REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS °y W.D. Turner, PE., PAd Depart ment of Mechguical Em neering Texas AYM University Ph (409) 862- 84.80 FAX (409 862- 8667 E-mail: WOT S451 @ ese tamu. edy~ oN SN THERMO DYNAMICS Outline Tcteal Gos Laws 12 Law - Chsed Siskem A Low - Open System Steam Tahks Cycles = Carnot + Reversed Corned + Off » Rankine - Reversed Rankine Psy Chromehic Charf Py Chrome hye Relahons Parha/ pressures Heat transhr @Review of THERMODYNAMICS Laeal Gas Laws evs) z = here R= — PreRT where aie R= B.31L2L or 1545 fle 4 mole K Jomok R Nok: Pages (42 of Bhreme Wanual provide constants and Conversion fachrs, P52 1n referene manual provides Mokcalar Wt and offer data for Common flurds . Another version of TZaleal bas laws PV= RT (v= Volume , m= mass) and PM 2 Pita gy Pitig Put Ta Note: Remember fo convert Tem peratures to Kor °R in itkal gas Jaw © uations,for raeal gases and constant specthe heat, © Ah= GAT Aus Cv AT and AS= Cp bu", )— Row (Pep) AS= Cu Ln( Tf] +R L(Y) Lf entropy vs constant, 4. & # PY; Five ov (rk) us) Tf, * = TP * Example #) A rigid Container of. 0.5m? Contains Carbon Aroxide at SA pressure and 17°C. Caleulate the mass of Carbon dioxide in fhe tonteiner. SovuTi0n : Assume rdeal gas Condifons. T= 27304170 = 290K Mol. WHE 4 PV =MRT 3 pi = Co&RXosm*) . * er” (BIE Yewe) — aemmee® ww Example #2 ZF the gas in the pressure yesse/ in Exampe#/ 7s now heated fo 7%, calcula fe: @) Mew pressure ©) Change in enfrpy ya 4%,,x) Sotv7os: Since V=Censhnt and P= PM Te Ww nh = z P2= A(B) Te = 273 + 117=390k = 390 T= 290K Pr= 54a (32) \ 7? = 6.74A]/ @) Change in enfropy (se-S)) Can be fund AS= Cobo %q)-R Ln Php) or 7? AS= Cr bul) + Rew LM ) Const. volume AS* 0657Ln (22) - ons 3 Sa-S, progi lo© CrosED THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS — 20 mess crosses the boundaries. wo Gmmen Closed Stems maton Closed System Piston= eylinder Aiged Container RS lew Q-w=au Sn Cnven hon => Haak Adeled ix pomre. Work cre by syshem is priihve , OPEW THERMODYNANIC SysTEmsS Clon tel Volumes ) Pass and energy cross boundaries, SE Law Cshady Sh condisens ) LS Cv, 2 me Chie VE : f 2 an Eta (hie J%)~ En, Che ae +Ge)1G~ W=0 Conserahon of Mass G. = me =) = Nhe ¢ e Examphes of Open System Component “ Har b ines, Compressors, pumps , Ahrotthing devices, heatexchanoersChesed System Example @ Exanee #3 4 rigid pressure vesse/ contains Steam a? 220 ¢, Sehvrahd vapor, Heer is removed from fhe system unt the final temperefure vs 120°C, The heat proasfer for this process is most nearly : A. -2088 *%, 8. —7908 ey c. 1905 Ak, D. 2088 *Y%q Sonu zon: : (Flaw Q-WebU or g-wesu, one unit mess bosis The vessel is rigid, no work ss done a) Fst law redyces to Br Aum Manes Uiet, . At 220° ¢ sat. 3 Vapor , find Vir He O.0B6TT # ue 2602447 43 Point 2 lies in the mitture region Cunder fhe dome), To find u, , find x Cguality), xe Ue UtFrom Stemn Aabks , P48, at 120°C Up = 0.001060 "ly y= 9-899 Lng at State 2 Ug = 503.8 +, e720 Upg = 2025.8 #7, Uy = 2529.3 “Ley Xe 0.08619 -0. 