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TinyURL:http://tinyurl.com/oh594kq

EffectsofDivorceonChildren'sBehavior
Childrenofdivorcedorseparatedparentsexhibitincreasedbehavioralproblems,1)andthemaritalconflictthat
accompaniesparentsdivorceplacesthechildssocialcompetenceatrisk.Eveninintactfamiliesthathavelow
tomediumlevelsofconflict,childrenstillhavefewerbehaviorproblemsthanthoseinthehighconflict,disrupted
families.2)Anotherstudysuggeststhatparentalconflictaffectstheoutcomesofchildrensbehaviorproblems,
regardlessofparentsmaritalstatus,andsometimesthereisnostatisticaldifferenceinthelevelofbehavior
problemsobservedforchildrenwhoseparentsseparatedordivorcedandforchildrenwhoseparentsremained
together.3)Overall,youngadultsarebestoffwhenraisedbytwocontinuouslymarriedparentswithalowconflict
relationship.4)
Duringadivorce,conflictbetweenparentsisoftenaccompaniedbylessaffection,lessresponsiveness,and
moreinclinationtopunishtheirchildren,whichleavestheirchildrenfeelingemotionallyinsecure.5)Thesechildren
aremorelikelytoperceivetheirsocialmilieuasunpredictableanduncontrollable.6)Childrenwhoengagein
fightingandstealingatschoolarefarmorelikelytocomefrombrokenhomesthanarewellbehavedchildren.7)
Childrenofdivorcedfamiliesaremorethantwiceaslikelytodropoutofhighschoolthanchildrenfromintact
families.8)Otherstudieshaveconfirmedthatchildrenofdivorcedparentsexhibitmorebehavioralproblemsthan
dochildrenfromintactfamilies.9)Boyswhoseparentsdivorcedwhiletheywereinelementaryschooltendto
developproblemsintheyearsfollowingtheirparentsseparation.Whileproblembehaviorincreasesimmediately
followingthedivorceamongboyswhoseparentsdivorcedwhiletheywereinmiddleschool,theirproblem
behaviorsteadilydecreasesintheyearafterthedivorce.10)

1.BehavioratSchool
Divorceandseparationcorrelatepositivelywithdiminishedschoolachievementandperformance.11)Children
fromintactfamilieshavefewerbehavioralproblemsinschool.12)Forexample,firstgradechildrenborntomarried
mothersarelesslikelytoexhibitdisruptivebehavior,suchasdisobeyingateacherorbehavingaggressively
towardspeers,thanchildrenborntocohabitingorsinglemothers.13)

1.1RelatedAmericanDemographics
AccordingtotheNationalSurveyofChildren'sHealth,childrenwholivewithbothbiologicalparentsareless
likelytoexhibitbehaviorproblemsthanthosewhodonot.14)(SeeChart
(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08K10.pdf))

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Similarly,theNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealthshowsthatadolescentsfromintactmarried
familiesarelessfrequentlysuspended,expelled,ordelinquent,andlessfrequentlyexperienceschoolproblems
thanchildrenfromotherfamilystructures.15)(SeeChart(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08I10.pdf))

2.AbilitytoHandleConflict
Divorcediminisheschildrenscapacitytohandleconflict.Thedifferencebetweenmarriagesthatremainintact
andthosethatendindivorceliesprimarilyinthecouplesabilitytohandlemaritalconflictandmovetowards
agreement.Parentalmodelingindivorcediminishesmanychildrenscapacityforstablemarriagelaterinlife,
thoughsomechildrenmayreactbydoublingtheireffortstoensurestability.
Forinstance,comparedtostudentsfromintactfamilies,collegestudentsfromdivorcedfamiliesuseviolence
morefrequentlytoresolveconflictandaremorelikelytobeaggressiveandphysicallyviolentwiththeirfriends,
maleorfemale.16)Parentaldivorceduringadolescencefrequentlyleadstomoreviolentpartnershipsin
adolescenceandadulthood.17)
Intheirownmarriages,childrenofdivorcedparentsaremorelikelytobeunhappy,toescalateconflict,to
communicateless,toarguefrequently,andtoshoutortophysicallyassaulttheirspousewhenarguing.18)Thus,
thelikelihoodofdivorceistransmittedacrossgenerations.19)

2.1RelatedAmericanDemographics

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2.1RelatedAmericanDemographics
AccordingtotheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth(WavesIandII),42.6percentofadolescents
livingwithonebiological,cohabitingparenthavebeeninafight,whereasonly28.8percentofthosewithtwo
marriedparentshaveeverbeeninone.Amongotherfamilystructures,32.3percentofadolescentslivingin
stepfamilies,36.7percentofthoselivingwithtwocohabitingbiologicalparents,39.5percentofthosewhose
parentsaredivorced,and39.6percentofthosewhoseparentshavenevermarriedhaveeverbeeninafight.20)
(SeeChart(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H09.pdf))

