REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

1. INTRODUCTION
Issues of psychological needs of drug addicts in the rehabilitation centre have become a less
concentrated topic. This alarming global issue is actually an epidemic issue supported by many
studies whereby a significant and holistic solutions are needed badly. Day by day, more and
more drug addicts suffer a lot of physical, social and emotional instability such as the multifaceted break down and loss of self brought about by drug addiction. This topic has been
selected to create an ideal world for these people, living an isolated and alienated life, by
establishing a more interactive relationship with the environment and society. Thereby helping
them to integrate themselves to return to sobriety.
Architecture is not a treatment, but can most significantly become part of the healing process
through the creation of spaces that foster and provide meaning to those activities utilized to
achieve gradual rehabilitation through a therapeutic environment.

1.1 AIM
The aim of this research is to explore, analyze and understand the quality of spaces in the
existing rehabilitation centre and how through architecture an environment can be shaped to
heal them psychologically.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

To gain a deeper and comprehensive understanding of factors and challenges faced by

drug addicts living in rehabilitation centre.

To gain a deeper understanding of the system of rehabilitation centre in order to create

awareness among future architects.

Analyze the attitudes and perception of the drug addicts towards their existing
accommodation.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

1.3 METHODOLOGY

Literature study- Gathering all necessary preliminary data and information about drug
addiction and rehabilitation centres.

Precedent study- Analysis of existing rehabilitation centre virtually to gain precedent

information. Issues in the existing rehabilitation centres.

Role of architectural variables in rehabilitation centre.

o Natural lighting
o Privacy
o Effect of color
o Room layout and aesthetics

Case study- Gaining data for evaluation through Observation and comparison of existing
rehabilitation centres.

Conclusion

1.4 SCOPE

This research paper provides information on the existing situation and planning of
rehabilitation centre for drug addicts.

Study of architectural variables in rehabilitation spaces:

o Natural Lighting
o Privacy
o Color
o Room layout and aesthetics

1.5 LIMITATION
During case studies, it might be difficult to study all the spaces of rehabilitation centre, for the
privacy concerns of the patients.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

2. DRUG ADDICTION
Drug addiction is a condition characterized by compulsive drug intake, craving and seeking. It is
a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. Drug addiction
has two components: physical dependency, and psychological dependency. The Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration refers to psychological dependence as the
subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being."
Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has
become emotionally reliant on its effects. Its absence produces intense cravings, which are
often brought on or magnified by stress. On the other hand, Physical dependence refers to the
physiological effects of drug use. Physical addiction is characterized by tolerancethe need for
increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effectand withdrawal symptoms when
the user stops1. Drug addiction often changes a person's behavior, which can affect all aspects
of his or her life, including work and relationships. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012)
Myths and facts about drug addiction are given at ANNEXURE-I

2.1 TYPES OF DRUGS CAUSING ADDICTION

Almost all drugs have the potential for addiction and abuse, from caffeine to prescription
medication. These drugs affect users brains and bodies in different ways, producing symptoms
of intoxication and abuse that are unique to each substance1. There are many types of drugs
but some are very important and known drugs which are harmful for everyone.
ALCOHOL
TOBACCO
CANNABIS
HEROIN
COCAINE
1

Gordon A Gunnell, MS, PLC - Phoenix Area Counseling. 2002. Signs, Symptoms, Effects of Drugs/Substances. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://gordongunnell.marriage-family.com/content/1332.aspx.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

2.2 WHY DO PEOPLE USE & ABUSE DRUGS?

Some people use drugs because they like the rush it gives them or because they are thrill
seekers.
Others may try a drug out of curiosity or because their friends do it. However, many people
use drugs in order to cope with unpleasant emotions and the difficulties of life.

The National Alliance on Mental Illness estimates that around 50% of drug abusers also
suffer from a mental illness such as depression, anxiety, etc.1

People soon develop tolerance to the drug and have to increase the amount of the drug to
achieve the same pleasurable effects as derived before. They also experience withdrawal
symptoms, (nausea, restlessness, insomnia, concentration problems, sweating, tremors and
anxiety) after reducing or stopping chronic drug use.

2.3 SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

Drug-related physical or
psychological problems:
Physical problems (e.g. blackouts,
flashbacks, infections, injuries) or
psychological problems (e.g. mood
swings, depression, anxiety, delusions,
paranoia).
Fig.01: Common symptoms of drug abuse

Withdrawal symptoms
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms (e.g. nausea, restlessness, insomnia, concentration
problems, sweating, tremors, anxiety) after reducing or stopping chronic drug use. Taking a
drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms1.
4

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

2.4 DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA

A 2012 survey by the health and family welfare ministry statistics of boys aged between 1519, shows that a shocking 28.6% reported tobacco use and 15% were addicted to alcohol.
Girls aged 15-19 showed 5.5% used tobacco while 4% were addicted to alcohol.2
2014 Nobel Peace Prize winner and crusader against child labour, Kailash Satyarthi's
petition cited a recent report, according to which, over 88% children from Karnataka
consume alcohol followed by 84.7% in Andhra Pradesh. Chandigarh and Haryana show
consumption at 80%. In Delhi, only 23% teenagers consume alcohol while Tripura shows
consumption at 35%.2
Tobacco abuse by children is highest in Meghalaya at 96.4%, followed by Nagaland at
95.8% and Sikkim at 93.1%. In Uttaranchal 90% children are addicted to tobacco. In Goa
only 36.7% consume tobacco, with 69.7% in Delhi.2
Cannabis use is highest in children from Uttaranchal at 70%, followed by Haryana with
63.3% and Meghalaya with about 50%. In Goa and Tripura it was lowest at just 1.7%.2
68.3% kids of Tripura used inhalants, followed by Madhya Pradesh at 66.5%. In
Maharashtra, this number stood at 60.6% with 49% in Sikkim. In Haryana, this number
stood at 46.7%, in Odisha at 40%, in Delhi and Rajasthan at 39%, in Manipur at 32.3%, and
in Meghalaya at 30.9%. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu & Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat reported a low 7-8%, with Goa being the lowest at 5%.2
Injectable drugs also seem to be popular amongst children, with 88.6% children from
Mizoram, followed by Meghalaya and Rajasthan at 25%. In Maharashtra, this number
stands at 23.5%, in Punjab at 13%, in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh at
11%. In other states the usage stood below 7%2

dna. 2014. Substance abuse rising amongst Indian kids. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.dnaindia.com/india/reportsubstance-abuse-rising-amongst-indian-kids-2027658.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Statistics reveal that at least 25,426 people committed suicide due to drug and addiction
related problems in the last 10 years across India. This comes down to an average 2,542
suicides every year, 211 per month and 7 per day.3