00106 = 0.0986 0.8919 = 0.00196 CSE ame 6 a U, = 0.0986 (2025.2) + 503-5 ue 697-4%, Rey is B gm due uate = 497- 2602.4 +[ 108% / The problem was set ug /ike the probkms on the exam. Zn analysing the problem , reegnise thet heat is removed from she Systm; therefore. g must be negenve. We can eliminate answers C and D immediately , since they are positive : Lets (00K at another examphe of % Closed system problem :@ Feamece # 4 Two Kilgrams of air ak G00Lh and T= /27'C ave expamed at Constant pressure foa Pempera fave of 227°C, Assume sdea/ gas condifions and constant specife heats . The heat trensforre turing The process #s most nearly : 724AT . 00 #T 8. C. MY AT D. 20047 > Sonu men: ® ! 1 Areas Work afpav B Aud Ar pe Const. Qe m(u-u)+ pVa-vr) Tae pave pil) a Tn He analysis of the problem , there 3a short” approach and a ‘Yong "approach. The /ong way is bh calealate 414i, V,, ancl Va , adel them together ancl solvelr Q. The “short way iste recognize that the definition of enthalpy , h, is utpv, or H= U» PV. Further, for jdeal gases, haep(r), 1 Law i Y vuand ut pur Ar Ust Pez he Since and he cp T Cp.4¥8) Qe m Cp(R ah Crave [ aT, P 7) Pair Fey) P52 Table < AT @ Caan ae ) (60-400) Note: Since wt ave taking the difference Setween temperatures, we did not need % conver? to tbsolure unitsof Kevin. However, Eusvally conver? ro Kehin (or Ran Kine, in English unik ) acto matically n ideal gos problems. Mew bets fooK at seme open system or confrol volume problems. Wel] rewrite the first law asa rate equation tr Steady stake conditons . (for now, we will assume onk one jalet and exit condition . ) . z . u . ‘ . th, (An tte tg2)m my Chyete +g te ) +O, Ug =O vi ee Mi, =, % ‘—_ Pe >. Pr Pe Pe Noss le Diffuser 33 TP cece We?) sure? wre Pu>Pr Pi cPr an =5OExampere #5: Skam flows fhrough a ® no33/e operating at Steady State Condens. Pre 0.40/1Pe t T= 3006, At the 033k exit, Pit 00s Mf, and the velocity, %,, /s Z00m/5, Tgnoriny She en ter ing KE, » caleule fe the fal enthalpy, T= 300°C Solu Tron : ° uv 1 Laws ”, Ge TraZl) wna hat te eg fe) mph rey het neglet vai this probhe a . 2 hy - Ayt%)ed yh A(t) From p.€4 heh & Ad peta ie 300°C hp = 3066.8 — (20 mn Nv ko 2 30 CEX Basa be hy © 3066.87 hee 3066.8- 45 *s #1 hie 30248 KYyExAmpreE #6 Sarre Progug AS ww Examere #5, except ask br the Zemperafure of fhe sheam faving Phe nossh, Sou Trow This /s « tabk lookup and inter pole yon problem. We caleu/afe h, es before, ts, > he he nw = 02/8 #44 z z 0e/. Vhs Now g° - page ¥9 In Reference Manual and locate the point of inferseeton OF Prt 0.05 MPa F hy = 30278 #ILky We see Prat the temperate of State 2/5 behueen 250° (h= 2976.0) ansl 300% Che 3075.6) Using linear interpolation ,® Example #7 One Kilagran per Sec of niheyen gas enters a compresior opeahing ot Steady shtt He entering conch pens are py= 1x08 Pa, T= 290K, and the exit conditions ace Pit 7x10 Pe, Ta = $50K. Heat Josses to the Surroundings occur ata rate of 200 4T nin « Neg lect potenttel ard Kinehe energy changes, assume veleal