Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
Ecole Polytechnique F
ed
erale de Lausanne, Institute of Urban and Regional Sciences, GC A3, Station 18, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 8 January 2016
Received in revised form
16 February 2016
Accepted 19 February 2016
Available online 2 March 2016
Sugarcane is a major crop cultivated globally and the residue left over after the crop harvest and
extraction of juice is a good biomass source that can be used for the production of several useful
chemicals. The sugarcane bagasse is an excellent substrate for the production of various biochemicals
and enzymes through fermentation. Now major interest is focused on the utilization of these residue for
biofuel production. The sugarcane crop residue is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, hence it can be
used for the production of bioethanol and other liquid transportation fuels. The present review gives a
detailed account of the availability of sugarcane residue and various commercially important products
that can be produced from this residue. It also provides recent developments in R&D on the bioconversion of sugarcane crop residue for value added products.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Biomass
Bioconversion
Value added products
Sugarcane crop residue
Biorenery
1. Introduction
Sugarcane is a major crop cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical
countries like Brazil, China, India, Thailand and Australia [1]. It
belongs to grass family, Gramineae and its botanical name is Saccharum ofcinarum. It was rst grown in South-East Asia and
Western India. Then the cultivation of sugarcane extended to all
tropical and sub-tropical regions. Sugarcane area and productivity
differ from country to country. It is cultivated in about 200 countries and Brazil is the world's largest cane producer and contributes
to 25% of world's total production. India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world.
Its distinguishing features are high biomass yield, high sucrose
content and high efciency in accumulating solar energy. After
harvesting of sugarcane, leaves, tops and trash are left in the cane
eld while the sugarcane stalks are transported to sugar mills for
the extraction of cane juice for sugar production [2].
Bio-renery concept of complete utilization of sugarcane
biomass will become a prime component for a sustainable sugarcane industry. Biorenery involves fractionation and reforming of
an input feed stock into multiple product streams. Lignocellulosic
204
is generated.
Sugarcane bagasse, the largest agro-industrial residue is a
brous residue of cane stalks left after the crushing and extraction
of juice from the sugarcane. This by-product of the sugar industry is
mainly used by sugar factories as fuel for boilers [5]. Comparing to
other agricultural residues, bagasse can be considered as a rich
solar energy reservoir due to its high yields and annual regeneration capacity. Currently several processes and products have been
reported using sugarcane bagasse as a raw material. This include
electricity generation, pulp and paper production and various
products based on fermentation like industrially important enzymes, bioethanol, organic acids, alkaloids, protein enriched cattle
feed, antibiotics etc. Bagasse in most case is used for co-generation
of heat and power or sometimes used for manufacture of building
materials. Paper plants also purchase bagasse from sugar plants.
Sugarcane molasses are a dark, viscous and sugar rich byproduct of sugar extraction from sugarcane. It is used as a feed
ingredient, binder and as an energy source. Around 3e7 tons of
molasses were generated from 100 tons of sugarcane. The
composition of the molasses varies depending on cane variety,
climate and processes employed for sugar extraction. Molasses
contain approximately 34% of sucrose, 11% of reducing sugars
(glucose and fructose) and several minerals. It can be used as animal feed, for yeast cultivation, for the production of ethanol, rum,
other alcohols and organic acids.
Vinasse is a by-product of sugar-ethanol industry and is acidic
compost with a pH of 3.5e5.0 with a high organic content and
unpleasant odor. On an average 10e15 L of vinasse is generated
while preparing each liter of ethanol [6]. Inadequate and indiscriminate use of vinasse in soils and water bodies leads to several
environmental hazards. Several studies have been carried out for
nding adequate uses and treatments of vinasse. It can be used for
fertirrigation, yeast production, energy production and as a raw
material for the production of livestock and poultry feed [7]. The
chemical composition of vinasse varies depending upon the source
used for ethanol production and distillation. The study revealed
that fertirrigation or the use of vinasse as a fertilizer is the best
alternative for vinasse reuse and disposal. Several new green
methods need to be explored for developing novel uses of vinasse
[8]. Cortez et al., 2007 [9] carried out anaerobic digestion of vinasse
for the production of biogas. The anaerobic digestion was carried
out in two stages-the acidogenic phase and the methanogenic
phase. In the acidogenic phase the complex chains of carbohydrate,
lipids and proteins were hydrolyzed to organic acids and in the
methanogenic phase these acids were converted to methane and
carbon dioxide. Laime et al., 2011 [10] utilized vinasse for the
production of yeast. Additional supply of ammonium and magnesium salts as well as high energy consumption for water removal
from the process made it economically unviable.
