hi.
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Asia Apha puakngamna (Accountability)
Ki-ukna hoih neih nadingin a pelmawh khat-in vai puakngamna,
ei sepna tungtawnin a sia a pha thuakngamna ahi hi. Kumpi zum
nasemte bek hilo mipi kipawlna, nasep khopna limlimte ah zong amau
nasepna-ah kihelte leh tua hangin in a sia a pha thuak dingte lam
pan hong kileh kikthei kona, phatna, gensiatna a piang bangbang
lubuk-ah suat ngamna ahi hi.
Kuan, kua tungah vai puakngamna nei ding hiam cih pen kuan
bang dan nasep koi tengah sem hiam cih tawh kidungzui-in khentat
ding ahi hi. Amau khensatna hangin a thuak dingte tungah bel
vaipuak ngam ding kisam hi. Thu ipsimna le thukhunte ukna zuihna
a om lohna ah vai puakngamna neih ding haksa hi.
Thu khupna
A tunga kikupnate hangin ki-ukna hoih taktak neih ding a hamsa
veve, kicing takin sepzawh ding pen sunmang bek dan tawh hong
kibang hi. Ahi zongin khang tampi a kip a kho khantohna ngah theih
nadingin bangzah ta-in haksa tase mahleh hih ki-ukna hoihte
zangkhia-in taksuah sak tawntung zawh nading hanciam huai hi.
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A Ithuai Thu Lamdang Muhthakna
(Beautiful Surprise)
Research i cih thugil kantelna a kibawlteh hih a ithuai thu

lamdang muhthakna cih khat om thei hi. Mikang lai-in beautiful
surprise ci-in min na phuah uh a, thu-le-late sakhi tuineek a kipan
kankik ci ding i hiam, a dawn dong kan kikkik, kan phapha, kan
behbeh, telkheh kikkik, sit niloh lehang upmawh loh, lamet loh,
ngaihsut hetloh, phawkkhak ngiatloh lamdang i sak thusim, thuthak
honkhat muhkhiatna om thei hi. Tuate pen mipilten hoihsa ngiat,
ithuai nasa ngiungeu ngiat uh ahih manin a ithuai lamdang
muhthakna (beautiful surprise) ci-in na ciamteh uh hi.
Gentehna pawlkhat en pak dih ni. 1990 kim pawlin US ah
Immigration zumten Mexico gam pan a lutsim gammi lo pemta, a
guklutte khauhtakin bengin, man uh hi. Tua bang mite nasep a guan
sumbawlte, setzung neite nangawn kumpi-in thubawl-in, thusit thuak
lawh uh hi. Tua bek thamlo gamhuang cing ding galkap tampi panmun
piak behin, a gamgi uh lim cin mahmah uh hi. Ahi zongin thugil kantel
Douglas S. Massey in hih gamdang mite lutsimna tawh kisai ciantakin
a kantel leh, US kumpi in tua bangin policy khauhtak bawlin a gam
uh a kepcing a kipan gamdang pan a lutsimte milip in khang hanhan
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zaw dan hihtuak hi. A diakdiak in Mexico gammi a lutsimten hihbang
kiben kimatna a uat tektek teh kimatding lau-in, a gam uh ciahkik
ngam nawnlo zaw uh hi. A tungin nitawm, kha tawmno sung hawh
pak, na sem pak dingin a lutsim, pusuak sim ziauziaute ciah kik ngam
nawn lo-in, US ah teng suak uh na himawk hi.
Philippines gam Baguio khua ah sang ka kah laitak-in thugil
kantelna hong kibawl sak-in, ko veng hausa pa tawh ka kimu hi.
Hausa pa hong genna-ah, i veng ah ninte pen thukhun kizui lo-in,
kibua zelzul lua hi, hong ci hi. Baguio ah nin a muatthei le a muatthei
lo cih bangin khen khitteh kibuasak hi. Tua ahih manin kei zong inn
50 val bangah ninbuakna tawh kisai thudotna lai hawm kawikawi-in
ka kankan leh, ka vengpihte pen nin a thanghuai buak zeelzul na hilo
zaw-in, ninkhawm mawtaw hun manin pai meello ahih manin a
thanghuai na hizaw hi. Tua bek thamlo singhiang, singkang, sik
themneng pawlkhat cih a kipan nin pawlkhatte ninpua mawtaw in
sanglo ahih man-in paih, buak nang theilo in buai zawlai uh hi.
Hihte pen a ithuai lamdang muhthakte cih theih hi. Kuamah
upmawh, lamet lohte na hi hi. Ka thesis gelh khat ahi, Tedim Numeite
Kim lepam Khantohna Nasepnate-ah Kihelna cih ka gelh lai-in Tedim
ah ciahin thu ka kan a, hih thutawh kimeizom in Zogam, Zomite bang
hang zawng cih khawng zong ka kanbeh pian leh lamet loh honkhat
ka tuakkha hi. Lam gei-ah kimuhpih ziaupak, hih vaitawh kisai kin
dingin ka upmawh masakloh pawlkhat geel khollo-in thu ka dong a,
amau hong dawnnate na thuk mahmah ziau mawk hi. Zogam hihna
taktak teng hong genkhia ziahziah uh hi. Ei mite dinmun tawh kisai i
makaite gen zeel khat ahi, ei-le-ei sungah zong i kicih zeuhzeuh
theihkhat lah ahi, i tha nemnate lakah a hidiak pawl cihtheih lah ahi,
theihtam, teltawmi kicihcih pen hih thuthuk, thugil kantelna tawh
a hiciang khat kipuahkik, bawlkik, zunkik thei dingin ka lamen hi. Kei
mahmah zong ka tel tawm lua a hih manin thugil kantel in, telkheh
tangtang ding ka vei mahmah khat hi.
Hih zo lehang Zomi Thugil Kantel Pawl (Zomi Research Institute)
cih bangkhat nei-in, i gam ki-ukna vai, minam vai, mailam
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phutkhaktheih ding vaite, a sia a pha i tuatkholh, theihkholh, leh kigin
kholh zawh nading kantelna neihhuai kasa hi. Tua khitteh kum khat
khatvei/nih vei ahi phial zongin, i thugil kantel sate simkik, hopsawn
kikna (research paper reading/presentation) te neizo zeel lehang ei
mite ading a ithuai mahmah lamdang muhthakna tampi omkha-in ka
um hi. A diakdiak-in sang pilna lamah bang cile hang hih thugil
kantelna a omlo sang leh kipawlna pen mannei lo-in kiciamteh
phialmawk hi. Khangthak naupangten hih thugil kantelna a dan, a
zia-le-tongte lungsim ah vom thei-in, a maingap theih nading uh le
thu khentel theihna (critical thinking) a hiam semsem na dingin thu
kinialna (debate) pawi khauhpai mawhlo khawngzong bawlsak-in,
kidemsak huai kasa hi.
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Leitung ah Khialhna Nam 7
(7 Blunders of the World)
India minam makai pipa Gandhi in amah a
kisuamlup madeuh 1948 kumin hih thu a gelhkhiat hiin, a tupa Arun Gandhi na pia man hi. Hih khialhna
nam 7 pen leitung ah thumanna, diktatna, a om theih
nadingin tudong mah a ki tkak den, kizang, a kigen, a
kizang mun kammalte hong suak hi.
1. Nasepna omlo Hauhna (Wealth without Work)
Lai Siangtho sung mahmah ah zong Na a sem
nuam lo mi peuhmah an ne kei-un ci-in kigelhi (2
Thesaloni 3:10). Nasem lo-in hauhnop na-in lamdawt tot nopna
hipah-in leitung thu le Pasian thu-ah san theih thu hilo hi. Leitung
ah buaina, siatna tamzawte en lehang, gim-le-tawl thuak nuamlo
pawlkhate sun khatthu zan khatthu-in a hauhnop man uh na hilel
hi. Na vawh bangin na-at ding hi, cih kammal a om mah bangin
na khat peuhpeuh i deih leh tua tawh kituak manpiakna,
piakkhiatna, tha lawhna a om hamtang kul hi.
2. Kisuantheihna omlo Nopsakna (Pleasure without Conscience)
Mihing khat-in a lungsim sungah kisuan theihna a neih nawn loh
ciang siatna bawlna-ah nopsa in ngeina bangkhat-in nuntak pih hi.
Tua kisuan theihna cih-in Pasian in Ama tate siatna pan kihep theih
nading ong piak thupha khat ahi hi. Nuntak-ah nopsak ding pen
Pasian deih mahmah thu hi, ahi zongin a uang, khengval ding pen
a diklo bekhi (Thuhilhna 11:9).
3. Gamtat Hoihna omlo Pilna (Knowledge without Character)
Pilna neihlohna-in lauhuai mahmah hi. Pilna neite hong gamtat siat
uhteh hong lauhuai zawkan thei hi. Pilna cih in a pillote sang
hoihna lam le siatna lam a koikoi ah kiva zaw cihna hi photphot hi.
Hitler, Binladen, Bill Gate le Nelson Mandellate mipil vive hi-uh a,
gamtat hoih le hoihlo bek kilamdang hi. Pilna neina pi-in a nuntak
pihlo te lah sum-le-pai nei napi a zangtheilote bang uh hi.
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4. Diktatna omlo Sumbawlna (Commerce without Morality)
Hauhna ding, meetna ding bek ngim a, na a kisepteh midangte
khem ding, suh ding, suksiat ding, zawhthawh ding ol mahmah hi.
Thunei le mihaute`n meet nading bek et luatna tawh gam khatle-khat a kizop uhteh gammiten thuak lah mahmah uh hi.
Singkungteng kiphuk, mualteng kisukham, tuipi teng kitepkang
mang suak hi. Tu hunteh sum bawlna-ah zong meet nading bek
en nawnlo-in mihingte le leitang mahmah kep-le-khoi ding (profit,
people, planet) cih kingaihsun ta hi. Zekai lua ta hang a cici zong
om hi.
5. Mihing vailo Khuakpilna (Science without Humility)
Leitung khuakpilna tawh mihingte cidam nading zatui zaha kibawl
thei-in tua pilna mahtawh mi tampi siattheih nading thauvui
thautang lauhuai tampi kibawl thei hi. Hih science pilna lam-ah
theih gige ding khat-in hihthei, bawlthei peuh ing ci-in hih ding,
bawl ding hilo hi. Mihing nangawn (cloning) cih tawh bawl tawm
sawm uh hi. Pasian piansak ahi lo, leitung pilna tawh a kiphuak
tawmte-in piansak nate ban zo ngeilo-in a hoihlo nungthuap (side
effect) neithei gige hi.
6. Kipiak Khiatna omlo Biakpiakna (Worship without Sacrifice)
Gamtatna omlo upna in a si hi a, kipiakkhiatna-omlo biakpiak
natawh kibang hi. Bang hang hiam cihleh ka gilkial laitak-in an
nong pia-uh a, ka dangtak laitak-in tui nong pia-uh a, khualmi ka
hih laitak-in zin nong do uh a, puan neilo-in ka om laitak-in puan
nong guan uh a, ka cinat laitak-in nong veh uh a, ka thongkiat
laitak-in nong hawh uh hi (Matthai 25:35-36).
7. Dinpih Thugil omlo Politic (Politics withour Principle)
Politics cih limlim ah ah thu neihna (power) cih pen kihel hamtang
kul hi. Ahi zongin tua thu neihna bang ding cih ngaihsut huai hi.
Mizawng, thanem, mi namneu, numei naupang, meigong tagahte
ading thumanna le diktak-in thukhenna a om nang hanciamna-in
politic taktak hizaw hi. Tua thugil taktak dinpih lo-in angsung
vaibek a thei mikhat-in thuneihna hong ngah teh a utut-in hong
gamta-in zuaukhem, gitloh, ngongtat, suksiat ding peuhmah
cikzia lo hi.
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Sumtawh Kileitheilo
Zomiten i kamzat mun mahmah khat pen I zawn in hong haisak

cih ahi hi. Hih kammal Zomite sungah a khiatna gencian kullo, phen
kikkik kisam lo hi. Sum neih loh man-in na hoih khatpeuh i theih hang,
i kitheihmawh bawl hi. I deihte i kideihmawh bawl a, i duhte i
kiduhmawh bawl hi. Sum nei kei lehang, sang pilna i sinnop hang
kikah zolo-in, i ci a nat hang zatui zaha lei zolo-in, i kibawl zo kei hi.
Zawnna tawh kisai haksatna Zomite kiang hilhcian kul peuhmah loin
kithei ciat hi. Mi pawlkhatte bangin sum pen pasian nihna (second god
of this world) ci uh a, laigelh siam Mark Twain in, Sum neihlohna-in
siatna khempeuh zungpi hi ci liang hi.
Ahi zongin sum tawh kisai ngaihsut huai mahmah thu phawl khat
om hi. Harvard University a professor sem, thumanna, diktatna
(justice, morality) cih thute a hilhcian Michael Sandel in sum tawh
kisai khenkakna khat nei hi. Tuate nih-in market economy le market
society cih ahi hi. Summet bawlna le mihon kithuahna-ah metbawlna
cih dan ahi hi. Market economy cih summet bawlna ahih leh gam khat
peuhpeuh khantohna, hauhna, cihtheih nopsakna a ngah nadingin zat
loh phamawh vanzat (tool) khat ahi hi. Vanlei vanzuakna leh gam
khat-in sum-le-pai a hauh nop leh adang gam tuamtuamte tawh
kizom kikawm-in summet a bawl kul hi.
Tua lo market society i cih teh mihingte kizop kithuahna-ah hong
om thak ngaihsutna zia khat hi-in nisim nuntakna ah sumlei
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sumzuakna mit tawh na khempeuh etna ahi hi. Vanzat (tool) hi
nawnlo-in mipite tenna (place) ahi zongin na khempeuh a meet ngah
nang etna tawh nuntakna hong suakta hi. Mihingte nuntakzia kilaihna
tawh kisai a kician et-the, hih market economy a kizat kawmkawm
mah-in tuma kum 30 khit lam a kipan market society cihna lam-ah
mihingte nuntakna hong kilaih mangta, ci uh hi. Sum-in zawhlah,
neihlah, leilah nei khollo ahih man-in na khempeuh a man kiciangtan
kha pahpah ta hi.
Ei mite mahmah zong i haksat luat man-in lampi tuamtuam tawh
nuntakna a lemzaw deuhna, gam thumna lam kizin, kiteeng in, na va
kisem ngeingai hi. Kuamah mawhsak theih hilo hi. Ahi zongin a
patauh huai khat-ah sum-le-pai i zon kawmkawm-in u-le- nau kikal
ah, innkuan vai-ah, tanau meeltheih kithuahna-ah sum mit bek tawh
en-in, supna meetna ngaihsutna lam bekbek tawh thu i khensat khak
leh hong diklo ding hi. Vai khat peuhpeuh met nading bek en-in lawmle-gual teelna, zi/pasal ding teelna, sung/mak ding teelna, pawlpi
kihel nading teelna, nasep teelna, pilna sang teelna, makai ding
teelna, pawlpi sia/upa ding teelna, cihte a kipan mihing te kithuahna
sungah sum metna ding bek 100% mitsuan kawm sa-in thu i khensat
khak loh ding thupi hi.
Bang hang hiam cihleh sum tawh a kilei theilo, sum tawh man a
kiciangtan theilo pawlkhat na om hi. Summet bawlna (market
economy) lam ah bel demand and supply, incentive cih theory
tuamtuam te thupi mah hi. Ahi zongin mipi kithuahna ah tuate lem
den lo hi. Kikhial thei hi. Hih vai tawh kisai thu piang taktak pawlkhat
en ni. Switzerland gamah meitha lakna nuclear power a neihna
hangun buaina khat tuak uh a, nuclear setzung pan a paikhia ninte a
paih nading uh mun mulo-in buai mahmah uh hi. Mihingte cidamna
susia thei ahih manin kua mah-in amau huangah paih ding phallo hi.
A tawpna ah kumpiten tua ninte paih nading a tamzawte ading
patauh tawm pen leh mun lem pen ding a zon uh teh mualtung khat
a om khua neu khat mu khia-uh hi.
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Tua ahih manin khua mite` phalna a nget uh leh tua khua miten
altruism (midangte ading khualna) lungsim tawh amau ading patauh
huai mah taleh khua mibup lak pan 51% in phal uh hi. Tua laitak-in
thuneiten khuamite thukimna a ngah beh nading cih ngimna tawh
ninbuak man liauna sum mihing khat-in kumkhat in EU dollar 6000 ta
kipia ding ci-in, sum tawh na zol (money incentive) uh hi.
A tungin khuami 51% in a phalsa pen 25% ah kiamsuk zaw
mawk a, summet bawlna pilna tawh a ki-et teh lamdang kisa mahmah
hi. Ahang a kidot leh khuamite`n, ko pen gam-le-minam ka it man
uh hi-in, sum deihna hi masa lo hi. Tua sum tawh nong zolna uh in
ka gam itna lungsim-uh golh guknekna (bribe) bang hi, ci-in na
dawngkik uh hi. Israel gam-ah mi gentheite huhna (charity) kipawlna
khat omin, khangno sang naupang tampi kihel uh hi. Khatvei
sumbawlna lam siam mipilten mihingte zia theih nop man-in tua
sang naupangnote khen thum suah uh hi. Khen masate kiang mi
gentheite huhna a thupitna ciantak-in a gen khitteh khuasung inn
lusi-ah huhna va dong un ci-in sawlkhia uh hi. Khen nihna te zong tua
bang mah lian-in thu a hilh khitteh sawlkhia uh a, ahih hangin sum
na ngah zahzah lak uh pan 1% no hong kipia kik ding hi, ci-uh hi.
Khen thumnate zong tua bang lian mah hanthohtna a piakkhit
uh teh na ngah zahzah lak pan 10% pen thaman in hong kipia kik
ding hi, ci-in sawl uh hi. Tua tengin inn sim-ah huhna va dong
kawikawi uh a, a man uh teh a ngah zah uh kisimkik pah hi. Tua khen
thum lakpan sum tawh a kizol kilkel lo groupte-in sum tam zong zo
pen mawk uh hi. 10% commission ngahte`n bel 1% ngah dingte
sangin tam zong zo zaw sam uh a, ahi zongin met nading khat zong
om kilkel lo a kipumpiak group masate ngah zah sang tawm ngah zaw
veve uh hi.
Philippines gam a uk ngei kumpi gilo khat ahi Marcos uk hun laiin, amah kumpi hihna pan a sawnkhia nuam, gam ading avei honkhat
training a pia ngei Philippines te sia khat tawh ka kiho kha ngei hi.
Ama hong genna ah Marcos kumpi hihna pan lakkhiat zawh nading in
minam it a kipia khia nuam mi 100 val, gammang tulak a om mual
khat ah kha khat val training ka pia uh a, lungsim lam kipattahna hita
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leh siamna tuamtuam ka hilh uh hi. A tungin mi 100 bang hong kihel
napi sum nei zawdeuh, nasep hoihnei cihte pawl patauh lungkiatna
tawh khat khit khat ciah uh a, a tawpna-ah mizawng daipam pawlkhat
bek cian lai-in tuate tawh ma ka zom uha, gam ading ka kiphiakhia
uh cih hong gen hi. Gam hoih khat lam nading hih mi zawngte
kipiakhiatna zong neu lo hi, si-ngam ngiat uh hi.
Mihing kithuah kikholkhopna-ah sum mit tawh i et den keei khak
leh kikhial mahmah thei hi. Itna, deihsakna, veina, lainatna,
kipiakkhiatna, kipumpiakna, cihte cikmah hun-in sumbawlna pilna
tawh kituat theilo, leitung sum man zah tawh kiciangtan theilo ahih
lam mangngilh kha kei ni.
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Leitung ah Thumanna Om nading
Thugil ngaihsun John Rawl in leitung ah koicih lehang mihingte

gamtat pha-in, thuman na le diktatnate in mihingte uk dinghiam,
cihthu a lunglut le a vei mahmah mipil khathi. Tua ahih manin
mihingten ei-le-ei ih kidawm in, thuman thutak mah teelin ih nuntak
pih theih na dingin Ei-le-ei kitheih mawhbawl na Dial (Veil of
Ignorance) cih lungsim kisitna na ci ding ihhiam (thought experiment)
khat ong phuangkhia hi.
Rawls patkhiat hih lungsim kisitna-in, ei-le-ei leitung ah a omlo
dan in kituat-in, kuami kuasa ihhiam cih kitheih mawhbawlna tawh
kipan hi. Ei-le-ei leitung ah a om nailo dan ih hih manin ih min, ihza,
ih panmun le neih-le-lamte peuhmah a omngiat lohi. Tua laitak mahin
ih lungsim ah ei om nading khua khat (society) khat a sat dingin
kivawh le hang, leitung ngeina mah bangin mihingte kibat lohna, ki
lamdanna tampite ahi a nuamsa diak, a zawng zawdeuh, a pil tuan,
cihdante a kipan tampi ong omkul dinghi. Tua bek thamloh hih khua
pen kuan uk, makaih, thunei ding? Bang thukhun zangding?, cihte
geelkul pah hi. Ahi zongin a ngaihsut huai mahmah khatah ei pen tuate
lakah kuasuak ding cih kithei lo ih hi mawkhi.
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A zenzen in tua ih lunggel khua-ah mizawng mihau, nampi
namneu, ulian le naltang kideidan na khauhpai mahmah mawkleh eile-ei kua suak ding cih kigen thei ngiatlo ahih manin za lian kisuak thei
a, mizawng, genthei khatzong ih suakkha thei dinghi. Tua ahih manin
thuman lo pi-in kizawhthawh, kikhelbawlna a a omloh nading, a
omphial leh zong a tawm theithei a hih ding ih ut dinghi. Mizawng
mihau kikal ah zong neih-le-lam a kikhai lualo ding ih ut dinghi. A sia
pen dinmun ah ihsuak kha phial zongin ei mahmah in diksa-in ih
santheih, ih thuakngap dinmun ahi ciangkhat ih deih dinghi.
Hih lungsim sitna deihna bulpi-in, khensatna-khat peuhpeuh ah
ei-le-ei ih hihna, ih za, ih panmun, ih minam, ih innkuanpih cihte ki
mangngilh bawl photin hih thukhensatna a thuak ding mite dinmun
ah ei-le-ei kivawhna a hihi. Hih ka thukhen sat-in mizawngte ading
bang aci tam? Numei naupangten thudik a sa uhdiam? Mittaw
bengongten thu vaihawm na-ah amau huam a sa uhdiam? Amau
munah keiom in hihdan lian in thu ong kikhensat leh thuman ka
sadiam? Dik kasa diam? Ka sangzo diam? ci-in ei-le-ei mah ih kidot
masak khitteh khensat pan lehang thuman thutak kituak pen-in ki
khensat, ki vaihawm zaw deuhding cih lametna hi.
Lungsim kisitna dangkhat-in, mi a tamzaw simsim sa Stephen
Covery gelh 7 Habits of Highly Effective People laibu sung a kihel, A
Tawpna ding lungngai kawmsa in Masuan in, (Begin with the end in
mind) cih thu tawh zomni. Tua zong lungsim kisitna nam khat hi leuleu
hi. Nang-le- nang na theih ngeingiat loh sihvui na khat ah a paidan in
mitkha-ah na kibawl masa dihin. Sihvui na mun ah mi tampi omin na
theih tawh theihngei meelloh tawh na tu ngeingai uh cini.
Nang zong kua misi gal na hiam cih na ngawn theilo pi mahin tua
hun bawlna a maipen ah na tu pahhi. Sihvui hungeelna-ah thugen ding
mi (4) na om uhhi. A masa thugen ding pen a si pen tawh a ki-it
mahmah a lawm khat hi. A nihna pa pen, a si pen pawlpi sia pa hi-in
pawlpi mite nuntak zia a tel mahmah khat cini. A thumna pen a si pen
lampan inntek thu pulak ding hi-in, a tawpna pa pen a si pen zum
nasep pih khat na hihi. Tua thugen dingteng pen misi pa/nu thu ip
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neilo, pumphat, pum gensiat cihbang a zangthei ngiatlo a hi bangbang
in a gen tattakte uhhi.
Tua teng na muh khit ciangin, nang zong a misi zong theilo-in
sigal cih haivai ci-in, a hankuang na va-en a, a misi pen nang pumpi,
nang a si na hi seisai mawk hi. Nang ong kivui ni na hihi. Tua ahih leh
sihvuina-ah nang thu a gen ding mi 4 ten nangthu bangteng genleh
na deih hiam? Tangthu hoih gending na deihleh tu mahmah in
nuntakna tawh na lahkhiat kul dinghi, cih nopna hi. Nuntak na-ah
huntawpna ding lungsim ah ngaihsun khol densa-in gamtat ding thu a
gennopna a hihi.
A tung a ih gen thunih te pen kihualna mahmah hi. Na khat
peuhpeuh ih geel laitak sepma, gamtat ma, khensat ma-in hih thu-in
mi khempeuh santheih, a kinial theilo thudik, thutak mah hiam?
Mizawng, mipoi, numei naupang, namneu, mi citawmte ading zong a
thuman mah dinghiam? Mai phapiak tuam ka nei kha hiam? Tua
khitteh a sita ding himawk leng ka tangthu koidan in ka sutsak nuam
ding hiam? Ong kikoi cih genleh ka uthiam?, cihte lungngai-in lungsim
kisitna ih neihzeel kulhi.
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Kuate in Politic ah Kihelthei?
Colombia gamah pawlpi lian