3.SexualPractice
(SeeEffectsofDivorceonChildren'sSexualActivity)
Whenparentsdivorce,theirchildrensapprovalofpremaritalsex,cohabitation,anddivorcetendstorise
dramatically,whiletheirendorsementofmarriageandchildbearingfalls.21)Theyarealsomorelikelytobelieve
thatmarriageisnotimportantpriortohavingchildrenandtohaveachildoutofwedlock.Thisholdstrueeven
aftercontrollingforsocioeconomicstatus.22)

4.Crime
(SeeEffectsofFamilyStructureonCrime)
Childreninintactfamilieshavelowerratesofdelinquencythanchildreninnonintactfamilies.23)RobertSampson
(thenprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofChicago)reported,afterstudying171citiesintheUnitedStates
withpopulationsover100,000,thatthedivorceratepredictedtherobberyrateofanygivenarea,regardlessofits
economicandracialcomposition.Inthesecommunities,hefoundthatlowerdivorceratesindicatedhigherformal
andinformalsocialcontrols(suchasthesupervisionofchildren)andlowercrimerates.24)
In1994,itwasreportedinWisconsinthattheincarcerationrateofjuveniledelinquentswas12timeshigher
amongchildrenofdivorcedparentsthanamongchildrenofmarriedparents.25)A2004studyshowedthatchildren
fromstepparentandsinglemotherfamiliesalsohavesignificantlyhigherincarcerationratesthanchildrenin
intactfamilies.26)InaBritishlongitudinalstudyofmalesagedeightto32,DavidP.Farrington,professorof
criminologyatCambridgeUniversity,foundexperiencingparentaldivorcebeforeage10tobeamajorpredictorof
adolescentdelinquencyandadultcriminality.27)Anotherstudyfoundthatboyswhogothroughfamilytransitions
attheageof14or15aremorelikelytobedelinquentwhentheyare16or17.28)Adolescentsfromdivorced
families(particularlythoseindivorcedsinglefatherfamilies)displaymoreantisocialandviolentbehaviorthan
adolescentsinbiologicallyintactfamilies.29)AnAustralianparliamentaryreviewoftheliteraturefoundthat
divorceincreasesthelikelihoodthatchildrenwillfeelhostilityandrejection.30)

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Childrenofdivorcedparentsaresignificantlymorelikelythanchildrenofintactmarriedfamiliestobedelinquent
byage15,regardlessofwhenthedivorcetookplace.31)A1985studythattrackedonethousandfamilieswith
childrenagessixto18forsixyearsfoundthatchildrenlivinginintactmarriedfamiliesexhibitedtheleast
delinquency,whilechildrenwithstepfathersweremorelikelytoexhibitthemostdisruptivebehavior.Inthis
study,thebehaviorofsingleparentchildrenfellbetweenthatofchildrenofintactandstepfatherfamilies.32)
Parentaldivorcecontributestowhatsomestudiestermexternalizingbehaviors,whichincludeweaponcarrying,
fighting,substanceabuse,andbingedrinking.33)Anotherstudyfoundthatthesonsofdivorcedparentsareatno
greaterriskofinvolvementindelinquentbehaviorthanboyslivinginintactfamiliesifthemotherandfather
engageincompetentparenting.34)Goodparentingonthepartofdivorcedfathersachievednosucheffectsfor
thedaughtersofdivorce,accordingtothissamestudy.Amongadolescentgirls,thereisastrongcorrelation
betweenfamilystructureanddelinquency,35)hostilebehavior,36)druguse,larceny,skippingschool,37)and
alcoholabuse.38)

4.1RelatedAmericanDemographics
AccordingtotheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth,13percentofchildrenwholiveinanintact
marriedfamilyadmittohavingstolenatleast$50worthofgoods.Bycomparison,19percentofchildrenwhose
parentsnevermarriedoraredivorced,20percentofchildrenlivingwithastepparent,15percentofthoseliving
withcohabitingbiologicalparents,and23percentofthoselivingwithonecohabitingbiologicalparenthavestolen
atleast$50worthofgoods.39)(SeeChart(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08J04.pdf)Below)