gases, and Caleulefe the workdone in KW. @ 7 200*%rin fa Pr= 7x16 Pa Tee 4sok Sou ron: ain Comp. pe legls prt 1x10" Pe Te 290K Br Nitngen Cpe cog at Orr p.S@ mh, ihe + Qin — Wout eo Fov fdea/ gases heep(r) Weomp = McpT, — Cp Ta tQin 7 {1X3 ki Weomp = W204 EZ Yee) (yiavntese) ~ o0kT x me ; min GOR Weomp = (801.6 ~468- 2.33 AT@ Nop: fwath= 1%: the! 4Z . s iy note Yhat Q,, is negative becouce fi 3 heat focf (by our Syn conventon) , and Bhp vs negafve becouse (Art @ Work ‘npet % our system. ExamPce *8: Cmixing deviee). Sfeam rs ee mixed witha sabcookd hs aid fo raise the liguid temperature fo saturated condone. A mixing tonk js used. for the condihons shown, how much steam rs reguived ? me? De MA (setura tee water vaper) Pelee m,= 100 ~ Saturated liguid water T= 40% SoLuTion: From Conservation of mass eguaton, myth, > My, Assume no /osses In heat transfer, and neglect AKE ons APE. Ne Wong i's clone. inh, + Arabi = Mghs® Now we need tnd the enthelpies from the Steam febks. Stor /- Liguiel #s subcooled Cee, a compresseal Wg wid ) Gand en tha fpy 7s found from phe Pemperatore of the hguid at Safurahon condifons. From p48 472 406, bye 167.5722 Ste 2- Steam is Safira teal Vapor et /PR, Again on p.48, the pressure Closest » /MA 1.0021 MPa, so we will use that pressure. ts h= 27782 4%, Shh 3- Ligue water Keoves the heatexch, at saturated liguid conditions. Again at /.002; MPa (closest valee to yA) hs = 763.22 4%, Using our two equations 2 ITM ey and mb TM hy = My 43 (coo 4 )lU67.57) + big (2798.2) = (1o0rrn) 76822CYCLES There are five cycks you Should be. Familiar with, They are: 1) Carnot 2) Reversecl Carnot CRehigerahin ) 3) Ott (Gasoline cycle) 4) Rankine (Power eych ) 5) Reversed Rankine Refrigeration ) Morning (a.m.) g ucshens all generally be singh process fuestons. At fernaon ueshons Could involve the anals/s ofa Complete cych. let's go over a few defini fons . Bra Power cyck : x = Net Work Wret Heat Supplied! Qu er the Carmf cyck = Ba-Q . M-he je kh 7 Qu 7 Tm ( Temes. Assure varvest)© fr a reversed Carnot Cyck CAfigerahon ) Coef. of Perfirmance 7 COP = area negy tha: For Gol (co >) ae aa Te Ph Cu-@) (HT) fr Heating (cop y= Qu Ta Qu- Q) (% -%) Calculate the Thermal efficiency for a Carnot engine operating befuren the temper afures of BOOK and 300k. Example #9 eee eee Nore: A TER.I8 a Sorurvon: Thermal Energy Reservoir Ne # (7, T) Me = Ta-Te - 600-300 fc Ty 800Examere #/0 A reversed Carnot eyck Operates between 50'C and O°C, Calculate the BMlowing : a) CoP, cofing 2 cok 4) COP yeahing 5 COP, Socution ; COon't forget t Convert t absolute temperatures / ') SoC = 3z3sKx a on a cope — = — » (@a-@) Ga-k) 273 e CoR = Gs- 273) [es7 PCe TER, |OC= 273K th Gu-%) 323 Es] OoR = (23-273) [es ] Ques ) COF,, . G -Q)Rankine Gyek (Simph Power Par} ) ExAmpre *// A Simpk Power plant operates on @ eyckh as Shown on the Tes aliag ram , with the pressures and temperatures as indicated around the Cyck, T 3 1-2 pump Turbine 2-3 boiler 3-4 turbine 5 4-1 condener e + s State l= pre 70.4 Pe State 3 py= 1OMm Saturated liguid T3= 520°C State 2- P2 = /OMPs, at Sys 6.66225 hy= 3425442 fate 4 7 4 PEE 720.0 4 Pe Sye Sy ¢-core BE Nefe: When properties Such as fhose in State 3 are vt in the Supplied reference, they will be given inthe skn. Dekrmine the follwing : 4) Turbine Work b) Pu mp Work 6) Heat Supplied in Boikr d) Cyck Efficrency 5 e) mu) output of furbine for nes 200 *5 /e £) Lsenfrpic 7 of turbine Ff pt.