penkhat ahi, Mission Carismatica
International pawlpi makai Cesar
Castellanos zi tangthu phawkhuai hi.
Sianu min pen Claudia Rodriguez
Castellanos hi-in, nitak khat TV
channel khat a et leh dawi biakna a
ultung sak mahmah political party
khat in kiteelna ading mipi na zol
ziahziah mawk hi. Tua hun lian a
kipan a kipan pastor pa zi in, keimah politic ah kihel lo-in ka upna ka
kep keileh kua kihel nawn ding, ci-in parliament ah palai mun dem
dingin khensat pahhi. Amau nupa gelh, Dream and you will win the
world laibu sungah Sianu-in, politic ah lutin Pasian deihna tawh
khauhtak ka din keileh kua ding nawnmawk dinghiam?, cih khauh
takin ka lungsim ah ong kilo a hih manin politic ah ka kihel, cihi.
Tu hun lian laitak Myanmar gam parliament ah MP lakpan numei
phazah tawm mahmah a, tuate sung pan ThanTlang te Pi Za Hlem
zong kihel hi. Amah tawh khat vei ka kiho leh politic sepna-ah kihelna,
MP suahna a hang pi pen-in a neu lai a kipan a khua uh ah, thau vui
thautang tawh kido kithahna omin patau mun mahmah a hih man-in
Myanmar gamah ah kido na om nawnloh nading, daihna om na dingin
hanciam nuam lua ka hih manin politic ah kalut hi, ong ci ngeihi. amah
zong vai tampi ah khuapi tading phul tantan ngam a, a khuapihten
phattuam pih mahmah khathi.
Hih numei tegeel pen khat biakna makai zi hi-in a dang khat pen
sangsia sem khat a hihi. Amau tegeel politic ah kihel na hangpi pen-in
veina, lai natna hipi pen pahhi. NLD makai U Nyan Win-in, gamkhat
makaih na dingin capacity cihte thupi mah a, a diak-in deihsakna takpi
le khuakzattheihna thupi pen hi, ci-in interviewna khatah gen hi. Politic
thu ih ngaihsut teh, a diakdiak-in Myanmar gamah politic vai ih geelteh
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eitawh kisai lo, papi pawl khat bek, ahih keh mi tuamdang ngiat
pawlkhatte vai dingdan in ih sehsak pongmawk theihi. Ahih naciang
khat om na pin hikhin samlohi.
Politic thu a ki sinteh political philosophy sin hamtang kul a, tua
thute a vekpi phial-in thumanna, liangko kikimna, diktatna cihte in
bang hi-a? Tuate omtheih nading in bang sephuai hiam? cih thute
hipha pen mawkhi. Politic pen zuaukhemna, gitlohna, kizawh thawhna
tawh kibang na pin politic thugil taktak-in thumanna, dikna om nading
sepna hipi pen hi. Politic tawh kisai thugil theipen pawl-in kiciam teh
John Rawls bang pen America-Vietnam galah kihel kha-in, mi tampi
sih lawh nate a muhteh thukim thei mahmah lo-in, thumanna koicih
zon ding ihhiam cih, vei mahmah na tawh lai gelha, ama laigelhte mah
mi tampi tak-in simkik, siksan in kisin kik hi. Immanuel Kant, Michael
Sandell cihte zong daihna ih cih taktak bang hi a, thumanna ih cih
banghiam? cihdan thugil tampi ong gelhkhia a, politic ki sin na-ah
tuate mah ki bulphuh pahhi. Tua ahih man-in gam-le-minam na veiin thuman thutak na deih nakleh politic a kisemthei lua hi a, veina
thupi penhi ci-in a huam pi-in kigen thei ziauhi. Siamna, ki vakna,
geeltheihna, muhkholh theihna cihte thupi mahmah na pin tuate
nungthuap hi a, kalmasa-in veina taktak leh thuman thutak ih letnop
masak kul limlim hi.
Ahi zongin ngaihsut huai pawlkhat ong om leuleu hi. Politic pen
veina nei peuhpeuh kihel theih ih cihteh, mi khempeuh MP ding kidem
ngeingai-in kituh bawl ding cihna hi denlo hi. MP suak-in Hlutdaw tutna
bek politic hi zenzen lohi. Pawlkhatte hlutdaw ah ong om kul-a, pawl
khatte cimawh huhna, pilna lapsangna, media nasepna, Pasian
nasepna-ah hunbit-in kihelna cihte zong politic sepna nam mah ahih
lam phawkhuai hi. Koi panmun ah omleng lempen ding? kizang thei
pending? Mipihte ading mazang pen dinghiam? cihte lungngaih masak
huaiphot hi.
Tua bang khat mahin Pasian, gam-le-minam mintawh i kihel teh
i biak Pasian min daisak, minam te zum sak i hih khak dingleh kihelloh
mah ong hoihzaw dinghi. Tukum 2015 kum-in Nigeria gamah president
ding kiteelna omin, president term khat a semkhin Christian biakna
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ahi Goodluck Jonathan leh Muslim biakna mi Muhammadu Buhari
kidem uhhi. Biakna mit bek tawh ending hile hang Goodluck Jonathan
deihsak huai ponghi. Ahi zongin Goodluck Jonathan pen gamtat sia
mahmah khat hi-in, golhguk nek hat tuak mahmah a, ama uk sungin
Nigeria-in leiba tampi nei ek hi. Tua ahih man-in a ki dempihpa
Muhammadu Buhari in panmun ong ngah hi.
Tua ahih man-in politic cihpen gam-le-minam veinak leh kihel
theihluat hi. Kihelna danding zong teelsiam huai-in, ih biakna, upna,
mipihte ih maizum sak khak dingleh kihel loh zong hoihkik zaw bilbel
hi, cih dinghi.
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Khan Kumsawt Democracy
(Sustainable Democracy)
Myanmar ah lungkim huai ahi naikei zongin democracy cih khat i

zat zawh kum thum val bang hong cingta hi. Deih zah ahih nailoh
hangin hong nuam tuam veve hi. Tulian laitak in leitung bup leh
gammite ngiat in a patauh khat uh in, Kawlgam ah democracy bang
dinmun tungta-in, bang tanciang mainawt lai ding cihte leh cikteh
democracy kician ngah zo ding cihte ahi hi.
Politics pilna lam-ah a madawk diak mipil Francis Fukuyama in
democracy pen a koici gamte ah sawtvei kimang-in, bang cih lehang
zatnuam hiam, cih thu a kan kawikawi khitteh mipite dinmun thupitna
khat hong mukhia hi. Ama muhkhiatna-ah nunna laihawl (middle
class) a khauhpaina gamte-ah democracy khansawt phadiak in mu
khia hi. Huam gen lehang nunna laihawl (middle class) cihte pen
thatang nasepna hi nawnlo-in, zum nasem (pilna tawh nasemte) le a
diakdiak in University kician pan sang mante (educated) tam
semsemna cihtheih hi. Hih ahi ciangkhat tung khin-mipi nunna
laihawlte-in thuman lohna tamna, ki-ukna ginatlohna, kizawhthawh
luatnate-ah khauh takin langpan zo uh-a, mipite lokzo, makaih zo uh
hi.
Goldman Sachte tuatna-ah 2030 teh leitung ah hih nunna laihawl
(middle class) te billion 2 om dingin um uh hi. Europe Union te thugil
kan pawlten 2020 teh nunna laihawl 3.2 billion omin, 2030 teh 5
billion kitung kha thei ding hi, cih tuatkhol uh hi. Amau muhkhiatnaah 2010 in leitung ah nunna laihawl 1.8 billion om hi. Hihte tung pan
a kigen thei khat-in mailam teh pilna, sum-le-pai kinei to semsem ding
ahih manin mihingte dikna le thu neihna a ultung sak democracy kiukna zong hong kizang semsem ding cih kigenkhol thei hi.
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I Kawlgam pen hih democracy ki-ukna taktak a tung nai lo cih
hi peuhmah lo-in, ni dangin democracy a limzat mahmah sa, pilna lam
le neih-le-lam ah a khauhpai mahmah sa gam khat ahi hi. Gammite
laitheihna (literacy rate) bang bel leitungah a sang pen lam pawl hikhin
lua hi. U Ne Win in 1960 khit a kipan i gam suang ki-ukna hoihteng
hong suksiat dikdekte lak-ah i pilna sinna zia-le-tong hoih mahmah
sate khawng a sia theithei-in lumlet gawppat hi. Tua ahih man-in
Kawlgam, Zogam ah democracy sawt khom ding i deih leh haina pan
pilna lam, zawnna pan hauhna lam, natna-pan cidamna lam i hanciam
kul hi. Tuateng kammal khatin gen le hang tangpi kikepna (social
welfare) lam i vei kul mahmah hi.
Hih tangpi kikepna (social welfare) icih pilna, cidamna a ultun
sakna hangin sum-le-pai nangawn a hauhlawh gam tampi lak-ah
Japan gam etteh huai pha hi. Japan gam pen Meiji Restoration cih kiukna lam kipuahphatna a neih ma tham, kum zalom 18 ma laipek in a
zawn mahmah thilthel uh hang lai theihna (literacy)-ah khauhpai
mahmah khin hi. Amau sang a khangto masa zaw, setkhuak tawh
nasep (industrialized) a kipan khin, Europe gamte sang tua hun laipekin lai theihna lamah na sangzaw khin, kici hi. Tua ahih manin leitung
bup ah a hau pen nihna gam cih dinmun kum tampi lenzo mawk hi.
Sum-le-pai neilo pimah pilna lam na ki tawsawn tantan uh ahih manin,
a tawpna-ah hauhloh theihloh, khantoh loh a hithei lo na hi hi.
Sen gam leuleu democracy gam ahih nai lian loh hang sum-le-pai
lamah hauh ding a kigin litlit pian lai, 1970 lam ma pekin, a gam uh
ah pilna le cidamna lam, tangpi kikepna nasiat tuak mahmah khin
mawk hi. A mite uh ngiat na pilsuah dikdek khol khin ahih manun,
leitung bup tawh sumbawl khopna (marketization) ahih uhteh a
mipilteng uh zang thei pahlian uh hi. Mipil misiam lawhsam lualo hi.
Hih tangpi kikepna tawh kisai-in namnih kikhen thei hi. Nam
masate-in sum-le-pai khantoh ma pek-in neih zahzah tawh pilna,
cidamna lam mah ultung sak masak hamtang ding (support led) cih
hi-in, Asia gam sungte lakah, Japan, Sen, Korea gamte hi phadiak uh
hi. Nam nihna-in sum-le-pai i neih zah dandan-in kikep kikhoi ding hilo
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dia a ci (growth-mediated) cihte ahi hi. Kawlgam-in a nam nihna
sungah kihel hi. Kum tampi sung i gambup ading kumpite sumzat
lakpan 1% pen cidamna lam, 4% pen pilna lam ading kizang hi. Tu
kum lamteh cidamna lamah 3% zangta-in pilna lam 6% hita hi. Hih
bangtawh i ki-uk hangin minung-ah i om thapai hi. Mihing muanhuai
(human resource) a omlo cihtheih phial ahi hi. Germany gam bang ah
tukum a kipan university i kah nopleh a mawkna hita ngial zen hi.
Aung San Suu Kyi mahmah in zong hih pilna lam leh cidamna lam mah
parliament ah tut phetin pulak masak-in nei hi.
Hih tangpi kikepnate kin bawl lehang i mimal manneihna, mimal
thuneihna, mihingte suahtakna a ultung sak democracy kician takin
kizangthei-in, sawtvei kimang zo ding hi. Tu laitakin democracy i cih
hang Kawl lutol uangtat honkhat buaipih, minam bup hong nawngkai
sak tadih thukhun hi lolo namte dan peuh tawh kibuai-in mazan vai
ngiatlo hi. Khantohna lam-ah a pil mahmah Stiglits Kawlgam hong zin
lai-in, na leisung van manphate pan na ngah uh sumte mihingte
khantohna ding lamah vawhkik tangtang un aw, cih gen phapha hi.
Hih thu-ah kumpite peuh a tawntung-in mawhsak thapaih ding
zong hituan lo leuleu hi. Ei zawh khopkhop in i kipat kul hi. Bangladesh
gam ah micro credit tawh mi tampi zawnna pan a honkhia Muhamed
Yunus in a zawng pen naupangte nangawn in leizo-in cidam thahat
tuam nading uh veina tawh nawitui ki-umsa (yogurt limci theithei a
man tawm thei pen-in pil sinna sangte ah puak kawikawi hi. Eite-in
zong tum taktak, vei taktakin sawm taktak le hang ei zawh khopkhop
ding vai tampi om lel ding hi. Hih tangpi kikepna tawh khantohna-cihin
zan khat thu-in a gah kimu pah nam hilo leuleu hi. Lungduai, kuhkal,
cihtak kul hi. Ahi zongin a gah i lawhteh kumsawt tampi kimangin kisik
om ngeilo namte ahi hi.
I Zogam pilsinna a niam luat manin tan 10 a kheng zolo, zo na pin
sum-le-pai hamsat manin university a zom zolo mimal kitam pha
mahmah hi. Kuamah mawhsak theih hilo hi. Tuate ading phadiak-in
hih kivakpah theihna pilna (Vocational Training) kinak sap mahmah hi.
Anhuandan-sinna, puankhui, sammet, inn lam khutsiamna pilna cihte
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neu-et theih hi peuhmah lo hi. Gamdang a zin uh hileh zong nasep
ngahpah zaw lai ding uh hi. Aung San Suu Kyi-in kum tampi a innah a
kikepcip khit a zin masak penna Thai gam Leitung bup thu kikupna pi
(World Economic Forum)ah Kawlgam khangnote kinawhsap mahmah
thu-in hih vocational training hi, ci-in leitung bupah na tangko-masa
hi. Amagen man in a thupi hilo-in, ahi mahmah khat a genkhia ka
cihnopna hi. Europe gamah 2008 economic crisis khit sum tawm beipen le muibun pen kivak nadingin hih vocational training thupitna
limgen mahmah san uh hi.
Tua ahih manin i gam ah mihingte manneihna a ultung sak
democracy ki-ukna sawt khom ding i utleh nunna laihawl i tam
semsem kul a, tua dingin mizawng, mipoi, mi haiteng i neih zahzah
mah tawh mi cidam, mi pil suahsak masak kul hi. Khantohna lam tawh
kisai mi minthang Amartya Sen-in democracy ukna kician taktak
gamte-ah kial tungngei lo hi, cih mukhia se hi. Democracy (properly
function) ukna kician cih gam i tun nangin tangpi bup mah mi kician i
suah kul hi. Tangpi kikepna hong khauhpai limlim masa photleh
democracy cihciang bek a hilo, a sum-le-pai mahmah zong i hauhlawh
ta ngial ding hi.
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2015 Election teh Kuateel ding?
Thuman tak le suakta takin

(free and fair) kiteelna a om
theidiam cih ngaihsut huai bekin tukum 2015 kumbei kuan teh
bel kiteelna om limlim dingin kium tekhi. Tua ahih manin
kuateel peuhmah ding cih tu
pan kipan, ngiahsut kholhhuai,
kigin kholh huaihi. Mipi palai
(Member of Parliament) ding, kua teelding ? Bangngen sak ding ? Koi
cih panpih ding cih thute kong kumnuam hi.
Kua teelding?:
Hih dotna ih ngaihsutteh a mimal le a party in ngaihsut huaihi.
Party lak-ah zong gambup huam party (USDP, NLD) cih le minam
huamin party (ZCD, SNLD) cihdan omhi. Tuate nih-in thakhauhna le
thanemna nei ciat-uh a, hih thului sungah tam ih kikum man kei ding
hi. Ngaihsut pak theihin cilehang, hlutdaw sungah a tamzawte
meetang tawh thu kikhensatt a hih manin gambup huam party liante
MP te teel lehang ih thukhat peuh ong taksuak baihtheih hi. Ahi zongin
tuadan partyte minam neu, biakna tuamte vai-ah dinmun muanhuai
lo uhhi.
Tu lian laitak, minam dang, biakna dangte langpan nopna tawh
lutol uang deuh pawlkhat thusun, namkep thukhun (race protection
law) vai-ah party liante dai uhhi. Gambup huam party lian pan MP
suak ih mipihte aw ih limzak keihi. Mi citawm minam neu, biakna
dangte ading ahih leh ki ciangtan uhhi. Party lam enlo-in a mi-in en
ding hile hang, Lai Siangtho sung a om Esther kumpi nu dan paktat
huai kasa mahmah hi. Esther kumpi nu nuntakna pan paktat huai thu
thum kimu theihi. Pasian a um, a ciim giugiau le a diakdiak-in mipihte
ading luangkham ngam liang MP ih kisam hi.
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Pasian um cihteh upna lam-ah a khiam vetlo (compromise) kulhi.
Adiak in Pasian bia tawm gam, eite ading ih upna dinpih ngam ih
kisam hi. Tua khitteh mipil, mi liante tawh kithuah ding ahih manin
zong ong pilzek, teizek, siamzek kulhi. Esther bangin kumpite tawh
koi cih kimuh-in, bang lampi tawh thu sung leng lempen dinghiam cih
a thei giugiau kisam hi. A thupi mahmah khat-in mipihte phattuam
nang ahih leh luangkham phial zah-in a kipia khia, a hangsan, a
ngenngam ding ih kisam hi. Tuma khanglai pek a kipan tudong Zomi
makai pawlkhatte ki thukhualsak lua cih, ka zamun mahmah hi.
Mipihte a thukhual masak ding hun hita hi.
Bang Ngen ding?
MP ding teel-in Hlutdaw ong tung tak uhteh bang ngen ding,
cihtawh kisai-in 2008 Constitution sungah state huam a tu hlutdaw le
gambup huam a tu mipi palaite`n bangteng sem, van, khensat theih
cihte ciantak in kikhen sitset hi. Hun la-in kan/sin huaihi, constitution
kipuah lezong kanpah huaihi. State huam hlutdaw ah MP ut khat-in
meetang ngah nop man-in gambup huam hlutdaw te bek khensat
theih nakhat peuh kamciam ong piakkhak leh uppah loh ding thupi
dinghi. A tutna mun uhtawh kiciangtan septheih na om-in, utut a ki
ngen ziauziau thei hilo hi. Tua lo, MP te-in mipihte ading muibun a
suah nop uh leh mipih te` dinmun, kitangsap taktak tel masak huaihi.
Tua ahih man-in zum-le-hlutdaw huang sungbek ah nitum thapai loin, hun ngah nakleh mipihte kiang va zin, kimu, kan, thu dot zeel
kulhi.
Mihingte dinmun tawh kisai theory lampan en lehang Maslow
phuahkhiat Hierachy of Needs kici, mihingte kisapna a dawldawl-in
gualhnazangin kingaihsun theihi.
1. Dawl khatna lungsim pumpi kisapna (psychological needs) ciin nekding, ihmutna ding le sex hi. Nekding le lu-nghak nading
ciangtawh buai mahmah khin tangialte`dinmun hi.
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2. Dawl nihna ah patauh tawm zawk deuhna (security needs) cih
omnang khawlnang, buknang mun le cidam kikepna cianghi. Sikkang
ciang bel dawhzo, cinat teh zatui leizo sam cihna dinmun ah omtehi.
3. Dawl thumna ah kizopna/neihtheihna dinmun (belonging) hiin mite it, paktat, maipha piak (lungsim lam kisapna) le phone, inn,
mortor (muhtheih kisapna)te ah a omzote dinmun hi.
4. Dawl lina ah man neihna (esteem) cih dinmun hi-in,
lungkimna ciding ihhiam, nuntakna sang zawdeuh, thu nei zawdeuh,
thu-le-la pawl khatah aw thawl zaw deuh cihna hi.
5. A sang pen dawl nga na-ah bel ei-le-ei mantakin kitheih
khiatna (self actualization) cih na hi-in, mi khatin suakta takin amahle- amah ki theihkhiatna, ei-le-ei ki muhkhiatna cih hi. Patauh
luatding kisap dang omlo-in, mihing manneihna taktak neihna dinmun
hi
Hih a dawldawl-in ih gen biatbuat na-in mipite` dinmun theilo
pi-in a dangtawh buai masak lohding cihna hi. Thupi (important) le
thukin (urgent) cihte theih huaihi. Tua dawl 5 lakpan dawl khat bek
vei ding cihna zong hituan lo-in, sep khop theihteng sem, khat veivei
sepdiak dingte khinkhai kulhi. Lai Siangtho sungah Esau in a gilkial
lua mahmah ahih manin be meh kuang khattawh a innluah za
khekngam ekhi. Upman hi masa lo-in gilkial dangtak man-in biakna
dangte` ukna nuai-ah a va lutngiau ih Zomi pih honpi khat omta hi.
106
.
Credit:timvandevall.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/MaslowsHierarchy-of-Needs.jpg. Maslow theory limtawh etna
Tu hunteh Zomite gam tuamtuam ah kithehthang ta ahih manin, Zomi makai (politic, biakna) a kici peuhmah in gamsung gampua
a om mipih khempeuh a huam theipen (inclusive) in ngaihsut hun hita
hi. Myanmar kumpi zum-ah tu ka hihteh gamsung a om Zomite`
awbek ngai ning ki cithei nawnlo-hi. Tua bangmah-in gamtuamtuam
zat (international standard) bek tawh Myanmar gamvai kiteh khawm
thei den lohi. Myanmar gam cihmawk pen `Kawl mangpa thugen akpi
in phiatnelh' ihcih danhi.
Palaite ading Palai:
Democracy ki-ukna ah MP cih pen mipite` sawltak a hihi. Mipil
mahmah Noam Chomsky kiang, banghangin politic semte zuaukhem
theidiak uhhiam?, cih a kidot leh, en amau ki khemkhem sak hive
hang. A taktak en politician te uktheihna thuneihna a neilua hihang,
ih zatloh manbek hi, cihsan hi. Mihing limlim sum-le-pai, min-le-za
neile hang khua ki phawklo theihi. Hih munah mipihte haksatna
Esther kumpi nu kiang a va zasak, a va lok, a va phawng, a va to
107
Modecai dan ih kisam hi. Modecai pen tuhun kammal tawh advocacy
sempa kici theihi.
Mipite deih-le-ki tangsapte, patauh-le-lungkhamnate kumpi
sungah om MP le minister (vuanzi) semten a zak, theih nang uh, thu
va gen, ngen, lok, to ding mipi lampan kipawlna tuamtuam ih kisam
hi. A cidam democracy ki-ukna gam-ah, kumpite bek thupi khinlo hi.
Kumpi (government), sum bawlte (business) te le mipi kipawlna (civil
society) te thupitna kikim linlian in, a thupi zawsang, omlo hi. Mipi
kipawlna ah GZA, TA, TYF, Tongsan Media, Tedim Post, Zingsol, Zomi
Daily, Zonet, Siamsin, CNRW, ECODS, ZYA, Tedim Khua Upate cih
akipan om ngeingai a, democracy kician neihtheih nadingin amau
tung zong kinga veve hi.
Sumbawlte
Mipi
Kipawlna
Kumpi
Democracy kician gamte-ah a thupi dinmunte lahna lim.