Chemical compositions of the bagasse may vary for different
sugarcane varieties depending upon the genotype. Several other
factors like location, age of crop, environmental and cultivation
parameters also affect the composition of the biomass. A study
conducted by Benjamin et al., 2014 [2] showed wide variation in
agronomic parameters, chemical composition and sugar released
after pretreatment of sugarcane varieties harvested for two
growing seasons. A signicant difference was observed among
varieties over harvest years. The study revealed severe drought
negatively inuenced the performance in cane yield except for
variety containing the highest lignin.
Leaves and tops contain higher amounts of salts and nutrients.
The sugar contained in the stem is 90% sucrose and small amounts
of glucose and fructose. The greatest difference in composition of
sugarcane is seen in the moisture content which varies between
13.5% in the dry leaves and 82.3% in the tops. The content of carbon,
205
3.2. Biodiesel
Depletion of petroleum reserves and the impact of environmental pollution lead to search for new alternative fuels for use in
diesel engines. Biodiesel are monoalkyl esters of fatty acids derived
from vegetable oil or animal fat. Trans-esteried renewable oil has
been proven to be a viable alternative diesel engine fuel with
characteristics similar to diesel. The energy density of biodiesel is
comparable to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has a number of advantages. Since it is derived from biomass it does not contribute to
atmospheric CO2 emissions, low toxicity and biodegradable and can
be used in existing diesel engines blended with petroleum diesel or
can be run unblended in engines with minor modications.
Utilization of low cost agricultural residues of pineapple peels
and sugarcane bagasse for lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in Scenedesmus acutus PPNK1 was carried out by Rattanapoltee and Kaewkannetra, 2014 [23]. The maximum biomass
concentration, productivity, lipid content and lipid yield using
sugarcane bagasse were 3.85 g/L, 160.42 mg/L/day, 40.89% and
Table 1
Value added products from sugarcane crop residue.
Sugarcane residue
Product
Microorganism
Reference
Bagasse
Sugarcane tops
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Molasses
Bagasse
Sugarcane tops
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse lignin
Molasses
Molasses
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Sugarcane pith bagasse
Bagasse
Bioethanol
Bioethanol
Bioethanol
2,3- butanediol
2,3-butanediol
Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen
Polyhydroxyalkaonates (PHA)
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Composite
Composite
Xylitol
Xylitol
Xylitol
Xylitol
Xylitol
Chelating agent
Carotenoides
Carotenoides
Modied catalysts
L-glutamic acid
Animal feed
Ergot alkaloides
Penicillium
Zymomonas mobilis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Scenedesmus acutus PPNK1
Klebsiella pneumoniae CGMCC 1.9131
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Clostridium butyricum TISTR 1032
Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense
Clostridium butyricum
Ralstonia eutropha
Comomonas sp.
e
e
e
e
Debaromyces hansenii
Williopsis saturnus
Candida tropicalis IEC5-ITV
206
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of bioconversion of sugarcane crop residue to value added products.
1.24 g/L respectively. The study revealed that there was a 2.13 fold
increase in lipid content when sugarcane bagasse was used and
using agricultural residues as carbon source could lead to an increase in the lipid content and reduces the cost of biofuel production. FAME obtained from S. acutus PPNK1 after trans-esterication
showed fatty acid compositions of chain lengths between C16 to
C18. This indicates that agricultural residues like sugarcane bagasse
were suitable for the production of good quality biodiesel. Utilization of agro-residue is a promising way to reduce environmental
pollution and lower cost for lipid production.
