Practice question for Half yearly 2013

Carbon is found to form two oxides, which contain 42.9% and 27.3%
of carbon respectively. Show that these figures illustrate the law of
multiple proportions.

Solution:

An organic compound on analysis gave the following data: C

= 57.82%, H = 3.6%, and the rest is oxygen. Its vapour density is
83. Find its empirical and molecular formula.

Solution:

Calculation of empirical formula:

Elem
ent

%
age

At.
Ma
ss

Relative
number of
moles

Simple
ratio of
moles

Simp
lest
whol
e no.
ratio

57.82

12

57.82
4.80
12

4.8
2
2.4

3.60

3.60
3.60
1

38.58

16

38.58
2.40
16

Step 1: To calculate the percentage composition of carbon and oxygen in

each of the two oxides
First oxide

Second oxide

Carbon 42.9%

27.3%

Oxygen 57.1%

72.7%

(Given)

(by difference)
Step 2: To calculate the weights of carbon which combine with a fixed
weight i.e., one part by weight of oxygen in each of the two oxides.
42.9 parts.

In the first oxide, 57.1 parts by weight of oxygen combine with carbon =

42.9
0.751
1 part by weight of oxygen will combine with carbon 57.1
In the second oxide 72.7 parts by weight of oxygen combine with carbon = 27.3 parts.

27.3
0.376
1 part by weight of oxygen will combine with carbon 72.7
Step 3: To compare the weights of carbon which combine with the same
weight of oxygen in both the oxides-

Since this is a simple whole number ratio, so the above data illustrate the
law of multiple proportions.

The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O . Its molecular

weight is 90. Calculate the molecular formula of the
compound. (Atomic weights C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)

Solution:

Empirical formula = CH2O

Empirical formula weight = (12 + 2 + 16) = 30

molecular weight
empirical formula weight

90
3 The molecular formula (CH2 O)3 = C3H6 O3
30

2.4
1
2.4

Empirical formula is C4H3O2.

Calculation of molecular formula
Empirical formula mass = 12 4 + 13 + 2 16 = 83
Molecular mass = 2 V.D. = 2 83 = 166

The ratio of the weights of carbon that combine with the same weight of
oxygen (1 part) is 0.751: 0.376 or 2:1

3.6
1.5
2.3

Molecular mass
166

2
Emprical formula mass
83

Molecular formula = Empirical formula n

= C4H3O2 2 = C8H6O4

Two oxides of a metal contain 27.6% and 30.0% of oxygen

respectively. If the formula of the first oxide is M3O4 , find
that of the second.

Sol.

In the first oxide, oxygen = 27.6, metal = 100-27.6 = 72.4 parts by

weight.

As the formula of the oxide is M3 O4 , this means 72.4 parts by wt. of

metal = 3 atoms of metal and 4 atoms of oxygen = 27.6 parts by weight.
In the second oxide, oxygen = 30.0 parts by weight and metal = 100-30
=70 parts by weight.
But 72.4 parts by weight of metal = 3 atoms of metal

70 parts by weight of metal

3
2

Solution :

3
70 atoms of metal
72.4

2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)
2 vol

= 2.90 atoms of metal

40 ml

4 vol

100 ml

80 ml

So complete combustion of 40 ml of acetylene 100 ml of oxygen are required and 80 ml of

CO2 is formed.

= 4.35 atoms of oxygen

7 24 g H2 reacts with 20 g O2 to form water. How much water is

formed?

compound
has
the
following
composition:
Mg = 9.76%, S = 13.01% ,O = 26.01%, H2O = 51.22%.
What is its empirical formula? [Mg = 24, S = 32,
O = 16, H = 1]

Solution

Elem

Sym

ent

bol

age

Atom

Relative

Simple

ic

number of

ratio of

lest

Mass

moles

moles

whol

Solution :
H2 reacts with O2 according to the following equation :
2H2 + O2 2H2O

Moles of H2 = = 2 moles

Moles of O2 = moles

Simp

From the above reaction, it is clear that 2 moles of H 2 reacts with 1 mole of O2 to form 2
moles of H2O.

e no.

Since, in the reaction, for 2 moles of H2 only 0.625 moles of O2 is present. So, O2 is the
limiting reagent.
1 mole of O2 gives 2 moles of H2O.

ratio
Mg

Mg

0.406
9.76
1
0.406
0.406
24

0.406
13.01
1
0.406
0.406
32

16

26.01
1.625
1.625
4
16
0.406

51.

