FUSELAGE LAYOUT

Objective:

To determine the appropriate fuselage structure for the designed

aircraft.
To design the fuselage parts.

Procedures:
3.1) Identify the Type of Fuselage Construction

Reference: Design II Manual

3.2) Design the Fuselage Structure

3.2.1) Bulkheads
Material & Dimensions per Section

Reference: Design II Manual

3.2.2) Formers
Material & Dimensions per Section

Reference: Design II Manual

3.2.3) Skin
Material

Reference: Design II Manual

3.2.4) Longerons
Material

Reference: Design II Manual and Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook

Airframe (FAA)

3.2.5) Stringers
Dimensions, Material & Computation

Reference: Design II Manual and Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook

Airframe (FAA)

3.4) Layout

Tail Section/Empennage Layout

Objectives:

To design the tail section that can support and maintain the stability of
the designed aircraft.

Procedure:
4.1) Type of Tail Section

Reference: Design II Manual

4.2) Horizontal Tail Section

4.2.1) Tail Plane (Rib and Spar Design)
4.2.2) Elevator (Rib and Movement Design)

Reference: Design II Manual

4.3) Vertical Tail Section

4.3.1) Fins (Rib and Spar Design)
4.3.2) Rudder (Rib and Movement Design)

Reference: Design II Manual

4.4) Layout

Landing Gear Design

Objective:

To design the landing gear that may carry the load exerted during takeoff and landing.
To design the braking system suitable for your designed aircraft.

Procedure:
5.1) Type of Landing Gear and Landing Gear Arrangement
Refer to (Design I) Activity No. 7: Landing Gear Design

5.2) Identify and Construct the Appropriate Shock Absorber for Your Designed
Aircraft
5.2.1) Determine the Dimensions of the Landing Gear Strut
Refer to (Design I) Activity No. 7: Landing Gear Design

5.3) Design the Steering Mechanisms of the Designed Aircraft

5.3.1) Get the Maximum Turn Angle of the Designed Aircraft
Refer to (Design I) Activity No. 7: Landing Gear Design

5.3.2) Set the Maximum Steering Angle of the Designed Aircraft

(Less than the Maximum Turn Angle)

Reference: Airplane Design by Dr. Jan Roskam

(Part IV: Layout Design of Landing Gear and System)

5.4) Design the Reaction and Extension of Landing Gear (If Retractable
Landing Gear)
5.4.1) Show the Mechanisms to Retract the Landing Gear
5.4.2) Show the Housing or Bay of Retractable Landing Gear
Not Applicable

5.5) Design the Braking System for Your Aircraft (Basic Force Computation)
BRAKE SYSTEM
Wheel brakes are normally used to slow the aircraft down during
landing roll on the runway and to aid in directional control during ground
handling operations as taxi and parking. In small general aviation aircraft the
brakes are connected to the main landing gear only and are operated
independently from each other.
The brake systems are operated by hydraulic pressure and the rudder
pedals have the brakes installed on top and are toe operated. Some aircraft
use heel brakes or even with separate levers in the cockpit operated by
hand. With larger aircraft the weight increases but the force pilots can apply
will usually about the same for every human being. Therefore, it is important
that the pilot gets help in the form of brake boosters or power assisted
brakes.
SINGLE DISC BRAKES
Small, light aircraft typically achieve effective braking using a single disc
keyed or bolted to each wheel. As the wheel turns, so does the disc. Braking
is accomplished by applying friction to both sides of the disc from a nonrotating caliper bolted to the landing gear axle flange. Pistons in the caliper
housing under hydraulic pressure force wearable brake pads or linings
against the disc when the brakes are applied. Hydraulic master cylinders
connected to the rudder pedals supply the pressure when the upper halves
of the rudder pedals are pressed.

Fixed-Disc Brakes
Even pressure must be applied to both sides of the brake disc to generate
the required friction and obtain consistent wear properties from the brake
linings. The floating disc accomplishes this as described above. It can also be
accomplished by bolting the disc rigidly to the wheel and allowing the brake
caliper and linings to float laterally when pressure is applied. This is the
design of a common fixed-disc brake used on light aircraft. The brake is
manufactured by the Cleveland Brake Company and is shown in Figure 4. An
exploded detail view of the same type of brake is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4

Figure 5

The fixed-disk, floating-caliper design allows the brake caliper and linings to
adjust position in relationship to the disc. Linings are riveted to the pressure
plate and backplate. Two anchor bolts that pass through the pressure plate
are secured to the cylinder assembly. The other ends of the bolts are free to
slide in and out of bushings in the torque plate, which is bolted to the axle
flange. The cylinder assembly is bolted to the backplate to secure the
assembly around the disc. When pressure is applied, the caliper and linings
center on the disc via the sliding action of the anchor bolts in the torque
plate bushings. This provides equal pressure to both sides of the disc to slow
its rotation.
Reference: Design II Manual and AMA Aircraft Landing Gear Systems
(Chapter 13)

Basic Force Computation

5.6) Layout
5.6.1) Nose Landing Gear and Main Landing Gear Design (At Least 2
Views/Iso.)
5.6.2) Braking System
5.6.2.1) Schematic

5.6.2.2) Aircraft Layout

5.6.3) Landing Gear Attachment Isolation
5.6.4) Aircraft Layout