3.3. Biobutanol
Butanol is a four carbon primary alcohol with a higher energy
intensity and lower volatility as compared to ethanol. It can be used
as fuel in current gasoline based engines with practically no
changes in engine [24]. It is also an important feed stock for
chemical industry since it is used for paint, solvents and plasticizers
production. Butanol production from renewable source involves
ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation of sugars derived
from lignocellulosic biomass. But this method has few limitations
like low productivity and low n-butanol concentration due to
product inhibition. Another strategy commonly adopted for nbutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the ethanol
chemistry route where, ethanol is used as feed stock. However
production of n-butanol in the sugarcane biorenery makes the
process more economically viable by producing a biofuel more
suitable for use in chemical industry.
Dias et al., 2014 [25] developed a strategy for butanol production
in a sugarcane biorenery using ethanol as feed stock. In this study
novel catalysts were used both in vapor and liquid-phase catalysis.
Techno-economic analysis revealed that the best results were
observed with n-butanol production through vapor phase catalysis.
Biobutanol produced through liquid and vapor phase catalysis
presents lower environmental impact.
3.4. 2, 3- butanediol
2, 3-Butanediol is used as a solvent, liquid fuel and as a precursor
of many synthetic polymers, fumigant, moistening and softening
agents, explosives, plasticizers, cosmetics, printing inks, medicines
and resins. Methyl ethyl ketone produced by dehydration of 2, 3butanediol is used as a liquid fuel additive [26]. Several microorganisms are known to produce 2, 3-butanediol using glucose.
However major cost in most biomass conversion processes appears
to be the substrate cost. Exploitation of sugarcane bagasse for 2, 3butanediol seems promising.
Zhao et al., 2011 [27] developed a strategy for the production of
2, 3- butanediol by simultaneous saccharication and fermentation
of alkali-peracetic acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse by Klebsiella
3.5. Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen is considered as a future energy for its high energy
content and zero CO2 emission. Hence it is a promising alternative
to conventional fossil fuels. Currently majority of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass can serve as a
source for sustainable production of hydrogen. Thermophilic
hydrogen conversion seems promising, since it can convert a variety of biomass based substrates into hydrogen at high yields.
Plangklang et al., 2012 [29] developed a strategy for enhanced
biohydrogen production from sugarcane by immobilized Clostridium butyricum TISTR 1032 on sugarcane bagasse. Immobilized
cells showed approximately 1.2 times improved hydrogen production rate than free cells. The optimum conditions of hydrogen
production by immobilized C. butyricum were an initial sucrose
concentration of 25 g COD/L and pH was maintained at 6.5. The
highest hydrogen production rate (HPR) and highest hydrogen
yield (HY) were 3.5 L H2/L and 1.5 mol H2/mol hexose consumed.
The study revealed that efciency of hydrogen production from
sugarcane juice by C. butyricum was enhanced by immobilization
technique. The immobilized cells can tolerate harsh environmental
conditions like wider range of pH and sucrose concentrations better
than the free cells. The immobilized cells showed same HPR and HY
for ve successive cycles.
Lai et al., 2014 [30] used sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for
biohydrogen production using Thermoanaerbacterium aotearoense.
Various process parameters affecting hydrogen production were
optimized. The study revealed that dilute sulfuric acid pretreated
sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate was suitable for hydrogen production by T. aotearoense due to the presence of glucose and xylose and
low level of inhibitors. Maximum hydrogen production was
observed when pretreatment was carried out with 2.3% of H2SO4
for 114.2 min at 115 C. The hydrogen yield and hydrogen
production rate (HPR) under the best conditions were 1.86 mol H2/
mol total sugar and 0.52 L/L respectively. Catabolite repression was
not observed during the fermentation which would be benecial
for higher hydrogen production and shorter retention time.
Comparative modeling efciencies for biohydrogen production
by C. butyricum on sugarcane molasses adopting articial neural
network and response surface modeling were evaluated by
Whiteman and Kana, 2014 [31]. Parameters like concentration of
molasses, pH, incubation temperature and inoculum concentration
were optimized. The data obtained were used to develop models
for ANN and RSM. The ndings revealed that ANN has greater accuracy in modeling the relationships between the considered
process inputs for fermentative hydrogen production.
3.6. Biopolymers
Increase use of conventional non-biodegradable plastics leads to
severe environmental as well as ecological problems. This leads to
search for biodegradable plastics which can serve as an alternative
to petroleum based polymers. The main competition between
biodegradable plastics and petroleum based plastics is based on the
cost of production. One of the main limitations for the production
of biopolymer is the cost associated with the carbon source. More
than 50% of the production cost is contributed by the carbon source
[32]. Utilization of agro-residues or waste by product stream makes
the process economically viable.