18

22

( mol.

51.22
2.846
2.846
7
18
0.406

Solution:

9.7

24

6
s

13.

32

01
o

26.
01

H2O

H2O

0.625 mole of O2 gives moles of H2O

Weight of H2O formed = Moles molecular weight
= 1.25 18
= 22.5 g H2O

Mass
)

5 vol

30 parts by weight of oxygen

4

30 atoms of oxygen
27.6
Hence, ratio of M: O in the second oxide = 2.90: 4.35 = 1:1.5 = 2:3
Formula of the metal oxide is M2O3 .

4CO2(g) + 2H2O

40 ml

Also, 27.6 parts by weight of oxygen = 4 atoms of oxygen

Hence, the empirical formula is MgSO4. 7H2O.

How much volume of oxygen will be required for complete
combustion of 40 ml of acetylene (C2H2) and how much volume of
carbon dioxide will be formed? All volumes are measured at NTP.

Chlorophyll contains 2.68% of Mg by weight. Calculate the

number of magnesium atoms in 2.0 g chlorophyll.[Mg=24.3]
100g chlorophyll contains 2.68 g Mg
2g Chlorophyll will contain =

2.68 2
= 0.0536g Mg.
100

Atomic weight of Mg = 24.3

Number of Mg-atoms in 0.0536 g of Mg =

0.0536 6.023 1023

24.3

= 1.33 1021 atoms.

9 How many gm of NaOH will be needed to prepare 250 ml 0.1 M

x gm
1000mL
40 gm
0.1
solution? Molarity
250mL

10 K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O one mole of HCl

reacts completely with K2Cr2O7 to give Cl2. How many grams of
MnO2 will be required for the production of same amount of
chlorine?

12

When 2.4 gm of magnesium is burnt in 1120 ml of air containing

20% by volume of O2. The mass of magnesium nitride formed is
2Mg + O22MgO ,

11 A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.787g mL1) is labeled as 86%

byweight. What is molarity of acid? What volume
of acid has to be used to make 1 litre of 0.2m
H2SO4?
H2SO4 is 86% by weight

Weight of H2SO4 = 86g

Weight of solution = 100g

Volume
of

100
100
mL
litre
1.787
1.787 1000

86
15.68
100
98
1.787 1000

Let V mL of this H2SO4 areused to prepare 1 litre of 0.2 M

H2SO4
mM of conc. H2SO4 = mM of dilute H2SO4
V 15.68 = 1000 0.2 V = 12.75 mL

x = 1 gm of NaOH

Solution:

M H2SO4

3 Mg + N2 Mg3N2

13 Caculate the mass of 90% pure MnO2 to produce 35.5g of Cl2

according to the following reaction.
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Solution:

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

87g
71g
71g Cl2 is produced by 87g of MnO2
35.5g Cl2 is produced =

solution

87 35.5
= 43.5g
712

90g pure MnO2 is present in 100g sample

100 43.5
43.5g pure MnO2 =
= 48.3g
90

14 P and Q are two elements which forms P2Q3 and PQ2. If 0.15
mole of P2Q3 weighs 15.9g and 0.15 mole of PQ2
weighs 9.3g, what are atomic weights of P and Q?
Solution:

Let atomic weight of P and Q are a and b respectively

Molecular weight of P2Q3 = 2a + 3b

and
Molecular weight of PQ2 = a + 2b
Now given that 0.15 mole of P2Q3 weigh 15.9g

wt.

mole
mol. wt.

9.3
Similarly, (a 2b)
0.15
(2a 3b)

15.9
0.15

Solving these two equations

b = 18
a = 26

15 What volume of oxygen gas at NTP is necessary for complete

combustion of 20 litre of propane measured at 0C and
760 mm. pressure.
Solution:

The balanced equation is

C 3 H 8 5O 2 3CO 2 4H 2 O

Amount of NaHCO3

17 If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Na3PO4 the

maximum number of moles of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be
formed is
3BaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NaO
From the molar ratio we see
BaCl2 : Na3PO4 : Ba3(PO4)2 : NaCl
3
: 2
: 1
ans =0.1

Solution:

moles of acid =

10 0.902
1000

moles of NaHCO3 = 9.02 105

The given equations are

3H2 + N2 2NH3

16 How many grams of sodium bicarbonate are required to

neutralize 10.0 ml of 0.902 M vinegar?
Vinegar

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
From the equations it is clear that
2 mol of NH3 require = 3 mol of H2

20 litre of propane will require = 5 20 =100 litre of

oxygen at 760 mm pressure and 0C.

