Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Carbon Nanomaterials
Kiran Vinayan

August 25, 2016

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Introduction

The unique nature of the carbon bond

Hybridization of the s and p orbitals

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Fullerenes

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Discovery

Harold Krotos work on long linear carbon chain molecules in

outer space.
They speculated that these were formed in the outer

atmosphere of red giants.

Collaboration with Richard Smalley and the discovery of

molecule with a mass number of 720.

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Structure

A 3 dimensional network of C atoms.

Each atom is connected to 3 other atoms

Geodesic dome
C60 molecule has 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces.
Crystal lattice has a face-centered cubic strucutre with the

molecules held together by weak van der Waals forces.

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Methods of Synthesis

Laser evaporation of graphite

Kratschmer - Huffman Method : Graphite electrodes are

evaporated in an atmosphere of approximately 100 torr of

helium. Using benzene as a solvent, the fullerenes can be
extracted from the resulting soot.[1]

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Properties

High electrical conductivity

Superconducting properties
Effect of doping on the transition temperature
Good lubricating properties

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Applications

Lubricant - composite coatings using fullerenes are used

Anti viral activity - inhibiting the replication of the virus

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Graphene

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Single layer of graphite

2 dimensional honeycomb lattice of sp2 hybridized C
Isolation of single layer samples from graphite[2]

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Methods of Production

Mechanical Exfoliation using cellophane tape

Chemical Vapour Deposition

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Properties

High career mobility

High quality 2D lattice - low defect density
Ambipolar nature
Tuning of carriers by supplying requisite gate bias
-ve bias - introduces significant population of holes into
valence band
+ve bias - introduces significant population of electrons into
conduction band
High sensitivity
Very high surface area to volume ratio
Ability to detect single adsorption events
Issues with selectivity

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Applications

Field Effect Transistors

Transparent Conductive Films
Sensors

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Discovery

Sumio Iijima reported in 1991 that graphitic carbon needles,

with diameter in the 4-30 nm range and length up to 1m,

were grown on the negative end of the carbon electrode used
in the arc-discharge evaporation of carbon in an argon filled
vessel[3].

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Introduction

1D nanostructure
Dimensions
Diameter: 1-50nm
Length: upto several hundred m
Can be considered as rolled up sheets of graphite

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Introduction

Chiral Vector
Ch = na1 + ma2
a1 , a2 are unit vectors of graphene
m = n : Armchair
m = 0 : Zig-Zag
Other values of m, n : Chiral
Figure: Chiral Vectora
a

Carbon Nanomaterials

Source: http://large.stanford.edu

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Introduction

Figure: Types of CNTs1

Source: http://islandone.org

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Methods of Production

Arc Discharge Method

Laser Ablation
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Properties

High electrical and thermal conductivity

Excellent field emitters
Extremely strong and flexible
Can be metals or semiconductors based on chirality
m = n : metals
m n = 3 i : tiny gap semiconductors
others : large gap semiconductors

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Applications

Sensors - change in conductance

Composite Reinforcement

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Carbon Dots

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Introduction

Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles

Quasi-spherical particles
Discovered by Xu et al.[4] when purifying SWCNTs from

arc-discharged soot
Sun et al.[5] proposed the named carbon dots

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Synthesis of CQDs

Top Down Approach - by breaking down carbon structures

Laser Ablation
Arc Discharge
Bottom Up Approach - synthesizing from molecular precursors

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Properties

Exhibits fluorescence in the visible and near IR spectrum

High sensitivity to contaminants

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Applications

Chemical Sensing - quenching of fluorescence

Biosensing - as fluorescent labels in immunoassays

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

References I
W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, and D. Huffman, Solid c60: a new form of carbon,
Nature, vol. 347, p. 27, 1990.
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A.
Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, science, vol. 306, no. 5696, pp. 666669, 2004.
S. Iijima et al., Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, nature, vol. 354, no. 6348, pp. 5658, 1991.
X. Xu, R. Ray, Y. Gu, H. J. Ploehn, L. Gearheart, K. Raker, and W. A. Scrivens, Electrophoretic analysis
and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments, Journal of the American Chemical
Society, vol. 126, no. 40, pp. 1273612737, 2004.
Y.-P. Sun, B. Zhou, Y. Lin, W. Wang, K. S. Fernando, P. Pathak, M. J. Meziani, B. A. Harruff, X. Wang,
H. Wang, et al., Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence, Journal of the
American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 24, pp. 77567757, 2006.
Y. Gogotsi and V. Presser, Carbon nanomaterials.
CRC Press, 2013.
A. K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects, science, vol. 324, no. 5934, pp. 15301534, 2009.
C. P. Poole Jr and F. J. Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology.
John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

References II

Kroto H. W., Heath J. R., OBrien S. C., Curl R. F., and Smalley R. E., C60: Buckminsterfullerene,
Nature, vol. 318, pp. 162163, nov 1985.
10.1038/318162a0.
G. Cao, Synthesis, properties and applications.
World Scientific, 2004.
M. J. Allen, V. C. Tung, and R. B. Kaner, Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene, Chemical reviews,
vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 132145, 2009.
Y. Wang and A. Hu, Carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications, Journal of Materials
Chemistry C, vol. 2, no. 34, pp. 69216939, 2014.
F. Langa and J.-F. Nierengarten, Fullerenes: principles and applications.
Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007.

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan

Introduction

Fullerenes

Graphene

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Dots

References

Thank You

Carbon Nanomaterials

Kiran Vinayan