Jian and Heiko, 2008 [33] utilized dilute acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate for the production of polyhydroxyalkaonates (PHA) by Ralstonia eutropha. PHA biopolyesters
were synthesized and accumulated 57% w/w of biomass. Only few
reports are available on biopolymer production utilizing sugarcane
trash as the sole carbon source. Prabisha et al., 2014 [34] evaluated
the ability of Comomonas sp. isolated from a dairy efuent sample
for the production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) using biomass
hydrolyzate obtained after mild alkali pretreatment of sugarcane
tops. The hydrolyzate obtained after enzymatic saccharication is
devoid of major fermentation inhibitors like furfural, 5hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid, formic acid and propionic
acid. The optimum conditions for PHB production were incubation
time of 96 h, pH 7.0, reducing sugar concentration of 1.25% and
KH2PO4 concentration of 1.05%. The bacterium accumulated 55.85%
of PHB with a productivity of 0.195 g/l.
3.7. Enzymes
Various agro-residues, especially sugarcane bagasse serve as a
good substrate for the production of various industrially important
microbial enzymes adopting a SSF strategy. Some of the enzymes
that a produced by SSF utilizing sugarcane crop residues or byproducts of sugarcane industry include a-amylases, cellulases,
207
Table 2
Enzymes produced from sugarcane crop residues.
Sugarcane residue
Product
Microorganism
Reference
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Molasses/Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
a-amylase
Cellulase
Xylanase
Xylanase
Inulinase
Protease
Invertase
Lipase
Lipase
Lipase
Pectinase
208
209
Table 3
Organic acids produced from sugarcane crop residue.
Sugarcane residue
Product
Microorganism
Reference
Molasses
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse/Vinasse
Bagasse
Molasses
Bagasse
Bagasse
Molasses
Bagasse
Bagasse
Itaconic acid
Itaconic acid
Succinic acid
Succinic acid
Citric acid
Citric acid
Citric acid
Lactic acid
Lactic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
Propionic acid
Propionic acid
A. terreus/A. itaconicus
A. niger/A.oryzae/A. avus/Penicillium
Actinobacillus succinogenes
Actinobacillus succinogenes
A. niger DS1
A.niger
A. niger
e
Bacillus
C. tyrobutyricum
Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015
Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015
Propionibacterium acidipropionii
210
by Actinobacillus succinogenes. The study revealed that supplementation of NaHCO3, MgSO4 and yeast extract played a signicant
role in succinic acid production. The conversion yield of succinic
acid from sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate was relatively high and
produced 22.5 g/l.
Production of succinic acid using A. succinogenes by ultrasound
pretreatment and hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was reported by
Xi et al., 2013 [57]. Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolyzate
was used as the carbon and nitrogen source for green and
economical production of succinic acid. Ultrasound assisted dilute
acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse serves as a time saving and
economical method for hydrolyzing sugarcane bagasse. The nondetoxied hydrolyzate produced 23.7 g/l of succinic acid with a
yield of 79% and productivity of 0.99 g/l/h.
3.9.3. Citric acid
Citric acid nds application in various industries. It is used as an
anti-oxidising, avoring, preserving, chelating and buffering agent
in the food, beverages, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries
[58]. Traditionally it is produced by submerged fermentation using
A. niger. The increase in demand of citric acid leads to search for
more economical means for its production. Recently studies have
been carried out by several researchers for the production of citric
acid using agricultural residues.
SSF process for the production of citric acid by A. niger DS1 using
sugarcane bagasse as a carrier and sucrose or molasses based medium as a moistening agent was reported by Kumar et al., 2003
[59]. Sugarcane bagasse serves as a good carrier since it did not
show agglomeration after moistening with the medium and helps
in better heat and mass transfer during fermentation and higher
product yield. The citric acid yield from sucrose, claried and nonclaried molasses medium were 69.6, 64.5 and 62.4% respectively
after nine days of incubation. The decrease in citric acid yield when
non-claried molasses were used is due to inhibition by metal ions.
Though metal ions supported growth of the fungus it has a negative
impact on citric acid yield.