Mipi kipawlnate thanem le kumpi le sumbawlten amau
hamphatnang bek sem thei uha, mipi kipawlna le kumpite kia
sepkhopna tawh sum-le-pai khantohna kingah theilo dinghi. Kumpite
citak keileh lah bangmah kisem theilo ding hi. Hi theileh hlutdaw
tawlngak sim-in MP teelte tutpihna kinei den henla, hlutdaw kahsung
bangteng va sem, va ngen, va thukim, va nial cihte a kipan MP ding
kidem lai-in bang kamciam pia, tun tuate koicih tangtut, bang
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haksatnate tuak, bangteng ong ngahkhia cihte ki pulak sak huaihi.
Amau ong sawmkei leh mipi kipawlna lampan patkhiat huaihi.
Media ten interview zeel-in a hi bangbang, leitung mun
tuamtuam ah zaksak kikkul hamtang hi. A haksat nate uh huh theih
a omleh huh, panpih, pahtawi-in, thungetsak in thupha zong
piakpiakding himai hi. Kiteelna cih zenzen pen kung (goal) hi zenzen
lo-in a khualzinna kipatna hipan zaw-in zuih tohtoh ding process sau
mahmah hi. Tua ahih manin mi kician mah teel-in, ih kisap te mah
ngetthapaih ding hi-in, gamnuam gamhoih lam nading mikim-in
vaipuak nei ih hih lam phawkden ciatni.
109
Biakna Makaiten Minam Makaihna-ah koicih
panmun lakding?
(photo credit : GZA Facebook)
Tu laitak leitung mun tuamtuam aom Zomite sungah hih dotna

ahi, Biakna makaiten minam makaihna-ah koicihpanmun lakding?
cih thu kikupna ka za zeel a, tua tawh kisai kei mimalngaihsutnate
kong kum nuamhi. A masapen-in ih biakna makaiten minam vai-ah
a diakin tunai teng banghang ong lim mapanmahmah uhhiam cih, a
hang ka muhna kong kum masa nuam hi. Zomi vai a hi phialzongin
Myanmar gambup gamvai huihnun zia le tangthu te tawmkhat mah
ih sut ongkul veve hi. Myanmar gam pen 1962 kum a kipan General
Ne Win in thuneihnakhempeuh sut a, 2011 dong galkap ulian khat
peuh thuneih na tawh gam a ki-uk ahihi. Mikhat utut in kum tampi
mah ong ki-uk a, a dang kuamah thu neisakngiatlo-in kua mah-in
nialngam lo, dawngngam lo, kuppih ngamlo hi.
Mikhatthuneihna (autocracy) nuaiah ih omsung mipiten tangpi
vai na-ah suakta takinkihel khuan ngahlo-in mipi kipawlna (civil
society) pen thanem, zawngkhal-in, nang mahmah hi. Tua lian hun
laitak-in kipawlna pi (institution) lakah tha khauhmahmah nih na
omhi. Amasa kipawlna in theihtheih sa ahi galkap (military) tehi-in a
nihna-in biakna (religion) a hihi. Buddhist biakna bel genkulloinkhauhpai mahmah khin hi. Biakna-ah suahtakna ngahlo ih cih
hangin Zomite tampiAsia, Europe gam le USA gamte ah Lai
Siangthosang hoih nono tampi ah ihkah khaa, Lai Siangtho sangte
sinding thute (curriculum) geelna-ah kumpi-in ongnawngkaisak
samloin, suakta tak-in ih hilhnop bangbangPasian thugil le mikang
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laite ih kihilh hi. Tua laitak-in kipawlna dangte ahi sang
naupangkipawlna, media kipawlna cihte akipan kipawlna tampi tak
kumpi-in nakgak, khaktan mahmah hi.
2011 kum taktak teh mikhatpumuk-na (autocracy) pan
mipite thuneihna (democracy) lamah ki-ukna dan kikhelong kipan hi.
Democracy gam kician ih hi nai kei a, a hi zongin mipitenthu-le-la
khat peuhpeuh ah kihel, khensat khuan tawmno khat ih ngah hi.
Hihlamet phatloh laitak kikhel vatna (democratic transition) them neu
bekzong Myanmargambup ih kilat (shock) manghi. Ih lung am-in, ki
buai phengphang ciathi. Ulianthunei te a kipan mipi mahmah ki-ukna
dan thak ah gamtat dan ding theilo hi.Gam tuamtuamte zong
Myanmar gam tawh kisai a policyte uh sitkik phapha uhhi.Democratic
transition cih limlim pen gam picing khat lam nading a patauh
huaimahmah hun(critical point) khat a hihi.
2011 khit mipiteong makaih siam ding muan theihpah kipawlna
kician (insitution) khauhpai kitasam mahmah hi. Political party thakte
lah mipiten muang taktak ngamnailo, party luite lah zawm mahmah
lai-in kuamah kiging (ready) mannai lohi. Ih makaiRev Dr Simon Pau
Khan En gen, makai lawhsapna (leadership crisis) pen Zomisungbek
hilo-in Myanmar gambup in kituak hi. Tua laitak-in, a omsa
kipawlnakician nih ihcih galkapte le biakna makaiten hih lawhsapnaah panmun ong lapahthei uhhi. Galkapte a hih leh kuaman pakta zo
nawnlo-in biakna makaite mahmuan-le-suan in kinei pahhi. Zomiten
makai ih lawhsap mahmah laitak minam ongmakaih ding biakna
makai
kician
ih
neihpen
politic
kammal
zangle
hang,
patauhlinglawngna pan dalna zatui (shock theraphy) bangin ka muhi.
2010 kumDemcember kha-in Tedim khua-pi ah Zomi bup makai
ding ih teel a, Global ZomiAlliance cih ong piangkhia hi. Hih kipawlna
pen Pasian in Myanmar gamdemocratic transition na-ah Zomite kisiat
gawppat, ki tapzan loh nading in ongkigin sakna bangin ka muhi.
Mipite minam le gamvai lungvai, lung-am in ih omlaitak ih khamuanna
khatin GZA ong suakta hi. Tu sungteng vai tuamtuam ahbiakna
makaite hawmthawhna le awi lohna tampi ong omhi. 100% kicing
kipawlnacih bel omlo mahhi. Kei mimal ngaihsutna-ah kum 2011 khit
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lam bang GZA ong omkei lai zen leh mipi sungah kitapna, kitotna,
kilangpannate le kipawlnale mimalaituam hamphat nading mipite
zatna hih sang ong sukzaw khatam ka cihi. Beh-le-phung,pau-le-aw
kaih tuamtuam tawh ih kigawm zawhloh laitak biakna le pawlpi
tawhkikhen suak laizen lehang khasiat huai mahmah dinghi. Tun a
hih leh a thupi-ah ihmakai pipa Pa Enno ong hanthot det mah bangin
ei mipite-in thu tawh nungta-in, picinglungsim neihna tawh itna
huang (scope) khan-in, mikim huai theihna (inclusiveapproach) lam
hanciam toh suakding kisam kasa hi.
2011 pan2015 kikal sung in mipi kipawlna lamten a hiciangkhat
mun le septheihna ngahta hi. Political party kiphuan, kipuah,party
zum hon ziahziah theihna, NGO tuamtuamten zong ih gamah nasep
theihnahun kingah kha tahi. Tu laitak mipih te makaih dingin pilna,
siamna tuamtuam neite (Gtn, lawyer, academician, scholars,
thinktank) ei panmun tekpan ih kizen,hanciam, kipiakkhiat kul
mahmah hi. A bucing khantohna ih ngah nadingin akibanglo panmun
tekpan tha ih san keileh biakna makaite bektawh ki lang baithei dinghi.
Tukum 2015bei lamteh kiteelna thak ih gamah ong om leuleu dinghi.
Democratic kikhelna lampan gam kician lamna (state building) lamah
manawt ding kipan pianta hi. Kikhelnapan kilamna lam-ah ih manawh
teh mipi makaihna vai ah zong zia thakkhat ongkisam to leuleu ta hi.
Hih bang hun-ah biakna makaiten ong koicih makaih dinguhhiam cih
ih gending hi.
Biaknamakaiten a sep dinguh thei lua mahmah khin uhhi. A
hawmthawh ih hi kei a, minam vai-ah sepding kuppihna hizaw hi.
Zomite makai pipa Rev Dr Pau Khan En gen, kamsang dinmun
(prophetic role) cih lungngaih huai mahmah hi. Hih kamsang dinmun
pen GZA makaite bek hinawn lo-in biakna makai limlim lakding
panmun suakta hi.Prophetic role ih cihteh na khempeuh Pasian
thuman le thutak tawh lampi man-ahthuhilhna a hihi. Party khawng
makaih gawpding, kumpi ukna zumte tuhgawp dingcihna hi zenzen
lohi. Politic makaite thuman lohteh, sumbawlte ong duhhophuaiham
luat uhteh, mipi sungah kizawhthawhna, thuman lohna te-ah Pasian
kammalthuman thutak tawh thuhilhna, taina, lamlahna ahihi. Tua
ahihmanin kiteelna-ong nai kuanta a, biakna makaiten party
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khatpeuh maiphapiakdiak, panpih diak, angvan deuh, pampaih deuh
cihbang neilo-in, Zomitekihelna party limlim kuakua in a makaih
zong-in a tawntungin Pasian thutawh alaizang (neutral) ah omkul hi.
Tua dinmun kheng val in kilim helluat khak lehmipi sungah
cidamlohna ong tam khathei hi. Party ten meetang (vote) ih
deihleheithu in hanciam ding hun hi-in biakna makaiten zong mibup
huam in thu ihgenteh party khatpeuh zat suah khakloh ding kidop
huaihi.
Biaknamakaiten kamsang dinmun ong lakkhit uhteh lunggulh
huai mahmah khat-in a kidimgupkhiatna sepna-ah ong makaih ding
ahihi. Topa Jesu in kha bek a gum khiahilo-in cinate damsak, misite
thosak, gilkialte anvak, meigong tagahte don-innumei naupangte avei
nate ih zuihkul hi. Kawllai-in a kigelh teh nainganzi (politic), batazi
(religion), sipuazi (economic), lumuhzi (social) cih sepna te-ah
lumuhzi lamahihi. Minam vai cihna sungah hih thu (4) teng kihel hiin nainganzi bek hilohi. Beh-le-phung vai ka cih nopna hilo-in mihing
khantohna lam hizawhi. Mihingkhantohna (human development)
tawh kisai a ki genteh mihing khat picing takinkhantoh theih nading
in, laitheihna (literacy), cidamna (health) le sumlutna (income) cih
thumte huampah hi. Zogam pen laitheihna lamah kinang mahmah
laihi.Sazian tuamtuam ih etteh Tedim gam bangpen Myanmar
gambup lakah laitheilopenpawlah ah kihel zenhi. A hunlo pipi-in natna
kibawl zolo-in kisi ziahziahmawkhi. Ih tuh thapaih vaimim na ngawnin
ong vakzolo hi. Kim-le-pan singkunglopa a om sunsunlaite hanciam
in kep huai lua mahmah tahi.
Tu hunlaitak-in Zogam khuapite ah leitung bup nangawn a banzo
phial biakinn hoihnonoih neizo ta hi. Lungdam kipah huai mahmah hi.
Tun a hih leh mihing ministry ciding ihhiam a mi mahmah ih puah
hunta hi. Nek ding neilote, meigong tagahte,laisim theilo pilna sin
zolote, cina zawngkhalte puah, huh, van kulta hi. Gilkialdangtak
manin biakna dangah a va lut tangial mipih ih neihi. Kawl Buddhist te
biaknaa ki ko sakteh a tattung (pagoda) uh kham-le-ngun tawh puahin sum-le-pai a piakhiaziahziah napi mipite an ngawl in puksi, zawng
mahmah uh a kicih dan ih suak khathei dinghi. Tua ahihmanin ih thulu
dotna dawngle hang, biakna makaiten kamsang dinmun tawhgam-
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le-minam ong makaih kullua hi. Tua bek thamloh mipihte Jesu hong
puak a kidim, bucing gupna ngah theih nading in thasan in ong
makaih suak uh ih kun to suaknuamhi.
114
Democracy Ki-ukna Mailam le A Hoihzaw Dang

(The Future of Democracy and Its Alternative)
Hih thului sungah democracy ih cihin bang taktak hi a,
banglam ah thakhauh-in, bang lamah tha nemna neihiam? Mailam
ah democracy ki-ukna ong koicih omin, hih democracy ki-ukna sang
a kizang zaw bang ki-ukna dang a omkha dinghiam cihthute kupna
kinei dinghi.
1.
Democray ih cih Banghiam?
Democracy ihcih bang hi-in, bangteng kigawm leh democracy kici

theihiam? Hih dotna in dotna hiziau khattawh a kibat hangin kammal
khat, laigual khattawh siangtak le olno takin kidawng pakziau thei
nam hilo hi. Politic lam mipil Gallie in a bul neng nangawn ki thutuak
takin sankhop theih cih a omlo thu paizia khathi ci in na genhi (Gallie
1955). A tomkim cing penin democracy aki khiatteh mipite`
theihpihna le thukim pih taktak hihna (legitimacy) le suakta takin
gamvai kihelna kici thei a, ahi zongin Donell in democracy cih mawk
pen thugui cingtak le a hilek-in kikhia ziau pakthei ngeilo dinghina
cihi (ODonnell 1973). Woodrow Wilson in, democracy thu kum 20
val bang ka hilhkhin a, tudong mah democracy cih banghiam cih ka
gencian theikei a, democracy tawh kibang cihciang bek genthei ing,
na cihi.
Democracy cih kammal pen Greekte laipan kila hi-in demos and
kratos cih kammal nih kigawm a hihi. Demos cih kammal khiatnain mipi cihna hi-in kratos khiatna-in thu neihna (power) a hihi.
Tua hih manin a kammal pan thakhat-in khiatna la lehang democracy
ih cihteh mipi thuneihna, mipi vang neihna cih ding a hihi.
Tu hunteh democracy ki-ukna zatna ah a phadiak-in kiteelna hiin, mipiten a mau a ukding mi a deih pente uh teel, meetang
(vote)khia in mipi meetang tawh ukna khuan ngahna-in democracy
hi, a ci omhi. Tua hih manin mi a tam zawzawte thu bangbang cih
115
ong thupi-in khensatna khat peuhpeuh ah a tam zawtethutawh
khensatna vive hong suakta hi (Ober, 2007).
Politic tawh kisai mipil Seymour Martin Lipset le Jason Larkte-in:
Democracy ih cihpen politic lam thu neihna (right) a zang kiukna
hi. ci-in na genuh hi. Joseph Schumpeter in, mi khat-in ukna thu
neihtheihna dingin kiteelna tawh mipite piak meetang ngah zawh
nading kidemna gawpna zia khathi. ci-in na genhi.
Larry Diamond in democracy na ngawn namnih in na khen hi.
electoral le liberal democracy cihdan-in na khen a, a picing
democracy le kiteelna ciang dinmun omlai democracy cihna a hihi.
Kiteelna ciang bek tawh khawllo-in a picing democracy ih tunnop leh
gam makai ding ihteel khitteh a picin takin ki-ukna ngeina a hi,
thukhunte ukna zuihna (rule of law), suakta tak-in lungsim pulak
theihna (freedom of expression) le mipite suahpih thuneihna (civil
rights)te limtak thakhauhsak ding kisam ci-in na gen hi (Hobson,
2013).
2. Democracy ki-ukna Tha Khauhna
Freedom Housete ciaptehna-ah 1970 kum lai-in leitung bupah
democracy ki-ukna, a diakdiak in kiteelna a nei democracy gam 35
om in 2015 kum teh democracy min pua ki-ukna a zang gam 125
phata hi. Winston Churchil in bel Democracy ki-ukna cih zenzen pen
a sia mahmah ki-uk ziakhat a hihi. Ahi zongin ki-ukna zia nam tampi
a kizang ngei lakah a kizang thei pen ki-ukna hi ci-in na genhi.
Democracy cih zong pau banna tampi neimah naven tua sang a
kizang theizaw ki-ukna om naikei veh a cihna ahihi.
Amartye Sen in a laibu gelhna sung khat-ah democracy ki-ukna
phatak le ciantak-in a zang gamte ah kialpi tung cih om ngeikei ci-in
na gelhhi (Sen, 2000).
Politic lamtawh kisai a kan a kua mapeuh in huamkim-in a thukim
uh democracy ki-ukna` hoihnate pawlkhat enpak ni.
1.
Mipi thuneihna le suahtakna tam piazaw

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2. Politic vai ah liangko kikimna omzaw
3. Daihna khangsak in kilemlohna te lemkik theizaw
4.
Ngongtat na zatkullo in thuneihna kikhiat diamdiam thei
5. Mipite phattuam nang kisepsak zaw
6.
Thu neiten vaipuak langam zaw deuh in daihna om
zawdeuh, cihte a hihi.
Democracy thu a kigen teh a kilo mun mahmah Abraham Lincoln
thugen khat-in Mipite` sung pan, mipite` ading, mipite` teel cih
ahihi. Tua ahih manin ki-ukna dang tuamtuamte tawh tehkak lehang
democracy ki-ukna in mipite` lunggulhna kilangkhia sak pen hi. A
theory dan hi leh democracy ki-ukna-ah a thunei kumpi khat akl mi
tawmno te bekin gambup vai khat peuhpeuh ah ut le deih
bangbangin hei gawpgawp cih bang om theilo-in thulela khat
peuhpeuh ah mipite tawh kikum liailiai in, thu-le-la kizasak tangtang
zawhi. Mipite mahmah zong gamvai, ki-uknai vai te suakta takin
pulak khiatna khuan, suakta takin kipawlna phuanin kikholhkhopna
khuan cihte pen democracy kiciante ah thu minsa hi pahpah hi
(Morton, 2005).
Ki-ukna luanzia a deidei, a dawldawl, a gualgual in om-a mipite
aw kiza zaw-in khensatna khat peuhpeuh ah mipite` thu kihel thei
zaw hi. Mipi kipawlna thuvaihawm nading pan mun dingzong zai zaw
semsem hi.
Democracy ki-ukna sung ah thu neihnate a kim-in kihawm linlen
hi. A ukte (executive branch) ki-ukna thukhun geelte (legislative) le
thukhun zui a thukhente (judiciary branch) cih bangin a thuneihnate
uh kihawm dimdiam uh a hih man-in vaihawm na peuhpeuh ah
thuneihna kilek kimna (check and balance of power) om zaw-in
hihte-in kumpi cih pen a kiciangtan mahmah, utut-in a mawk gamtat
theihloh lam kilang khiasak hi.
Khanhun lapna theory (modernization theory) a ki-et teh gam
hauhna le democracy ki-ukna pen na tonkhawm den ahih lam kimu
theihi. Tu ma kum 40 ciang bang a ki-et kikteh mikhat peuh (akl)
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galkap ki-ukna gamte pen democracy ki-ukna gamte sang a zah nihin
sum-le-pai lamah zawng zaw cih na mukhia uh hi.
Larry Diamond in gam gina lo (failed state) ahihkeh, gam cinate
a tamzawte encian le hang mikhat thuneihna (authoritarian) gamte
hi ci-in na gen hi. Asia nisuahna lamgamte hauhna le khantohnate
ih etteh paihtuam-ittuam omlo kikim takin khuan pia a kidemna, gam
tuamtuam tawh sumlei sumbawlna, sang laipilna khansakna, leitang
zatdan hawmsiamna, tangpi kikepkikhoina, gamsung gampua pan
sum tuhna, cihte hang vive hi-in, tua thute cian takin en lehang
democracy ki-ukna tawh kikel ki policy khat mahmah omlohi (Sen,
2000).
3.
Democracy Ki-ukna Thanemna
Winston Churchil mahmah democracy pen paubanna neilo kiukna hi zenzen kei a cih mah bangin, a lunglut huai tha nemna
honkhat om veve in, a picing sa democracy gamte na ngawnin
thanemna hon khat mah nei mawkhi. Pawlkhatte genna ah, Abraham
Lincoln thugen Mipite sung pan, mipite ading, mipite teel cihnaah mipi cih-in kuate taktak cihnop na hiam?, ci-in kicing a sa zo
taklo zong omhi.
Gam khat-ah gamtatsiatna (corruption) khiapnop leh suak tatak
le dik tak-in makai kiteelna, thu neihna ki-lek kim sakna, politic
lamah zong vai puakngamna cihte, a diak-in democracy zia-le-tongte
ih zat kulhi, kici hi. Ahi zongin leitung bup huam ki pawlna
Transparency International te muhkhiatna-ah party khat bek-in uk
gawpna a zang Sen gam in gam 170 lakpan 70-80 kikal ah om veve
mawk hi. A nambat tam semsem, gamtat siatna uang semsem cihna
hi-in, Sen gam-in democracy a zat zenzen loh hang leitung gamte
lakpan gamtatsiatna sazian ah a laihawl pawl ah om veve hi.
Democracy zatna-ah picing mahmah-in a kiciamteh India bang pen
Sente sang gamtatsiatna-ah uang zawin a 94 na-ah om uhhi. Sen
gam sang a uangzaw gam za val omin tua za val pan a lang sang a
tam zaw pen democracy ki-ukna zangte a hihi (Xli, 2011). Joseph
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Stiglitz in, US te democracy pen mihing 1 vote 1 ding kimlai, dollar
khat 1 vote 1 ong suakta hi, ci-in a lungkim lohna genkhia hi.
Martin Jacques gelh ni tumna lam a om democracy gamte
thanemna honkhat a nuai a bangin pulak khiahi.
Mipite metang (vote) ngah nang deihluatna tawh, hun
saupi ding ngaihsut geelna nei manlo-in, hun tom sung
mingah nangtawh buaizaw;
Gam ading vai lianpi geelna (strategic plan) cih lam
thanem mahmah-in, a lem pakpak dingin vai hawm zaw.
Gentehna, mipite kisap taktak a bulpite (infrastructure)
vei masa lo;
Mainawt mukholhna (forward-looking) lamah nang;
Dinmun kepnop luatna le ngeina lui zuihna, khanglui
vailuatnate lamnaih zaw;
Nasepna lamah kiva tak-in gualzawhna (competency)
lam thanem-in na sepna-ah picin na, siamna kician
taktak nei khollo;
Ki telna tawh ulian sepna (elected official) hihna le mipi
lam vaihawmna zum (public administration) lamte`
dinmun kikhai lua ahih manin, khangthak mipil, siam,
kivate hih mipi lam vaihawmna zum-ah sepding zol zo
nawnlo-in, tangpi ading nasepna ah thanem tuam
mahmah (Jacques, 2013).
Tua bek thamlo-in Latin America gam le Africa gamte` sum
hauhna khannate a ki-et kik teh 1990 khit democracy a zat uhsang
1980 kum laipawl-in mikhat kia pum-ukna (autocratic) nuai-ah a om
lai-un, hauzaw le khangto zaw cih kimu khiahi (Morton, 2005).
John Mearsheimer in, Democracy cihmawk pen gamsung ah
buaina ong uang pianleh thuhoih tawh zawhsiam zolo thei denhi.
Tua banghun teh mipite suahtakna, ki-lek-kimna cihbang peuh
phawk nawnlo thukhun tawh kituak takin tang thei nawnlo hi. na
cihi.
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Democracy ki-uk na lam a cingtak mahmah khin, a picing sa-in
minthang gam a hi Italy, Greece, Spain le gam tuamtuamte mahmah
zong 2008 khit sumbawl na kisiat mang (economic crisis) khitteh a
democracy ki-ukna tungah lungmuang lua nawnlo uhhi. Ki-ukna hoih
cih-in mipite kisapna te a sikzo, mipihte nopsak na a piazo a hih kul
hamtang a , thanem nemnum detleh democracy dinmun ong patauh
huaihi. Francis Fukuyama in bel democracy pen ki-ukna hoih pen
mah hi-a, ahi zongin democracy ki-ukna a zang gamten zatsiam
taktak lo bekhi, ci bilbel hi (Fukuyama, 2014).
Ni tumna lam gamte sum bawlna kisiat mangkhit tu laitak lian
hun paizia a bat suak leh 2018 teh Americate sum hauhna zah sang
Sente sum hauhna tamzaw tadingin mipilten tuatta uhhi. Tua khit
kum sawmnih bangkhitteh a zah nih phial-in khangto zaw lai dingin
a tuat omlaihi. Kum 2000 khit lam a kipan leitung sum bawlna ah
Sente dinmun thupitna ong khang mahmah ta a, globalization om
dan zia-le-tong hei kawikawi theihna-ah US bang Sen gam-in thu
neizaw ta ci-in, a thukim tam mahmah tahi (Jacques, 2013).
4.
Democracy ki-ukna Mailam
Democracy ki-ukna mailam thutawh kisai Francis Fukuyama in a

genteh mailam democracy luanzia a heithei thunih gen a, tuate a
nuaiah ih ensuk dinghi.
(1) Leitung huam Nunna Laihawlte Khanna (Rising of Global
Middle class)
Nunna laihawlte ongkahna, adiak-in nunna laihawl khangthak
momnote-in mailam ki-ukna ziading huzap zo mahmah ding uhhi.
Gamkhat-ah politic lampan a lauhuai pente zong hih nunna laihawlte
mah ahihi. Adiakdiak-in mipite nunna laihawl dinmun tungkhin napi,
a khantoh beh nading uh lampi kikhakteh gam buai theihi. Gentehnain pilna siamna nei napi nasep hoih ngahlo cih a kipan, politic lamah amau deihna, a lunggulh te-uh ki pulak saklo, pumkham cihdan
khauhtak-in kigak cip leh thuak zolo uhhi. Arab Srping zong tuate
hang mahhi.
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Nuna laihawl cihteh university mankhin, pilna nei, nasep kician
neite, cih bangin ahuamin ki ciamteh theihi. Goldman Sachs te`n
nunna laihawlte ciapteh na-ah kum khat-in $6, 000 pan $30, 000 in
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) nei na ci uhhi. European Unionte`n
2010 in lei tungah nuna laihawl mi 1.8 billion leitung ah om khin in,
2020 teh 3.2 billion ah kahto ding cih tuatkhol khin uhhi. 2030 teh
billion 5 phaham tang dinghi (Goldman Sachs, 2008)
Tua hih man-in ki-ukna lam ah ki patau mahmah khat-in hih
nunna laihawl a omte lungkim lohna, hehna, sinso thangpaihnate
tawh kitom-in politcal movement ong suahsak khak dinguh ahihi.
Patauh huai dang khat-ah twitter le facebook tawh ong khangkhia
tuhun khangnote` thanemna khat-in lungphona, kumpi lang panna
pan sawtvei a kimang, kikhom politc kipuahphatna(political reform)
dong tung zolo thei uhhi (Fukuyama, 2013).
(2) Tuhun Picing Democracy Gam Kilamna (State Building for
Modern Liberal democracy)
Francis Fukuyama mah-ih, tuhun democracy gam kilamteh a
pelmawh khuampi thum ong mukhia hi. Hih thum a khauhnak leh
picing democracy gam kisuak ding cih ama upna ahihi.
STATE
RULE OF
LAW
ACCOUNTABILITY
Tuhun Picing Democracy Gam lamna Khuampi 3
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1.
Kumpi Thu neihna (State)
Kumpi thu neihna cih-in a kiciangtan gamhuang sung khat-ah

thunei dang omlo mipi thukim pih ukna thuneihna hi. (A state is a
legitimate monopoly of power over a defined territory) (Max Weber).
2.
Thukhunte Ukna (Rule of Law)
Thukhunte ukna ih cihin thuman takin kibawl a ki thukim sa

thukhun cihna hi. (Rule of Law is a set of agreed upon rules of justice).
3.
Vaipuak Ngamna (Accountability/Democratic procedure)
A kicing kizomsuak vaipuak ngamna cihna-in, kician politic zia

khat hi-in, gamuk thunei mi tawmnote deihna sang, mipi bup deihna
sepkhiatna, vaipuak in neih zawkna ahihi. (A substantive
accountability is a true responsiveness above political system to the
interest of the whole society as opposed to being responsible to only
the interest of the ruling elite.)
State kicih, kumpi thu neihna hihna bulpi-in thuneihna (power)
cih hi-in, thuman tak-in angah a thu neihna tawh thukhunte bawl,
gamuk, vaihawm na hihi. Gam daisak, kilem sak, cihna hi-in mipite
kisap bulpite (pubic good) sepkhiatsak na-ah kizang hi. Thukhun te
ukna (rule of law) le thukhun deih bangin zang ukna (rule by law)
kibang lohi. Galkap ki-ukna tampi-ah thukhunte a utut un, zangin
mipite uk uhhi. Kumpi thuneihna a uat luat loh nading in thukhunte
ukna le vaipuakngamnate-in tua thuneihnate (power) ciangtan kik
leuleu hi. Tua thum teng ki lek-kim thei uhhi (Fukuyama, 2004).
Sente ongkhan mahmahna huzap hangin, ni tumna lamte` kiuk
zia kilaih-in mipi thuneihna (democracy) le mikhat thu neihna
(meritocracy) ki-uknate kigawm, gam ukna zia khat nitumna gam
lamte ah kizang khangel dinghi (Jacques, 2013). Democracy lampi
totna-ah ni tumna gamlamte` liberal democracy ki cici pen lam nam
tampi tak omna pan nam khatbek zong onghi theilel dinghi (Zakaria,
1997).
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5. Democracy
Democracy)
Khekzo
Ki-Ukna
(Alternative
to
Kum 30 kikal sungin Sen gam pen lokho a zawng pen gam hihna
pan thakhat thu-in leitung bupah a hau pen nihna gam suakta hi. A
gammi milip million 600 val (gammi bup gawm lakpan 80%) bang
zawnna pan lakhia zo ek uhhi. Tu dongmah nisim-in sum bawlna
thakthak kiphuan ngekngek a nunna laihawlte ong khang zuahzuah
maihi (Xli, 2011).
Francis Fukuyama in democracy ki-ukna a demzo, a lauthawng
sakzo ki-ukna in Sente ki-ukna zia hikha ngel dinghi, cih gen-in
Martin Jacques inzong hih Sente` ki-ukna zia in nitumna lam gamte
democracy nangawn kikhel sak zo thei dinghi, ci-in ummawh tahi.
Sente Ki-ukna Zia (Chinese Governance Systems)
(A) Francis Fukuyama Muhna
1. Kipna le Thu neihna zelhzawhna (Steady and Spread of Rule)
1078 pek a kipan Sente kumpi kilaihna, kiluahnate ih et-teh
kiptak le a daithei pen-in semzo hiathiat uh a, gam buaina omlo-in
thu neihna kiluah suk diamdiam uhhi. Tua bang ki makaihna ziate
hangin kua kumpi kah tase mahleh kumpi` thuneihna-in gambup
zeelzo veve mawkhi.
2. Kumpite kia Ukna thuneihna (State Autonomy)
Sen gampen Communist party khat kia ukna nuaiah om ahih
man-in gam ading na hoih khat peuhpeuh sepna-ah kitot, kiseel, ki
nawngkai sakna omlo-in deih dandan lungkim tak-in semthei pah
uhhi. Nitumna lam democracy gamte ah hihbang sepding lem ngeilo
dinghi.
3.
Etteh huai Ki makaih Zia (Moral Characteristic)
Sen kumpite lungsung ah Confucious thuhilhnate thuk takin teeng