Solution:NaHCO3 +

18 What mass of zinc is required to produce hydrogen by reaction

with HCl which is enough to produce 4 mol of
ammonia according to the reactions.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
3H2 + N2 2NH3

1 litre of propane requires = 5 litre of oxygen

CH 3 COOH

1000
84
10

= 0.758

5 vol
5 litre

1 vol
1 litre

9.02 10 5

CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

3 mol of H2 require = 3 mol of Zn

Thus, 2 mol of NH3 require = 3 mol of Zn = 3 65 g of Zn
4 mol of NH3 require =

3 65
4 = 390 g of Zn.
2

19 How much magnesium sulphide can be obtained from 2.00 g of

magnesium and 2.00 g of sulphur by the reaction
Mg + S MgS? Which is the limiting
reagent ? Calculate the amount of one of the
reactants which remains unreacted.
Solution:

First of all each of the masses are expressed in mole:

2.00 g of Mg =
2.00 g of S =

2.00
= 0.0824 moles of Mg
24.3

22

2.00
= 0.0624 moles of S
32.1

Sol.

From the equation, Mg + S MgS, it follows that one

mole of Mg reacts with one mole of S. We are given more

moles of Mg than of S. Therefore, Mg is in excess and some of

C4H10

it will remain unreacted when the reaction is over. S is the

limiting reagent and will control the amount of product. From

3a
13
+
O2
4CO2 + 5H2O( )
2
4b

a+b=3

MgS, so 0.0624 mole of S will react with 0.0624 mole of Mg to

3a + 4b = 10

form 0.0624 mole of MgS.

Solving b = 1, a = 2 litre

moles of Mg molar mass of Mg

23 An electron is moving in 3rd orbit of Li+2. Calculate

(a) Radius
(b) Velocity
(c) Potential Energy
(d) Kinetic Energy
(e) Energy

0.0200 24.3 g of Mg = 0.486 g of Mg

Solution :

Mass of MgS formed

Moles of Mg left unreacted =

=56.4 g
=0.0624 56.4 g = 3.52 g of MgS

0.08240.0624 moles of Mg
= 0.0200 moles of Mg

Mass of Mg left unreacted =

21

C3H8 + 5O 2 3CO 2 + 4H2O ( )

the equation we note that one mole of S gives one mole of

Molar mass of MgS

20

A gas mixture of 3 litres of propane (C3 H8 ) and butane

(C4 H10 ) on complete combustion at 25 o C produced 10 litres
CO2 . Find the ratio of C3 H8 : C4 H10

The percent loss in weight after heating a pure sample of

potassium chlorate (Molecular weight = 122.5) will be
Solution:
2KClO3

2KCl + 3O2
245 g KClO3 on heating shows a weight loss of 96 gm
100g KClO3 on heating shows a weight loss of =
96 100
39.18%
245

The volume (in mL) of 0.1 MAgNO3 required for complete

precipitation of chloride ions present in 30 mL of 0.01 M
solution of [Cr(H2O)5]Cl2, as silver chloride is close to.

24 Calculate the highest wavelength of Balmer Series of hydrogen

atom .

The orbital angular momentum of an electron is calculated as

h
h
( 1)
0
, 0(0 1)
2
2

Highest wave length i.e shortest transtion in balmer i.e from3-2 orbit

25

27

How many spectral lines are emitted by atomic Hydrogen excited

5th energy level?

28

An electron moving near an atomic nucleus has a velocity of

5 106
1%. What is uncertainty in position

What transition in Hydrogen spectrum have the same wave

length as Balmer transition n = 4 to 2 of He+ spectrum?

29 Arrange the electrons represented by the following sets of

quantum numbers in decreasing order of energy.
(1) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s =+1/2 (2)n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = -1/2
(3)

30

26

The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is

n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = +1/2

(4)n = 3, l = 0, m = 0,s =-1/2

Higher the value of (n + l) higher will be energy of orbital. If the two

values are same then one having higher value of n the energy will be
higher.
(1)
(3)

(n + l) = 4 4 s
(n + l) = 4 3 p

(2)
(4)

(n + l) = 5 3d
(n + l) = 3 3s

31

Decreasing order of energy is

37 Why electron gain enthalpy of noble gases is positive?

(2) > (1) > (3) > (4)

Solution :Noble gases have full filled electronic configuration[ ns2np6 ]so energy
should be supplied to the system to add an electron to atom.