Fig.02: Graph showing drug related suicide

(Source: The National Crime Records Bureau)

According to official data from the ministry of social justice and empowerment, India has an
estimated 3.4 million drug abuse victims. This number excludes alcoholics, who figure at
around 11 million in the country.3
The government undertakes remedial measures like Integrated Rehabilitation Centre for
Addicts (IRCA) that provides counseling, treatment and rehabilitation services to drug
abuse victims. But the numbers of IRCAs are very low.3
Even though there are 3.4 million drug abuse victims, the government has only 401
rehabilitation centres functioning at present. That is an average of overwhelming 8,478
victims per IRCA.3
Out of these 3.4 million drug abuse victims, a mere 0.3 million have registered themselves
in these de-addiction centres, which is just 10% of the total figure.3
And of the 0.3 million registered members about 0.15 million (50%) are from Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and Manipur.3

hindustan times. 2014. India on a 'high' with 7 drug addiction related suicides every day. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-on-a-high-with-7-drug-addiction-related-suicides-every-day/storyonb8QVGwufkXVryWDtencI.html

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Entry of drugs into the Indian market is another cause of grave concern. During the last four
years (2011 to 2014), around 100 million kilogram of drugs were seized across India.3

Fig 03: Graph showing drug seized in different states

(Source: Lok Sabha)

As we can see from the graph Punjab and the northeastern states lead the pack in drug
seizures.
INDIAS YOUTH ON DRUGS
In Punjab- nearly 75% of its youth severely addicted to drugs that is 3 out of every 4
children.4
In Delhi addiction towards drugs is continuously increasing.4
Nearly 75% of Indian homes house at least one drug user- usually a parent, and often the
father.4

DE ADDICTION CENTRES.IN . 2013. Indias Youth On Drugs. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://deaddictioncentres.in/news/indias-youth-drugs/.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

2.5 NEED FOR DRUG REHABILITATION CENTERS

Drug addiction is a treatable disorder. Many rehabilitation centers work with drug addicts to help
them return to normal, productive lives to re-integrate them in to society as independent and
self-sufficient individuals. Drug rehabilitation is a term for the processes of medical and/or
psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psycho-active substances such as alcohol,
tobacco and prescription drugs. These are programs that save lives, and provide hope for
families that has been devastated because of drug use.
As the person indulge in the drugs to escape from his alienate and isolated life but they make
their life more isolated. Thus such persons need to be unconditionally accepted by their friends,
as a human being, differentiating his behavior and his personhood. Such centers make them
believe that every individual is rational, constructive, positive, trustworthy and full of potential.
He may occasionally act, think, feel irrationally; but he is capable of correcting his feelings,
thoughtful actions, if he realizes that they are causing hindrances in his life. Without treatment
or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or
premature death and this treatment is done in places called DE-ADDICTION CENTRE. There is
a need of more number of de-addiction centres for detoxifying the patients. These centres
provide beautiful distraction free environment so that people can live stable, ethical and
productive drug-free lives.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

3. REHABILITATION
The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to restore to normal life. Rehabilitation, or rehab, can be
used to help a person recover from addictions, injuries, and even physical or mental illnesses.
Rehabilitation is basically the process by which an individual with a drug related problem
achieves an optimal state of health, psychologically functioning and social well being. Drug
rehab can only be truly effective when the patient has a desire to be there and to change his or
her addictive habits.
Before entering a rehab facility, patients may have to undergo detox treatment. Detox is the
process in which a patient rids his or her body of the addictive substance. This process usually
takes about a week and is monitored by doctors and nurses. Once an individual gets through
the initial detox from drugs or alcohol, they will move on to the rehabilitation portion of
the recovery process. This is where the patients get to the core reasons behind their addictions,
addressing those issues so they can effectively move on with their lives without going back to
drugs, alcohol or their addictive behavior. Drug rehab usually lasts 28 days, but it can take
several months. The length of time a patient spends in the rehab facility depends on his or her
healing progress.5

3.1 DURING TREATMENT

When undergoing drug treatment, drug addicts encounter disturbance both physiologically and
psychologically. As physical dependence is the direct result of the pharmacological actions of
some drugs with sufficient amount and time of administration, withdrawal symptoms resulted
from discontinuous of drugs are inevitable. Stages of drug recovery include: (KCI.org. 2001)

Rehabs.com. 2013. Drug Rehab Treatment Information. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/rehabtreatment/.

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

A. Withdrawal stage (0-15days)
Most of the physical aspects of withdrawal clear up after 3-7 days. Emotional feelings of
anxiety, fatigue, pain, and depression persists throughout the first 15 days. Patients require
counseling and encouragement during this stage.
B. Honeymoon stage (16-45 days)
Cravings for drugs are reduced and moods improve. Patients feel energetic, confident and
optimistic, but they may go through a manic cycle, doing many things and overextending
themselves, and these behaviors may disrupt recovery process.
C. The wall stage (46-120 days)
Patients become vulnerable to relapses as they start thinking about personal emotional issues
and trying to sort out their problems. They may lose hope and motivation to continue the
recover process, and this is the time when therapy is most needed.
D. Adjustment stage (121-180 days)
There is new hope and energy for recovery in patients, who begin to realize that they have the
ability to stay away from drugs for a long time.
E. Resolution stage (180+ days)
The emphasis is on psychotherapy and relationship building, in order to have better
understanding of one self and others, develop new areas of interest, and most important, to
restore to normal life.
Many rehab patients continue to receive treatment for their addictions after leaving rehab.
Aftercare services like regular clinic visits with a doctor, meeting with a counselor help patients
remain drug free and avoid relapse.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

3.2 TWO TYPES OF REHABILITATION CENTRES:

1. Methadone clinics- which rely on medicines.
2. Detoxification centre- which can be completely drug free or restricted to controllable drugs.

