A Presentation About

Presented By:
Neelesh Kant Saxena
Deepakshi Gupta
Aditya Narayan Gupta
Mohd. Anas

Bonds in Plastics
Covalent Bond
Atoms share
electrons in outer
shell
Strongest type of
bonding
Primary bonds in
plastics

Thermosets and Thermoplastics

Macromolecules long
chains of molecules
Secondary bonds weak
forces of attraction
Thermoplastic

Primary bonds strong

forces of attraction
Thermosetting plastic

Elasticity in thermoplastics
Weaker secondary
bonds enable
elasticity
When under load
within elastic limit,
plastic can return
to original form
When load
exceeds elastic
limit, plastic
deforms

Some plastics also suffer from creep

Heating thermosets and thermoplastics

HEAT
HEAT

Hardens
Hardens

Softens

COOL
COOL
Permanently
hard

Properties of Plastics

Stronger
More brittle
Low tensile elongation
Low viscosity (in liquid
form)
Higher temperature
resistance

Tougher (more impact

strength)
Less brittle
High tensile elongation
High viscosity (when
liquid)

Thermosetting plastic

Thermoplastic

Chemical-resistant
containers
e.g. Food Containers

Fishing
nets

Hinges

Polypropene/
Polypropylene
Bottle crates
Medical
equipment
e.g. syringes

Polyethene/
Polyethylene
LDPE:
Packaging film
Carrier bags
TV cable
Toys
Detergent 'squeezy' bottles

HDPE:
Bottles
Pipes
Bowls
Milk Crates
Buckets

Varnish
Skateboard
wheels

Cushioning &
buoys in boat
hulls

Polyurethane
(can be thermoplastic or thermoset)

Shoe soles

Artificial
sponges

Electrical fittings
i.e. plugs

Wood
adhesives

Textiles
i.e. clothing

Urea-Formaldehyde

Disposing Plastics
Dumping in Landfills
Destroys the
environment

Non biodegradable

RECYCLE
Designated
recycling bins

Hazardous to wildlife

Via Incineration Process

Releases harmful toxic
fumes into the
atmosphere

Plastic Resin Symbol

easily distinguished
faster recycling process

Types of Thermplastics

Polythene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl acetate
Poly-propylene
Polymethyl Metha Crylate
Polystyrene
Acrylonitrile butadiene
Styrene
Nylon
Polycarbonate

Polythene
Polyethylene or polythene (IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene))
is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of
approximately
80
million
metric
tons. Its
primary
use is
within packaging (plastic bag, plastic films, geomembranes, etc.

Granulated Polyethylene

A bag manufactured from

polyethylene

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third most widely
produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is widely
used in construction because it is durable, cheap, and easily worked.
PVC production is expected to exceed 40 million tonnes by 2016.
PVC was accidentally discovered at least
twice in the 19th century, first in 1835
by Henri Victor Regnault and then in 1872
by Eugen Baumann. On both occasions
the polymer appeared as a white solid
inside flasks of vinyl chloride that had
been left exposed to sunlight.

Because of its chemical resistance,

light weight, and low-cost, PVC has
had a revolutionary impact on
plumbing and municipal waste
treatment.

Polyvinyl Acetate
Polyvinyl acetate, PVA, PVAc, is a rubbery synthetic polymer . It belongs
to the polyvinyl esters family with the general formula -[RCOOCHCH2]-.
It is a type of thermoplastic. Polyvinyl acetate is a component of a
widely-used type of glue, referred to variously as wood glue, white
glue, carpenter's glue, school glue or PVA glue.
Polyvinyl acetate is prepared by polymerization of vinyl acetate
monomer.
Polyvinyl acetate was discovered in Germany in 1912 by Dr. Fritz Klatte.
The degree of polymerization of polyvinyl acetate typically is 100 to
5000. The ester groups of the polyvinyl acetate are sensitive
for alkali and will slowly convert PVAc into polyvinyl alcohol and acetic
acid.

Polyvinyl Acetate
As
an
emulsion
in
water,
PVAc
emulsions
are
used
as adhesives for porous materials, particularly for wood, paper,
and cloth, and as a consolidant for porous building stone, in
particular sandstone. Uses:
As wood glue PVAc is known as "white glue" and the yellow
"carpenter's glue" or PVA glue.
As paper adhesive during paper packaging converting
In bookbinding and book arts, due to its flexible strong bond and nonacidic nature (unlike many other polymers). The use of PVAC on
the Archimedes Palimpsest during the 20th century greatly hindered
the task of disbinding the book and preserving and imaging the pages
in the early 21st century, in part because the glue was stronger than the
parchment it held together.
For handcrafted works.
As envelope adhesives.
As wallpaper adhesive.