An electron is moving with a kinetic energy of

4.55 1025 J. What will be the de Broglie wavelength for this
electron?

32 Suppose 1017 J of energy is needed by interior of human eye

to see an object. How many photons of green light (l = 550
nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy?

33 If there are six energy level in H-atom then the number of lines
of its emission spectrum in ultraviolet region will be
For six energy level n = 6

No. of spectrum is UV region = 6 1 = 5

34 What is correct sequence of electron affinity (a)O(b)F (c)Cl(d)S

Cl >F >S >O

35 Why electron gain enthalpy of chlorine is more negative than Fluorine?

Solution :
Fluorine have small size and hence - electronic repulsion is higher in fluorine,
so addition of an electron to fluorine is difficult than large sized chlorine.

38 write the value of principal and azimuthal quantum number in

the blank space of the given plots

Radial node = n-l-1

(i)3-l-1= 2 , l =0

(i)2-l-1= 1, l=0

39 the first ionisation potential of Na, Mg, Al and Si follow the

order
Na, <Al < Mg <Si Mg is higher than Al because of
penetration power rest is because of size
40 Give the main differences between antibonding molecular orbital and
bonding molecular orbitals.
Antibonding Molecular Orbital
1.

A B

O2

1.

A B

2.

The energy of bonding molecular orbital

is always less than the combining
atomic orbitals.

3. Antibonding M.Os decrease the electron

density between the nuclei, hence they
will destabilize the molecule.

3.

In bonding, M.Os the electron density is

very high between the two nuclei hence
stabilize the molecule.

41 What is The bond angles order of BeCl2, BCl3, PCl3 and CCl4

; DH = ve
; DH = +ve

Solution :Addition of an electron to an anion is always endothermic process because

electronic - electronic repulsion is high and hence energy has to be supplied to
add an electron.

Bonding Molecular Orbital

2. The energy of antibonding molecular

orbital is always higher than the
combining atomic orbitals.

36 Explain why?
O + e O + Energy

(i)n-1-1= 0,n=2

42 What is The shape of XeOF2 is

43 The correct order of hybridisation of central atom in the following

species, NH3, [PtCl4]2, PCl5 and BCl3 is respectively

47 Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the

molecules:
LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3
Solution:

44 what are Molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are

N2 < ClF3 < SO2 < K2O < LiF

48 Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic character:

CH, FH, BrH, NaI, KF and LiCl
Solution:

CH < BrH < FH < NaI < LiCl < KF

49 Out of the three molecules XeF4, SF4 and SiF4 one which has
tetrahedral structures is
Hybridization of XeF4 = sp3d2, SF4 = sp3d, SiF4 = sp3 i.e .Only SiF4
See saw , tetrahedral and square planer

45 Hybridisation state of carbon in diamond, graphite and

acetylene are in the order
sp3, sp2, sp

46 Discuss the bonding in the following molecules with respect to

hybridisation of central atom, shape and bond angles
(i) ClF3O2
(ii) XeOF4
(iii) IOCl4

(iv)

ICl2+

50 Why the bond angle of H C H in methane (CH4) is 109 28

while H N H bond angle in NH3 is 107 though both carbon
and nitrogen are sp3 hybridized
Solution:
In CH4 there are 4 bond pair of electrons while in NH3 are 3 bond
pair of electrons and 1 lone pair of electrons. Since bond pair bond pair
repulsion is less than lone pair bond pair repulsion, in NH3 bond angle is
reduced
from
10928
to 107.

51 Why bond angle in NH3 is 107 while in H2O it is 104.5?

Solution:

In NH3, central nitrogen atom bears only one lone pair of electrons
whereas in H2O central oxygen atom bears two lone pair of
electrons.

Since the repulsion between lone pair-lone pair and lone pair bond pair
is more than that between bond pair-bond pair, the repulsion in H2O is much
greater than that in NH3 which results in contraction of bond angle from
10928 to 104.5 in water while in NH3 contraction is less i.e. from 10928
to 107.

52 AlF3 is ionic while AlCl3 is covalent.

Solution:

Since F is smaller in size, its polarisability is less and therefore it

is having more ionic character. Whereas Cl being larger in size is
having more polarisability and hence more covalent character.