a, Confucious in kumpi makai ahih limlim nakleh gammi a kua
mapeuh sang etteh tak zaw hamtang ding cih limhilh phadiak hi. Tua
ahih manin Sen gamah ah ulian, kumpi makai ding ahih nakleh mi
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mawkmawk khatpeuh in ut hun in septheih ziauh hi peuhmah loin,
gam-ukna pilna, makaihna pilna cian takin sin, ki pantah, ki sit
dikdek phot uhhi (Fukuyama, 2014).
(B) Martin Jacques Muhna
Confucianism:
1. Kumpi thu neihna in Innkuan Lutang (State as a head of
Family)
Sente kumpi thuneihna ih etnop leh innkuan tawh tehkak lehang
siang takin kimu hanhan lel hi. Confucius muhna ah innkuan cihpen
gamkhat ki lamna-ah etteh ding lim khat hi pahhi. Tua gam uk
`KUMPIPA` pen innkuan makai `PA` cih dinmun hipah lelhi. Tua
ahihman-in innkuan khat, pa-le-tate kikal kipattah, zia pen Sente
gam ki makaih zia ongsuak hi.
Sen gam ah kumpi le mipi kipawlnate kizopna pen ni tumna lam
gamte` kizopdan tawh ki kelki lian hi. Democracy ngeina thugil tampi
tak Sente ngeina ah a omloh lam kitel pahhi.
Confucius ngiat-in zong kumpi thuneite`n mipi pum sawlna,
tawsawnna cihte sang makaite thugil upna hoihte tawh gam makaih
zawkding cih ultuing sakhi. Tua ahih man-in makai hoih tel hamtang
ding, ki pantah ngiatngiat, ki sit dikdek khit bekteh panmun kipiak
ding deihzaw uhhi..
2.
Kiva tak-in gualzawhna (Competency)
Tuma kum tul malai Han ukpite kumpi sep a kipan kumpi zum a
nasem, thunei ding ut peuhmah laivuan sak masa hamtang in tuapan
mat hoihin gualzote bek teel cih ngeina hoih mahmah khat neikkhin
uhhi. Ni tumna lam gamte`n mipi a tam zaw thu neihna (democracy)
zia khauhtak-in alet mah bangun Sen gamah mi tawmnnote
thuneihna (meritocracy) zia khauh takin pom uhhi. Tu dongmah a
ngeinate uh kizom paisuak lai-in tua mi tawmno ukna thunei nuam
peuhmah lah laivuan masa sak ngekngek uhhi. Sen gamah university
hoihte ih kahnop leh zong sum ih nei zongin ih pilna ong sit ma
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dikdek phot uhhi. Sang kah nading, kumpi zum ah nasep ngah
nading, cihte ah zong tua bangmah ki sitsit dikdek masa ngiat uhhi.
Tua ahih manin Sen kumpi uliante pen kiva, siam in muanhuai
thei mahmah a, mipil misiam tengmah kigawm uh suakhi.
Tu dongmah Communist party sung hita le kumpi lam uliante
sung hita le kivakna khang semsem a, a diakdiakin panmun hoih
neisate zong kum beisim a sepna sate uh khauhtak-in sitkik,
lungngai kik, ngaihsun phakik den uhhi. Ki koihkhong ziau cih omlo
uhhi.
Kumpi thunei sung a lutkha peuhmah ahih leh pilna, siamna, le
tuahkhak tampi tawh picinng suakpah hi. Tu lian laitak Sen gam ah
president le Communist party ah general secreaty sem Xi Jinping hih
panmun angah nang kum 30 val ngak khahi. Za niam pen pan nasep
kipan-in Sen gam sung a om gam neu nih le khua pi khat a uk khitteh
hihbang dinmun tungto pan suakhi.
Sen Kumpite thanemna zong om mah a, ahi zongin amau
thakhauhnate pan pilna ihlak kulhi.
Tua thakhauhnate in;
Khantoh nading geelna lianpi neithei, hunsau pi ngim
kholsa-in na mukhol, geel, makaihna ah siamna kivak na
ultung sak;
Nasep zo;
Na sin-le-sit ukin, a kizang thei le zang theilote
khensiam-in, teelsiam;
Sen gam khantohna-ah thugil khat ahi, a phamawh
tangpina zatkimnate (infrastructural projects) ciantak-in
bawl;
Khat-le-khat kinekngaih cih omlo. Gentehna, US bangah
mi haute in kumpite thukhensatna-ah thuzawh khinkhian
theihi (Jacques, 2013).
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(C) Eric Xli Muhna
Sente political scientist khat ahi Eric Xli in TED talk ah a thugenna
ah Sen kumpi ki-ukna ziate kammal thum tawh suahkhia hi. Tua
kammal thum pen Sen kumpite tumdanna nam thum te hipah hi.
Ama genna tungtawn-in Sen Communist party in hihna thum nei a,
kituak takin uktheihna (adaptability), mi tawmno ukna (meritocracy)
le mipi thukim pih thu neihna (legitimacy).
1.
Kituak takin Uktheihna (Adaptability)
Leitung ah a gol pen gam ahi Sen gam pen Communist party in
kum 64 val bang ukta hi. Tua kikal sung leitung thupai zia tuamtuam,
gam kikhelna tuamtuam Sen gamah ki tuakto ngelhngelh in Great
Leap Forward, privatization, market reform cih dan akipan ki
makaihna zia-le-tong a kikhel ngelhngelh hangin Communist partyin tua kikhelnate tawh kituak, lemtang ding policy hoih nono zang
theiden hi. Deng Xiaoping' makaih market sumbawlna a kipan Jiang
Zemin uksung politic lam kipuahphatna tampi omin tuate khempeuh
enle hang atung Mao Zedong hun lai-in a piang dingin a ki-um ngam
hetloh kikhelnate a hihi.
Communist party in a etlawm cih ciang hilo-in ki sam bangbangin
amau-le-amau kipuah toto uhhi. Gentehna, panmun lakna
kumtawh ciangtanna cihte hipah hi. Nidang hileh makai khat-in a sih
dongmah ukna thu neihna len tentan thei mawkhi. Mao Zedong
mahmah in zong tuacih makaih hi. Ahi zongin khangthakten a
kilawmlo ngeina hoihlote phiatin tun a hih leh kum 68-70 ciangbek
thuneihna neisak laiuhhhi.
Tu ma kum 30 a kipan tuma kum 10 dong leh tu hun ciang dong
mahmah in ki-ukna policy lemtuah, puah toto uhhi. Aniam pen veng
makaihna kipan tu dingmah a lianpen makaihna dong ki puah toto
uhhi.
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2.
Mi tawmnote-ukna (Meritocracy)
Ki-ukna lam ah Communist party pen mi tawmnote thu neihna a

khauhpai mahmah kipawlna khat ahihi. Sen gam bup vai thu nei pen
mi 25 lian om-in tua 25 te sung lakpan mi 5 bek ulian beh-le-phung
pan khangkhia-in a dang 20 te pen mi mawkmawk takpite sungpan
makai suakte hi veve hi. Tu laitak Sente` president le premier
bangbel mi mawkmawk innkuan sungpan khangkhiate uh ahihi.
Tua thunei pen ulian 25 te nuai-ah thunei ulian 300 om leuleu in
tua 300 te sungpan zong a tam zawte mi mawkmawk innkuan
sungpan piangte na hi-uh hi. Tua hih manin ulian suak Sen makai
peuhmah amau siamna kivakna le hanciam tawmna tawh makai a
suak uh hizawhi.
Communist party ki-ukna sungah bang mipil mi kician tam
mahmah in sumbawl company liante sang bang mipil hauzaw lai uhhi.
Tua mi muanhuaite party masuan na-ah a khauhpai mahmah engine
uh hipah hi. Party kilamna-ah a thu pipen thum-in kikhen uhhi.
Gammite vai sepna (civil service), kumpi makaih sumbawlna (stateowned enterprises), le tangpi kipawlna ahi university, veng
kipawlnate sepna cih bangin khen thum suah uh a makaite panpih
khawm uhhi. University pan sangmante khawm pahlian uhin za-lepanmun niam penpan kipan to sak uhhi. Panmun niam pen "keyuan"
[clerk], kici a, tua khitteh fuke [deputy section manager], ke [section
manager], fuchu [deputy division manager], le chu [division manger]
cih ga makai pi suah nading za khanna dawl 4 nawk toh masa sak
uhhi..
Kumsim nasepna kisit kikna om denhi. A tungsiahte, zum nasep
pihte, a nuaisiahte cihbang-in adang tuamtuamte`n mi khat nasepna
thangah-in a thukim khit uhtteh gammite` muhna zong kidong
hamtangin tua teng khit petpet teh za khang theipan hi.
Tu laitak Sente@ kumpi Xi Jinping bang kumpi a suah nading
kum 30 vilvel bang hunla hi. Khua hausa pan kipan in a kivakna le
kiciatna tungtawn in za khang toto hipan hi.
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3.
Mipi thukimpih Ki-ukna Khuan Neihna (Legitimacy)
Ni tumna lam democracy gamten kiteelna (election) pan mipite

metang (vote) tawh ulian suakte bekin diktak le lampi mantawh
mipih thukim pih thuneihna ngah hi, cih um uhhi. Ahi zongin thukhatah, kiteelna lianbek lampi khat om hilo, tua mipi thukimna ngah
nading lampi dang om luazen hi. Kiteelna om zenzen lohhang kiva
tak-in makaihtheihna in zong mipi thukimna ngah lua hi.
1949 kumin Communist party in thuneihna la a, tualgal khauhpai
mahmah hi. Tua hun lai ahuamin gen lehang Sente mihing khat-in
kum 41 ciangbek khansau hi. Tun ahih leh leitung bupah gam hau
pen nihna suak-in mipite`n cihtheih nopsakna tawh kidim zihziah hi.
Pew Research cih thu kantelte` mukhiatna-ah Sen gammi buppan
85% in gam mailam manawt zia tawh kisai lungkim mahmah uhhi.
70% in tuma kum 5 laisang tun hauzaw ing ci uhhi. Ka mailam hoih
zaw lailai dinghi cih a um 82% tak hizen hi. Financial Times ten Sen
khangnote ngaihsutna dotna-ah Sen khangthak khangno 93% in
gam mailam ding hoih dingin um mahmah uh, cih mukhia hi. Hihte
en lehang mipi thukim pih ki-ukna hi keileh bang ki-ukna hizen
dinghiam? (Xli, 2011).
6. Sente Ki-ukna Zia
Governance System)
Mailam (Future of Chinese
Larry Diamond inbel Sen gamah ki-ukna lam a kikhel ding a geel
kei uhleh sumbawlna-ah thanemin gam hauhna ong kiam zenzen leh
Sen kumpi-in politic lawhsapna le mipi thukim pihna lawhsapna
tuakin buai ngelngel veve ding hi, cih gen hi. Larry Diamond mahin,
Sen gamah tuzawh kum 10-15 teh democracy zang ngelngel
hamtang dinghi, cih thusuak neihi. Martin Jacques inbel Sente gam
khantohna kizom dinghi, amau ngeina tawh kituak takin democracy
ki-ukna lampan a hoihte la-in gawmtuah khathei dinghi. A diakdiakin Japan le Singapore lamte ki-ukna pan pilna lakbeh laiding uhhi,
cih lamet sak hi.
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Eric Xli tuatna ah tuzawh kum 10 the Sen gam-in America sang
hauzaw ta dinghi. Gam haupen suakin mikhat sumlut pen a khangto
lai gamte sang tamzaw dinghi. Gamtatsiatna (corruption) bei siang
zolo ding a, a hih hang kiam mahmah in Transparency International
te tehna ah a 10 na pan 20 na kikal ah tungzo dinghi. Sumbawlna le
politic lamah kikhel toto lai-in party khat ukna ahihna zong kiptakin
kho suak dinghi, cih genhi.
7.
Thukhupna (Conclusion)
Sen gamte ki-ukna zia pen a tumdang, a tuam ngiat hi-in gam
khempeuh zattang theihlah hituan lo hi. A diakdiak in sum bawlna
lamah ngaihsutna puahphat kulhi a, makai teelna-ah thugen
siampong, minthang pong hilo-in, makaite siamna le a vai zawhsate
enin teelkul dinghi. Larry Diamond genna-ah tu dong mah leitung
ah kicing taktak democracy ki-ukna om nailo hi a cih mah bangin,
picin zawk theitheih nading puah huaite kipuah mengmeng kulhi
(Diamond, 1999) tua hileh kiteelna democracy pan galkap ki-ukna
lam nungkik lo-in a picing democracy gam tamzaw semsem kha
dinghi. Democracy le kilemna pen kizop na khat nei-in democracy
zang gamte peuhmah khat-le-khat kido ngeilo uh ahih man-in,
democracy gam phazah in mailam gam kidona omdan dingzong ong
tuatsak thei dinghi. Tu khanghun ah eite` vaipuak-in democracy kiukna in leitung ah daihna omin patauh venna ahih nading a hihi
(Zakaria, 1997).
129
Reference
-
Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: toward

consolidation. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press.
Freedom House. 2015. Freedom in the world Report. New York.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State building: Governance and World
Order in 21 Century. Cornell University.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2015. Why Is Democracy Performing So

Poorly? Journal of Democracy, Volume 26. Johns Hopkins
University Press
- Gallie, W. (1955). Essentially Contested Concepts. Proceedings
of the Aristotelian Society, 56, 167-198.
- Hobson, Christopher. (2013). The Limists of Liberal-Democracy
Promotion.
European ResearchCouncil.
- Jacques, Martin. (2013) How China will Change the Global
Political Map. Transatlantic Academy Paper Series. Retrieved
from
- Morton H. Halperin, Joseph T. Siegle, Michael M. Weinstein
(2005). The Democracy Advantage Routledge.
- Ober, Josiah. (2007). The Original Meaning of Democracy:
Capacity to do
things, not majorityRule. Standford
Working Papers in Classics.
- O'Donnell, Guillermo A. 1973. Modernization and BureaucraticAuthoritarianism:
Studies in
South American Politics.
Berkely: University of California.
- Sachs, Goldman. 2008. The Expanding Middle: The Exploding
World Middle Class and Falling Global Inequality. Global
Economics Paper No:170
- Sen, Amartya. (2000). Development as Freedom, Alfred A.
Knopf. Inc.
- Zakaria, Fareed. (1997). The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,
Foreign Affairs,
Websites:
Eric X.Li. A Tale of Two Political Systems. TED Talk. 2011.
Retrieved from
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0YjL9rZyR0) accessed
on January 10, 2015
-
130
-
Francis Fukuyama. Building a Modern State in 21 Century.

Leadrship Forum 2014. Youtube. Retrieved from
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRyd6nIo9N8) accessed
on January 15, 2015
Francis Fukuyama. Speaking of Future. Global HR Forum
2013. Youtube. Retrieved from
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQWWGrs6xGI)
accessed on January 15, 2015
John Mearsheimer. Will democracy have competitors in the
21 century?. Retrieved from
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqkXhdo0qc) accessed
on June 20, 2015.
Larry Diamond. Democracy Ideas. Larry Diamond Interview.
Youtube. Retrieved from
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkb5PfBgg0Q) accessed
on January 12, 2015.
131
Kikhelna ading Vai Lianpi Geelna
(Strategic Planning For Change)
Vai lianpi geelna neih theih nading in vai lianpi ngaihsuttheihna

kisam masa hi. Vai lianpi ngaihsutna-ah kipawlna ngimna tunzawh
nading le gualzawh semsem nading-in tatsat lo khensatna tampi
neihna zong kihel hi. Vai lianpi ngaihsut theihnaa laingek thugil penin mailam ah a piangthei ding kikhelna, mipite nunzia kilaihna
tungtawn-in kisap dingte muhkholh theihna, tua kikhelna tungpan
hunpha zat siam-in mipite lawhsapna-ah panpih theihna ahihi.
Vai lianpi ngaihsut theih nading in kisam pelmawh khat-in
critical thinking a hihi. Hih critical thinking ih cihteh ngeina lui,
ngaihsutna lui, kikhaktanna, ciangttanna cihte khengkhia-in kuama
ngaihsut khakngei loh, phawkkhak loh, muhkhak ngeiloh ngaihsutna
hoih, ngaihsutna thakte neihna ahihi. Mikang lai-in genleng thinking
outside of the box cihna ahihi. Critical thinking neihtheih nading a
hih leh thu khat peuhpeuh a mun amual kancianna, telkhehna,
gawmtuahna, zatsiamna le thukanna, thuzakna, tuahkhakna,
muhkhiatnate sutuah-in pilvang takin khentat theihna nasep a hihi.
Mipi kipawlna (party, sang naupang kipawlna, cimawh
huhna, pawlpi, sihawm kipawlna) te-in kumkhat ai, kum nga ai cih
bangin vai lianpi geelna kinei theihi.Vai lianpi geelna ah a kul
hamtang, innpi khat bang singpek, sikkang, innkhuam cihdan a
132
pelmawh honkhat om a tuate en bangteng hi-in, a khiatna banghiam
cih en masa ni.
Vai lianpi Geelna sungah kihelte le khiatna
1. Vision: Kipawlna ngimna lianpi le kipawlna a piankhiatna
hangpi langkhia sakhi.
2. Mission: Koi mun ah, kuate ading, bang deihsakna tawh bang
sepsak ding cih kipawlna ngimna a huamkim-in lahkhiatna hi.
3.
Lamlak thugil/upna (Guiding principle): Kipawlna

tumdang ngiat thupitsak, veina le upnate a hi hi. Mai lamah
kipawlna-in bangbang a sem zongin hih thugil upna pipan
puapial ngeilo dinghi.
4.SWOT: Kipawlna dinmun etcianna ahi hi. Kipawlna thanemna,

thakhauhna, mailam ngahtheih hamphatna leh patauh huai
simsimthute etciana ahi hi.
5.Kipawlna
Thakhauhdiakna
(Organizational
advantage): Kipawlna dangte sang bang lamah thupi
zawdiak? Paktat huai zaw diak ka hiam?
6. Geelna (Strategies): Geelna lianpi cih-in kipawlna tupna
tunzawh nading ahuam bupin ciantakin geelna cihna hi.
7. Hunsau geelna (Long term): Hun saupi ading cihteh
pawlkhatten kum 3-5 bang geelkholhi.Ahi zongin kum
bangzah hi hamtang ding cih kiciangtan theilo a kipawlna
vaihawmte thuthu hizaw hi.
8.Huntom geelna/tupna/kung/thukin: Hunton geelna cihin
kipawlna tup na tun nadingin kigeel, hun saupi geelna te a
kum-kum in sehsuah-in, kician zawdeuhin geelkholhna a hi hi.
Hihzong kum kiciangtan sak theilo hi.
9. Sepkhiatna geelna (Action plan): Hih sepkhiatna geelna
ah kipawlna tupna tun nading kisam sepnate kician tak leh a
133
neng a tawngin geelna ahihi. Kuaten bang hunin bang sem
ding cih a kipan kician theithei-in geelna ahihi.
10. Vangil neihna (Resources): Kipawlna ading kisam sumle-pai a kipan vangilte koipan ngah ding? A zenzen-in
kipawlna sumnak ong beileh a dang koi pan laksawm?
11. Sepkhiatnate-matpiakna (Scorecard): Nipi kalsim,
khasim, kumsim sepkhiatnate lawhcinna tehna, khantohna
tehna piciang a hi hi.Mikang lai-in key performance indicators
(KPIs) kici a, tupna tun nading bangtan masuan zota cih kisit
cianna hi hi.
12. Sumzian zatnang sitna (Financial assessment): A beisa
hun a sumbeizah tungtawn-in mailam sum zat kisap danding
geelkholhna a hi hi. Mailam sumbei ziading leh zatzia ding
geelkholhna-in kisam lo buaina tampi khiamtuam hi.
Vai Lianpi Geelna Kicingin Etna
1. Vision
A masa limlim-in kipawlna-in bang haksatna a phulkhiat sawm
ahihiam? cih ciantak-in theih masak kulhi. Hih vision-in
kipawlna neihna a hang, kipawlna dangte tawh kibatlohnate
siangtak-in ong kilang khia sakding a, mipite lut nopna a hang
lianpi pen mah ongsuak pah dinghi.
2. Mission
Kipawlna ngimna muhkhiat khitteh, pawllut mite leh
sepnakhiatnate-in ngimna kungdong tun nading bangci
vaihawm ding hiam cih lahna ahihi.
Ngaihsuthuai thute.
- Ka ngimna uh tun nading bangcih geel ding?,
hamphat nadingin hih kipawlna kiphuan a hihiam?
Kuate
134
3. Lamlak thugil
Lamlak thugil cihin kipawlna letcip upna bulpi, kipawlna thupit
sak ngeina te le sepkhiatna-ah zuihloh phamawh dinpih ding
thugilte ahihi. Sepna khat peuhpeuh ah hih thugilte lenkip=in
ki kalsuan dinghi. Etteh theihding lamlak thugil pawlkhat:
- Hih kipawlna-in mipite lunggulhnate ngaitawn tungin a man
langpen-in tua lunggulhna te huhzawh ding ka hanciam ding
uhhi.
- Hih kipawlna-in mipite ngahtheih hamphat na le suahpih
thuneihnate zahtak bawl-in minam, kampau, biakna deidan
ngeilo dinghi.
- Hih kipawlna-in khasim, kumsim sepna
khantohna lam a kah to denden kipawlna a hihi.
bawlna-ah
4. SWOT analysis
SWOT cih-in mikang laipan hi-in thanemna (weakness),
thakhauhna (strenght), hamphat nading (opportunity) le
patauhhuai thu (threat)te gulhik cilgeh zah dongin sitkhia,
zongkhia, kankhia tiltel masa-in tua tungtawn-in kipuahkikna,
kiginna ahihi.
Adiakdiak-in kipawlna thakhauhna le thanemna te pen
kipawlna sunglam etcian kikna hi-in, hamphat nading te leh
patauh huaite ahih leh kipawlna pualam pan ong lutthei thute
tuatkholhna ahi hi.
135
Kipawlna
Sunglam
Hamph
atnate
Kipawlna
Pualam
Hamph
atnate
Hamph
atnate
Hamph
atnate
A. Thakhauhna:
- Ko kipawlna-in banglamah kiva ka hi uhhiam?
- Ko sungah ngeina hoih bangteng nei ka hi uhhiam?
- Bang nasepte ah khauhpai diak ka hi uhhiam?
- Kipawlna kilamzia a picing hiam?
- Kiteelna a om lai-in ka zo uhhiam? Kiteelna lut zo ding mi
muanhuai ka nei uhhiam?
- Ka sumlut te uh e le, a muan huaihiam? Hunsawt a kimang
diam?
B. Thanemnate:
- Ka kipawlna uhin bang lamah nang diak?
- Kipawlna sungah ki thutuah lohnate ka lemzo uhhiam?
- Sum-le-pai ka giautau lua uhhiam?
C. Hamphattheihnate:
- Mipi kipawlna dangte tawh sepkhop theihna a om diam?
136
- Sum-le-pai thuman tak-in ngahbeh theihnang lampi dang a om
diam?
- Mipi tawh kizopna ah thu-le-la hun lap-in ka puakzo uhdiam?
Mipi ka hup zo uhdiam?
- Mipite hamsatna, buainate ka huhzo takpi mah uhdiam?
- Technology thakthak te ka zatsiam uhhiam?
D. Patauh huaite:
- Pualam pan nanwngkai sakna bang ka tuak thei uhtam?
(Gentehna-vote ngahlo, mipi kipawlnten ong koko/nusia)
- Kipawlna-in mipi ukna neite thukhun te kituak-in gamta
mahhiam?
5. Vailianpi Geelna
Kipawlna huampi ngimna bulpi tunzawh nading policy
geelna a hihi. Policy ih cih ciangin kipawlna-in ngimna bulpi
tun nading koicih sepding cih huampi geelna a hihi. Tua policy
sung ah hel hamtang dingte ngaihsut theih nadingin a nuai a
dotnate kigin kulhi.
SWOT zatna tungtawn pan-in kipawlna ngimna tun zawh
nading geelna lianpi ki neithei pahhi. Hunsau geelna, huntom
geelna cihte zong tuate mah siksan in kigeel ding a hihi.
6. Sepkhiatna Geelna
- Bang semding? Bang kikhelna sepsawm?
- Kuan semding?
- Bang hunteh semding? Bangtan semding?
- Tha-le-ngal, sum-le-pai bangzan ciang kisam?
- Thu-le-la koicih zaksak ding?
137
7. Sepkhiatnate Matpiakna
Sepkhiatnate matpiakna cihteh kipawlna ngimna pi tun nading
sepna-ah sepkhiatna tawh kisai khasim kisitkikna ahi hi.
Bangcih bangin mat kipia ding? Bangtawh kiteh ding?
- Kipawlna sepkhiatnate-in kipawlna vision, mission te tangtun
nading mah ahihiam?
- Lamlak thugilte zui-in ka sem mahmah hiam?
Mission
(what we do;
why we exist)
Values
(Whats important
to us)
Vision
(what we want to be; what we
want for the world)
Strategy
(our game plan; short- and long-term
objectives)
Action Plan
(strategic initiatives)
OUTCOMES! (what weve achieved But, how do we measure it?