3.3 VARIOUS APPROACHES TO TREATMENT

A. The allopathic model
This method treats addiction as a disease and believes that the best an addict can achieve is
temporary sobriety addiction is generally looked upon as a germ that has invaded the body and
the fact that it is the only doctor who can cure a patient thus leaving the patient with the little or
no responsibility for his addiction. Lifestyle is not seen as a determinant of the problem or the
solution and hence arises the belief that the mind and body are two separate entities and the
addiction is bodily sickness which needs to be allopathically cured. This model relies on
psychologist and psychiatrists and their counseling capabilities along with the possible use of
certain drugs such as methadone or depressants.
B. Drug substitution
This is a method which was commonly applied in many hospitals and clinics but is now
generally looked down upon it is based on the idea of shifting an addicts addiction from a
dangerous illegal drug to a safer legal drug methadone is a common drug used in this process.
However the core issue of addiction is not dealt with as the client gets addiction to something
else which may be safer physically but emotionally and mentally the problem does not change.
C. Minimal intervention
As the name suggests this process involves one on one interaction varying from 30 minutes to
3 hours and is associated with the idea of prevention treatment which deals with lowering stress

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

levels and dealing with relationship problems. Customized treatment is again popular here and
is restricted to therapy sessions.
D. The holistic method
Since addiction affects the body, mind, emotions and soul it becomes a legitimate domain for
the psycho spiritual paradigm, who believe that addiction is a spiritual disease and every
physical symptom has a spiritual meaning which can be healed if the mind is a part of the
healing process.
Yoga and meditation are very much a part of this model and are given utmost importance and
time. Customised treatment is generally preferred where everything from hours of sleep to food
intake to time spent in meditation or yoga activities is decided based on an initial analysis of
each person.
E. Alternative treatment
There are two systems which particularly deal with drug addiction treatment namely massage
therapy and acupuncture therapy. Sauna treatment is also employed and referred to as
alternative as it is not a traditional method of treatment.

3.4 HOLISTIC REHAB CENTER

Many individuals struggling with drugs or alcohol seek treatment through traditional means,
such as 12-step facilities and medications, to help them overcome their addictions. However,
Holistic rehab does not rely on medication or artificial methods to remove drugs from the body
or to lessen withdrawal symptoms. Instead, vitamins, good nutrition, exercise, acupuncture, and
sauna therapy are used to cleanse the body. Because holistic treatment focuses on the entire
individual, this treatment will purge drugs from the entire body and allow the patient to begin
with a clean slate. Once an individual has cleansed their body of drugs and other toxins,
treatment for the mind and spirit can begin. In holistic rehab this happens in a number of ways,
including traditional therapy, meditation, and prayer. By removing toxins from the body and also
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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

healing the mind and spirit, holistic rehab helps patients avoid relapse and a craving for their
drug.6 Holistic drug recovery centers are becoming increasingly popular and have been deemed
by many doctors to be a successful approach to drug and alcohol addiction treatment. These
centers help patients seek relief and recovery from serious addictions by improving the health of
the mind, body and spirit.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse explains that holistic drug recovery programs can
help patients:
Identify what is triggering their addictions.
Understand the step-by-step events that led to drug use.
Stop the addiction early.
Cope with triggers through visualization, thought disruption and relaxation.
Find alternatives to drug abuse.
Develop a long-term recovery plan.7
Top holistic drug recovery centers combine traditional treatments, such as 24/7 medical care,
drug detox, and group or individual therapy with holistic drug rehab programs like:
Organic, all-natural meal plans so participants improve their physical health.
Physical activities, such as biking, hiking or mountain climbing.
Meditation sessions and exercises, such as yoga, massages.
Alternative types of psychotherapy, such as art therapy, music therapy.
And services like massages, acupuncture.

Ceida. 2007. Holistic Treatment for Drug Addiction. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ceida.net.au/drugs/holistictreatment.asp.
7
Recovery.org. 2003. Find a Top Holistic Rehab Center. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.recovery.org/topics/find-a-topholistic-rehab-center/.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Most holistic alcohol recovery facilities focus on how an individual connects with nature. For this
reason, most holistic drug recovery centers are located in peaceful locations, such as in the
mountains or near bodies of water, to help nurture patients back to health.
A. Cognitive behavioral therapy in addiction treatment
Through cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), counselors help individuals replace negative
patterns of thinking and behaving with more productive thoughts and actions. CBT guides those
struggling with alcohol or drug addiction to recognize irrational thoughts and to create rational
replacement thoughts.
CBT Skill development focuses on:
Coping with craving
Strengthening motivation and commitment to sobriety
Refusal skills/assertiveness
Creating an all-purpose coping plan
Problem solving
B. Acupuncture
The most common benefits associated with acupuncture in addiction treatment include:
Decreased cravings
Decreased depression
Decreased anxiety
Decreased anger/irritability
Decreased headaches
Increased concentration
Increased sleep quality

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

The sessions are in a small group setting on campus and last about 30-45 minutes8.
C. Sand tray therapy
By manipulating sand and figurines in a tray to build miniature scenes and landscapes, patients
have the opportunity to portray feelings and experiences that are difficult to verbalize. It helps
promote self-control, communication, emotional release, anxiety reduction, safety, and
therapeutic metaphors.
Sand tray therapy in the addiction rehab setting is beneficial to a wide variety of individuals,
including those struggling with9:
Trauma
Addiction
Attachment issues
Defense mechanisms
Verbal communication
Confronting painful emotions
D. Music Therapy
Music therapy can be of great value to people who are attempting to overcome an addiction. It
is unlikely to be enough alone to help an individual recovery from substance abuse, but it can
be a useful supplement to other types of addiction treatment. The benefits of music therapy for
people recovering from an addiction include9:
When people first become sober they are likely to experience a rollercoaster ride of
emotions. Creating music may help people purge some of their more destructive emotions.

MARWORTH. 2005. ACUPUNCTURE FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.marworth.org/acupuncture.html.
9
MARWORTH. 2005. EXPRESSIVE THERAPY FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.marworth.org/expressive-therapy.html.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

A common reason why people relapse after a period of sobriety is that they feel unable
to manage their stress levels. Listening to or creating music can be a wonderful stress
booster.
Boredom is another relapse trigger for those in early recovery. It is usually easy for people
to put on some music and this can relieve their sense of boredom.
When people first become sober they can experience a bit of loneliness due to breaking
away from their network of drinking or drug using friends. Music is good for helping people
feel a bit less alone in the world.
Music therapy can be all about enjoyment and do is recovery from an addiction.
Meditation can be a highly beneficial tool for people in recovery. Music can be a good
introduction into meditating for those who do not yet have the patience for a more formal
practice.
When people first become sober they can struggle with mental fuzziness. Music may help
to improve their concentration levels.
If people are dealing with symptoms of depression they may find that listening to music can
help with this.
E. Art therapy
As in art, the essence of therapy is communication. By deliberating patients from the restrictive
confinement of words and setting them to loose in the much wider vocabulary of paint and clay,
art therapy enables them to formulate the meaning of their predicament, and by mobilizing the
creative resources latent within their own personalities, it assists them to heal themselves. Art
therapy is the opportunity for the patients to express his subconscious self, to realize what lies
within himself, to discover inner resources and give them form in outer reality.
Application- Patients can do an artwork including painting, sculpture, collage, etc, with
whatever medium of their choice like pastels, crayons, felt tip pens, clay, or even pebbles
collected by the patients themselves. It is essential that the subject ideas are entirely theirs.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