56 H2O is a liquid at ordinary temperature while H2S is a gas

although both O and S belong to the same group of
the periodic table.
Solution:
H2O is capable of forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This is
possible due to high electronegativity and small size of oxygen. Due to
intermolecular H-bonding, molecular association takes place.
% ionic character =

53 CO2 has got dipole moment of zero. Why?

Solutions:
The structure of CO2 is O=C=O. This is a highly symmetrical
structure with a plane of symmetry passing through the carbon. The bond
dipole of CO is directed towards oxygen as it is the negative end. Here two
equal dipoles acting in opposite direction cancel each other and therefore the
dipole moment is zero

54 Dipole moment of CCl4 is zero while that of CHCl3 is non zero.

Solution:

Both CCl4 & CHCl3 have tetrahedral structure but CCl4 is

symmetrical while CHCl3 is non-symmetrical.

Cl

Cl

Cl

C l

Cl

C l

C l

Due to the symmetrical structure of CCl4 the resultant of bond

dipoles comes out to be zero. But in case of CHCl3 it is not
possible as the presence of hydrogen introduces some
dissymmetry.

55 Calculate the % of ionic character of a bond having length = 0.83

and 1.82 D as its observed dipole moment.
Solution:

56 Arrange the species O2[dioxygen], O2[superoxide],, O22

[peroxide],,
and
O2+ [dioxonium ion],, in the decreasing order of
bond order and stability and also indicate their
magnetic properties.
Solution:The molecular orbital configuration of O2, O2, O22 and O22+ are as follows:
O2 = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, *2py1 = *2pz1

N o n - S y m m e tr ic a l

S y m m e t r ic a l

Bond order =

10 - 6
2 , No. of unpaired electrons = 2
2
paramagnetic

O2 = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, *2py2 = *2pz1

Bond order =

10 - 5
2.5 , No. of unpaired electrons = 1
2
paramagnetic

To calculate considering 100% ionic bond

=

1.82 100 45.68

3.984

4.81010 0.83 108esu cm

4.8 0.83 10

18

esu cm = 3.984 D

O22 = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, *2py2 = *2pz2
Bond order =

10 - 8
1 , No. of unpaired electrons = 0
2

10928

diamagnetic
O2+ = 1s2, *1s2, 2s2, *2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, *2py1 = *2pz0
Bond order =

due

to

repulsion

lone

pair)

Bent shape

F
Linear shape-bond angle-180

59 Explain with reason:

56 Compare the bond energies of O2, O2 & O2

Two different bond lengths are observed in PF5 but only one bond
length observed in SF6

Higher the bond order greater will be the bond energy.

*1
2py

Now formation of O2
*2p1
z

means to remove an electron from anti-bonding one, which means increase in B.O.

B.O. of O2 = (6-1) = 2.5

O2 means introduction of an e in the anti-bonding thereby reducing the bond

by

Cl

120

Now as the bond order decreases in the order O2+ O2 O2 O22

2
2
*
2
*
2
2 2p y
Now configuration of O2 = 1s 2s 2s 2px 2
2pz

pair

10 - 5
2.5 , No. of unpaired electrons = 1
2

2
1s

bond

paramagnetic

Solution:

of

PCl5 has trigonal pyramidal structure (sp3d hybridisation of central atom) in which
bond angles are 90 and 120 respectively and there are two types
of bond axial and equatorial. In case of SF6 the structure is
octahedral (sp3d2 hybridization of the central atom - S) resulting
only one type of bond, bond angle (90) and one type of bond
length.

order.Bond order of O2 = (6 3) = 1.5 So bond energy of O2 > O2 > O2

57 Though the electronegativities of nitrogen and chlorine are same,

NH3 exists as liquid whereas HCl as gas. Why?
The size of nitrogen is less than the size of chlorine. Therefore, electron density in
nitrogen is more than that of chlorine. So, nitrogen forms hydrogen bonding
leading to association of molecules. Hence, NH3 is liquid. Hydrogen bonding is
not possible with chlorine
58 Explain giving reason: ClF2- is linear, but the ion ClF2+ is bent
In ClF2 central chorine atom there is steric number (number of domain)=5, having
three lone pairs and two bond pair,to have minimum electronic repulsion
three lone pairs should be in equitorial position as follows; giving linear
shape to the ion. Whereas, in case of ClF2 ion central atom Cl central
chorine atom there is steric number (number of domain)=4, having two
lone pairs, resulting in bent shape for the ion, (bond angle less than

F
F

(PF5)

F
F

F
(Bond angle 90 & 120)

(SF6)

F
Bond angle - 90
F

60 Explain the following

o - hydroxy benzaldehyde is liquid at room temperature while
p - hydroxy benzaldehyde is high melting solid.
Sol.