How do we prove it? How do we know what weve achieved? Is our
strategy working?
Vai lianpi Geelna pyramid lim-in lahna

Vai lianpi geelna-ah critical thinking ih cihcih, ka kidem pih
party dangte, kipawlna dangte sang bangci hatzaw ding kahihiam?
Amau neihloh, phawkkhakloh, theihkhak loh ka zatsiam theihding
138
bang thusim nei ding ka hihiam? Mipiten party tampi lakpan kei
party banghang ong deihzaw tuan se ding hiam? Banghang ko
kipawlna ong ki muang diakding? Sum tawh ong kipanpih nuam
sediak ding? cih geel hamtang kulhi.Party dangte tawh kibat thapaih
leh vai lianpi geelna (strategic planning) kici theilo-in geelna
mawkmawk ong hillel dinghi.
SWOT zong a thupi pha hi. Party ngimna lungngai kawm-in
SWOT tawh kisit dikdek kul a, SWOT pan muhkhiatte siksan ngimna
tun nading hunsau/tom geelna (strategies) kinei thei panhi. Mailam
ah theihkholloh kikhelna bangbang a piangzongin amkham lo tak-in
nawktheih, kigin kholhsa-in om theih nading a hi hi. Mi tampi-in vai
lianpi geelna neih dingteh bangsem ding cih (action plan) sawmpah
saisai-in ngimna takzong theilo, bulkip nailo hi. Sepna geelna (action
plan) cihpen singkungdan hileh a zung lei sungah thuk tak-in a lutkhit
teh geel patding hizaw hi.
Sepkhiatna geelna ah hun tawh kisai ciangtanna neih
dingteh Gantt Chart kizang tangtang in, sepkhiatna matpiakna
(score-card) ah zong Key Performance Indicator (KPI) ki zang theihi
a, a nihin online ah olno takin kizong theihi. Vailianpi geelna cingtak
neizo lehang mihing ultun sak kipawlna pan, kipawlna ultun sak
sepkhiatna ah ki tung zo-in makai muanhuaite ong om theihkei
vatleh zong ki songsawlawi gawp tuanlo dinghi.
Hih Vai Lianpi Geelna thupen Yangon a om American Centre
ah kihong Institute of Politic and Civic Engagement (IPACE) ah mipi
kipawlna le party makai tampi kihilh subject khat hi-in, kei mahmah
in IPACE ah sia sem-in kha khat valta hun la a ka hilhthu khat ahihi.
Khua tuamtuam ah zong makai tampi kahilh kha kawikawi a, Zomi
sungah party a kihel te leh kipawlna tuamtuam picin thakhauh
semsem nading deihsakna takpi tawh IPACE ah phalna ngen-in kong
helkik ahi hi.
A nuai ah keima phuahtawm pak political party khat
neihtheih vai lianpi geelna khat kong suahkhia hi. A taktakin hihdan
geeln pen ni tampi hun la-in mi kician honkhattawh khuaksuk kul
139
pawl hi a, hih laibu ah ahih leh vai lianpi geelna pumpi (framework)
omdan mitkha ah bawltheih naciang ding, ettheih pak ciangding
ngimna bek hi-in kicing sitset tak nailo hi. A tung a theoryte ciantak
enin a hoihmahmah geelna lianpite kisuai theihi.
Party Min: FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Vision
Myanmar gambup ah federal ukna taktak ngahin minam
tuamtuamte-in suakta takle kikimna tawh ki-uk tawmtheihna
ngahzawh nading.
Mission
Myanmar gam a om minamte-in kampau, biakna, ngeina ki
deidan omloin suaktakna, khantohnate a kipan liangko kikimna ngah
nading le minam tuamtuam ten amau leitang, amau gam-ah ki-uk
tawm theihna ngahzawh nadingin ngongtatna lampi zanglo -in
kihanciam dinghi.
Lamlak Thugil
Federal Democratic Party in:
Minam kizawh thawhna cih peuhmah sanglo-in minam

khempeuh in ki deidan na omlo, kikim takin hamphatna,
suahtakna ngah dinghi.
Thuneihna cihin mipi tungpan ong pai hi a, mipite deihna
mah a thupi pen a hihi.
Myanmar gammi khempeuh-in suahpih thu neihna kikim
takin a nei a hihi.
Pilna, cidam kikepnate gam thupi khat suah nading in kin
masak ding hi a, kim-le-pam kepsiam na tawh sawtvei
kimang khantohna kisam hamtang hi.
140
Kipawlna Thakhauhdiakna
Federal Democratic party in suahtak na le kikimna a ultun-sak
diak party hi a, khangno le numei muan huaite makaih ahih man-in
picin suah leh hunsau ading muanhuai diak hi.
SWOT
Huntom ai Geelna:
Party mitam semsem nading le makai ding peuhmah
mipite teel (bottom up) hih det nading sittel ding.
Federal thu le democracy thu minam tuamtuamte tung
zasak kawikawi ding.
Party sum ding khauhtak neihzawh nading
Minam tuamtuamte ngeina, lai le paute ciapteh na le
kepna neiding.
Hunsau ai Geelna:
Kiteelna-ah panmun ngahna khang semsem in kum 10

sungin a tawm pen hlutdaw ah 70% peuhmah ngahzawh
nading.
Constitution puah-in federal tawh kituak neihzawh nading.
141
Zawnna khiam-in khangkizom khantohna ngah theih

nading lampi zongin semding.
(Hih hunsau, hun tom geelna teding sepkhiatna geelna khatta

kibawl thei a, tualo geelna 2-3 gawm theihteng gawm-in sepkhiatna
geelna khat kisuah theihi).
Sepkhiatna Geelna (Huntom ai)
Sepkhiatna Matpiakna (Huntom ai)
142
Sepkhiat Geelna (Hunsau ai)
Federal Democratic Party Sepkhiat Matpiakna
143
Zomi le Power
Tu laitak politic lam ah kilo mun mahmah kammal khat-in power cih
a hihi. Politic lam mipil ten power cih kammal a khiat uhteh, i deih
(lungtup) khat ngahzawh na dingin midangte zattheihna, na ci-uhhi.
Makai khat, gam khat-in amau power zatna dingin a kisam pelmawh
vanzat (tool) pawlkhat neih masak kulhi. Tua vanzat te pen power
khauh, power nem leh smart power cihte ahihi.
Power Khauh (Hard Power)
Thatang zatna (zum-le-hiam) zatna in power khauh zatna hi. Tua
bek thamlo ngimna khat peuhpeuh tangtunsakna hangin pahtawina
zong power khauh mah a hihi. Thatang zatna i cihteh a diak-in
thatang, thauvui thautang mahtawh do gawpnate hi a, ciang (stick)
zatna zong kici hi. Lungtup tangtun sakna hangin pahtawi na cihteh
gentehna-in, nidang Myanmar gam-ah democracy tha piakna-in US
kumpite le gam pawlkhat-in sumlam a kipan vaitampi-ah Myanmar
gam hong gawt (sanction) uh a, ki-ukna kikhelna nabawl zahzah uh
pahtawina-in gawtnate hong khiam nung cih policy a neih dante-uh
a hihi. Hih pahtawi piakna pen ankam bulbawk (carrot/mongla-uh)
zatna kici hi.
144
Power Khauh Zia-le-tong
Gal bawlnopna lahna in galkapte galdo ding kigin sak
detna, setlam pan ahizongin suktheih sukmawh tawh
midangte phinna
Galhiam muanhuai theitata hanciam in bawlna
Zawhthawh nop gamte zuak vante gam sungah lutsak
lohna, zuaknop leh zong siah tampi donna, sum-le-pai
lamah gawtna, thau-le-hiam zuak lohna, khaktanna
Gamsung a om vanleng tual, tembaw khawlnate zatsak
lohna le a amau vanlengte limlim zong gamhuang
sungah nawkkhuan piaklohna.
Power Nem (Soft Power)
Ngimna tangtun nading in thudam tawh zolna a hihi. I
ngeina, i upna le biakna te a kipan i ki-ukna, thukizaknate
midangten thupi hong sa, deihgawh le hong eng theihna a hihi.
Tuatawh ki meizom-in ei thu hong man nading in thudam, awnem
tawh zolna a hihi. Thu lam tawh zolzawh limlim na dan a hihi.
Power Nem Zia-le-tong
Palai (lengla) kikhahna tawh thudam in zolbawlna
Ngeina,
upna,
biakna
le
sandan
kilamdangte
theihsiamna
Gamdangte thangthu tuanthu le makaite mimal
thupitnate theihsakna
Thupiang na khat peuhpeuh ah a hang le a thu ciantakin zoptheih taktak nading, kan tiltelna, kisap leh research
kician tak-in bawl-in kan masa, mipi te ngaih sutna
kantel masa, dong kawikawi cihte a hihi.
Gamkhat peuhmah in power nem a deih leh (a) Ngeina
hoih (culture midangte lunglutsak na), (b) Politic tawh
kisai man neihna (political values- gamsung gampua ah
mite maitan sakna), (c) Gampua tawh kisai policy
(foreign policy thuman tak le thudik tak-in ukna nei a
hihlam gamdangte theihpihna) te kisam pelmawhhi.
145
Mimal vai-in aki genteh mipite lungsim ngahbaihna, zahtak
huaina, mipitawh kizop siamna, tupna kician neihna, mipi
lungsim ngahzawh ngiatna hipah in minam le gam khat dinmun
tawh gen lehang kumpi, party in mipite thukimpihna, theihpihna
ngahna hi.
Powerte Tonkhopna
Hih power tegel pen kisam khawmtuak uhhi. Khat veivei teh
power khat lam zawzaw kisapna lek thei zawhi. Gentehna-in
mipilte muhna-ah Arab Spring lai, Arab gam a om mipite ngiat
ki thutuak tak-in a lungpho man-un kikhelna piang hizaw-in
thauvui thautang tawh kipan masa uh hileh kikhelna pi pianglo
zaw dinghi, ci-uh hi. Ahi zongin galpi nihna lai-in America in
nuclear bomb hong zat ek tak uhteh, galpi veng pan suak leuleu
hi. Power te tonkhop dan le kizat theihdan ngaihsut huai thupawl
khat om laihi.
9/11 buaina pian ma-in Al-Qaeda ten USA te phin
zeuhzeuh zeeluh a, tua laitak president sem Clinton in
Afaghansitan kumpite power nem zangin kamkhum tawh lengla
na khahngei hi. Ahi zongin Talibante pen kamkhum ciangtawh
kizol thei pawl hilo-in Al-Qaedate amau gam-ah suakta tak-in
butom sak veve hi. President Bush leuleu lah 9/11 vai khitteh
power zang nuam lua liangin, kisam lopi Iraq va do se a, ama
lapsang nop democracy ki-ukna pen Arab gamten mudah lawh
zawhi.
Hih power nem le power khauh cihte pen mihoih, misiaten
amau deih dandan-in a zattheih uh vanzat te a hih lam phawk
huai denhi. USA in Taliban le Al-Qaedate do nading in power
khauh a zat laitak uh, Osama Binladin in power nem tawh
nungzui tampi na zol ziahziah zo hi. Hitler bangbel minam itna
cih power nem tawh Germany gam ah miteng khemzo mawkhi.
US galkapte power khauh zatna hangin Arab gamte ah minsiat
dikdek laitak mahin Tsunami tuikhan thuak dikdek Indonesiate
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huhgawp uh ahih man-in, power nem a zang hong suakkik bilbel
a, Asia gam pawlkhat-ah maipha ngah mahmah uhhi.
SMART POWER
Harvard University ah professor sem Joseph Nye in 1990 kum
pawl-in, smart power cih zia thakkhat hong phuankhia-a, tu
laitak America kumpi-in gam tuamtuam tawh kizop na-ah hih
smart power mah zatpi-in nei uhhi.
Smart power cih-in power omsa te geel (power khauh &
nem) kisam dandan in gawmtuah in zatsiam na ahihi. Tuate geel
gawmsiam na tawh vailian geel in eima neihzah zat theih
vangilte (resource) tawh tuat khawm a gamtat na hihi. A mun a
mual ciantak-in kankhitteh tua tawh kituak-in gamtat theihna
zong hipah hi. A diakdiak in sum meetbawl dan-in genle hang
kei lampan ka zatzah a sumlom (sumbul) tawh ka meet kikzo
mahdiam cih tuatkholhna ahihi.
Kumpi khat bang hihleh a muanhuai, khauhpai galkap
neihzawh nang hanciam kawmkal mah-in kumpi dang, gamdang
makaite, gam tuamtuam a om kipawlnate tawh ki lawm bawlna,
ki maingap semsem nading hanciam na ahihi. Gam vai-ah zawl
hau semsem lehang thukhat peuhpeuh vaihawmteh amau
thukimpih le theihpihna kingah in mavang tuam mahmah hi. I
aw zong thawl zawdeuh hi. Tua hih man-in smart power cihpen
kipawlna khatkia, mimal khatguak ki pumpei, tangtat cihbang
om theilo-in zawl, lawm-le-gual zotkul hamtang hi.
Smart power zatna pen sunkhat thu-in ki nizawh theih ziauh
hilo a, kal tampi kisiau khual zinna khat ahihi. Smart power zat
dingteh ngaihsut masak hamtang huai thu pawlkhat omhi. Tuatengin
Ken bangdeih?, Bang thu sungnuam (agenda)?
Hih vai-ah bang kipawlna (institution)teng tawh kimei
zomthei?
Hong pawm thei ding lawm-legual/zawl kuateng nei,
kuateng ki zolbeh thei?
147
Ka thuneihna power bangteng hiam?
Ka power te koiah kizang thei hiam? Koicih zatleng bun
phadiak dinghiam?
Power kizatna ding mun-le-mual, khuahun dante koici
dan hiam?
Power nem le khauhte zatna pan piangthei ding thute ka
khinkhai masa hiam? Hih power tegeel koicih gawmtuah
siamding?
Ka power te a zattak mahdiam?
Mipi le belpawl gamte thukim pihna ka ngahzo hiam?
Bang (result, outcome) ngahkhia nuam? , cihte geel
kawmin a kizom deudeu sepna khat ahihi.
Tua ahih man-in hih sepna pen bucing geelna khat zong kici
theihi. Hihdan smart power zatsiam makai tawm mahmah lai a,
Americate president semngei Theodore Roosevelt tepawl bek dan-in
kiciamteh hi. Smart power zatsiam nading hanciam na-in
sumbawlna lam, kipawlna lam, politic lam-ah gambup huam,
khuakhat huam, veengkhat huam makaite thukhensat ziate
kancianna, theihtelna ding sinna-in zong kizang theihi.
Smart power tawh kisai gambup huam-in a kigenteh Norway gam
pen etteh tak gam-in kimu diak hi. Banghang hiam cih leh,
Norwayte pen mipi ki-ukna ah kihual mahmah hi. Tua

pen democracy kician, zatna zong a ci omhi.
UN ah ki thukimsa leitung gamhau penten gamzawngte
gam hauhna GDP pan 0.7% piakding hita leh
gamkhangto sa tampite-in pia zolo uh-a, Norway gam
ahih leh GDP pan 1% gamzawngte huhna-in piakhia
ekhi.
UN makaihna tawh leitung bup tawh kisai vai tuamtuam
te-ah lawp tak-in kihelden
OSLO zum hongin, gam tuamtuamte gamsung buainate
ven nading (peace keeping) lamah hanciam-in panpih
uhhi.
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A tung a te pen kumpi lampan power nem zatna hi-in, mipi
kipawlna lamte-ah zong power nem zangin ei deihdan-in gam
dangte ki huzap zo veve hi.
Power Thak
Power tawh kisai power nem, power khauh le smart power te i gen
zo a, mipi makai khangno minthang Jeremy Heimans muhkhiat
khangthak hun a power thak luanzia le power lui te kilamdanna
tehkakna tomno zong i en pak dinghi.
Power Lui
Power Thak
Sum (currency)
Ahual (current)
Mitawmnote neih (Held by few)
Mi tampite bawl (Made by many)
La (download)
Pia (upload)
Sawl (command)
Hawmkhawm (shares)
Makai bulphuh (leader driven)
Pawl le gual bulphuh (peer-driven)
Kikhak (closed)
Kihong (open)
Smart Power Kua tengin Zangthei?