F. Gardening / horticulture therapy
Technically known as horticulture therapy (HT), gardening is used to promote well-being. The
therapy is now utilized in a wide range of treatment settings including prisons, psychiatric
hospitals, mental health programs and addiction rehab. By offering a recovering substance
abuser a care giving role, gardening provides a sense of purpose, similar to animal therapy.
Evidence shows that gardening can have a positive effect on a range of problems, including
reducing aggression, lowering cortisol levels, improving self-esteem, helping people to feel less
anxious, reducing the severity of depression, and improving concentration in people who are
depressed.
G. Meditation
Meditation is the art of practicing mindfulness, and 12-step programs and counselors alike
recommend it as a method to prevent relapse. Gaining mindfulness helps substance abusers
become aware of their thoughts and feelings, good and bad, but not react to the negative
onesa key step forward in preventing relapse.10
H. Yoga of recovery
Yoga of Recovery is a retreat integrating the wisdom of Yoga and Ayurveda (the traditional
medicine of India) with the tools of 12-Step Recovery. Yoga postures and breathing help
strengthen the physical body for those healing from addiction. Ayurveda works at healing and
purifying the body and mind through practical advice on diet and lifestyle. The retreat also offers
daily 12-Step meetings focused on experience, strength and hope, vegetarian meals, and other
tools of recovery including meditation training and positive thinking.11

10

Jeanene Swanson. 2014. 13 Valuable Alternative Treatments for Addiction. [ONLINE] Available
at:https://www.thefix.com/content/therapies-outside-box?page=all.
11

The addiction recovery guide. 2011. Retreats. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.addictionrecoveryguide.org/treatment/retreats.

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Yoga in addiction recovery is a very effective piece of the whole approach to complete addiction
treatment, and focuses not only on healing but also on how to maintain a healthy well-being.
Through the practice of yoga in addiction recovery one will learn to breathe and move better,
creating space in the body and mind, allowing for clarity to arise. The yoga practitioner becomes
more comfortable and compassionate with their own nature and tendencies, and they also
begin to see their strengths, how to use these strengths to serve their own being, and how to
use these strengths to be of better service in the world.12

3.5 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN REHABILITATION CENTRE

There are many different types of drug rehab facilities. Some specialize in helping patients with
a specific drug addiction; others offer a broader range of drug addiction services. Some rehab
facilities are even gender or age-specific, as this often helps patients feel more comfortable in
the rehab setting. Inpatient and outpatient rehab facilities are also available.
Drug rehab centers range from very basic facilities to luxury treatment centers. The type of
center a patient attends depends upon his or her budget and level of insurance coverage. While
luxury centers offer more amenities than basic facilities, they are not always the best treatment
centers. Patients should investigate a rehab facility before making a final decision.13
Inpatient facilities differ from outpatient facilities in a number of ways, from costs
involved and intensity of treatment to the overall environment throughout the recovery
process
A. Inpatient facilities are 24-hour facilities that usually have medical staff members present at
all times. These facilities allow patients to live there, and they provide medical support
whenever necessary. Inpatient programs include group therapy, individual therapy and often

12

The Foundry treatment center. 2011. Yoga in Addiction Recovery. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://foundrytreatmentcenter.com/yoga-in-addiction-recovery/. [Accessed 11 November 15].
13

Rehabs.com. 2013. Drug Rehab Treatment Information. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/rehabtreatment/.

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complementary therapies, such as meditation, animal therapy or outdoor activities. Inpatient
treatment is the most comprehensive form of treatment, allowing the patient to fully focus on
their addiction and recovery. Since they are removed from the stress of their regular lives,
patients are better able to attack their addiction issues. Inpatient facilities often cost more
because the patient is provided with everything - therapy, meals, lodging and activities. 14
B. Outpatient facilities allow a patient to come for treatment, therapy and other services, but
then leave at the end of the treatment sessions. This lets a person have a normal work, school
or home life while seeking treatment. Outpatient programs vary; some involve all-day sessions
whereas others may only treat patients for an hour or two per day. Outpatient care generally
costs less because there are fewer amenities and fewer staff hours involved in direct care.
Because patients can leave, patients do not have to pay for the around-the-clock care that often
makes inpatient treatment much more expensive.14
Inpatient rehab is recommended for those with long-standing addictions, addictions to multiple
substances, and dual diagnosis conditions. It is also advised for those who have had previous
rehab stays and then relapsed. Outpatient rehabilitation is best for those with short-term
addictions.

3.6 ISSUES IN REHABILITATION CENTRES

Currently in Delhi there are small de-addiction centers which exists scattered across the city
who try their best to deal with the problem. However, their shabby construction coupled with
lack of space hampers the provision of therapeutic spaces and results in relapses rate as high
as 90%. The treatment centre providing services at the present are established in residential
building, adjusting the various functions in the spaces that are available. Besides, the proper
physical and natural environment required for the treatment too has been compromised: thus
making the centers not effective, as they should be. Treating the addiction itself is a multi

14

Rehabs.com. 2012. Frequently Asked Questions About Addiction Rehabilitation. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/frequently-asked-questions-about-addiction-rehabilitation/.

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faceted issue and the word treatment alone has been defined by various organisations in
different manners.
According to health experts, around 70 percent of de-addiction centers in India do not have the
standard treatment and care facilities leading to chances of relapse among the drug addicts.
They said that most of the centers dont follow norms and are not trained to handle a lot of
medical and mental needs of the patients during the treatment process.15
Behram Pardiwala, consultant of Internal Medicine at Mumbais Wockhardt Hospital, said that in
the last four to five years there has been a significant increase in the number of people addicted
to various substances due to their easy availability and social acceptance. He also said that the
other reason why Indian de-addiction centers were far behind those of western nations was that
the focus was more on medicines rather than psychological treatment, which is considered to
be more effective. Further he added that usually Indian de-addiction centres do not even

follow basic procedures like counselling, mental exercises and psycho therapeutic
treatment.15

Fig.04: Issues in drug rehabilitation centre

(Source: 8 May 2014/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2623713/Punjabs-drug-hell-Addictsreveal-shocking-tales-mental-physical-torture-private-rehab-clinics.html)

15

ETHealthworld.com. 2015. Indian de-addiction centres lack proper facilities. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/indian-de-addiction-centres-lack-proper-facilities/47890651.