Poly Propylene
Polypropylene
(PP),
also
known
as
polypropene,
is
a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications
including packaging, textiles (e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and
carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various
types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components,
and polymer banknotes.
An addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged
and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.

MicroGraph of Poly Propylene

Poly Propylene
Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline isotactic polymer by Giulio
Natta as well as by the German chemist Karl Rehn in March 1954. This
pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of
isotactic polypropylene from 1957 onwards. Syndiotactic polypropylene
was also first synthesized by Giulio Natta and his coworkers.

Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tac box, with

a living hinge and the resin
identification code under its flap

Red Polypropylene Chair with

Stainless Steel Structure

Poly Propylene
Melt
processing
of
polypropylene
can
be
achieved
via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include
production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future
conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks,
filters, nappies (diapers) and wipes.

Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often
used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes
called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl
methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories,
and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company,
under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many
different names including Lucite and Perspex.
PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when extreme
strength is not necessary. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the
potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate. It is often
preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and
processing, and low cost, but behaves in a brittle manner when loaded,
especially under an impact force, and is more prone to scratching
compared to conventional inorganic glass.

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

World War II era Lucite

sweetheart pin. poly methyl
methacrylae

Illustrative and secure bromine

chemical sample used for
teaching. The sample vial of
corrosive and poisonous liquid
has been cast into an acrylic
plastic cube

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

10 meter deep Monterey Bay Aquarium tank has acrylic windows up

to 13 inches thick to withstand the water pressure.

Poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMMA acrylic glass is commonly used for constructing residential and

commercial aquariums. Designers started building big aquariums when

poly(methyl methacrylate) could be used. It is less-used in other building
types due to incidents such as the Summerland disaster.
Acrylic is used for viewing ports and even complete pressure hulls of
submersibles, such as the Alicia submarine's viewing sphere and the
window of the bathyscaphe Trieste.
PMMA is used in the lenses of exterior lights of automobiles.
The spectator protection in ice hockey rinks is made from PMMA.
Historically, PMMA was an important improvement in the design of
aircraft windows, making possible such iconic designs as the bombardier's
transparent nose compartment in the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
Police vehicles for riot control often have the regular glass replaced with
acrylic to protect the occupants from thrown objects.
Acrylic is an important material in the making of certain lighthouse
lenses.

Polystyrene
Polystyrene

(IUPAC poly (1-phenylethene-1,2-diyl)) also known as

Thermocole, is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a
liquid hydrocarbon that is manufactured from petroleum by the chemical
industry. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale
being several billion kilograms per year.

Expanded Polystyrene Packaging

Polystyrene yogurt container

Polystyrene
Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon, an apothecary in
Berlin.

CD case made from general purpose

polystyrene (GPPS) and high impact
polystyrene (HIPS)

Disposable polystyrene razor

Polystyrene
Polystyrene can either be a thermoset or a thermoplastic. A thermoplastic
polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature, but flows if
heated above its glass transition temperature of about 100 C
(for molding or extrusion), and becomes solid again when cooled. Pure
solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be
cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be
made to take on various colors.
Polystyrene (PS) is economical, and is used for producing plastic
model assembly kits, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases, smoke detector
housings, license plate frames, and many other objects where a fairly
rigid,
economical
plastic
is
desired.
Production
methods
includethermoforming and injection molding.
Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often
used as building insulation materials, such as in insulating concrete
forms and structural insulated panel building systems. They are also used
for
non-weight-bearing
architectural
structures
(such
as
ornamental pillars). PS foams exhibit also good damping properties

Acrylonitrile butadiene
It is a copolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the
presence of polybutadiene. The proportions can vary from 15 to 35%
acrylonitrile, 5 to 30% butadiene and 40 to 60% styrene. The result is a
long chain of polybutadiene criss-crossed with shorter chains of
poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). The nitrile groups from neighboring chains,
being polar, attract each other and bind the chains together, making
ABS stronger than pure polystyrene. The styrene gives the plastic a shiny,
impervious surface. The butadiene, a rubbery substance, provides
resilience even at low temperatures. For the majority of applications, ABS
can be used between 20 and 80 C (-4 and 176 F) as its mechanical
properties vary with temperature. The properties are created byrubber
toughening, where fine particles of elastomer are distributed throughout
the rigid matrix.