There is intramolecular H bonding in o - hydroxy benzaldehyde while

intermolecular hydrogen bonding in p-hydroxy benzaldehyde

CH=O---H

vacant d-orbital of chlorine decreases the repulsion by lone pairs

and increases the repulsion between bond pairs. The bond angle
thus becomes very large (110.8).

CH=O---HO

O
o-hydroxy benzaldehyde

CHO
OH----OCH

65
OH

61

Explain why BeH2 molecule has zero dipole moment although the
BeH bonds are polar.

Sol. BeH2 is a linear molecule (HBeH) with bond angle equal to 180o. Although the BeH
bonds are polar on account of electronegativity difference between Be and H atoms, the
bond polarities cancel with each other. The molecule has resultant dipole moment of
zero.

62

Arrange the following in order of increasing (a) dipole moment:

H 2 O, H 2 S, BF3 ;

a)

BF3 is a symmetrical molecule. It has zero dipole moment. Oxygen

being more electronegative than S, bond moment of O H is
more than S H. So, the dipole moments are in the order of
BF3 H 2S H 2 O

63

Is there any change in the hybrid state of B and N atoms as a

H3 N B F3
result of the following reaction? BF3 NH3
During the combination of NH3 and BF3. N atom is donor and B atom
of BF3 is acceptor. The hybrid state of N in NH3 is sp3 whereas that of
B in BF3 is sp2. In the compound H3N+ BF3, both B and N atoms is
surrounded by 4 bond pairs. The hybrid state of N remains as sp3
but that of B atom changes from sp2 to sp3

64c

Explain the observed bond angle order. Cl2O H2O F2O

In case of F2O, because of more electronegative atom F, bond pair
of electrons in O F bond are shifted towards F, thereby decreasing
bp bp repulsion. Now lp lp repulsion `closes the angle. That is
why in H2O bond angle is higher (104.5) than F2O (103.2). In case
of Cl2O, delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons of oxygen to the

Draw molecular structures of XeF2, XeO2F2, XeF4.

By using vseprt and finding steric number , bondpair and lone pair
by using m+v/2
O
F
F
F
F
Xe

Xe

Xe
F

66
Why MgO is more stable than NaCl ?
A/c to the force of attraction between constituent ions.
The electric charge on doubly charged Mg+2 and doubly charged O2
ion in Mg+2O2 ionic crystal is 4 times greater than between
monovalent Na+ and Cl ions in Na+ Cl
67 Why the ionic solids are soluble in polar solvent like H2O
Because in the crystal lattice the cation and anions are tightly held
together with each other so the ions therefore ; can not move freely to
any large extent when an electric current is passed through the ionic
solids.
68 Why covalent solid are soluble in non-polar solvents ?
Due to the similarity in covalent nature of the molecule of the
solute and solvent their solubility is based on the principle like
dissolves like.
69 The density of ice is less then that of water or ice floats over
water. Explain ? In ice, water molecule is associated with four other
water molecule through hydrogen bonding in a tetrahedral manner and
form open-cage like structure. When ice melts the molecule come
closer to each other so the density of water in liquid state is more than
in
solid
state
thus
ice
floats
on
water.

70 Both carbon-oxygen bonds in the methanoate ion, HCOO,

have the same length (127 pm). What does this tell about
bonding ?
his is due to the presence of resonance in molecule
Each bond has part of the character of single bond and part of
character of a double bond. The electron are delocalised over
the three atoms.

71 Why BeCl2 is linear but SnCl2 is angular ?

In BeCl2 only two bond pair whre as in SnCl2 2 bp and 1 lp
72

Why NCl5 does not exist while PCl5 does ?

In Natom d-orbital are not present while in P-atom d-orbital
are present and ns electron can be shifted to nd orbital.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) and ammonia (NH3) have

identical shape and a lone pair of electrons on nitrogen and
further the electronegativity difference between the
elements is nearly the same but the dipole moment of NH3
is very high in comparison to NF3. Why ?
t is due to different directions of moments of the N H and N F
bond.

Solution:

0.974 M = 2.5 0.0821 371

So according the structure the net dipole moment of NH3 is

nearly zero by vector rule.
74

Why BaSO4 is insoluble in water ?

In BaSO4, lattice energy is more than it hydration energy.

75 The density of an unknown gas at 98C and 0.974 atm is

2.5 10 3 g/ml. What is the mol wt. of gas?