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4. ARCHITECTURAL VARIABLES IN REHABILITATION CENTRE FOR DRUG

ADDICTS
Healing Environments should...
stimulate positive awareness of ourselves;
enhance our connections with nature, culture, and people;
allow for privacy;
do no physical harm;
provide meaningful, varying stimuli;
encourage times of relaxation;
allow us to interact with them productively;
balance constancy and flexibility;

4.1 NATURAL LIGHTING

Light and particularly the life-giving rays of the sun, have been well documented as a major
determinant of vitality and well being, more so in therapeutic environments where such positive
natural stimulants can go a long way towards developing the desired attitude to individual
change. In therapeutic architecture therefore, the way sunlight is utilized is one of the factors in
creating a healthy environment and psychological motivation. The way the corridors are lit, the
way the windows are placed throughout the building to reflect warmth and how light and
shadow appears in the space, can affect the balance or imbalance of rooms, always in
conjunction with color, shape, interior design and landscape features. Once again its all about
the way the senses perceive the surrounding environment.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

For Day, sunlight is a great part of the spirit of place and directly associated with physical and
psychological health. Its all about energy and mood and how it positively connects people with
their environment, particularly so when it comes to a long and arduous process of self-healing,
such as in addict therapeutic communities.
as NASA sensory-deprivation research has demonstrated.16
Natural light deinstitutionalizes and humanizes the space, making residents feel they are not
enclosed, but receiving therapy in a home-like environment. Patients recover faster in daylit
rehab centers.
INFERENCE
When designing buildings, emphasis is placed on construction and maintenance costs.
However, real people will be working in these buildings, so consideration should be given to
their psychological and physiological well-being. With properly installed and maintained
daylighting systems, natural light has proved to be beneficial for the health, productivity, and
safety of building occupants. Natural light helps maintain good health and can cure some
medical ailments. In health care facilities, natural light improves patient recovery rates and
allows for proper vision for the elderly in assisted living facilities. Hospital staff also benefit from
the natural light because of the amiable environment. Patients will be more at ease when staff
is in a better mood, and the staff will be calmer when patients have improved recovery. The
pleasant environment created by natural light decreases stress levels.

Fig.05: The model of light variable effect on stress

(Source: Ali Akbar Heidari / Journal of Novel Applied Sciences)
16

Ali Akbar Heidari.2013.Effect of Lighting and space on depression and stress appearing in residential places.pdf)

22

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Fig.06: The model of sunlight effects on depression

(Source: Ali Akbar Heidari / Journal of Novel Applied Sciences)

Improper lighting can cause an annoying sense in person. Also bad lighting can fill the place full
of distressing atmosphere or make its local residents upset and anxious; poor and unaccounted
light may cause headache, eye fatigue or anxiety (Haman, 2008).

4.2 PRIVACY
Privacy should not lead to dissociability and isolation. Excessive solitude leads to social
isolation and low solitude can lead to feelings of subjective crowding. Congestion due to direct
contact with social pressure can cause negative behaviors.
Excessive solitude reduces the level of intercommunications. It ultimately leads to isolation of
person and reduces his or her level of happiness which is a factor in depression occurrence in
person. In other hand, low privacy, or in other words, congestion in space increases social
pressure on person, also congestion especially in connection with physical factors of
environment increases the information obtained from the environment and two factors ultimately
leads to increase tension between people and negative behaviors in person which, in turn, is a
factor for stress occurrence in person.17

Fig.07: Privacy on depression and stress

(Source: Ali Akbar Heidari / Journal of Novel Applied Sciences)

17

Ali Akbar Heidari.2013. Effect of Lighting and space on depression and stress appearing in residential places

23

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

4.3 COLOR
Light consists of the seven color energies: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and
Violet. Each color is connected to various areas of our body and will affect us differently
emotionally, physically, and mentally.
According to color therapy, colors are capable of influencing many aspects of our lives,
including our mood, mental state and energy level. Each color is thought to be associated with
one of seven energy centers, or chakras. If a persons is thought to be out of balance or weak,
the color its associated with is believed to help strengthen it. The concept of color therapy is
based on the fact that our physiologic functions respond in predictable manner to colors.18

4.4 OTHERS

Fig.08: View from window of patients room

(Source: Architectural Healing Environments.pdf. P-41)

Roger Ulrich (1984) began to change this line of thinking with his pioneering

Roger Ulrichs (1984) study focused on patients who could see trees, rather than a brick wall
through their patient-room window. The study found that these patients subsequently required
less narcotic pain medication, experienced a shorter hospital stay, and had fewer negative
evaluative comments in nurses notes.19

18

about health. 2014. The Healing Effects of Color Therapy. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/chakras/a/ChakraSounds.htm. [Accessed 26 November 15].
19
Brian Schaller .2012. Architectural Healing Environments.pdf. P-41 Available at
http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=architecture_theses)

24

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Fig.09: Rectilinear versus organic spaces

(Source: Architectural Healing Environments.pdf. P-51)

The architecture of a healing environment can take on the qualities of natural conditions
through imitation in form. While one might feel constrained and boxed in rectilinear spaces, the
fluidity of an organic space creates no such feeling. Without right angles, the spaces become
seemingly less harmful and comforting to the human eye.20

4.5 INFERENCE
The goal of all healing environments is to engage patients in the conscious process of selfhealing and spiritual growth. Spaces are designed to be nurturing and therapeutic and, most
important, to reduce stress.
John Lang says:Tension occurs in spaces where person faces instability, imbalance
composition, usage of high contrast, unfamiliar elements in unknown environment, incompatible
and irritating intense colors, forms and lines with sharp angle, irritating intense light and, in
contrast, calmness is gained placing familiar and lovely elements in a familiar environment
(Lang, 2009).