Production of 1 kg of ABS requires the equivalent of about 2 kg

of petroleum for raw materials and energy. It can also be recycled.
ABS plastic is damaged by sunlight. This caused one of the most
widespread and expensive automobile recalls in US history.

Nylon
Nylon is a thermoplastic, silky material, first used commercially in a nylonbristled toothbrush (1938), followed more famously by women's
stockings ("nylons"; 1940). It is made of repeating units linked
by amide bonds and is frequently referred to as polyamide (PA). Nylon
was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer.
Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and
substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce
during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as
parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tires.

Nylon

Characteristics

More compact molecular structure

Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance
Softer "Hand"
Higher melting point (256 C/492.8 F)
Superior colorfastness
Excellent abrasion resistance
Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semilustrous or
dull.
Durability.
High elongation
Excellent abrasion resistance
Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set)
Paved the way for easy-care garments
High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, mildew, rot and many chemicals
Used in carpets and nylon stockings
Melts instead of burning
Used in many military applications
Good specific strength
Transparent to infrared light (12dB)

Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates
received
their
name
because
they
are polymers containing carbonate groups. Most polycarbonates of
commercial interest are derived from rigid monomers. A balance of useful
features including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical
properties
position
polycarbonates
between
commodity
plastics and engineering plastics.
Polycarbonate is a very durable material. Although it has high impactresistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to
polycarbonate eyewear lenses and polycarbonate exterior automotive
components. The characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those
of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger,
usable in a wider temperature range but more expensive. This polymer is
highly transparent to visible light and has better light transmission
characteristics than many kinds of glass.

Polycarbonate

Applications:

Electronic components
Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its
collective safety features. Being a good electrical insulator and having heat
resistant and flame retardant properties, it is used in various products
associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware.
Construction materials
The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry,
e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls.
Data storage
A major application of polycarbonate is the production of Compact
Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. These discs are produced by injection molding
polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper
containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a
mirrored surface.
Automotive, aircraft, and security components
In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce
very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for direct (without the need for
a basecoat) metalised parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors.
Its uniform mold shrinkage results in parts with greater accuracy than those
made of polypropylene.

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate Water Bottle

Types of Thermosetting Plastics

Polyester Resin
Polyurethane
Synthetic Resin
Natural Rubber
Synthetic Rubber

Polyester Resin

Polyester resins are unsaturated resins formed by the reaction

of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Polyester resins are used
in sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound and
the toner of laser printers. Wall panels fabricated from polyester resins
reinforced with fiberglass so-called fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
are typically used in restaurants, kitchens, restrooms and other areas that
require washable low-maintenance walls.
Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed by the reaction
of polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), organic compounds with
multiple alcohol or hydroxy functional groups, with saturated or unsaturated
dibasic acids. Typical polyols used are glycols such as ethylene glycol; acids
used are phthalic acid and maleic acid. Water, a by-product of esterification
reactions, is continuously removed, driving the reaction to completion. The
use of unsaturated polyesters and additives such as styrene lowers the
viscosity of the resin. The initially liquid resin is converted to a solid by crosslinking chains. This is done by creating free radicals at unsaturated bonds,
which propagate in a chain reaction to other unsaturated bonds in adjacent
molecules, linking them in the process. The initial free radicals are induced by
adding a compound that easily decomposes into free radicals. This
compound is usually and incorrectly known as the catalyst.

Polyurethane

Polyurethanes are used in the manufacture of flexible, high-resilience foam

seating; rigid foam insulation panels; microcellular foam seals and gaskets;
durable elastomeric wheels and tires; automotive suspension bushings;
electrical potting compounds; high performance adhesives; surface coatings
and surface sealants; synthetic fibers (e.g. Spandex); carpet underlay; and
hard-plastic parts (i.e. for electronic instruments). Polyurethane is also used for
the manufacture of hose as it combines the best properties of both rubber
and plastic.

For the manufacture of polyurethane polymers, two groups of at least

bifunctional substances are needed as reactants; compounds with
isocyanate groups, and compounds with active hydrogen atoms. The
physical and chemical character, structure, and molecular size of these
compounds influence the polymerization reaction, as well as ease of
processing and final physical properties of the finished polyurethane. In
addition, additive such as catalysts, surfactants, blowing agents, cross linkers,
flame retardants, light stabilizers, and fillers are used to control and modify
the reaction process and performance characteristics of the polymer.