5.DrugsandAlcohol
Parentaldivorce(aspreviouslystated)predictsexternalizingbehavior,suchastobaccouse,alcohol
consumptionandbingedrinking,40)andmarijuanause.41)Parentaldivorceorseparationalsopredictsincreased
adolescentuseofotherillegaldrugs.42)Thenegativeeffectsofdivorceonadolescentsubstanceusearenot
temporary,andtendtopersistovertime.43)
Menwhoexperiencedtheirparentsdivorceaschildren(betweenagessevenand16)aremorelikelytosmoke
asadults.44)Maleswhohaveexperiencedparentaldivorcearealsomorelikelytousealcoholanddrugs.45)
Womenwhoexperiencedparentaldivorcebetweenagessevenand16(butnotthosewhoseparentsdivorced
later)aremorelikelytosmokeandtodrinkheavilyasadultsthanwomenwhoseparentsremainedmarried.46)
Onestudyfoundthat,infamilieswherethemotherdaughterrelationshipwassatisfying,parentaldivorceand
maternalnonresidenceledtodelinquentbehavioringirls.47)

5.1RelatedAmericanDemographics
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AccordingtotheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth(WavesIandII),childrenwholivewithboth
biologicalparentsarelesslikelytogetdrunkthanadolescentswithstepparents,onebiologicalcohabitingparent,
ordivorcedparents.48)(SeeChart(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H82.pdf)Below)

AccordingtotheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth,morethan15percentofadolescentswhose
parentsaredivorcedhaveusedharddrugsthisfigurerisestoroughly18percentforchildrenlivingwitha
stepparentoronebiologicalcohabitingparent.49)(SeeChart(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08F26.pdf))

6.Suicide
Childsuicideisoftentriggeredbythoughtsthathisdivorcedparentsrejecthim50)orhavelostinterestinhim.51)
Thefactthatthesuicideratehasrisenalongwiththedivorcerateisnocoincidence.52)Onestudyreportedthat
riskofasuicideattemptwashigherindivorcedfamilies,thoughtheassociationwaseliminatedaftercontrolling
foradverseexperiences.53)AstheworkofPatriciaMcCall,asociologyprofessoratNorthCarolinaState
University,shows,thestrongestdemographicindicatorofsuicideisthefamilystructurewithinwhichaperson
resides:thedivorcedfamilystructurehasthehighestsuiciderate.54)Foradults,havingchildrendecreasesthe
parentsriskofsuicide.55)
Womenfromdivorcedfamiliesare1.46timesaslikelytoattemptsuicideaswomenfromintactfamilies.56)An
earlierstudybythesameauthorfoundthatwomenraisedindivorcedfamiliesare1.33timesaslikelytoattempt
suicidethisfindingholdstrueevenafteradjustingforvariousconfoundingfactors,suchasage,race,and
57)

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57)

income. Thislinkbetweenparentaldivorceandtheriseinadolescentsuicidehasbeenfoundagainandagain
intheliterature.58)CrossculturalstudiesofJapanandtheUnitedStateshaveclearlydemonstratedthelink
betweendivorceandsuicidalthought.59)

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JulianaM.SobolewskiandPaulR.Amato,Parents'DiscordandDivorce,ParentChildRelationshipsand
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JeffreyJ.Wood,RenaL.Repetti,andScottC.Roesch,DivorceandChildrensAdjustmentProblemsatHome
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(2004):131.
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P.S.Malone,J.E.Lansford,D.R.Castellino,L.J.Berlin,K.A.Dodge,J.E.Bates,andG.S.Pettit,Divorce
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MillingKinardandHelenReinherz,EffectsofMaritalDisruptiononChildrensSchoolAptitudeand
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JamesS.Coleman,etal.,EqualityofEducationalOpportunity(Washington,D.C.:U.S.DepartmentofHealth,
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D.R.Featherstone,B.P.Cundick,andL.C.Jensen,DifferencesinSchoolBehaviorandAchievementbetween
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ShannonE.CavanaghandAlethaC.Huston,FamilyInstabilityandChildrensEarlyProblemBehavior,
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ThischartdrawsondatacollectedbytheNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsintheNationalSurveyof
ChildrensHealth(NSCH)in2003.Thedatasampleconsistedofparentsof102,353childrenandteensinall50
statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.68,996ofthesechildrenandteenswerebetweensixand17yearsold,the
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agegroupthatwasthefocusofthestudy.Thesurveysampleinthisagerangerepresentedapopulationof
nearly49millionyoungpeoplenationwide.
PatrickF.Fagan,BehaviorProblemsandFamilyStructure,MappingAmericaProject.Availableat
http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08K10.pdf(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08K10.pdf)
15)
Thischartdrawsonalargenationalsample(16,000)fromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescent
Health.ThisworkwasdonebytheauthorincooperationwithformercolleaguesatTheHeritageFoundation,
Washington,D.C
PatrickF.Fagan,FamilyStructureandExpulsionorSuspensionfromSchool.Availableat
http://www.frc.org/mappingamerica/mappingamerica20familystructureandexpulsionorsuspensionfrom
school(http://www.frc.org/mappingamerica/mappingamerica20familystructureandexpulsionorsuspension
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PaulR.Amato,TheImpactofFamilyFormationChangeontheCognitive,Social,andEmotionalWellbeingof
theNextGeneration,FutureofChildren15,(2005):86.
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Families,JournalofMarriageandtheFamily65,no.4(2003):885893.
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RobertE.BillinghamandNicoleL.Notebaert,DivorceandDatingViolenceRevisited:MultivariateAnalyses
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357.
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RelationshipQuality,JournalOfDivorce&Remarriage53,no.5(2012):348,358.
19)
Researchershavefoundthatthechildrenofviolentparentsdobetteriftheirparentsseparate.However,ifthe
parentsconflictisnotviolentorintense,theirchildrenfarebetterintheirownmarriagesiftheirparentsremain
married.Obviously,thebestsolutionforallconcernedisthatparentslearnhowtohandleconflictandto
cooperatewitheachother,therebyrestoringfamilyharmony.
20)
Thischartdrawsonalargenationalsample(16,000)fromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescent
Health.ThisworkwasdonebytheauthorincooperationwithformercolleaguesatTheHeritageFoundation,
Washington,D.C
PatrickF.Fagan,FamilyStructureandFighting,MappingAmericaProject.Availableat
http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H09.pdf(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H09.pdf)
21)
WilliamG.AxinnandArlandThornton,TheInfluenceofParentsMaritalDissolutionsonChildrensAttitudes
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JournalofDivorceandRemarriage35,(2001):125.
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WilliamH.Jeynes,TheEffectsofRecentParentalDivorceonTheirChildrensSexualAttitudesand
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29)