20

(Source: Brian Schaller .2012. Architectural Healing Environments.pdf. P-50 Available at

http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=architecture_theses)

25

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

5.1 CASE STUDY 1: MUKTANGAN REHABILITATION CENTRE

Fig.10: Exterior view of Muktangan centre

(Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/4593)

Location: Pune, Maharashtra, India

Client: Muktangan Mitra, Pune
Design team: Shirish Beri, Sikandar Nadaph, Prabhakar Karambalkar
Structural design: Sanjay A. Patil, Beri Architects and Engineers Pvt. Ltd.
Electrical design: M.K. Joshi, Saturn Electricals Pvt. Ltd., Pune
Landscape: Sumitra Naren
Civil contractors: Hindustan Builders, Pune
Built-up area: 1,660 sqm

26

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Fig.11: location plan of Muktangan centre

(Source: Author)

2. SURROUNDINGS:
The site is surrounded by buildings on all sides except for the nala which lies to the south-west
side.
3. TOPOGRAPHY:
The center is spread on a site of 1.5 acres. There is a slope to the site towards nala. The soil is
a black cotton soil.
4. ENTRY:
There is only one entry to the de-addiction center. The same entry is also used for service
purposes.
5. PARKING:
There is sufficient staff and visitors parking for 20 two-wheelers and 5 cars.
The center owns an ambulance in case of emergency service.

27

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig.12: Ground floor plan of Muktagan centre

(Source: Muktangan Rehab Centre)

28

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Fig. 13: First floor plan of Muktangan centre

(Source: Muktangan Rehab Centre)

29

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Fig. 14: Second floor plan of Muktangan centre

(Source: Muktangan Rehab Centre)

30

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

PLANNING AND CIRCULATION: a) The building is a combination of rough stonewalls intersected with smoother finishes.
b) In this building there is a perfect combination of openness and discipline of the place.
c) There is a perfect use of cut outs, terraces to give openness, physical and visual interaction.
d) The counseling rooms and administration area are radially located around the reception and
waiting area.
e) There is a small amphitheatre at the center of the building.
f) Raised planters at the window cill are used to cheer patients as soon as they enter the
consulting rooms.
g) The wards and kitchen, dining is located on either side of the amphitheatre.
h) There are three wards in the building namely one after care ward and two general wards.
i) Each ward has one balcony that opens up in the central amphitheatre.
j) The terrace is used for P.T.
SERVICES: Water supply Bore well
Hot water Solar system
Electricity M.S.E.B (Maharashtra State Electricity Board)

31

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

MATERIALS USED: a) R.C.C. structure and stonewalls.
b) There is a combination of stonewalls and well plastered walls.
c) Flooring is mainly kota flooring.
d) Windows and doors M.S. yellow color frames and semi-transferant shutters.
e) Exhibition hall and yoga hall ceiling- Dark color sand faced plaster
f) Lecture room- Carpet on flooring and light colored walls.

Fig.15: Seminar cum yoga hall

Fig.16: Dining hall

(Source: Author)

(Source: Author)

Dark color sand faced plaster to the ceiling.

a. Good light and ventilation through large

windows.
b. Yellow color of doors and windows.

32

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Fig.17: Entrance lobby

Fig.18: Cut-out in arrival lobby

(Source:http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-

(Source:http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-

images/4592)

images/4588)

Fig.19: View of the amphitheatre from the entrance lobby

Fig.20: Cut-out in arrival lobby

(Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/4591)

Fig.21: View of the entrance lobby from amphitheatre

Fig.22: Amphitheatre

(Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/4589)

33

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

DAILY SCHEDULE OF A PATIENT

Time

Activity

6.00

Wake up time

6.30-7.00

Warming up and physical training

7.00-7.10

Instructions and prayer

7.15-8.30

Tea, maintenance duties & personal hygiene

8.30-9.00

Breakfast

9.00-10.00

Meditation - Input sessions by experts

10.00-12.00

Time slot for visiting counselor/Diary writing/Library

12.00-1.00

Group therapy

1.00-2.00

Lunch

2.00-3.00

Rest for new patients

2.30-3.30

Group therapy for 4th and 5th week inmates

3.00-4.00

Relaxation therapy for newly admitted and time for counseling

4.00-5.00

Yoga postures

5.00-5.15

Tea

5.15-6.30

Recreation/Gymnasium, Games

6.30-7.30

Meetings (Thrice a week)

7.30-8.00

Prayer and distribution of medicines

8.30-9.00

Dinner

9.00-10.00

Entertainment- TV/Audio/Video/Indoor games/Books

10.00

Lights off

Table 1: Daily schedule of a patient in muktangan, pune

(Source: Muktangan centre, pune)

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

5.2 CASE STUDY 2: PGI CHANDIGARH

INTRODUCTION
Drug de-addiction centre is operational in PGIMER to take care of patients addicted to
substance abuse. This centre is located near the OPD block and provides comprehensive care
for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of these patients.
LOCATION- PGI, Chandigarh.

Fig.23: Exterior view of PGI, Chandigarh

(Source: Author)

WARDS: Three wards with total of 18 beds. Patients are kept in the group of 6. One private
ward is provided for the special patients who cant be kept in general ward.
NURSE CUBICAL: It is so placed that view of ward can be taken while maintaining privacy of
patients as there is a partition wall between ward and nurse cubical.

Fig.24: Waiting area

(Source: Author)

Fig.25: Recreational room

Fig.26: Private ward

(Source: Author)

(Source: Author)

35

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Fig.27: Counseling by doctors

(Source: Author)

Fig.28: OPD Waiting area

(Source: Author)

Fig.29: Toilets
(Source: Author)

INFERENCES:

One entry and one exit has been provided for the staff and patients to keep the maximum
security. Same entry is being served for services also.

Site is inside the PGI campus so it is very easy for the people to reach the place or can run
to hospital in case of emergency.

Since patients spend their most of the time in wards so the sense of privacy in ward is being
achieved by cutting off the direct view of the interiors through partitions.

Nurse cabin do not have the direct visual contact with the ward patients.

No private lockers and separate storage space which creates confusion and mess in the
ward.

For easy cleaning and maintenance flexible furniture is provided but movable furniture invite
accidents as they get aggressive during withdrawals.

To increase the social dialogue and for sense of safety the patients are accommodate and
suppose to live in a group of 6.

For inward patients toilets are being placed just next to the ward because during withdrawals
they frequently use the toilet.

Wards are more like a hospital room rather than rehabilitation ward because no view is
given from the wards. No courtyards or free space for the interaction of the patients has
been provided.
36

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

5.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES.

S.NO

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

MUKTANGAN, PUNE

PGI, CHANDIGARH

ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION

CENTRAL
COURTYARD- SPINE
OF DESIGN

CEMENT FINISHES
WHICH MERGES
WITH THE OTHER
BUILDINGS IN
CAMPUS.

TYPE OF PLANNING

COURTYARD
PLANNING

COMPACT
PLANNING

3.