Kum zalom 21 khitlam, setkhuak pilna phatak-in hong khankhiat
mahmah teh power ki thehthangna (power diffusion) khat hong
omhi. Nidangin kumpite bek zattheih emailte tun mikim-in kizangta
a, galkap ulian te bek zattheih satelite tawh leitung etna pen tun
google earth zangin mi khatpeuh-in leitung bup pheklek ziau thei
tahi. Tua ahih man-in power pen mi tawmnote sungbek ah om
nawnlo-in ki thehthang ta hi. Thomas Friedman in tu laitak hunpen
mi khempeuh in na khat peuh-ah, gamla tungzo zaw, kinawh zaw,
tawmman zaw, thuklut zawk theihhun hi, na cihi.
149
Hih thuteng hangin smart power zat-na ah kihel thei (player)
pen nam tam mahmah hi. Khenpi nih-in khen lehang kumpi lam le
kumpi ahilo lamte (state actors and non-state actors) te hita hi.
Kumpi lampan cihteh galkapte, thunei uliante cih telnop khin a,
kumpi lo lam pan cihteh sumbuk zuakte, mediate cihdan, India
gamte Bollywood a kipan USA gam a Harvard University dong kihel
ngeingai hi. Kumpi ahilo lam-ah OXFAM, World Vision cihte kihel mah
bangun Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, ISIS cih mi ngongtatte zong kihel a,
tua teng tungah power pen kithehthang zihziah tahi.
Power-te Phualsatna
Power kithehthang (power diffusion) meizom in tu laitak
globalization hun-ah gam tuamtuam a om kipawlna khempeuh
(kumpi lam, mipi lam) kizop, kimat, ki-awh ziazua na ong khauh pai
semsem
tahi.
Tua
ahih
man-in,
gamgi-kheng
kizopna
(transnational) cih kammal ki lim zat mahmah tahi. Hih gamgikheng kizopna cian tak-in enthei lehang Zomite kisap power koicih
ngahding? Koi cihzatding? Koi-ah zang ding?, cihte tampi kingaih
sun thei tuam dingin ka lamen hi.
Politic lam mipil Robert Keohane le Joseph Nye in a nuai-a lim
bangin gamgi-kheng kizopna a om ziazua dan gentehna-in hong
lakkhia uhhi.
150
Hih limdan kizop zia tungtawn-in Myanmar gam le USA gam
kizop dan gentehna-in i enpak dinghi. Lungtup khat peuhpeuh a
dingin kumpi le kumpi maitang sai-in kizop na om theihi. President
Obama in ama lungtup ngah nading-in U Thein Sein tawh ki maitang
tuah-in kumkhawm, zol theihi. Obama in gam tuamtuam kumpi lam
kipawlna (UN, Security Council) tungtawn-in U Thein Sein tawsawn
theihi.
Obama in USA gam a om mipi kipawlna (Human Rights
Groups lamte le a tuamtuam) te tungtawn-in Myanmar gam a om
mipi kipawlna (Actor Kyaw Thu, Yangon Free Funeral Services cihte)
tawh kithuah-in Myanmar kumpi hopih theihi. A hih keileh Obama
kumpi ngiat-in Myanmar gam a om mipi kipawlna (88 Generation
Group - Open Society cihdan) tetawh kithuah-in ama deihna
hanciam theihi. Tua bektham lo UN Security Council tungtawn-in
Myanmar gam a om Myanmar Human Rights Council te thuhilhna
tawh Myanmar kumpite phin thei hi. Mipi kipawlnate ut bangin
zangthei cihna hilo-in luptup gina i neihleh sepkhop theih cihna
hizaw hi.
Hih pen a telnop pak theih dingin ka geelpak hi-a, kipawlna
khat peuhpeuh in hih phungpi te tungtawn-in kimawl theihna lahna
hi. Ngaihsun zole hang tam semsem zaw lai dinghi. Zomiten power
i cihcih, Zomite lungtup ngahzawh nading in hih gamgi-khengkizop
nate pan power zat nading, power lak nading, power khop nading
phungpi pawlkhat kimu theihi.
Zomite le Power
Power vai thukhup nadingin Zomiten bang power teng neiin, koicih zat ding cih kei mimal ngaihsut paktheih teng kong sung
dinghi. A taktak-in hih pen Zomi bup khuak tui liangin kikup niloh
kul thulu khat a hihi.
Zomi le Gamtat hoihna; Zomite pen nidang pek a kipan pu-le-pa
te mi citak, thuman in minthang sa i hihi. Tua pen i soft power hi
gige-in vaipuak khat peuhpeuh ah hong kimuang mahmah pahhi.
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Tua lungsim i pat kikkul hi. Koicih patding? Christian 99% omna
Zogam-ah golhguk a kipan, gamtatsiatna (corruption)cih peuhmah
omsak lo ding hihang.
Myanmar gambup pen hih gamtatsiatna-ah uang lua khina,
Zomite ukna zumte, Zomite teenna Zogam-ah golhguk piak kisang
ngiatlohi, cih ngeina hoihkhat hanciam huaihi. Banghang hiam
cihleh, golhguk nekna pen i biak Pasian in deihlo hi. I gam-ah tangpi
nasemte kumpi-in khasum a zah nih hong khankhin hi. Mipih
gamdang tung tampi-om ta a, sumlut om zawdeuh in kisap teng cing
ahih pahloh hang nuntak lemzaw deuhhi.
Zomi le Thukizakna; Media pen zangthei lehang power khauh
mahmah khathi. Tu laitak Zomi Radio station khat I hanciam tahi.
Zomi Radio (Zo pau, Burmese), Zomi website (English, Burmese),
Zomi Monthly Journal (Burmese) te hanciam huai mahmah hi. I Zomi
radio ah minute themkhat a hiphial zongin Burmese program zong
helhuai hi. Zomite upna, ngeina hoih, dinmun, haksatna, muhna le
awgingte Myanmar gambup le leitung bup theihsak ding tupkul hi.
Kawllai in monthly journal ciangbang hanciam huai laihi. Zogam
thu ki thei nuam semsem ta a, ei thu eimah-in mi dangte theih dingin
i gen keileh midangten amau ut dandan in hong na gen ding uhhi.
John Arquilla in, tuhun global thukizak hun-ah gualzawhna cih pen
khat veivei teh kua galkapten galzo cihsang kua tangthu in zo
cihtawh ki khensat theizeel tahi, na cihi.
Kidop ding khat-ah hih media nasep (industry) pen, mi teitang
khat, mi tawmno, biakna, party khatte neihsa bangin zatkhak loh
ding thupihi. Gentehna-in China kumpi-in media te pen amau
deihkaih thute bekbek suaksak uh a, kuama lungsim la zolo pah
uhhi. India Bollywood a hihleh kumpite sawhkhakna omlo in suakta
ngiat uh a Bollywood hangin India-in leitung huam power khat neizo
suak hi. Tua ahih man-in mediate zuihhuai thudik (media ethics)
mah tawh sep huaizaw hi. Joseph Nye in, The best propaganda is
not propaganda na cihi.
152
Zomi le Mipi kipawlna; Zomi sung-ah kipawlna thupi, omkhong lo
kipawlna tam ta hi. GZA aki pan ZYA, TTWF, TYF, Siamsin, CNRWG,
ECODS cihte om a, thapiak huai mahmah hi. Americate power nem
neihbang aki lim kanteh, kumpi lampan sang mipi kipawlnate hang
hizaw, kici hi. Myanmar gampen thukhunte ukna (rule of law) hat
hetlo ahih man-in Zomi bup-in i dinpih ding, minam dangten Zomi,
Zogam tungah thuman lo-in zawhthawh, simmawhna a omteh
gamsung le gamtuamtuam kizopna thukhun tawh mipihte hong
panpih ding sitni (lawyer) network neizo lai lehang hoih dinghi.
Gambup huam le gam tuamtuam a lawyer network te tawh ki
theihneih zawhding thupi kha dinghi.
Zomi le Thu kikuptuahna; GZA khawmpi a kipan Siamsinten
kumsim seminar nei a, Zosuan Tuailai Khawmpi, Zomi Forum cihte
kinei khinhi. Hih khawmpite a hawmthawh om kha mah dinghi.
Khawmpite pan sepkhiat na lam a kizom zalzal zo pahkei phial
zongin khawlhuai hetlo hi. Mipi kimthei semsem hanciam-in muhna,
ngaihsutna, veina kibang masa kei tase mahleh kimuh khop limlim,
thu kikup khop, thu sinkhop, thu ngaihkhop, thu kikuptuah khop
limlim pen picing nading kal masa kisuan-in ka muhi. Zogam Zomi
mailam ki-uk, makaih, kilam zia ding a thu beek ahiphial zongin ki
kumkum, geelgeel mai lehang zong kikhial lo dinghi.
Zomi le Gam tuamtuam Kipawlna; Zomi Innkuan USA in UN ah
consultative status khat ngahta ahih man-in i lung dam mahmah hi.
Gam tuamtuam a om Zomi kipawlna om peuhmah-in amau gam a
mipi kipawlna te tawh kizop semsem zawh nading le omna a inntek
kumpite theihpih kipawlna hihding zong hanciam huai semsem hi.
Gam tuamtuam kipawlna UN cihdante ah zong i kihel zawh detding
lunggulh huai mahmah hi.
Zomi le Palai Sepna; Democracy ki-ukna in mipite thu neihna ahih
man-in a kizen mipi hihding kisam hi. Mipi palai i teelkhitteh
omthawng sak lo a i haksatna, deihna, kisapnate ko, zasak-in kisap
le MPte sepkhiatte bangteng hiam cih kan kik-in ahi bangbang mipi
bup zaksak kik kulhi. Banghang hiam cihleh vai tampi-ah kumpi
kihello-in lem ngiatlo pawl khat omse hi. MP te gawt nop man hiloBUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA
153
in democracy ki-ukna zia hong hita hi. Mipi bup le mipi palaite kikalah khauhtak sepkhop na (mechanism) khat i kisam hi. Tua sepna
lam-ah kiva mipi kipawlna zong pantah, thapiak zawh ding thupi
mahmah hi.
154
Social Democracy Ki-ukna
Thupatna
Tu laitak USA gam kumpi thak ding-in party nih (Democratic le
Republican) te-in amau party tek pan president dinmun dem khuan
ngah nading a kidem henhan laitak uh ahi hi. Tu a kidemna-ah a
tuamdang diak cihnop huai thu pawlkhat hong om-a, tuate lakpan
US president a sem ngei Clinton zi lah ahi, US gamdang thu vanpi a
sem ngei Hilary Clinton tawh a kidem Bernie Sanders in zong pilna
nei US khangnote sung-ah min hong ngah mahmah hi. Amah pen
capitalism cih sumbawl te suakta tak-in sumbawl sakna gam-ah
social democracy cih khat policy a deih mahmah khat hi a, sumhau
le ulian lamte huat nam khat hong suak hi. Tua ahih man-in social
democracy cih politic kammal hong ki lunglut san a, hih thului
sungah zong a tom thei pen leh telnop pen dingin i kikum ding hi.
Social Democracy ading Mungpi 3
Theory danin en lehang social democracy ah thu mungpi
thum kihel hi. A masa pen-in, suahtakna (freedom) hi-a, mikhat-in
ama nuntakna tawh kisai hoih a sak pendan lungkim dandan-in
khensat in suak tatak-in nuntakna hi-a, mihing khat nuntakna tawh
kisai sum zatzia, pilna zonna le hamphat na zonna te-ah kumpi le
kim-le-pam te-in thatang tawh pum zawhthawh khuan om lo hi. A
nihna-ah thumanna (justice) hi-a thukhun mai-ah mi khempeuh
kibang, kikim linlian hi, cihna ahi hi. Numei/pasal hihna,
innkuanpihte neihsa lamsa, za liatnate tawh kisai lo-in mi khempeuh
kibang kim hi-a, hamphat nading khat peuhah kidei danna om thei
155
lo ding hi. Ahi zongin hanciam tak-in sepkhiatna tungtawn a
gualzawhnate (achievement)te bel thu tuam khat ahi hi.
Social democracy ah kihel a thumna, mungpi khat-in
kihualna (solidarity) ahi hi. Hih kihualna cih in mipi sungah khat-lekhat hualkhat in luangkhawm, kihuh kipanpihna ahi hi. Mipite nuam
tak-in omkhop theih nading a a henkhawm kaw (glue) ahi hi. Hih
mungpi thumteng social democracy ah kihel loh a phamawh hi.
Mimal suahtakna, thumanna le tangpi kihualnate tawh kilamna ultun
ukna khat ahi hi. Tua bek thamlo-in Social Democracy sung-a tuicik
(laigil) sungah UN thukhun tawh kituak mihingte suahpih thuneihna
(human rights) nam nih om hi.
Social Democracy Laigil
Social Democracy deihna thuguipite pen mihing suahpih
thuneihna (human rights) (ahk) mipite suahtakna (civil liberties)
kici-a, tuate zong nam nih-in na kikhen lai hi. Negative human
rights/civil liberties le positive human rights/civil liberties te, cih
bangin kikhen hi. Negative civil liberty cihteh mi khat-in vai khat
peuhtawh kisai-in hoih a saksak bangin suakta tak-in thu sung theia, thuzawhna le holhthawhnate tawh kuamah in nawngkai sak thei
lo hi. Positive civil liberty cih leuleu-in, mihing khat-in suakta tak-in
thu a khensat theih nading-in ngaihsutna limci, thu kician a theih
masak kul hi. Khuak zang mihing suak kul masa hi. Khuak a zat
theih nading-in sang pilna (education) kisam-a, zong cidam-in nek
tawm ciang tawh buai lo-in zum-le-hiam cihte pan patauh ven (social
security) ding kisam hi.
Tua bang mihing khat kisapnate panpihna-in positive liberty
kici hi. Hih sangpilna le cidamnate ngah theih nading panpih-na in
gam sung-ah mihaute cit piakna le mipi-in amau neihsa hauhnate
tawh kituak-in siah (tax) piakna thupi phadiak hi. Tua ahih man-in
social democracy ah negative right le positive rightte pen mai nih
nei sumtang tawh kibang hi. Ol gen mahmah lehang social
democracy cih pen tangpi ading thumanna (social justice) om nading
hanciamna ki-ukna, kici thei hi.
156
Social Democracy Olgenna
Social democracy cih teh gamsung a om tangpi tangtate
kikal ah nuntakna dinmun kikim dimdiam (equality) le daihna
(security) om theih nading-in kumpite mahmah in mipite
khuasakdan nuntakzia puahpha-in khantohsakna ahi hi. Ahi zongin
thauvui thautangte tawh ngongtat in pum-ukna hilo-a, democracy
ngeina tawh kizui-in thuman taktawh teelna a ngah kumpi suah
masakna tawh ukna, ahi hi. Social democracy-ah nuntakna dinmun
(class, living standard) ki-uang khaihnate khiapna khat hi-in mihau
le mizawng te neih-le-lam kikhaih gawp lohna ding hanciamna khat
ahi hi.
Hih bang ki-uk zia a limzat le a phuangkhia gamte in Europe
gam lamte hipha diak hi. Adiakdiak-in Scandanavia gam kici
Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden gam lamte ah (Nordic gamte ciin zong kisam) kilim zat a, Nordic model cih min zong kivawh hi. Tua
gam lamte ah Social democray party hat mahmah-in ki-ukna kumpi
mun ah zong panmun ngah den uh hi. Social democracy ki-ukna ah
kumpi lamte kihelna hat sak diak uh-a gam phattuam zawk nading
hi cihlam in la uh hi. Kumpite-in sumzuak sumbawlna (market) lamah kisawh hamtang uh a, summet bawlte-in amau aituam hamphat
nading uanglua-in a peipuang loh nading kham zeel hi. Tua bang
khat mah-in sumbawlna pan kingah metna (profit)te mipite tungah
kikim thei pen-in hawmkikna (redistributive) hi-a nunniamte (lower
class) ading mapansakna ki-ukna nam khat ahi hi.
Ahi zongin Social Democracy le Democratic Socialism cihte
kibang mahmah napi kibang sitset lo hi. Tu laitak social democracy
gamte ah capitalism (free market) mah kizang lai a, ahi zongin
democratic socialism gamte ah capitalism zang ngiat lo uh hi. Tua
bek tham lo social democracy cih-in mizawngte huhna (poverty
alleviation) hizaw lo-in nunna laihawlte (working class) leh nunna
sangte (upper class) ki-kal nunna kilim khaih luatloh nading
vaihawmna ahi hi.
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Social Democracy le Capitalism
Politics ngeina a ki-et ciangin democracy ki-ukna le
capitalism (free market) sumbawl ziate tonkhawm phadiak a,
Socialism pen ama aituam ki-ukna zia le tua ki-ukna ah kizang
sumbawl zia a om khinsa ahi hi. Capitalism sumbawlna-ah a kiultungsak thu-in gam khat peuhpeuh-ah hauhna lam khantohna deih
taktakna leh suakta tak-in (freedom) sumbawl sakna hi-in kumpi
lampan kisawh loding (no intervention) ahih keh kumpi lam pan a
tawm penin kihelna (minimal state intervention) cih thupi sak-a siah
(tax) cih zong don luat loh ding, cih thupi sak hi. A siamngap lo
kumpi lamte sumbawl na-ah ong ki lakhel uhteh vaiteng
sawngsawlawi hi, cih um uhhi. Sumbawlte-in suakta tak-in ong kipei
le-uh mabun (efficient) zaw, cih thu hi-a Adam Smith phuahkhiat
free market ngaihsutna hi phadiak hi. Socialism ahih leh bel gam
sung a om neih-le-lam hauhna cih khempeuh kumpi neihsa hi, cih
upna hi-in capitalism tawh kileh bulh hi.
Social democracy ah capitalism mah kizang veve a, sum
bawlte zuih ding thukhun tam sakzaw, thudik tak-in (fair)
sumbawlnate thapiakna le ngongtat gamh tatna (votile) a tawm thei
pen-in sepna ahi hi. Tua ahih man-in social democracy ki-ukna pen
motor khat bangin en lehang capitalism pen a engine hi-a kumpitein siahdonna (taxation), tangpi vai ah sumbawlte zuihding thukhun
(rules) cihte tawh kumpi in tua motor engine heek (steers)
kawikawina ahi hi.
Kikhelna ading Social Democracy Lampi
Social democracy ah mipite thatang le zum-le-hiam zatna a
kipan thatang tawh thuneihna khupletna (revolution) cih zanglo uh
hi. Tua sangin democracy ngeina tawh kituak kiteelna-ah thuman
takin dem-a, kiteelna ah demna tawh thuneihna ngah nading
hanciam zaw uh hi. Gam uktheihna panmun a ngah leh zong
gamsung a om mipite nunzia le sum bawlna ah kihual kimna om thei
pen dingin policy hoihte cian tak-in geel a makaihna ahi hi.
Adiakdiak-in leitung galpi nihna khit lamteh Europe gam a om social
158
democrat lamte-in capitalism sum bawlna ziate laihgawp ding
hanciam zawlo-in capitalism (free market) lempha-in khauh sak
semsem uh a, mimal sumbawlzia thak phuatnate (entrepreneuship)
zong thapia uh hi. Ahi zongin metna lam-ah nunniam mite le
zawngkhalte a kinelhsiah khak loh nading in sumbawlna (market)
pen kumpi lamte-in sai zeuhzeuh uh hi.
Socialist taktak te le social democrat te kilamdanna a kikak
sak semsem pen kum zalom 19 lampan hidiak hi. Social democrat
ngaihsutna hong khan semsem teh capitalism zia-le-tong tawh a
kibat sitset loh hang Marxist orthodoxy hilhna ahi thatang le zumle-hiamte tawh thu neihna khuplet a ukna lakna (revolution) cih lam
pel uh-a, party phuan ngiat-in kiteelna tungtawn-in thuneihna
ngahsawm zaw uh hi.
Social Democracy ah kizang policy
Social democracy cih policy a kizat teh seploh a phamawh
khat-in welfare state a kici, tangpi kepna mah hipah hi. Tua tawh
kisai-in mipil Esping Anderson in tu laitak leitung ah kizang tangpi
kepnate nam (3) in hong khenkhia hi. A masa pen welfare state in
US, UK le Australia gamte-ah kizang Liberal Welfare state nam ahi
hi. Hih gamte ah gammite-in a sep zawh zahzah tan uh tungtawn-in
panpihna ngahkikna hi-a kumpi lamte panpihna zong amau gam
dinmun tawh a ki-et teh sihkam ciang hizaw-in sum a zong zote-in
private insurance lam-ah kinga pha diak uh a, hih gamte-ah
mizawng mihau kikhai mahmah hi. Gentehna-USA gamah gambup
hauhna lakpan 25% pen gammi bup lakpan 1%te neihsa himawk hi.
Nam nihnate-in Conservative Welfare state kici-a, Europe
gamte a tam simsimte hih huang sungah om uh hi. Hih gamte-ah
kumpi lamte panpihna-ah kideidanna tam pian-a, numei/pasal
hihna, khat tangte (single) le innkuan (married) neihna cihte a kipan
kideidanna om kawikawi hi. A thumna gamte in Social democratice
welfare state hi-in, tu ciangciang leitung bup-ah a kipakta pen
ngeina khat hi-a Scandinavia gamte (Norway, Finland, Denmark,
Sweden) gamte le Germnay gamte-ah kizang phadiak hi. Hih gamte
lak-ah siah (tax) pen sang tak-in kidong leuleu a, tua siah donna
159
pan kingah sumte kumpi-in mipi bup nop tuam nading lemtang thei
pen-in hawmkik hi. Mipite ading nuntakna panpihna khauhpai-in
ulian/uneu, zalian/nautang, numei/pasal, mizawng/mihau kideidan
lo-in kumpi-in panpih kik hi. Gambup cidam kikepna lam a
khawnkhong-in kibawl theihna cihte a kipan sum beilo sang pilna sin
theih nading in kumpi in mipite panpih kik uh hi.
Mong Neilo Lampi
Social democracy zatna ah a tawntung in zat theih ding, a hoih pen
policy kip cih om thei ngeilo hi. A hun le mun tawh kituak-in zat
nuam pen ding kigeel, kipuah, kilem pha den hi. Tua ahih manin
kisapna tungtawn-in policy zatziate zong kilaih zelzel thei hi. Hih
social democracy pen democracy gamah mipi bup in huamkim in
khantoh khop na namkhat ahih man-in Myanmar gam mailam ah
zong deihhuai mahmah hi. Social democracy tawh kituak-in policy
geelte lungngaih loh phamawh thute in, a nuai a bang ahi hi.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Globalization
Tangpite Nunna kikhelzia (Social change)
Sumbawlna (Economic)
Gammi phazah (Demographic)
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Myanmar gam-ah Democracy Kilamna
(Politic lamtawh kisai mipil minthang Francis Fukuyama in

Myanmar gam ong zinlai, 12 August 2015 ni-in Yangon ah thugenna
nei-a, ama genkhiat khempeuh lakpan Myanmar gam ading ngiat
ngim-in a sunkhiat thute lai-in kong suahkik a hihi)
Myanmar gampen mipi kipawlna (civil society) lam le gam
ading lawptakin kipiakhia (activist) te thupi thei mahmah a,
thakhauh in hat mahmah hi. Mipi kipawlnate sep bulpi khat-in
kumpite thuneihna a uat luatloh nading-in a nang, a dal, kisap leh
langpan kik ahihi. Tua hikei leh kumpi lamten vai khat peuhpeuh ah
uang gamtat thei uhhi. A hi zongin na gam uh kong etsak teh, a
diak-in democracy deih mipi kipawlna lamte-in kumpite sepnate
lehpan cih ciang bek hilo-in, mai lam-ah gam koicih lamding, gam
khat kician tak-in koicih ukding cihlam ah zong na kigin mahmah
ding uh hong thupi hi.
Tu kum November kha teh gambup huam kumpi ding teelna
na nei ding uhhi. Hih kiteelna-ah democracy ading kum tampi ki
piakhia-in mapang lamte kumpi dingin hong kiteel leh kumpi sem
dingin na kiging khin mah uhhiam? Gam khat ciantak-in na ukzo
takpi dinguh hiam? , cihlam ong thupi ta hi. Kiteelni ading bek kiging
khol ciang hilo-in, kiteelna mankhit, kumpi thak khat-in din zawh ni
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masa ni-a kipan ni 100 sung lian hong thupi mahmah diak dinghi.
Tua ni 100 sungin gam sungah a ki lamdang pahhan phialmawk, a
kitheitham gambup sum-le-pai khanna ngahthei pah nading policy
hoih na neih dinguh kisam hi. Sumbawlna khanna tawh kisai bang
geelna (economic program) kician na nei uhhiam? Banghang hiam
cihleh mipite in hauhna leh khantohna lunggulh mahmah uh a, a
lamet pipen uhzong tua khantohna mah a hihi.
Hih bang khantohna ngahzawh nading-in gampua lam a om
gam tuamtuamte tawh kizom-in sumphual (market) zonkul hamtang
ding a, hih gam tuamtuam tawh kizopna-in tuhun leitung paizia-ah
gamkhat in khantohna nading in kisam pelmawh hi. Gamdangte-in
na gamuh ah sumtuhna (foreign investment) thakhauh semsem
nading zolzawh ding thupi dinghi. Hih mun leuleu ah zong gam
kihong cihciang tawh manlo-in, gamdang sumbawlte tawh
kithuahna-ah pilvang tak-in geelsiam (manage) kulhi. Leisung
sumpiang khempeuh gamdang mite piakding cihlam hizenzen lo-in
kepsiam, zatsiam, zeek siam kul cihna hi. Kihong ding ahih hang ki
kepsiam ding cihnop nahi. Tua tawh kisai-in etteh theih gam thupite
lak-ah South Korea le Taiwan te phadiak kiva mahmah uhhi.
Sumbawlna khanna programte geel-in, sepzia dingte kician
sitset sa-in na kigin khit uhteh, tak suahsak na (implementation)
hun ong tung dinghi. Na geelnate uh sepkhiat pah ngiatngiat
dinghun hong hita hi. Hih mun-ah kidop mahmah thupi khat omhi.
Kumpi thak khat hih khitteh ki-ukna zum a semsa, kumpi lui te ukna
nuai-a om zum (bureaucracy) nasemte khempeuh laihsiang,
hawlkhiat gaih lohding thupi hi. Kumpi thak ukna ah milui
muanhuaite zong kisam lai veve hi. Ki-uk dan paizia, gam ukna vai
sepna luanzia a tel taktak pen amau hilai phot a, amau huhna le
panpihna lohtawh thu ki vaihawm theilohi. Tua ahihman-in khauh
bengbang lo-in kikhiam tuak-in gam democracy kician neihzawh
nading sepkhop (compromise) kul dinghi.
America te-in Iraq le Afghanistan gamte do-in, democracy
gamthak lam na-ah a khialh mahmah uhzong hihvai mah a hihi. USA
kumpite-in kopen mi ngongtat (terrorist) te peuhmah tawh ki
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maitang tuah lo ding hi-ung, ci-in kumpi lui a mimuan huai te kuppih
bawllo uh a, that nuam-in a sulzuih taktak uhteh Iraq gam omdan
zia thei tuanlo-in tuahsia zaw dipdep uhhi. Kiteelna (election)
neihzawh teisam hang kician tak-in gam lam kik zo nawnlo uhhi.
(America ten gal zo-in a gam uh a lam sakkik gamte lak-ah Iraq le
Afghanistante pen tudong gualzo taktak nailo hi. Ahi zongin galpi
nihna khit Germany le Japan gamte democracy gam kician-in lam
sakkikna-ah a gualzawh pih uh a, a hang pipen khatin, hih Germany
le Japan gamte-in galpi kido mapek-in ukna kician kumpi
(functioning state) na neikhin uhhi.* Interview dangkhat ah
Fukuyama thugen khat).
Democracy ading hangsan tak-in a kihelten kumpi lehpan
ciangbek hilo-in, kumpi semzo ding kigin kulhi. Suakta le thuman
kiteelna (free and fair election) pen baih zawdeuh napi, tua kiteelna
sang tawh a man hi zenzen lo-in gam kician khat lam nading kipatna
hi masa zaw hi. Kiteelna mankhit kumpi sep ni masa ni-a kipan ni
100 sung peuhmah mit a muhtheih pah phialmawk sum-le-pai
khanna neihtheih nading geelna (program) kician kiging un.
Adiakdiak-in geelna lian veva a hi gambup cidam kikepna (national
healthcare, national economic plan) cihte dan geelna lian vevate
tawh panpah kha naikei-un. Sumbawl khantohna lam leuleu ah
gamsung gampua pan hong huhthei ding mi kician, mimuanhuai
tampi omhi.
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NLD Kumpi Thak le Mailam Masuan
2015 kum beikuan petpet teh gambup huam kiteelna ah

politic lam a kantelte, politic paizia a tuatsiamte upmawh ngam
zahsang le Nationa League for Democracy (NLD) party mahmah in
amau-le-amau a ki lamet ngam zah sangun a tamzaw-in mipite
teelna hong ngah uhhi. Kiteelna-ah NLD party zat tangkona in
Kikhel hunta! (Time to Change!) cih hi-in, a tua kammal limlim in
zong mipite lungsim ong bun mahmah khin-a, kikhelna tampi mah
hong piang to zenzen tahi. Hih thului ah a hihleh NLD in gam koicih
bangin gam hong makaih ding-a, bangteng tuakkha theidiam cih kei
mimal muhna kong sung dinghi.
NLD Party Zia
NLD party-in kiteelna pan gualzawh na lianpi hong ngah takteh
gam tampi ki lungdam mahmah a, Mipite makaih ding, mipite
sungpan, mipite teel democracy kumpi taktak ngahta hang-ei kici
ngeingai tek hi. Nitumna lamte democracy cihpen suahtakna
(freedom) le mihing thuneihna (human rights) ultungsak ki-ukna hi
phadiak hi. Ahi zongin kei mimal muhna ah NLD party in nitumna
lamte (western gamte) zat democracy dan hong hi masa pah
biangbuang khollo dinghi. Democracy kumpithak I cih NLD party
limlimzong gamvai tuamtuam hangin party sung thu vaihawmna
164
khat peuhpeuh-ah tungsiah thuthu (centralize) mahmah hi. Thu-lela khensatna peuhpeuh ah a nuailam a mipite aw sang makai
tungsiahte khensat bangbang ki zuizaw-in, party president Aung San
Suu Kyi-in gamvai huihnunzia tawh kilawm kituak a sak dandan-in
a khensat hi maihi. Adangte-in a semkhia hizaw a, Aung San Suu
Kyi pen mipil le mihoih khat ahih man-in kisiat muhloh bek a hihi.
Tua ahih man-in NLD paary gam makaih term masa kum (20162021) sung kituak khathei ding pawlkhat kong kumnuam hi.
1. Vai kitukalhna
NLD party makaih kumpi-in gammakaih na kipatzawh asawt lua
lo hun khatteh vai pawlkhat a lum a let ongsuak thei dinghi.
Banghang hiam cihleh NLD in gam vaihawm na lam-ah panmun
taktak a ngah masak na hi-a a omsa makaihzia zong
khel/laih/puahnuam lai uh ahih man-in hoih/sia zaw hiam cih I
theihloh vai ki lumletna honkhat hongom thei dinghi. Tua bektham
loh hun saupi NLD CEC te cih bangbang ngiat-in kal kituak takin
suankhawm NLD te-in party khat cihciang sungah om nawnlo-in kiukna innpi (executive, legislative, judiciary) lamteng-ah le,
Naypyidaw ah zum tutawh, state/division tuamtuam ah makai tawh
kitheh thang ta uhhi. Tua ahih man-in ki-ukna lam a mapangte le
party makai lamte (party leaders vs government policy makers)
kikal ah zong thumin tak a kikupman hun ding hamsa ta dinghi.
Party makai Aung San Suu Kyi mahmah in zong vaipuak sah lua ta
a, vai pawlkhat-ah buai khengkhang-in ong kitukalh mang kha thei
dinguhhi.
Japan gamah zong hihdan kikhel vatna tuakkha ngei uhhi. Liberal
Democratic party in kum 1950 lai pek a kipan Japan gam a uktoh
ngelhngelh phialuh-hi a, 2009 kum taktak the mipite-in kikhelna
kisam cihna tawh Democratic party of Japan (DPJ) panpih uhhi. DPJ
in ki-ukna lam sem kha ngeingiat lo ahih manun, panmun lakzawh
sawt lo-in a lum a let suak-in kum thum sungbek gam makaih kha
uh-a prime minister thum veitak kikhek liang uhhi. Ngeina kician
(system) khauhpai mahmah neisa Japan gam nangawn tuahsia thei
uhhi. Myanmar gam-ah bel a siatzawk beh nading om nawnlo bilbel
165
hi. NLD kumpi zong mipi deihna kiapah zatzat sam lo-in makaih naah suksia gawp veva samlo dinghi. Ahi zongin mipi lampan lah lamet
khauh lua ahih man-in, omkhong lo-in na hanciam tak-in hong sem
ding uh-a, zong khialh nemnumna hong tam lai dinghi. Na ong sep
taktak uhleh Kawlte pauleng (pha-yu pha-ye) limlim kha thei ding
uhhi.
2. Kuan maban zom ding?
Thu nihna-ah hihbang NLD in makaih ki-ukna ah kitukalhna a
omkawmkawm mah-in nidang pek-a kipan leitung mun tuamtuam
pan Myanmar gamvai a vei, a kinte- theihnop mahmah Aung San
Suu Kyi khit maban kuan zomding? (beyond Aung San Suu Kyi) cih
dotna tawh kisai dawnna ahi ciangkhat kimu khia thei (akl) ki
mangsia khiat thei ta dinghi. NLD in kum 20 val Aung San Suu Kyi
le NLD CEC tawmkhatte in a hoih pen dingin makaih sa uhhi-a,
kumpi khat zahin sepkhiat ding tamlo ahih man-in vai sah lua
naihiaulo in party mi lakpan mihoih, mimuanhuaite in zong sepkhiat
theihnading hunhoih ngah kha nailo uhhi.
Tun a hih leh kumpi vaipuak lianpi ngahin semta uh ahih man-in
NLD mi panmun ngahte sungpan mi muanhuai, kiva a siam taktakte
hong ki langkhia toto lel dinghi. Siamna cihteh mipite ading veina
nei-in kiva tak-in vaihawm sak theih nalah hi-a makai Aung San Suu
Kyi maipha ngahzo-a NLD CECte tawh mapan khop theihna zong a
hihi. Makaihna tawh kisai, suahpih makai siamna (born leader) le
hanciam/sin tawm makai (made leader) cih kikhen phadiak hi. Aung
San Suu Kyi pen born leader nam hi-a, tu laitak NLD in made leader
honkhat neita uhhi. President U Htin Kyaw, Vice-president Pu Henry
Van Thio te a kipan parliament speakers U Win Myint, U Man Win
Than Khaing te pawlpen made leader cih theih hiphot hi a hlutdaw
ah zong dim metmat uhhi. NLD in term khat hong makaih khitteh
mailam a makai ding kimu khia thei tadingin ka lamen hi.
166
3. Ngeina Thak
A thumna-ah thukonghonna ah gelhsa mah bangin NLD
kumpi-in democracy zia-le-tong taktak sangin China kumpi zatdan
ahi Confucianism lungsim puakpan piangkhia Meritocracy hong
zangzaw ding uhhi. China kumpi le Communist party te pen
Confucianism lungsim puakzia zang uh-a tua lungsim pen China,
Japan, Korea le Singaporete-in vom mahmah uhhi. Confucinism
tawh kisai ka laibu bawl Bucing Khantohna le Picing Ki-ukna ah ka
gelhngei hi. Tom gen mahmah lehang mihing khat mun-le-za piakna
ah ama neih-le-lam hauhna, ulian tanau neihna le thu dangdang enloin a siamna, a gualzawhnate tungtawn-a panmun piakna (merits)
hong kizang mahmah ta dinghi.
Laivuan na ngeina (exam system) zong kici-a, panmun khat
peuhah kipum deihsakna tawh kipiakna hi nawnlo zaw-in a pil
taktakte, siam taktakte bekin panmun limci hong ngah toto ta
dinghi. Gentehna-in NLD in election a zawhkhitteh teelcing palai
khempeuh khauhpai takin pattahna (intensive training) nei-uh a,
laizong vuansak pah ngiatngiat uhhi. Tu laitak state/division ah
prime minister le hlutdaw speaker sem dingte zong mipi makaihna,
vaieelnapilna hilhsim khinkhian khin uhhi. Tua bang dan
siamna/kivak na ultun makai kiteelna hong kizom toto lai kha dinghi.
NLD party pan MP te zuihding thukhunte pawlkhat China kumpi le
China Communist party te ziatawh ki zawitawn mahmah hi.
4. Dek Siamna
NLD kumpi in sepmasak ding pulakna-ah gamsung daihna le
kilemkikna (peace & reconciliation) sem masa nung, ci-uh hi. A
sawtlo-in zong Second Panglong (21 Century Panglong -NLD
version) bawlsawm uhhi. Hih thupen NLD bek hilo USDP makaih
hunlai pekin U Thein Sein in galkapte tawh a sepkhop nop mahmah
khat uh hikhin-a Fedederal Democracy cih kammal bang minamdang
(ethnic) tesang lo pahpah nuamzaw dep uhhi. Hong piang lua lel
dinga, minam khempeuhte ading lungkim huai taktak mah
dinghiam?, cihbel patauh huai veve hi. Kawl mite hamphat nading
167
deihkaihna tawh kisuai thukhun zong hong piangkha thei mai dinghi.
Bangbang ahi zongin, ciantak-in gen ngam khat-in, 2008
Constitution sang state/division kumpite-in thuneihna ngahbeh zaw
hamtang in, nuamtuam zaw veve sam dinghi.
Federal ukna tawh kisai Federal pu (federalist) te-in a gen
uhteh, federal pen gambup huam kumpi (union/central government)
le gamkhat huam kumpi (state government) te kikal-ah ki kidek
(bargain/ compromise) nahi, ci uhhi. Constitution tungtawn-a
kimawlsiamna kici thei-a, van khat I deihleh tua van zuakte tawh
kidek siamna tawh kibang hi. Tua ahih man-in Second Panglong
Confederance kipat phet a kipan federal ki-ukna zia thak ah masuan
teh thukhun zatsiam (van deksiam) mipilte kisap mahmah hun hong
hi phadiak dinghi.
Mipite-in minam ai hamphatna I khahsuah nopkeh, policy
geelsiam, ngaihsut siam, phutsiam, thu kalhkhiatsiam gamvai
geelsiam mipilte kisam mahmah tading I hihi.Tua ahih man-in I
maingat Federal Democracy ki makaihna zia thak-ah pilloh a pha
mawh, siam loh a pianglo hun hong tung toto ta ding-a, pilna kician
nei-a, I siam takpi nakleh Hlutdaw ah I tu-a tu ta keizongin nasep
ding a-dim-a ha in hong omlel dinghi.
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Kum zalom 21 Panglong Khawmpi ah koicih Masuan ding?
Zomi Congress for Democracy (nidang a Zomi National