Oliveira et al., 2012 [60] developed a strategy for the production
of citric acid using sugarcane bagasse with vinasse by A. niger. The
fermentation was carried out in a packed bed reactor with sugarcane bagasse impregnated suspension of A. niger and vinasse with
80% moisture, incubation temperature of 25 C, aeration ow rate
of 0.4L/min of water saturated air and incubation time for 6 days.
The citric acid yield under these conditions was 1.45 g of total acid/g
of dry bagasse/day. The study represents an alternative to conventional submerged processes for obtaining bio-products from
A. niger.
Amenaghawon et al., 2013 [61] carried out modeling and optimization of citric acid production from solid state fermentation of
sugarcane bagasse using A. niger. Various process parameters
affecting citric acid production like media pH, substrate loading and
incubation time were optimized by adopting response surface
methodology. The optimal fermentation conditions were media pH
of 2.0, incubation time of 6 days and substrate loading, 80 g/L.
Under optimized conditions the citric acid produced was 18.63 g/L.
Yadigary et al., 2013 [62] optimized conditions for citric acid
production from sugarcane bagasse by adopting Taguchi design.
The study revealed that sugarcane bagasse serves as a cost effective
substrate for the production of citric acid. The residue left out after
extraction of citric acid and destroying the microbes can be used as
an animal feed since SSF decreases the concentration of antinutritional factors in bagasse.
3.9.4. Lactic acid
Lactic acid is used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic and
food industries as well as for biodegradable polymer and green
reactor was reported by Feng et al., 2011 [68]. Propionic acid production from molasses was studied in PFB reactor. With nontreated molasses yielded 12.69 g/L of propionic acid where as PFB
fermentation yielded 41.22 g/L of propionic acid. When fed-batch
fermentation was performed with hydrolyzed molasses in PFB
yielded 91.89 g/L of propionic acid after an incubation time of 254 h.
The study revealed that low cost molasses can be utilized for the
green and economical production of propionic acid by
P. freudenreichii.
Chen et al., 2012 [69] evaluated propionic acid production in a
plant
brous-bed
bioreactor
(PFB)
with
immobilized
P. freudenreichii CCTCC M207015. Sugarcane bagasse was applied to
the PFB as immobilizing material. The highest propionic acid concentration obtained was 136.23 g/L which is 1.4 times higher than
the highest concentration previously reported (97.0 g/L). Compared
with free cell fermentation the uxes of propionic acid synthesis
and the pentose phosphate pathway in PFB fermentation were
increased by 84.65% and 227.62% respectively. The results suggest
that PFB is a simple and effective method for the high concentration
production of propionic acid.
Improving the productivity of propionic acid with brous bed
bioreactor (FBB) e immobilized cells of an adapted acid-tolerant
Propionibacterium acidipropionici was carried out by Zhu et al.,
2012 [70]. A propionic acid concentration of 51.2 g/L with a high
productivity of 0.71 g/L/h was achieved via fed-batch fermentation
in FBB system. The productivity was increased by supplementation
of sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate gave 58.8 g/L of propionic acid.
The results revealed the potential of sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for the economic production of propionic acid at industrial
scale.
3.9.7. Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is a dehydrogenation product of D-glucose which
nds application in food, feed, pharmaceutical, textile, cement and
chemical industries. The process of gluconic acid production can be
made more economic by utilization of agro-industrial residues as
substrates for SSF. Singh et al., 2003 [71] developed a strategy for
gluconic acid production by A. niger in SSF, SmF, SF (surface
fermentation) and SmSF (semi solid state fermentation). The study
revealed that overproduction of gluconic acid was observed under
SSF conditions using sugarcane bagasse as substrate.
3.10. Xylitol
Xylitol is a polyol naturally found in various fruits and vegetables and possess a high sweetening power which nds application
in food and pharmaceutical industries. Being a sugar substitute it is
used in dietary foods for insulin deciency patients. Currently the
large scale production is typically carried out by a chemical process
of D-xylose hydrogenation [72]. Waste utilization for xylitol production seems promising. Hence development and optimization of
methods for obtaining xylose from lignocellulosic biomass and
conversion to xylitol seems promising.