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29)

KyrreBreivikandDanOlweus,Adolescent'sAdjustmentinFourPostDivorceFamilyStructures:Single
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AbbieK.FrostandBilgePakiz,TheEffectsofMaritalDisruptiononAdolescents:TimeasaDynamic,
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intactfamilies.SeeDavidB.Larson,JamesP.Swyers,andSusanS.Larson,TheCostlyConsequencesof
Divorce(Rockville,MD:NationalInstituteforHealthcareResearch,1995),123.
32)
AnnetteU.RickelandThomasS.Langer,ShorttermandLongtermEffectsofMaritalDisruptionon
Children,AmericanJournalofCommunityPsychology13,(1985):599661.
33)
KathleenB.RodgersandHilaryA.Rose,RiskandResiliencyFactorsAmongAdolescentsWhoExperience
MaritalTransitions,JournalofMarriageandFamily64,(2002):10281029.
34)
RonaldL.Simons,KueiHsiuLin,LeslieC.Gordon,RandD.Conger,andFrederickO.Lorenz,Explainingthe
HigherIncidenceofAdjustmentProblemsAmongChildrenofDivorceComparedwithThoseinTwoParent
Families,JournalofMarriageandtheFamily61,(1999):1030.
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KarenHeimer,Gender,Interaction,andDelinquency:TestingaTheoryofDifferentialSocialControl,Social
PsychologyQuarterly59,(1996):3961
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39)
Thischartdrawsonalargenationalsample(16,000)fromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescent
Health.ThisworkwasdonebytheauthorincooperationwithformercolleaguesatTheHeritageFoundation,
Washington,D.C.
PatrickF.Fagan,FamilyStructureandTheft,MappingAmericaProject.Availableat
http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08J04.pdf00(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08J04.pdf00)
40)
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ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,JournalofMarriageandFamily52,(1990):162
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Stepfather,JointPhysicalCustodyandSingleFatherFamilies,JournalofDivorceandRemarriage44,no.3
(2006):115.
43)
JeremyArkes,TheTemporalEffectsofParentalDivorceonYouthSubstanceUse,SubstanceUse&
Misuse48,no.3(2013):294,296
44)
FrankF.FurstenbergandKathleenE.Kiernan,DelayedParentalDivorce:HowMuchDoChildrenBenefit?
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45)
WilliamJ.DohertyandRichardH.Needle,PsychologicalAdjustmentandSubstanceUseamong
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47)

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47)

TamiM.Videon,TheEffectsofParentAdolescentRelationshipsandParentalSeparationonAdolescent
Wellbeing,JournalofMarriageandFamily64,(2002):498
48)
Thischartdrawsonalargenationalsample(16,000)fromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescent
Health.ThisworkwasdonebytheauthorincooperationwithformercolleaguesatTheHeritageFoundation,
Washington,D.C.
PatrickF.Fagan,FamilyStructureandDrinking,MappingAmericaProjects.Availableat
http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H82.pdf(http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF08H82.pdf)
49)
Thischartdrawsonalargenationalsample(16,000)fromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescent
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ThisentrydrawsheavilyfromTheEffectsofDivorceonChildren(http://marri.us/effectsdivorcechildren).

http://marripedia.org/effects.of.divorce.on.children.s.behavior

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