Congress) party in 2011 kumin hong phawngkhiat uh a hi Second
Panglong Conference pen a sawtlo-in kinei taktak ta dinghi. Tua
vaitawh kisai leitung bup phial-in lunglut mahmah uh-a, mikang,
Kawl, Zomite sung-ah muhna tuamtuam, patauhna le lawpnate
kigelh phangphang hi. Thu tampi kitheihbeh tuam-a, tuazah khat
mahin information kician meello-a upmawh genzong tampi mah
hong om toto hi. Hih thului-ah a kitheihkhial le a kipatau thu
pawlkhat kong kuppih ding-a, Zomi te kigin huai keima mimal
muhna tawh kong khup dinghi.
Conference mintawh kisai
State Councilor ahi Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in Second Panglong
Conference cih sangin 21 Century Conference ci zawni, banghang
hiam cihleh Second (Nihna) ci lehang, Third, Fourth (thumna,
lina) cih ki nungthuah toto kha thei dinghi, cihi. Ama gendan a bat
leh kum zalom a huam hong hikik bilbel hi. Politic sem tampi-in bel
second a cihnop loh limlim zong Panglong Conference masa a
thukim sate nungzuih kik nuamlo-in amah le galkap makaite deih
dandan phuangnuam hikha dinghi, cih a muangmawh omhi. A diakin
Panglong Conferece masa-ah ki thukim sa Secession Right
169
(Myanmar gampan paikhiat nopleh paikhiat theihna) thu a kisung
kikkhak ding patau in a um omhi.
Mualmite-in Kawlte tawh gamkhat-in dinkhop ngamna hangpi
khat lak-ah hih thu zong thupi mahmah khat ahihi. Tua bang khat
mahin Myanmar gam-ah galkap ki-ukna kum tampi I tuahkhakna
hangpi zong galkap te-in hih gamtuam dintheihna paulap in hong uk
uh ahihi. Tun hun petpet teh galkap lamte in federal cihpen
tuankhiatna/gam, kitapzanna hi pahsam kei cita uha, minam
makaite-in federal ka deihna uhin tuan khiat nop man hilo-in, ki
lemtakin gam ukkhop theih nading ahihi, ci khin uhhi. Tua ahih manin hih tuamdin theihna thu a hihleh Conference kipat ma pekin a
minsa thu hi bilbel hi. Conference sung a kikup ding thu-in tuam
dinkhiat noploh theihtheih nading thu hizaw hi.
Gamtuam din theihna (secession right) tawh kizom in a
lunglut huai mahmah muhkhiatna hon khat kongkum nuamhi.
Federal lam mipil ahi McGarry muhna-ah leitung bupah gam kitap
zanna, gamtuam dinna a pianna gamte enle hang federal ki-ukna
gamte hi masa zawlo-in, mi tawmkhat thuneihna tawh ki-uk gamte
(centralised, unitary) ah tamzaw hi, na cihi. Federal ki-uk na taktak
ah Soviet Union le Yugoslavia te in gam kitap na tuakkha uh a, hih
gamte consitutionte uh enle hang gamtuam din theihna thu a om
zenzen hang, a federal vai hiaulo thukhun dang tampi om-a tuahang
hizaw khathei dinghi, na cihi. Alfred Stepan gelhna leukeu-ah
tangthu ah federal constitution tungtawn-a gamtuam dinna a
piakhia gampen Soviet Union le Yugoslavia gamte bek hi-in tuate
geel zong kitam khin hi. Panglong Conference lai-in hih gamtuam
din theihna pen Communist ngaihsutzia a vom makai pawlkhat-in
Soviet Model pan idea a ngah hi kha dinghi, na cihi.
Political Framework Bawlna
21st Century Panglong Conference thu hong nawh ginteh
pawlkhate-in a political framework zong bawlzo naikei, a ci omhi.
Political framework vai ahih leh minam tuamtuam thautawi kipawlna
(8)te le kumpite kikal kikapna khawlbawl nading thukimna (National
170
Ceasefire Agreement) neihni October 15, 2015 ni-in thukimna hon
khat na nei uhhi. Tuate lakah Union Peace Dialogue Joint Committee
(UPDJC) phuanin December 15, 2015 ni lapin UPDJC in political
framework bawlin Peace Union Conference ni January 15, 2016 ni
zat dingin zo hamtang ding cih, thukim khin uhhi. Tua tungtawn in
December 14-15, 2015 ni-in Nay Pyi Taw ah political framework khat
bawlzo uhhi. Tua framework ading kumpi lamte le thautawi minam
kipawlnate vai pawlkhat ah ki thutuak zolo uh hitase leh NLD party
makai U Nyan Win leptuah natawh matun zo ahih lamuh media teah kisim theihi. U Thein Sein kumpi sepsung, January kha 2016 in
Union Peace Conference na pan khin-a, a ki bawlsa political
framework na zangkhin uhhi.
Aung San Suu Kyi le NLD kumpi thak hong kahkhit teh gam
kilemna tawh kisai sepna honkhat hong khelhi. Union Peace
Conference zomto-in a min laih-a 21st Century Panglong Conference
cih minthak hong suakhi. Kilemna tawh kisai sepna te-ah tanu
semdiak Myanmar Peace Centre (MPC) min hong laihin National
Reconciliation and Peace Centre (NRPC) cihtawh hong laihhi.
Khawmpi a makaih ding le political framework bawlna makaih ahi
UPDJC zong a mite kilaih kik phahi.
UPDJC ah U Thein Sein hunlai in member (48) phahi. Kumpi
lam (galkap, innpi(hlutdaw) le executive) te palai (16), minam
thautawite palai (16), political party te palai (16) cih bangin
panmun hawm uhhi. NLD kumpi thak hong kahteh tukum May kha
bei kuan-in UPDJC ah Aung San Suu Kyi in chairperson semin
member tampi kilaih kikhi. Political framework puahphat dingzong
sawm uh a, tua vai U Hla Maung Shwe (NRPC makai) in, tukum kipat
Union Peace Conference masa mankhit phet pekin conference kihel
kha khempeuh in framework enpha (review) huai hi cih ki thukim
khintek hi, na cihi. A lemleh hih UPDJC thak le ceasefire agreement
lai thukimna letmat thu lo thautawi kipawlnate tawh political
framework puahkhawm-in July, 2016 kha lai pawlteh puahphatna
manding cih sawm, cih ciang hiphot hi. Zong khin toto kha maithei
uhhi.
171
Minam tuamtuamte Kihelna Vai
Aung San Suu Kyi genna-ah hong tungding Conference ah
2015 kiteelna pan a gualzo, innpi ah MP tutna a tawmpen panmun
khat peuhmah a ngahte bek kihel kha ding, cih hong pulak khiahi.
2015 election ah mun 80% val bangpen NLD party ngahsa ahih manin, hih conference ah MP panmun ngah zolo political party tampi
kihel kha nawnlo dinghi. Political party limlim pen 90 val om euau
lakpan party 70 val bangbel conference ah kihel kha nawnlo ding
suakhi.
UPDJC luite bawl political framework ah bel conference
kahkha ding mi 700 kim, thu vaihawm kumpi (executive) lampan mi
75, innpi (hlutdaw) pan mi 75, galkap lampan 75, minam thautawi
kipawlna lampan 150, political parties te lampan 150, minam
tuamtuam makai lampan 50 le mi thupi tuamtuam 50 sam kihel sak
dingin, numei limlim 30% kihel na conference hi ding, cih a thukim
sa uh a hihi. Ahi zongin tukum January kha sung a kipat uh Union
Peace Conference ah mi tam neinai na pi bangmah pi thusuah zolo
dan suakhi. Tun bel UPDJ thakte-in political framework thak hong
bawl le-uh tampi hong kikhel ding-a, political party lampan zong
mimal hong tam euau nawnlo dinghi. Hihvai tawh kisai mualmi tampi
lungnop lohna omin tuatawh kisaingaihsut huai pawlkhat hong omhi.
Politic muhna lampan en lehang a thupi mahmah khat-in
legitimacy (Kawllai-in taya ywen muh) cih a hihi. Legitimacy cihpen
midangte thukimpihna, theihpihna zong kici thei-a gam vai-ah tua
omlo-in thu taktak ki sem theilo hi. Gentehna, 1990 kiteelna-ah
mipite teel gualzawhna angah NLD le party dangte galkapte-in
makaih na thu ap lo-in thuneihna sut uhhi. Tua ahih manin vai
tampi-ah leitung gambup kipawlna tuamtuamte-in galkap kumpite
simlo, theihpih kei ung, kumpi-in ciamteh keiung ci uh a, tua hangin
galkap kumpi-in kum tampi sung legitimacy ngah zolo-in buai
mahmah uhhi. Democracy system peuhmah ah election lutlo/gualzo
lo party tepen mipite teelloh party hipah ahih man-in gam makaihna
ah thu hong neih luat uhleh legitimate lo hong hi-a amau dinmun
tawh kisai dotna hong tamkha thei dinghi.
172
Tua ahih manin Aung San Suu Kyi in hih conference pen mipi
teel taktak tengtawh gilsak/cipsak nuam hang a cihpen zong khiallua
tuan samlo hi. Party khat mintawh register bawl pongpong kihelsak
leng thu kikupnate pawngsuah mahmah lel theihi. Thu dangkhat
leuleu ah mi huam kimna (inclusive) lampan en lehang lah hehhuai
mahmah sim veve hi. UPDJC in political framework thak hong koicih
bawl ding cih-in thu tampi khensat dinghi, etcik huaihi.
21st Century Panglong Conference Tumdanna
Hih Conference pen Myanmar gam tangthu-ah tumdang
mahmah sehi. Banghang hiam cihleh democracy lam a mapang NLD
le galkapte ki thutuak tak-in a bawl khop uh omngei ngiatlo hi. 1990
kiteelna pan mun hongngah NLD party in khat peuhpeuh geel/kihel
leh (gtn, CRPP) galkapte-in suksiat sak den-a, galkapte makaihna
tawh kibawl sepna (gtn, Constitution Bawlna, referendum, 2010
election) peuhpeuh ah NLD party in langpan denhi. Tua ahih man-in
NLD in thu khat vaihawm leh gamsung ah taksuak theilo-a galkaptein vai khat peuh semleh gam pualam ah taksuak theilo, legitimacy
ngah thei mahmah lohi.
Tun ahihleh hih kipawlnate geel kinak thutuah mahmah uh-a,
lawp mahmah uhhi. Tua bek thamloh minam tuamtuam thautawi
kipawlna (UNFC) in zong thukim pihin mapang khawm ding, cipah
hi. Thautawi kipawl na lakpan AA, MNDA le TNLA te bel galkapte-in
kikoi cih helsak ding cih buaihuai simtham-a, thau tawi kipawl naah hatpen ahi UWSA le KIA te tawh lem dingin lamen uhhi. Tom gen
mahmah lehang, gamsung daihna taktak pianna ding ahih leh
minam dang thautawite tawh ki thukim zawh ding thupi-a, khawmpi
bawl ciangbel galkap te le NLD tein ki thutuak takin thusuah zo
mahmah ding uhhi.
Hih khawmpi gam ading a thupit mahmah na khat-ah, galkap
makai Senior General Ming Aung Hlaing-in gamsung daihna (peace)
thupi masa pen-in, gamsung daihna ngah khitteh bek politic pan ko
galkapte kihem khia nung, cise hi. Innpi ah speaker a sem U Win
173
Myint inzong gamsung daihna le gammite in thukhun limtak
zuihkhitteh bek constitution puahding hong cise lai hi. Tua ahih manin hong tungding conference pen gambup mailam kalsuan-ah thupi
mahmah diak-a, a kihel kha peuhmah in ki nungsik loh nadingin
lungkim huaitak-in thukum-in ki limgin huai mahmah hi.
Bangthu Sungding?
Aung San Suu Kyi genna-ah hih conference ah thu tampi
helzau nianua lo-in politic le security thu tegeel bek limgen ding,
cihi. Political framework lui-ah kikup ding thulu (6) bang om-a
sumbawl (economy) vai, tangpi (social) vaite kihel-in tun ahih leh
tua thute mipi kipawlnate thu kikupna (CSO Forum) khat bawl-in
kikum sak ding, cih genkhiahi. Conference ah kihel khalo political
party te-in tua CSO forum ah kihel khawm thei, cih gen hi.
Mipite in innpi MP ding ih teel palaite pen Conference ah kumpi
te lampan thusung dingin mun hong la thei ding uh-a, innpi ah
panmun ngah party te lampan zong mun hong ngah leuleu in
panmun nam nih pan hong kihel theiding uhhi. Framework thak
tungtawn in mi muanhuai, mipil honkhat zong hih kikupna-ah hong
kihel khading uhhi. A thupi mahmah-ah tu hun pek-in hih a tung-a
kigelh thute koi cih kikup ding?, bangthuteng sungding?, cih kigin
masak limlim kulhi.
Conference ah ut bang kigen ding hilo hi. Panglong
Conference masa thute mah genkikding cihzong hi masa lo-in,
framework tungtawn a kikhung politic le security thulu kikum
phadiak ding uhhi. Tua te geel thulu nuai-ah bang thuteng kikum
ding? Tuatawh kisai-in political framework lui-ah kihel te mikang lai
mah-in a nuai-ah kong suaksak kikhi. UPDJ in hong puahkik uhteh
bangteng kilaih ding cih in thu hong khensat ding-a, a nuai a thute
tawh tam kilam dang vangvang nawnin ka um keihi.
(A) Politics
(1) Constitutional matters based on democracy and federalism
174
(2) Collective rights that should be enjoyed by each ethnic group
(3) Separation of powers and checks and balances as far as possible
among the three branches of sovereignty such as legislative power,
executive power and judicial power and matters relating to reforms
(4) Matters relating to reformation of the general administration of
the union
(5) Matters relating to the right to stand for election
(6) Matters relating to the rule of law
(B)Security
(1) Matters relating to national defence
(2) Security and integration matters
Constitution pen federal le democracy vai theithei ahih nading
bangteng puahding cih a thu masa pen limlim zong vaisah mahmah
khinhi. Ei Zomite (a diak-in ZCD party) tua vai bangteng thu
sunsawm cih hong thupi mahmah ta dinghi. Minam dang party
tuamtuam te tampi in conference ah hong kihel theilo ding uh ahih
man-in a kihel kha ZCD in party khat huam ciangbek hinawn lo-in
Chin state bup le minam neu tampite huamin kihel a thusung
khading suakhi. Tua ahih manin minam vai-ah khauhtak in ih phut
kulhi. Vai gik diak kha dinghi.
Hih conference ah NLD le galkap lampan hita leh kipawl na
tuamtuam ahi UNFC, UNA cih lamte-in thusun ding tampi kiging khin
ding uhhi. A tung-a kikup ding thulute encian taktak lehang ZCD in
NLD/UNA/UNFC lam makaite cih bangbang mang ding I hih kei
nakleh hih conference pen gambup mailam ading thupi mahmah
ahih manin Zomi sungpan mimuan huai tampi mah tawh kigin
khophuai kasa hi. Kei mimal ngaihsut, kigin huai kasak thu pawlkhat
a nuai-ah kong sunug dinghi.
175
A omsa state 7 le region 7 mah kipsak suak ding maw?

Ahih keh, state thakkhat phuat theihna ding bangteng
kisam sak ding? (Bang criteria tawh tehding?)
Constitutioin sung ah State le region te thu neihna
kikim sak dingmaw?
Myanmar gamlim etphat huaihi. State le region te gam
huang kikhenna gamgi koicih etphat kikding?
Minam khat (ethnicity) khatin ciapteh theih nading
bang criteria kisam? 2014 census result tawh koihcih
vaihawm suak thei ding?
Gam buaina hangin mundang gam tuamtuam ah atung
mipihte gammi suahkik theihna/gammi mun nihah
suahtheihna (dual citizenship) pia thei dinghiam?
Switzerland ah state (amau canton cih min zang) omin
half-canton cih zong om theihi. Myanmar gamah
minam, ngeina le pau kibat lohna hangin state
tuamdinna-ah, half-state ciang om thei dinghiam?
Minam innpi (Amyotha Hlutdaw) ah state 7 pan palai te
le region 7 pan Kawl te palai kihel khazah kikim pen
koicih khiap ding? (Khiam keile hang thu khensatna-ah
Kawlte in hong thuzawh den suak dinghi. Kei muhnaah Region pan a MP te state te MP phazah lang
ciangbang a tawmpen khiaphuai kasa hi.)
Galkapte-in gamkimakaihna politic pan cikhunteh
pusuak ding? (Timeline khat bawlhuai)
Galkapte ukna a pia thei ziauziau National Defence and
Security Council kisam mahmaw?
State kumpite thu neihna nuai-ah amau lai, biakna le
ngeina kepna vaite a om theih nading koicih ding?
Federal army om thei dinghiam? Koicih leng hoih pen
ding?
State kumpi thuneihna nuai-ah palikte koihthei
dinghiam?
Federalism limlim ah kiteelna pen PR (proportional
representative) hoihzaw tham cih mipilte-in na kigelh
mawkhi. Galkapte in Hlutdaw ah 25% hong lak nawnloh
176
uhteh PR zia tawh kiteelna bawl lehang federal

democracy gam lam nading a hoihzaw diam?
Pilna, sum-lepai lamah a zawngdiak Zogam ading bang
hong geelsak ding?
State kumpi te-in amau state tawh kisai thuneih
theihna koitan ciang ngahbeh huai?
(Constitution
laimai 181 le 188 kikal thuneihna hawmnate sitphat
huai)
Gambup budget pan kisap na tungtawn-in state kumpi
ah bangzah hawmding?
Mipi nasem (public office) ah minam khempeuh liangko
kikim tak-in panmun ngah theihnading koihcih ding?
Tu laitak-a om ministry tuatuamte bangteng galkap
thuneihna nuai-ah om-in bangteng mipi teel kumpi
nuai-ah koihding? (Ministry of Home Affairs peuhmah
president direct thuneihna nuai-ah koihhuai).
Biakna le minam vai buaina piang theizeel ahih manin,
koicih ukding?
Minam tuamtuamte-in amau zatzat sa ngeina thukhun
(gtn, Kam Hau law) te koici bangin nungta saksuak
theiding?
A tunga te pen ngaihsut theihpak teng hi-in, adang thupi

ngaihsut huai thulu tampi hong om lai dinghi. 1947 lai-in kibawl
Panglong Khawmpi pen mualmite in a thuneihna khempeuh uh
General Aung San le Kawlte tung ap khakna khawmpi suak a, Kum
zalom 21 Panglong Khawmpi ahih leh Aung San tanu makaih na-ah
Kawl galkapte hongsut ih thu neihnate mualmite-in laktheih zah
lakkik na hong suak dinghi. Ih supzah ngahkik ding hamsa dinghi.
Phutsiam, lakkik siam kulhi.
Myanmar gam ki makaih zia pen pen federal democracy semsem
leh state kumpi thu neihna hong khauhpai semsem ding ahih lam
phawk huaihi. U Thein Sein hun lai amau union kumpi-in state kumpi
te a hopsawn uh budget pen 3.6% bek hi-a, tua nangawn nuamtuam
a sa zo omhi. Tun state kumpi te-in budget 3.6% ciang thingthiang
177
hong ngahnawn lo-in a tamzaw tham hong ngawh zaw toto dinghi.
Ei lamte e? state thak khat sawm zo ding dingmaw?, Half-state cih
phuang dingmaw? District ciang maw? Self-administered zone
dinmun ciangmaw?, cih te le state sungah tu-a dinmun ciangmah
lungkim maw? cihte ngaihsut huai mahmah ta dinghi. State
thuneihna bel hong khang semsem hamtang dinghi.
178
A Suakta le A Thuman Kiteelna
(Free and Fair Election)
(credit: Ciin Kham facebook)
Hun Ciangtanna
Meetang Khiat ma
Dimension
Suahtakna
Thumanna
- Suakta takin vak
- A kilangtang,
kalsuanna tawh
kiteelna
kawikawi theihna
- Suakta takin thu
gentheihna (media,
meekuang luite, mee
khia dingte)
- Suakta takin
kikaihkhop theihna
- Suakta takin
kipawlna neih theihna
- Party/mi honkhat a
hamphat tuamlo
kiteelna thukhun leh
kiteel ziate
- Mee khia theilo
dingin kikhaktan cih
om lo ding
179
- Mipite zolna le
kiteelna-ah kinawngkai
sak lohna
- Maitang zahtak tuam

a neilo, a suakta
kiteelna commission hi
ding
- Kiteelna ah a kihel nuamte
(Party, mimal) kihel theihna
- Palik, galkap leh
ding vai zekai sak cihthukhen
bang ten
omlohna
meekuang luite
dendan lo ding
- Party/a tangdin mite
mee kuang lui thei cih
a kibang hamphatna
ngah
- Mee khiate deidan loin a kibangin pilna
guan kim
- A kikhungsa thu
bangin mee khia
dingte zolna (thukhun
banga zuihna)
- Deidan lo-in party
tuamtuamte kumpi
sum zeek theihna (zat
theih ahih leh)
- Mee ngah nadingin
kumpi van leh nate
kizang lo ding
Meetang Khiat laitak
Kiteelna-ah suakta takin- P

kihel
arty te taangmi,
theihna
gam sung/pua pan a
entel ding tavuan
neite, & mediaten
meekhiatna munte va
pai, va en thei ding
- Midang muhloh-in
mee khia thei ding
- Mee khiate lausakna
om lo ding
- A kician & a hoih
meetang hi ding
180
- A kician mee-bung hi
ding
- Meekhiate deidan loin huh ding (a kisap
leh)
- Meetangte
kiciantakin simna &
ciaptehna
- A kisang theilo
meetangte ciantak a
ciaptehna
- Meetangte lamkal ah
thelthang sak loin
zumah puakna
- Deidan loin
meekhiatna munte
limtak kepcingna
Meetang Khiat khit
Lungkim lohna a om
leh zum ah suakta
takin pulak theihna
- Kuangluite mee
ngah zah thuneiten
manlang takin pulaak
ding
- Mee vai a lungkim lo
a om leh deidan lo-in
limtakin ngaihsut sak
ding
- Mediaten mee ngah
zah a manin pulaak
ding
- Mee kiteelna ngahna
bangin a kihel mite in
sang tek ding
Ref: What makes elections free and fair, Jergen Elklit and Palle Svensson
181
Web 2.0 Khanghun ah Minam Kilamna
Leitung mite nunna huangdan le a huntawh kituakin min