Production of xylitol using hydrolyzate obtained after dilute acid
pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was reported by Sarrouh et al.,
2009 [73]. The study revealed that post hydrolysis of the dilute acid
pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate resulted in an increase in
xylose release in the hemicellulose fraction. The advantage of using
post-treated hydrolyzate is that it requires less concentration of
sugars resulting in a lower concentration of fermentation inhibitors
and there was an increase in high xylose to xylitol conversion efciency (0.7 g xylitol/g xylose) and volumetric productivity
compared to the usage of original hemicellulosic hydrolyzate
(0.65 g xylitol/g xylose). The post-hydrolysis stage resulted in an
increase of xylose concentration from 18.4 g/L to 23.5 g/L. Hence
211
212
chelating material.
Enzymatic systems serve as a promising strategy for oxidation of
lignin. Polyphenoloxidases (PPO) oxidizes lignin producing cresols
or quinone structures increasing the number of chelating groups in
the lignin. Goncalves et al., 2002 [78] developed a strategy for the
production of chelating agents through the enzymatic oxidation of
acetosolv sugarcane bagasse lignin. Oxidation of lignin obtained
from acetosolv pulping of sugarcane bagasse was performed by
polyethylene glycol to increase the number of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in lignin for improving the chelating capacity. The
study revealed that the chelating capacity of lignin oxidized with
PPO showed a 73% increase in chelating property when compared
to original lignin and is due to incorporation of vinyl hydroxyl
groups. Chelating property increases with increase of molecular
weight of lignin and is due to increase of polar groups in the lignin
and cause an increase in hydrodynamic volume which in turn
resulted in an increase in molecular weight.
3.12. Carotenoids
3.15. Animal feed
Carotenoids are natural pigments responsible for coloring foods
and have important biological activities. It nds application in
pharmaceutical, chemical, food and feed industries. Biotechnological route for carotenoid is currently limited by the high cost of
production. However the cost can be minimized by using high
pigment producing strains cultured in cheap industrial byproducts
or agro-residues as nutrient source [79].
Bio-production of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor CBS
2636 using pretreated agro-industrial substrate was reported by
Valduga et al., 2008 [80]. Fermentation was carried out with 10 g/L
of sugarcane molasses, 5 g/L of corn steep liquor, 5 g/L of yeast
hydrolyzate, agitation at 180 rpm and initial pH of 4.0 produced a
total carotenoid content of 541.5 mg/L.
Freitas et al., 2014 [81] evaluated low-cost carbon sources for
carotenoid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921. The
yeast carotenoid productivity in sugarcane molasses was 3.85 mg/L/
h. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that most of the yeast cells
grown on sugarcane molasses displayed permeabilised cytoplasmic
membranes.
3.13. Modied catalysts
The utilization of lignocellulosic materials as supports for the
adsorption of metallic cat-ions has received much attention due to
their low cost. Several research groups have developed adsorption
materials based on lignocellulosic matrices as solid supports with
good chemical afnity for metallic ions [82]. Modied sugarcane
bagasse can efciently adsorb metallic cat-ions present in water
bodies and efuent, making positive impact from an economical
and environmental point of view [83].
A novel use for modied sugarcane bagasse containing adsorbed
Co2 and Cr3 ions as heterogeneous catalysts for the autooxidation of monoterpenes were evaluated by Marquez da Silva
et al., 2013 [82]. They developed a process that uses agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse modied with organic ligands like
succinic anhydride and EDTA dianhydride and used for the removal
of Co2 and Cr3 ions from single metal aqueous solutions. These
adsorbent materials containing adsorbed Co2 and Cr3 as heterogeneous catalysts for the chemical transformation of natural
terpenic substrates were evaluated. The study revealed that these
materials serve as promising catalysts for the oxidation of monoterpenes. This is the rst report in which lignocellulosic adsorbents
are applied in a catalytic oxidation process. The catalysts can be
reused for three cycles without any loss of activity. The adsorption
studies also demonstrated the potential of these adsorbents to treat
of
the
authors
Raveendran
Sindhu
acknowledges
213
Department of Biotechnology for nancial support under DBT BioCARe scheme. Raveendran Sindhu and Parameswaran Binod
de
rale de Lausanne for nanacknowledge Ecole Polytechnique Fe
cial support.
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