M = 78.18.

76 Calculate the total pressure in a 10 L cylinder which contains 0.4

g of helium, 1.6g of oxygen and 1.4 g of nitrogen
at 27C. Also calculate the partial pressure of
helium gas in the cylinder. Assume ideal
behaviour for gases.
Solution:

Moles of He = w/M = 0.4/4 = 0.10

Moles of O 2 = w/M = 1.6/32 = 0.05

Moles of N 2 = w/M = 1.4/28 = 0.05

Total moles = 0.2
PV = nRT
P 10 0.2 0.082 300
P = 0.492 atm
77 One litre flask contains O2 at 0C and 7.6 1010 mm Hg.
Calculate the number of molecules of O2 present.
Solution:

PM = RT

73

3
Density = 2.5 10 g/ml = 2.5 g/L

PV = nRT

7.6 10 10
760

atmosphere

12

10 atmosphere
V1 1 litre

R = 0.082 litre L atm

n=?
1

K mol

T = 273 K

12

10 1 n 0.082 273
12
n = 4.46 10 moles
14
23
10
Molecules = 4.46 10 6.02 10 2.68 10
78 Two grams of gas A are introduced in a evacuated flask at 25C. The

pressure of the gas is 1 atm. Now 3g of another gas B is

introduced
in
the same flask, the total pressure becomes 1.5 atm. Calculate (a) the
ratio of molecular mass
O2.
Solution:

For gas A :

For gas B :

MA

and

Its mass = 2g;

Its mass = 3g,

PB

MB

(b) volume of the vessel, if A is

PA 1 atm ,
0.5 atm.

T = 298 K

V
79

2 0.0821 298
1.53 litres
32

Assuming that air is 79% by mole of N2, 20% O2 and 1% Ar, the
density of air at 25C and 1 atm is

PV = nRT

According to Daltons law of partial pressure

P=

pB

pA pB

1.5 = 1 +

pB

Now,

wRT
m
p A 1 atm, m M A ,

For gas A :

1 V

80
w = 2g

2 RT
MA

for gas B :

3 RT
MB

w = 3g

(2)

Dividing the equation (1) and (2)

0.5

or

Put these values in equation (1)

0.1 g

CO2
0.2
M

0.1
44

moles of

V(CO 2 ) n(CO 2 )

V(X)
n(X)
T = 298 K,

V=?

CO 2

occupies = 0.32 L

moles of X occupies = 0.44 L

Vn

MA 1

MB 3
O 2 then M A 32,

28.9 1
1.18 g / lit
0.0821 298

PV = nRT

3 MA
2 MB

(b) If A is

0.2 g of a gas X occupies a volume of 0.44 L at same pressure

and temperature. Under identical conditions of P
and T, 0.1 g of CO2 gas occupies 0.32 L. Gas X
can be

(1)

p B 0.5 atm, m M B ,

0.5 V

PM eff
RT

M eff (0.79 28) (0.20 32) (0.01 39.9) 28.9

= 0.5 atm

PV

w RT RT

M V
M

T = 298 K

0.32 0.1 M

0.44 44 0.2

M = 64

81 A balloon of diameter 20 m weights 100 kg. Calculate its pay

o
load, if it is filled with He at 1 atm and 27 C. Density of air is
3
1.2 kg m .
Solution:

Weight of balloon = 100 kg

V2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2
11=

10 104 g

4
4 22 20

r 3

100
3
3
7
2

Volume of balloon

P2 =

84 .

750
V2
760

V2 = 1.0133 litre = 1013.3 ml

How large a balloon could you fill with 4g of He gas at

22C and 720 mm of Hg?

4190 103 L
Weight

of

gas

1 4190 103 4
68.13 10 4 g
0.082 300
Total
weight

68.13 104 10 104 78.13 104 g

Weight of air displaced

(He)

in

balloon

PVm

RT

Sol.

Given, P =

gas

and

720
760

atm, T = 295K, w = 4g

and m = 4 for He
PV =

of

750
atm
760

w
RT
M

720
4
V = 0.0821 295
4
760

balloon

V = 25.565 litre
6

1.2 4190 10
502.8 10 4 g
103

85 .