tuamtuam kivawh a, kum zalom 21 a hihleh setkhuak pilna hun (IT
age, Digital age) in ki ciamteh hi. Setkhuak pilna lak-ah setkhuak
zang-a thukizakna, kizopna (online industry, social network, online
media, social media, digital media) lamte khauh pai diakhi. 2004
kum in leitung bup media lam ah madawk diak Tim O Reily in Web
2.0 cih kammal hong minthang sak mahmah hi. Web 2.0 cihteh
setvan thak min hilo-in IT lam-ah mipi nundan kikhel zia genna
ahihi. Web 1.0 khangte hun lai ahihleh website, blog tuamtuam ah
lai kigelhte mipite-in sim, cihciang ahihi. Ahi zongin tun web 2.0
khang hunteh mikhem peuhin online tung-ah suak tatak-in laigelh,
thusung, kikum, kiho, thu kihawmsawn, khat-le-khat kidawng thei
ta ahih man-in kum 2000 khitlam a online zangte pen Web 2.0 khang
ah nungta te in ki ciamteh tahi.
Web 2.0 khang cihzah khop ding mahin tangpi kizopna (social
network) zatna pen kinawh zaw, tangzai zaw, khang zaw, khauhpai
zaw le huzap zo zaw semsem ta hi. 2004 kumin a kiphuan khia
Facebook bangpen 2016 teh a zang bekbek mi 1.65 billion omta hi.
Tua na ngawn leitung bup-a mitam pen gam ahi China ah a kumpi-
182
in lutsak lo hilai-in a phal hizenleh leitung bup in facebook zang
phial thei dinghi. Tangpi thu kizakna minthang dangkhat ahi Twitter
acih zong om-a Twitter a zang bekbek million 300 val ahih manin US
gammi phazah tawh kikim cihtheih hi. Tua-ahih man-in social
network huhau in piang kikhelkna leitung ah hong tam mahmah tahi.
Press media lam thanem-in digital media khauhpai semsem ahih
manin journalist te tampi-in nasep suplawh uhhi. UK ah 2001
2010, US ah 2006-2013 kikal sung journalist 1/3 in nasep suplawh
uhhi.
Social media pen deihna tuamtuam tekin kizang hi. Biakna
lampan bang cile hang Pasian zat minthang Reinhard Bonnke in
Facebook pen leitung mun tuamtuam a omte kiang Pasian thu ka
tangko nading ka pulpit khathi, cikik bilbel hi. A diakdiak in politic
lamte-in zong social network tuamtuam tungpan mipite zolin
kizopna-in nei uhhi. America president a kipan Myanmar president
zum cihte in gam vai thu-le-la khat peuhpeuh zaksak nading social
network limzat mahmah ta uhhi.
Tu tadih thuthang khat gen lehang, July 2, 2016 Australia-ah
kiteelna om-a prime minister pa Malcolm Turnbull in mipite zol
nading in a thusun khat-in gam sung-a kumtam khangham sate
phone nei-in online zattheih nading ka pantah ding-a tua ading $ 50
million ka zang dinghi, ci lianghi. Adang thuthang khat-in Turkey
thuneihna ki buluah na hi-a July 15, 2016 ni-in Turkey ah galkap
pawlkhatten president pa thuneihna suhsawm uhhi. Tua galkap tein mipi thukizakna facebook, youtube, twitter te hanciamin khak
tase mahleh khakcip zolo uh a, president pa-in social mediate le
iphone ah kithuah Facetime pan-in mipite hopih, thugen, hanthawn
zo ahih manin mipite panpihna tawh a kumpi hihna kemsuak zo suak
ahihi.
A lauhuai simsim thukhat in social media pan thuman le zuauthu
khahsawnna in kizang khawm theihi. Thuman tawh kibang mahmah
thuzuau tamta hi. British gam European Union pan a pusuah ding
Brexit lai-un hih vai kilang mahmah hi. Mipil minthang tampite-in EU
pan pusuah na hangin hamsiatna tamzaw dinghi cih social media
183
tungpan tam veipi pulak mah tase le uh mipite-in tua thutak(facts)
te sang lungsim lawp theihtheihna(emotion) bulphuh uh a kigelh te
pakta zawin, a tawpna-ah EU pan pusuah ding lamte in zo zaw mawk
uhhi. Tua pusuah ding thukim khitphet teh EU cih in banghiam?,
EU pan pusuak leng bang kituak ding? cihte nungkan kiksan in
kisik kik san uhhi.
Tua tungtang a kipan facts dont work cih kammal lang
mahmah hi. UK pan pusuah ding zotna-ah mapang pi Arron Banks
in, EU ah kihel huaina thutak(facts) tampi om mah naven ahi zongin
meetang khiat ni taktak teh mipiten a mau lungsim
lawngkha(emotion) dandan in khensat lel dinguh ahih lam ka theihsa
hi, na cihi. Tu laitak Muslim biakna luanglet ngongtat (ISIS) tebang
mite linglawngsakna le amau nungzui khop nading in dingin media
zatsiam mahmah kipawlna in ki ciamteh ahihi.
Leitung bup-ah lungpho na kineih teh zong social media in
peipuang zo mahmah hi. Arab gam lam-a kumpi teng a puksak zo
Arab Spring a kipan Hong Kong a Umbrella Revolution, Malaysia a
Bersih 4 cihte ah social network in tampi mah toknawi zohi. Tua bang
kawmkal mahin Francis Fukuyama in, digital hun a khangkhia
khangthak te-in ki-ukna hoihlo te khaktan, langpan(rebel) in
phukhia zo tase leh hunsau kikhom kikhelna taktak neihzawh nading
le gam hoihzaw in lambeh na-ah a tawpdong masuan ding lam ah
thanem mahmah thei ahih manin tua vai tu laitak politic ah lauhuai
simsim thukhat hi, na ci ngeihi. Online le social networkte tungpan
mipite kiang thusung, satsuah, lungsim so sak, thapia-in makai
hoihlo, kumpi gina lote hemkhia zo mah tase leh tuateng omnawn
loh uhteh hunsau gam kilam kik na ading kiging theikhol tawm
mahmah hi.
2011 kum a kipan a piangkhia Arab Spring hangin Arab gam te
lakpan gam (8) bangah makai kumpi kikhelna hong piang ekhi. Tua
hun sungin Egypt gam-ah kumpi kikhelna pian nading Wael Ghonim
zong makai khatin na kihelhi. Tua vai ama thugente pawlkhat
lungngaih huai kasa mahmah hi. Amah pen ama hontawm facebook
page pan-in Egypt gammite hanthawn in Egypt kumpi lui Hosni
184
Mubarak a thuneihna pan hemkhia-a gilbem puakzo khat hihi. Ahi
zongin Mubarak a kiat zenzen khit hangin Egypt gam hoihpah zanzan
sam lo-a amah sang a sia zawphial kumpi thak hong dawkliang hi.
Egypt gam-ah minam, biakna le kipawlna tuamtuam kikal
kilangpanna hong uang zaw mawkhi. Tuabang thute kum 5 bang a
tuah dikdek khitteh Wael Ghonim in gam vai-ah social media zatsiam
nading tawh kisai a muhnate a nuai-a bangin sungkhia hi. Social
media tawh kisai in:
1. Eite in thutak le kamdawn thuzuau(rumour) ih khen thei keihi.
Mimal khatpeuh ko nop man-a kigelh thu zuaute ih um pahpah
kha-a tua zuauthu mah mi tul tampi sim dingin ih khahsawn hi.
2. Ei gen tawh kibang gente bek ih pakta a tuate bektawh ih kizom,
kihuai nuam sehi. Ei ngaihsutna tawh kibanglo midangte ngaihsut
na tuamtuamte ki khak(mute), kipeel(unfollow) le ki
suphiat(block) thei ta sawnsawn lai ahih manin eitawh ih ki
thutuah pihte behtawh ih ki thuza hi.
3. Online thu kikupnate pen tam veipi
mihon(mobs) kisuak kha pahpah hi.
uangtat
lungso
4. Ih ngaihsutna te khel ding hamsa mahmah hi. Leitung vai tawh

kisai telhak mahmah thu lianpite telcian lo pi-in ih kum pahpah
a, online thukizakna lah manlang in lem mahmah ta sawnsawn
ahih manin teltum mello-in ih upmawh ciak(comment) ziauziau
theihi. Tuate pen en ih mangngilh phial zongin online ah na om
suakhi. Ih khialh lam hong theisak thu man taktak te ih nung
muh zongin a khial ih ngaihsut masak pen khel kikding ih lawp
khol keihi.
5. A thupi mahmah khat in tu laitak ih zatzat online social media
te design en lehang, kizopna(engage) taktak sang thu
zaksakna(broadcast), thu kikup nawina (discussion) sang
ngaihsut
na
lahna(posts),
thugil
kihopsawnna(deep
conversation) sang mawk ciakna(shallow comments) te thapia
185
zaw dingin kibawl online media hi gige mawkhi. Tua ahih manin
mihing te sungah khat-le-khat kihona sang midang-te khat-khitkhat tungah thugenna hong khauhpai zawhi.
Hih a tunga thute pen Egypt gam a kumpi gilo mahmah khat a
hemkhia zo te lak-ah makai khatin kihel pa gen hi-a, ei Zomi te
ading zong pilna lakhuai kasa hi. Zomite sung-ah tangpi thu kizakna
lam hong hat mahmah ta-a email group (Zonet) cih a kipan
facebook group tampi ih phuang zuahzuah-a member bang tul tampi
pha venvan tahi. Tuate sung-ah bang thugilte gen, kikum ih hiam?
Lungsim khak/kihong sa in thu ihkum hiam?, Thu khatpeuh ih
kupma khatvei bek ih ngaihsun kik mah hiam? Thu-le-la khat peuh
ih gelhma tua tawh kisai in thu cingin ih kan mah hiam? Thu thang
khatpeuh thuzung kician takpi mahhiam(source, reference) cihte ih
encian masa hiam? Makai khatpeuh mimal vai hazat man-in a
kiphuahsak thu zuauthute man/manlo telcian lo-in midangte ih
hawmsawn kha hiam?, cihte ngaihsut huai mahmah hi.
Tu ciangciang online tungpan Zomi makai zahtak huai tampi-in
ko le gensiat thuak khin dikdek uhhi. Muhna kibang lote, kibang lo
hilel ding-a ko dikdek kilawm lohi. Thu-le-la kician theilo-a ih
telkhialh zong tam theihi. Thu-le-la kician taktawh kuppih na sang
tel tum mel omlo-a mimal, kipawlna, nasep le vai khatpeuh pum
gensiat ding lam kilawp zawleh kilawmhi. Minam dangte a kha
theithei-in ko semsem lehang ei minam a it semsem, a tawisang
semsem a ki sakha zong om hihang. Minam, biakna le ngeinate
thapia-in ki-it semsem, kizom semsem, ki thutuak semsem,
thakhauh semsem nading in social networkte zatsiam huaihi. Zomi
sung bek tham lo Myanmar politic thu lam-ah zong kidop huai a
patauh huai simsim tam mahmah hi.
Myanmar politic lamah thuneihna a pumdeih mi gilo tampi te-in
minam tuamtuam te kihua sak, biakna khat-le-khat sutuah in
gambup a buaisak nuam pha mahmah uhhi. Amau pen minam le
biaknate khat le khat kiko(hate speech), kihua in kido kithah ding a
utte uh hi-a, tam veipi hanciam khin in tam veipi mah gualzo khin
186
mawk uhhi. Khawl pak hetlo ding uhhi. Amau pen online tungpan
mipi khem, toknawi gawpding, zuauthu tawh lungsim sosak gawp
theihna nading thukhel tampi phuak thei ding-a ki pantah(train)te
hi-a kipawlna tuamtuam ah a honhon in ki thehthang uhhi.
Photoshop tawh kibawl zuau lim (fake photo), bawltawm video tampi
te hawm thei uhhi. Tuate khemsa in ih omloh ding kidop huaihi.
Banghang hiam cihleh social media tawh zong gam khat ki-ukna
nawngkai sakin, gamkhat na ngawn suksiat theihhun, web 2.0 hun
ahihi.
Wael Ghonim in a thugen a zopna-ah, Tu laitak bang social
media tungah lai ih gelhteh thumuh dan toi simsim sak-in, kha ekek
pian in midangte ko-in, gitloh vai le thuduh vai takin laigelh lehang
mi tamin ki munuam, ki simnuam zaw thei lai sehi. Tangpi
khantohna nading ih lunggulh taktak leh mimal ngaihsut te pulak
kawikawi na sang thu kikupkhopna, kikup nawina, ngaihsutna
kihopsawnna lam thapiak huai mahmah hi., na cihi.
Tu laitak leitun bup pan mi 1/3 in internet zang ta uh-a a dang
2/3 te-in zong internet hong nawhzat mahmah tading uhhi. Zomite
sung-ah zong Tedim, Tonzang khuatawng dong nangawn ah a
sawtlo-in internet hong tung lel ding-a kinawh semsem, hat
semsem, tawmman zaw semsem lei dinghi. Social media zatna
hangin thu kician theihna na khangsak ni. Thuman ngaihsut theihna
hatsak ni. Pilvang takin thu kikupnate thapia ni. Ki-it ki thutuah nate
bulphuh ni.
Etkak:
How technology disrupted the truth by Katharine Viner

Lets design social media that drives real change by Wael
Ghonim
187
Zomi Khangthakte ki Makaih ziading
(photo credit: Zingsol Media)
Zomite lawhsapna tawh kisai Zomi makai pipa Dr Simon Pau

Khan En in thu thum hong pulak khia ngei-a tuate lakah makaihna
tawh kisai lawhsapna (leadership crisis) zong khatin hong helhi. Hih
makaihzia lawhsapna gu Zomite in thuaklah diak kasa a, ki puahzo
lehang a dang lawhsapnate hun la in kinung puah toto theileh kilawm
kasa hi. Makaihna pilna tawh kisai ih zakkhak, simkhak thugil tampi
mah omkhin zihziah a, a diakin ei Zomi te in makai ih teelteh,
makaihna ah panmun ih gualhteh lungngaih huai kasak thu (2) te
kongsung dinghi.
Zogam pen Myanmar gamhuam sungah ki-om hihna
tungtawn in Kawlte ngaihsutna le lungsimpuakzia in Zomite hong
huzap zo khophi. Kawlte tawh ih ngaihsut zia kibang tampite lak-ah
makaihna tawh kisai ih sanzia khatin salpha biakna (hero worship)
ngeina khat kinei hi. Ih makai pawlkhat te amau dinmun tawh kituak
in ih pahtawi siam naikei hi. Ahi zongin huam et lehang Zomite pen
ih phunphun, ih hanhan samhang makaite thu pen kimang tangtang
zaw kasa hi. Makaite ih koko samhang makai ih panpih nop a omteh
lah ih makai deih nu/pa pen vantung pan hong kia phau zahphial in
ih phatphat maihi. A khial thei ngiatlo dan in ki pum panpih theihi.
188
Mailam khangthak Zomi te sungah makai tel-in tha ih piakteh,
a mi en masa nawnlo-in a thu et masak huai kasa ta hi. Makai pum
biak masa lo-in hih nu/pa in bang idea nei, banggel, bang lampi tawh
hong makaih sawm a, hong koicih kalsuan pih theidiam cih te et
masak huai kasa hi. Tanau khat hih man, beh khat phung khat
hihman leh ih party deih khatpeuh pan ahih man mihon in pum
thapiak khale hang a tawpna ah mimal gu (personality cult) thuak
lah in ki lampial thei mahmah kha dinghi. Mimal khat thuneih na ahi
galkap ki-ukna pan democracy ngeina tawh ki makaih thak na-ah
tangpi vai mungpite (institution) ahi thukhun (law), kipawlna
kilamzia(organizational structure), policy cihte khauhpai zo pah nailo
ahih manin ih makai hong mapi zia hong thupi pha mahmah a, ih
makaite dinpih, kep, neih idea te in thu hong gen mahmah hi. Tua
ahih manin Zomi te in mailam minam vai kalsuan na ah a mi en
masa lo-in a thu (idea) et masak huai ta kasa hi.
Hih idea te koipan ngah in, idea hoih neite koi cih zon ding
ihhiam, cih zong hong lungngaih huaihi. Democracy ngeina ah ih
omteh mipite-in suahtakna kingah semsem in idea hoih neite kimuh
theihnading lampi tampi kihong ta-a tuate lakah lampi khat in
kiteelna hong hipah hi. Kiteelna ah mittaw sialkhau let bangin party
khat bek pum thapiak masak sawm lo-in ih mithak gige in party
tampite kidemna etphat huai mahmah hi. Party tampi te-in a idea te
uh hong sung ngeingai ding uh-a ei tawh a kilawm, kituak policy,
strategy, idea nei mimal le party te bekmah thapiak huai pahhi.
Democracy ngeina pan a kingah hamphat nate-ah a gil penpen khatin kidemna (competition) hi-in tua kidem na-ah party te in mipite
metang ngah nading in thuhoih lahoih tampi geelna leh sepnate
tawh hong kidem ngeingai dinguh a, mipite in ei paktat penpente
teel ding hong hiziau lelhi. Tua dan kidemna om theih nading zong
mipi lampan lamhon sak kul mahmah hi.
Thu nihna-ah nuntakzia tawh kisai Zomi te pen midang te
tawh a kipawl thei meello, ton khawm theilo in ih minthang hi.
Midang cihteh ei Zomi sungteng mahmah ahzong a tuamtat tek
nuam diak (individualism) pawlte ih hihi. Mailam minam ki makaih
189
na ah tuamtat napan honsepna (collective action) pai hun ta hi.
Tuamtatna tawh a kimakaih napan, a hon in kimaih khopna
(collective leadership) kisam mahmah ta hi. Collective Leadership
cihteh zong nam nih om laihi. A masa pen in makai kician pawlkhat
in hong hon makaih khopna a hihi. Zomi sungah minam a it takpi, a
ki piakhia nuam takpi, a pil takpi mimal 4-5 omin semkhawm ziau le
uh vai honpi khat kizo phangphang khin ngel dinghi ci-in ka ngaihsun
kha den hi.
A muanhuai mahmah mimal khat kia-in hong makaih gawp
lehzong a lem mahmah na om mah hi. Ahi zongin mihing cihpen ki
cina thei, gim thei, tawl thei-in zong a kisi thei ahihi. Mimal khat
ngap leh ngap lohtawh minam bup, gambup vaite ih hawm leh ki
picing zo ngeilo dinghi. Lungsim kihong a vision kician a nei makai
3-4 bangin hong hon makaih khop le-uh minam vai ki mazang
mahmah dinghi. Tua ahih manin mailam khangthak te in minam bup
hong makai ding mi ih teelteh kuamah tawh kipawl kiho theilo,
kipawl nuamlo, tangtat a uk, a tuam tattat makai khatpeuh ih
teelkhak lohding thupi mahmah hi.
Tua khitteh collective leadership ih cihteh tua hon makaih
khopna sung ah ei mahmah zong ih kihel lam phawk huaihi. Hon
makaih khopna in makai mimal tawmkhat te bek vai khempeuh ap
siangna hilo hi. Collective leadership ah nang-le-kei mahmah in zong
kipia khia-in sepkhiat na tawh kihelna ahihi. Na hoih sepna khat
peuhpeuh ah makai lamte in hong pat man kei uhleh amau mawhsak
thapai lo-in hangsan takin sem khia-in kipiakkhiatna (initiative)
lakna zong ahihi. Idea piak leh sawlna pen leitung ah a baihpen
nasep pawl ahih lam phawkin gam leh minam phattuam nading
septheih na hoih ih muhleh midang konlawh thapai nawnlo in kipia
khia-a sep pahpah hun tahi.
Tua ahih manin tangpi phattuam nading idea hoih neite ih
zonteh a tawmpen in dot nam 6 kici (who, what, when, where, why,
how) cihte tawh a idea te uhhong genthei takpi hiam cih ethuai hi.
Tua lopen a mawkciak hi lel-a, ciak bek pen baih mahmah hi. Tua
bangin ki sit tangtang khitteh, tangpi phattuam nading ei mimal aiBUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA
190
in vaipuak la ngiatin kihon makaih lehang ih buaipih mahmah
makaihzia lawhsapna pen ki gualzo to dingin ka um-a, a dang ih buai
pihpih vai hon pikhat zong zawhsa hong suak ngellel dinghi.
191
Laibu bawlman beiteng ong sik Pa Khup Hen Pau le Nu Ning Za

Lun te Innkuan
192
Nu Ning Za Lun Tangthu (Laibu sponsor)

Tedim khua a teng Pa S B En Za Lang leh S.B Niang Go Cing te
sung pan a piang tapa tanu 6 sung pan in a 4 na hi.
Thuklai Khua a teng Pu Mang Khua Tual (Suanthuk Sumniang
beh) le (Pi Nuam Hau) (Tunngo beh) te it tapa tanu 8 sung pan 4 na
Pa Khup Hen Pau tawh 1977 kum in pumkhat suahna nei uh hi.
Tanu tapa sagih nei uh hi.
1. Pa Tual Lamp Cin(U.K),Nu Luan Man Lun.(U.S.A)
2.(Man Khawm Dim)
3. Nu.Cing Khat Lun, Rev.Cin Do Thawng
Mangsuanh Khual Thawng (U.S.A)
4. Hau Khan Ciang. (Japan)
5. Lang Huai Kim. (Japan)
6. Niang San Dim. (Japan)
7. Samuel Lang Sian Tang. (Japan)
Nu Ning Za Lun in Tedim pan in tan 10 ciang kah in Rangoon
University ah History kum nih na asin lai tak 1988 kum in sang
khempeuh kikhak ahih manin lai sinna dinkhawl hi.
1992 kum in a tapa neupen Samuel Lang Sian Tang (Kum 4)
tawh Japan gam ah na pai masa uh a tuni dong innkuan in Japan
gamah inn leh lo tawh na teng uhhi.
Nu Ning Za Lun in a hihtheih zahin Pasian gam ading le i gam, i
lei, i minam ading in na mapang hi. Japan gam-ah Chin National
Community-Japan (C N C- Japan) ah president, Chin Women
Organiation -Japan i Patron, Zomi Association Zomi Inn Kuan -Japan
ah secretary, Zomi Christian Fellowship-Japan ah Women
Department ah president (2014) ciang nasem hi.
Pasian gam le minam deihsak veina tawh a hih theizahin a
innkuan un mapan khopna-in hih laibu bawlna ah ma kong pang
khawm uh hi.
193
Laigelh pa Tangthu
Laigelh pa Tang Pau Sian Lian (Lianpi) pen
1987 kum-in Tedim ah suak a, Rev Dr Kham Khen
Mang le Nu Man Lun Niangte sung pan a suak tapa
4 le tanu 2 te lak-ah a thumna ta ahi hi.
2009 kum-in Dagon University pan B.A
(English) tawh man a, 2013 kum-in the Cordilleras
Univeristy (Philippines) pan Master in Development Management zo
hi. 2014 kum pan Waseda University (Japan) ah Political Science thu
Master le PhD ading a sin laitak ahi hi.
Dagon University ah a kah lai-in University Christian
Fellowship ah secreatary le vice president sem a, 2 Copper Coins cih
thu kizakna lai hawm khat pankhia-in, editor zong sem pah hi. 2010
pan 2011 dong Gods Trio Partners For Mission-Myanmar (GTP) ah
mission department lam len-in, GTP newsletter ah zong editor in kihel
hi. 2013-2014 kikal sung Institute for Political and Civic Engagement
(iPACE) ah laihilh-in adang sang tuamtuam ah zong hunlang in laihilh
a, Institute for International Development (IID), Chin state kumpi le
UNICEF te kipawl-in a gelhkhiat uh Comprehensive Development Plan
for Chin State ah national expert khat-in kihel hi.
2015 a kipan Chin National Community-Japan ah Education
director in kihel hi. Adang kipawlna ahi Community Development
Organization (CDeo), Environment Conservation and Community
Development Organization (ECODS), Zomi Innkuan Zomi AssociationJapan te ah zong kihel hi. Tongsan Media ah zong thului gelhna tawh
columnist in kihel-in a dang laihawm nate-ah zong laigelh zeel hi.

Bucing Khantohna Le Picing Ki-Ukna: Pau Sian Lian

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1

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

: Tg Pau Sian Lian

: Rev Dr Kham Khen Mang & Family

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Rev. S. Pau Khan En, Ph.D

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

A kicing khantohna neih nadingin nawk loh a phamawh, seploh

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Mahatma Ghandi in Zingciang a si ding danin nungta inla, a

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Khatvei vasa kizuakna sai khat-ah vasa nam tampi bawm

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Zawnna tehna piciang nam tampi om a, tua lakah a baih pen-in

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Hih a tunga thute pen Tedim khua a omte muhna, kisapnate

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Khantohna tawh kisai muhna tuamtuam ah sum le pai hauhna

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Khantohna tawh kisai muhna tuamtuam lakpan tangpi thumanna

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Tun theih ziau na Mun (locational accessibility) cihna-ah tangpi

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Gamdang-ah nasem-in sum thalawhten a gam uh bang ci bangin

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Leitung mun tuamtuam ah Pasian

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Ngeina tuamtuamte ngimngiat-in a kilak limlahna pawi (art

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Mai nipi sungin biakna dangte kikhopna ah va lengla inla,

A tunga UNte ngaihsut piakna thu (10) te san haksa a sa lai, a

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Rwanda, Uganda, Ghana, Mozambique,

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

AKTA MANG KUAN KI TUTU,

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Tuni dong mah Zogam thu mi namdangte in hong kidot ciangin

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

(Photo credit: Thor Thorn)

Khanna (growth) le khantohna (development) pen a thudan

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Ki-ukna Hoih (Good Governance)

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA

Picture credit:TIME magazine

BUCING KHANTOHNA LE PICING KI-UKNA