FEELING OF HOME/ INSTITUITION

HOME LIKE FEELING

HOSPITAL FEELING

4.

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

FACILITY FOR
INDOOR SPORTS AS
WELL AS DANCE,
DRAMA AND MUSIC

NIL

5.

LOCATION OF SITE

IN RESIDENTIAL AREA

IN THE CAMPUS OF
PGI,CHANDIGARH

6.

INTERACTION SPACES

CENTRAL O.A.T

GREEN AREA
OUTSIDE THE WARD

7.

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

OWN VANS AND CARS

HAVE TO DEPEND
ON PUBLIC
TRANSPORT

8.

SCOPE OF EXTENSION

NO SCOPE

IMMENSE

9.

CIRCULATION

RADIAL

HORIZONTAL +
VERTICAL

10.

FIRE FIGHTING

ON EVERY FLOOR

ON EVERY FLOOR

11.

ENTRY TO THE MAIN BUILDING

ONE MAIN ENTRANCE

ONE MAIN
ENTRANCE

Table 2: Comparative analysis of case studies

(Source: Author)

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

5.4 CASE STUDY-3: SOUKYA DR. MATHAI INTERNATIONAL HOLISTIC AND

WELLNESS CENTER, WHITEFIELD, BANGALORE

Dr. Mathai holistic center is on the

outskirts of the core city, Bangalore. It is a
privately owned holistic center where
treatments occur through natural process.
The

treatments

include

naturopathy,

homeopathy and ayurveda as their key

treatments.

Fig.30: Exterior view of the centre

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_
with_Tariff.pdf)

Each

system

ayurveda,

of

medicine

naturopathy,

like

Homeopathy,

allopathy,

etc

and

complementary therapies like yoga, accupunture,

reflexology,

acupressure,

hydrotherapy,

mud

therapy, counselling, nutrition, etc contribute to

wellness.

Fig.31: Therapies provided in the centre

Fig.32: Sathwic food

Fig.33: Common area

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf)

38

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

SATHWIC FOOD
Sathwic food is that which creates positive vibrations in the body and contributes to a pure,
calm mind and is central to the concept of a healthy lifestyle in Indian philosophy. Food is
served in an open dining area that connects you with nature. The entire center is a tobacco and
alcohol free zone.
MEDICAL PROGRAMMES

WELLNESS PROGRAMMES

De-addictions

Stress management

Smoking cessations

Life management

Arthritis

Detoxification

Cardiac hypertension

Rejuvenation

Diabetes

Anti-ageing

Asthma

Weight management

Rare and chronic diseases

Ayurveda special

YOUR DAY AT SOUKYA

7:30 am surya namaskars and
yogasanas
8:30 am breakfast
9:30 am consultations/treatments
1:00 pm lunch and rest
Fig.34: Hall for meditation and yoga

3:00 pm treatments

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf)

4:30 pm breathing, meditation and

relaxation techniques
5:30 pm
walk/swim/recreation/lecture/cooking
demonstration/indian classical cultural
programmes.
7:30 pm dinner
Fig.35: Landscaping

9:00 pm early to bed.

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf)

39

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

ACTIVITIES
A 2km walking track inside the campus, allows for both: brisk walk or leisurely strolls. Many
varities of fruits and flowering trees, birds and butterflies, add to the whole experience. Activities
like gardening, milking the cows and games like swimming pool, snooker or table tennis.

Fig.36: Walking track

Fig.37: Water body in the centre

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf)

Fig.38: Cooking demonstration

Fig.39: Indian classical cultural programmes

(Source: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf)

The architecture of the place is totally contemporary and soothing which directly depends on
the choice of materials, colors and textures created by the designer. The designer intended to
create an experience in the movement and transition of spaces. The various design principles
like use of water body to enhance microclimate of that place and courtyards increases the
pleasure to that experience.

40

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

6. INFERENCES FROM LITERATURE AND CASE STUDIES.

Zoning of each activity should be done properly.

Only one entry and exit in the building creates problem especially for the drug rehab centre
because it restricts the movement of staff members.

Site should be selected nearby a hospital and public transport in case of emergency.

The patients are more prone to commit suicide and escape from the center during
detoxification so it is better to go for ground floor construction, especially the wards of
inpatients should be on the ground floor. So that they can be in touch with the nature and its
elements.

Nurse station should always be in the centre of the ward so that the proper invigilation
should take place.

Private lockers should be provided for the patients to keep their belonging. So that no mess
takes place in the ward.

There should not be more than 10 patients in each ward. So that privacy as well as
calmness can be maintained.

For easy cleaning and maintenance flexible furniture is provided but movable furniture invite
accidents as they get aggressive during withdrawals.

To increase the social dialogue and for sense of safety the patients are accommodate and
suppose to live in a group of 10 or less.

For inward patients toilets are being placed just next to the ward because during withdrawals
they frequently visit the toilet.

41

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

The natural stone, plants, creepers, the sky and clouds become the architectural vocabulary,
to create a natural therapeutic ambience so it is very much required that they should be
having such interactive spaces where they all can have their natural therapy in that area.

Spaces for activities such as yoga, acupuncture, music therapy and other leisure activities
are must in a rehabilitation centre.

Need to transforms the rehabilitation centre from a cold accommodation to become home.

Light, color and movement in a rehab centre as well as landscape and location are essential
elements of this architectural therapy.

42

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

7. CONCLUSION
Drug rehabilitation centres being limited in number and planned for small number of patients,
the services provided through such centres are not sufficient to treat the huge number of
addicts who are willing to fight their habit and get back to normal life. The treatment centre
providing services at the present are established in residential building, adjusting the various
functions in the spaces that are available. Besides, the proper physical and natural environment
required for the treatment too has been compromised: thus making the centers not effective, as
they should be. Also the shabby construction coupled with lack of space hampers the provision
of therapeutic spaces and results in relapses rate as high as 90%.
So there is a necessity to re-evaluate drug rehabilitation centre so that it transforms from a cold
accommodation to become home. In order to shift the paradigm on how to design a healing
space for the drug addicts, this research has come out with the criteria of healing space based
on following architectural variables:
Natural lighting, color and privacy.
Throughout the research it has also been observed that a lot of rehabilitation centres rely more
on medicinal approach rather than holistic approach of treatment. Holistic treatment plays an
important role in recovery of patient as this treatment purge drugs from the entire body and
allow the patient to begin with a clean slate. These centers help patients seek relief and
recovery from serious addictions by improving the health of the mind, body and spirit. In view of
the future rehabilitation programme for drug addicts, it should no longer aim at removal of
physical dependence on drugs. Instead, with the understanding of difficulties and needs of the
abusers, the rehabilitation center should be a place for healing and learning for them.
Spaces for activities such as yoga, acupuncture, music therapy and other leisure activities are
must in a rehabilitation centre for the quick and healthy recovery of patients.