¥ ¢s outa saleSow tion! — ay Forbin Work , W= Chy-ha) , 42 4s Simee pt. 4 Nes in the NN mixhve region , we ave as h find the rely, Ss 4 find he. We find x From the entropy , because if 7's given that Ss" Sys 6.6622+% 4) . 98, @ 70,14 kPa Se= 414928 he = 376.92 Seg = 6.2866 = heg= 2283.2 Sg = 74791 hg = 2660.1 O48 S= X Seg +S xe StS @ $0622- 72S _ 9 gz “Se 6.2866 —— y= Xheg the + hy 0.87 (2203.2) + 376-92 hy= 2363.¢4%, @) Uz= (as-hy) = (30251 ~22cs¢)yfoene XT] b) Pump Work , My Sinee wet ws sncompresibh 7&8, Const, volume, sry Cpe-P) w= 0.001036 as ape 001086) sox rater 7aWweh) foe) Cregative work)@ c) Heat Supplied by Boiler , # Qg= los-4e) = G425.1- ry) A l#hough He Pump work is Small, you tnd a Shit, = 376.92 470.3 = 287.2 42 *3 Qg= (3425./- 3872 )= (Qs ts positive because tt e's heat addled! % eyeh,) a) Cyck efficiency , y= Net Work ~ We ~ dp Qe Qe 3037.9 ©) Power Output if m= 10043; A= m Wy = (0 424 )(v0 61-8) $2 Awe 106,180 yf) Lsen tropre © fficiency if point 4 is @® x panded fo 70.0 te Pa and Saturated Vapor 3 P48, hyg® 2660127 @ 70.nar Nee hizhe) (rar heed (425.1~ 26401) © hizhes) Chy—bes) Gues.-23630 Off Gck Examece #12 Air is the wort ing Fluid hr an Oth cyck. Assume rdeal gas relationships, constant speci'he heats , and Vifyr, = 10. Oth Cych = 2 tsen tropic processes anel 2 Cons}. Volume processes @) Determine Hhe cycle efficiency b) Find T, in ’C 1f T 227°C c) If Te* 627, Find the hea? added in-hi/gg. #® SoLuryon: 2) frm P-47 , Otds ret oh ye le ea where r= Zi =yo hah ern —o¢ m= I-U0)” = 1-00) =(080] b). Find Tz for the ssentrpie compression From State | to Shte 2. Use the ssenfropic expressions on PLZ ae ae TU an : B)= (By= (0) 200)" @- 2.81 5 Te (273427) (257) C) Find Redced in +%y tf T3= 627 ot oO 12 Low 3" Au Geo from 2-3, since Cy= 0.18 Pras ce (ar) vee jee@ Refrigeration Cyck CReverse Ronkine ) Real vetrigeration cychs wilf involve R- 13a and will consist of the folowing cyck. '-2 Lsentropre Compression 2-3 Consf. pressure cooling in condenser 3-4 Expansion through throftliag kvice - const. enthalpy 4-1 Const. pressure evaporefion in evap, P50 has the p-h Siagvam for R-13¢a, A p-h Aiagram 4S help ful in the cyeh analysis.Examece */3: A refrigerant cycle operates behieen 0.2MR and 10MA. Assume the R-13Y¢a leaves the Condenser 4s Saturateol liguid and enters the Compressor as Saturated vapor. Calexlate : a) ling , AT Eva porafr cooling , F 6) Heat rejected in conatener, 3 ©) Compressor core, 4 d) Cop hr Cooling €) CoP tor heating SOLUTION: Finet enthalpies around the cyck, (Read fhe P-4 Arogram as acturately es You can!) be 34 (p-50, sotumper, O.2Mr) hs #7 (p.50, Const. entropy, p= IMA) hyehy = 258 os (p.50, const, Pressure ®/1A, Sat. liguid ) 4) Cooling in Evaporator = meaty (39¢- 258)@ 6) Heat Rejected in Condenser = Ch-hy fend = 427-256) jee *) Compresion Work = Gy-h) = (a27- 394) - I Weemp, = 23 S A) COPrestng # Qemp © 136 _ Weomp 33 CO) COP reefing = Bert . 