(i)Consider the Graph of pressure of a gas, P vs. 1/V

Payload = weight of air displaced (weight of balloon + weight of gas)

82

Sol

Pay load

502.8 104 78.13 104 424.67 104 g

A 2.5 litre flask contains 0.25 mole each of sulphur dioxide

and nitrogen gas at 27C. Calculate the partial
pressure exerted by each gas and also the total
pressure.
Partial pressure of SO2
nRT 0.25 8.314 300
PSO2

V
2.5 103
5
2
5
= 2.49 10 Nm = 2.49 10 Pa
5
Similarly PN2 = 2.49 10 Pa

soln

86

Following Daltons Law

PTotal = PN2 + PSO2
5

= 2.49 10 Pa + 2.49 10 Pa = 4.98 10 Pa

83

A gas occupies one litre under atmospheric pressure.

What will be the volume of the same amount of gas under
750 mm of Hg at the same temperature?

Sol.

Given V1 = 1 litre

P1 = 1 atm

Sol.

arrange the temperature(T1,T2 and T3) in increasing order

T1> T2>T3

A gas occupies 300 ml at 27C and 730 mm pressure what

would be its volume at STP

300
730
litre, P2 =
atm, T2 = 300K
1000
760
At STP, V1= ? P1= 1 atm, T1= 273K
P2 V2 P1V1

or V1 = 0.2622 litre
T2
T1
Volume at STP = 262.2 ml
V2 =

87
Sol.

88

Sol.

In Victor Meyers experiment, 0.23g of a volatile solute

displaced air which measures 112 ml at NTP. Calculate
the vapour density and molecular weight of the substance.
Volume occupied by solute at NTP = Volume of air displaced at
NTP
= 112 ml
w
RT
For volatile solute
PV =
M
at NTP, P = 1 atm, T = 273 K
112
0.23
0.0821 273
1
=
m
1000
m = 46.02 and V.D. = 23.01

A mixture of CO and CO2 is found to have a density of

1.50g/litre at 30C and 730 mm. What is the composition
of the mixture?
For a mixture of CO and CO2, d = 1.50 g/litre
730
atm, T = 303K
P=
760
w
w
RT
PV = RT ; PV
m
Vm
730 1.5
0.0821 303 38.85
=
m
760
i.e. molecular weight of mixture of CO and CO2 = 38.85
Let % of mole of CO be a in mixture then
a 28 (100 a)44
Average molecular weight =
100
28a 4400 44a
38.85 =
100
a = 32.19
Mole % of CO = 32.19
Mole % of CO2 = 67.81

w1
P1 n1
w

M 1
P2 n2 w 2 w 2
M
10 15

Hence
w2 = 12 kg
8
w2
Gas leaked out = 15 12 = 3 kg

90
to the

ion.

Sol According to experimental findings, all carbon to oxygen bonds in

are equivalent. Hence, it is inadequate to represent

ion by
a single Lewis structure having two single bonds and one double
bond.Therefore, carbonate ion is described as a resonance hybrid of
the following structures

91

Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in

the following molecules?

CH3CH3; (b) CH3CH=CH2; (c) CH3-CH2-OH; (d) CH3-CHO (e)

(a)

89 An LPG cylinder contains 15 kg of butane gas at 27C and 10

atmospheric pressure. It was leaking and its pressure fell down
to 8 atmospheric pressure after one day. The gas leaked is:
For the cylinder V = constant
Hence P1V = n1RT and P2V = n2RT

Explain the important aspects of resonance with reference

Both C1 and C2 are sp3 hybridized.

(b)

C1 is sp3 hybridized, while C2 and C3 are sp2

hybridized.
(c)

Both C1 and C2 are sp3 hybridized.

92 Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial

bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?
The ground state and excited state outer electronic configurations of
phosphorus (Z = 15) are:
Ground state:

The five sp3d hybrid orbitals are

directed towards the five corners of the
trigonal bipyramidals. Hence, the
geometry of PCl5 can be represented
as:There are five PCl sigma bonds in
PCl5. Three PCl bonds lie in one plane
and make an angle of 120 with each
other. These bonds are called equatorial
bonds.
The remaining two PCl bonds lie
above and below the equatorial plane and make an angle of 90 with
the plane. These bonds are called axial bonds.
As the axial bond pairs suffer more repulsion from the equatorial bond
pairs, axial bonds are slightly longer than equatorial bonds.

93 classify the following compound as polar and non polar and

place them in given table BF3 , CO , XeF2 ,H2S

Sol polar: CO,H2S

94 what are thdesiganation of following orbiatal

Excited state:
Soln

dx2-y2
Phosphorus atom is sp3d hybridized in the excited state. These orbitals
are filled by the electron pairs donated by five Cl atoms as:
PCl5

dx-y
dz2