43

REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

REFERENCES
about health. 2014. The Healing Effects of Color Therapy. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/chakras/a/ChakraSounds.htm. [Accessed 26 November 15].

alcoholrehab.com. 2012. Music Therapy in Addiction Recovery. [ONLINE] Available at:http://alcoholrehab.com/addictionrecovery/music-therapy-in-addiction-recovery/. [Accessed 03 November 15]

Ali Akbar Heidari.2013. Effect of Lighting and space on depression and stress appearing in residential places / Journal of Novel
Applied Sciences, P-736)

Brian
Schaller
.2012.
Architectural
Healing
Environments.pdf.
http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=architecture_theses)

P-41

Available

at

Ceida. 2007. Holistic Treatment for Drug Addiction. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ceida.net.au/drugs/holistic-treatment.asp.
[Accessed 20 October 15].

DE ADDICTION CENTRES.IN . 2013. Indias Youth On Drugs. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://deaddictioncentres.in/news/indias-youth-drugs/. [Accessed 09 September 15].

dna. 2014. Substance abuse rising amongst Indian kids. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-substanceabuse-rising-amongst-indian-kids-2027658. [Accessed 08 September 15]

ETHealthworld.com. 2015. Indian de-addiction centres lack proper facilities. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/indian-de-addiction-centres-lack-proper-facilities/47890651.
[Accessed 16 November 15].

Gordon A Gunnell, MS, PLC - Phoenix Area Counseling. 2002. Signs, Symptoms, Effects of Drugs/Substances. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://gordongunnell.marriage-family.com/content/1332.aspx. [Accessed 04 November 15]

hindustan times. 2014. India on a 'high' with 7 drug addiction related suicides every day. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-on-a-high-with-7-drug-addiction-related-suicides-every-day/storyonb8QVGwufkXVryWDtencI.html. [Accessed 10 September 15].

Jeanene Swanson. 2014. 13 Valuable Alternative Treatments for Addiction. [ONLINE] Available
at:https://www.thefix.com/content/therapies-outside-box?page=all. [Accessed 09 November 15]

KCI.org. 2001. Stages of stimulant recovery. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.kci.org/meth_info/msg_board_posts/2007/033007/Stages_of_stimulant_recovery.htm. [Accessed 22 September
15]

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

L. Edwards and P. Torcellini. 2002. A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants.pdf
Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30769.

MARWORTH. 2005. ACUPUNCTURE FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.marworth.org/acupuncture.html. [Accessed 21 October 15].

MARWORTH. 2005. EXPRESSIVE THERAPY FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.marworth.org/expressive-therapy.html. [Accessed 21 October 15].

National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2012. DrugFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-abuse-addiction. [Accessed 02
November 15].

The Ranch. 2009. Benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy in addiction treatment. [ONLINE] Available
at:https://www.recoveryranch.com/articles/recovery-at-the-ranch/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-addiction-treatment/. [Accessed
19 October 15].

Recovery.org. 2003. Find a Top Holistic Rehab Center. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.recovery.org/topics/find-a-top-holisticrehab-center/. [Accessed 30 September 15]

Rehabs.com. 2012. Frequently Asked Questions About Addiction Rehabilitation. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/frequently-asked-questions-about-addiction-rehabilitation/. [Accessed 15 September 15].

rehabs.com. 2012. your guide to holistic rehab centers. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/holistic-rehab/.
[Accessed 29 October 15].

Rehabs.com. 2013. Drug Rehab Treatment Information. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.rehabs.com/about/rehab-treatment/.

[Accessed 13 September 15].

The addiction recovery guide. 2011. Retreats. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.addictionrecoveryguide.org/treatment/retreats.

[Accessed 11 November 15]

The Foundry treatment center. 2011. Yoga in Addiction Recovery. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://foundrytreatmentcenter.com/yoga-in-addiction-recovery/. [Accessed 11 November 15].

SOUKYA. SOUKYA:Dr Mathai's International Holistic Health Centre, Bangalore,

at: http://www.soukya.com/SOUKYA_EBrochure_with_Tariff.pdf. [Accessed 23 September 15].

India.

[ONLINE]

Available

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

ANNEXURE I: MYTHS AND FACTS

Unfortunately there are lots of misinformation and mythology from friends, media, our
own culture and the society in general.
We should be aware and ready to challenge these half-truths, which may harm us more than
we may really think
Myth: Substance abuse and alcohol addiction are not treatable
Fact: Substance abuse and addiction are treatable. Treatment is typically most successful
when the abuser him/herself realizes there is a problem and really wants help.
Myth: An addict can stop alcohol and drugs with willpower.
Fact: Very few people can just stop using them substances they are addicted to, no matter how
strong their inner resolve. Most need to go through at least one course of structured substance
abuse treatment. Some achieve sobriety through participation in community-based support
organizations (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), but relapse rates under this condition are very
high. The most effective approach is one that combines structured treatment and communitybased support.
Myth: Addicts often relapse, so treatment obviously does not work.
Fact: Medical treatment never guarantees lifelong recovery. So it is with addiction. Relapse is
often a part of the recovery process. Even if a person never achieves perfect abstinence,
addiction treatment can reduce the number and extent of relapses, which in turn lowers the
incidence of related problems such as crime and overall health. A break in the cycle would
improve the individual's ability to function in daily life and be able to cope better with the next
temptation or craving.

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REHABILITATION SPACES FOR DRUG ADDICTS

Myth: Treatment to quit is expensive.
Fact: Treatment cost is far less expensive than the consumption cost.
Myth: Alcohol helps one to sleep well.
Fact: Dependence on alcohol upsets regular sleep patterns.
Myth: Alcohol is a good way to stay warm in cold weather.
Fact: Alcohol can cause significant heat loss from the body. This can be dangerous for health.
Myth: Beer doesn't come under the category of not hard liquor, so it can be consumed
safely.
Fact: Beer contains lesser amount of alcohol than hard liquor like whisky or rum. But it is
"alcohol."
Myth: I can try drugs just once and then stop.
Fact: Almost all the drug addicts start by saying and thinking exactly this.
Myth: Alcohol and drugs make me live a more creative life.
Fact: Drug use looses clarity of awareness and thinking and rationality in action

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