Polyurethane

A high pressure polyurethane dispense unit, showing control panel, high

pressure pump, integral day tanks, and hydraulic drive unit.

Synthetic Resin
Synthetic resins are materials with a property of interest that is similar to
natural plant resins: they are viscous liquids that are capable of hardening
permanently. Otherwise, chemically they are very different from the various
resinous compounds secreted by plants (see resin for discussion of the natural
products).
The synthetics are of several classes. Some are manufactured
by esterification or soaping of organic compounds. Some are thermosetting
plastics in which the term "resin" is loosely applied to the reactant or product,
or both. "Resin" may be applied to one of two monomers in a copolymer (the
other being called a "hardener", as in epoxy resins). For those thermosetting
plastics which require only one monomer, the monomer compound is the
"resin." For example, liquid methyl methacrylate is often called the "resin" or
"casting resin" while it is in the liquid state, before it polymerizes and "sets."
After setting, the resulting PMMA is often renamed acrylic glass, or "acrylic."
(This is the same material called Plexiglas and Lucite).

Synthetic Resin
The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerizationpolyaddition or polycondensation reactions, used as a thermoset polymer for
adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete,
seamless and waterproof. Accordingly, it has been mainly in use for industrial
flooring purposes since the 1960s. Since 2000, however, epoxy
and polyurethane resins are used in interiors as well, mainly in Western
Europe.
Synthetic casting "resin" for embedding display objects in Plexiglass/Lucite
(PMMA) is simply methyl methacrylate liquid, into which a polymerization
catalyst is added and mixed, causing it to "set" (polymerize). The
polymerization creates a block of PMMA plastic ("acrylic glass") which holds
the display object in a transparent block.

Synthetic Resin

Synthetic Resin Pendent

Synthetic Resin

Synthetic Resin Adhesive

Synthetic Resin

Synthetic Resin Tile and Roof

Natural Rubber
Natural rubber, also called India
Rubber
or
caoutchouc,
is
an elastomer (an elastic hydrocar
bon polymer) that was originally
derived from latex, a milky
colloid produced by some plants.
The plants would be tapped,
that is, an incision made into the
bark of the tree and the sticky,
milk colored latex sap collected
and refined into a usable rubber.
The purified form of natural rubber
is the chemical polyisoprene,
which can also be produced
synthetically. Natural rubber is
used
extensively
in
many
applications and products, as is
synthetic rubber. It is normally very
stretchy
and
flexible
and
extremely waterproof

Latex being collected from a tapped

rubber tree

Natural Rubber
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stressstrain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect, and is often
modeled as hyperelastic. Rubber strain crystallizes.
Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life period of
rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years up to 7 years of immature
phase and about 25 years of productive phase.
The soil requirement of the plant is generally well-drained weathered soil
consisting of laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or
alluvial soils.
The use of rubber is widespread, ranging from household to industrial
products, entering the production stream at the intermediate stage or as
final products. Tires and tubes are the largest consumers of rubber. The
remaining 44% are taken up by the general rubber goods (GRG) sector,
which includes all products except tires and tubes.

Natural Rubber

Compression molded (cured)

rubber boots before the
flashes are removed

Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An
elastomer is a material with the mechanical (or material) property that it
can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most
materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation.
Synthetic rubber serves as a substitute for natural rubber in many cases,
especially when improved material properties are required.

Synthetic & Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber

Synthetic Rubber

Natural rubber coming

from latex is mostly
polymerized isoprene with a
small percentage of impurities
in it. This limits the range of
properties available to it. Also,
there are limitations on the
proportions
of cis and trans double
bonds resulting from methods
of polymerizing natural latex.
This also limits the range of
properties available to natural
rubber, although addition
of sulfur and vulcanization are
used to improve the properties

Synthetic rubber can be made from the

polymerization of a variety
of monomers including isoprene (2methyl-1,3-butadiene), 1,3butadiene, chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3butadiene),
and isobutylene(methylpropene) with a
small percentage of isoprene for crosslinking. These and other monomers can
be mixed in various desirable proportions
to be copolymerized for a wide range of
physical, mechanical, and chemical
properties. The monomers can be
produced pure and the addition of
impurities or additives can be controlled
by design to give optimal properties.