169 = Weemp 33 Note hat CoP hr heating is hagher Phan COP fr cooling, The drflerence 7s fhe Compressor Work. Tdewprint Frychrometit Relations Mamidily — Bychrametie charts Can be used for aiv- wetr mp Dey Bath Temp ichares,EXAMPLE #14 Aur conchfoned rooms are typically mainfained at 23%, SOX relative humidity, Determine : a) wet bulb temp. of space 6) Dew point temp. of Space c) Grams of morsture per eg of Ary air SoLumon): These ave direct /ook-ups on the Psychrometic Chart. 2) Ton *s 6.3. (Follow the Tab temp. of 23°C up to the 50% RH fine.) The intersechon gives the Tos. b) Tew pf, = 118°C (Téupt can be found from @ horizontal line to the Saturaten temperature ) c) Humidity rafot T9rams moisture per Ry of dry air,Partial Pressures and Pychrometyic Relarons Exampre #15 /00m* of an air-wakr mitfive are ata pressuve of 10042, 35°C, and 70k relative humidity. Find the a) humid rato, w b) dew point C) mass of wakr vapor d) massof ary air 1 Use partal pressure eg uanens and Sfeam Fobks, 2. Use Aychrometyic. Chart and relatvons Socu7on: (p.45) Relative humidity, B Ade fe =0.70 ™ P . where mee mass vaper mtg = mass vapor ot Saturation Py = pressure of voper Py = presture of vapor at sat. tem, From Sham tabks , p.¥P , af 35% Py= $.6284%Fy, = 0.70 (5.628)= 3.9% bh CArrtial pressure of wafer vapor.) Riv= /(00kR - 8.9% = 96.06-4h @) humidity rato, W= 0.622 a o-6ee( 288 a We 0.0255 + Mme me 6) Dew Pint 1s found from the satyrahen Tempera fure ata Pressuve of 3.9442. (from Steam fabks »P-G8) You have t inter polare between r - 25" 3 bdkR, — 286 —3.944A, 30% 4.24642 Tews pont = 28.6C c) Mass of warr Vapor —> sekal gas fav Po Vem, RT = PeV =(.9¢)(100) =2.774 My Rr ERM (308) I A) Mess of air Cfrom Wemy on RV=rukT) a= mae i Me 2.77 7 me in oesg *(108 6492. Now Solve Phe Same Probhm usin Pe psychromepfric Chart and psychomefre relahons, From psl , at 35° and 20hkH a) A horizon te/ lire tr the right ordinate gives y= 25-Ygrams Ay dry air 6) 4 horizonte! tine h the Sabrehon Curve yrelds [Ty,,, point = 26.6°T C) Fo find Mz , we have f fird B, Pp P, We 0.6r2 — = 0.622 — fe (P-Py) W= 0.0254 = 0.622 Pr (100 = Py) Br + 0.00.08 Pr = 4.08y Py = 2.92 4R fom vm 8; RTH]HEAT TRANSFER @® Pleat transfer 5 a part of thermo dynomite on the General FE exam. The prebkems ar hited fo the concepts on p. 53 and the top of page 54, Typical problems might snelude He Caleulaton of heat framsfer Phroush 2 Composite wall ora cylinder ; Convechve beat Franster , or radiaton using rhe ath pouer radiaton law. EXAMPLE #46 Calculate the heat r transfer through a plane Th Wall havirg a Chermal Condhuchuity , 4, of 1 ar, 3 10cm The face femperafures are 25°C amd O°C, respectively. = ~4(G-7) =~’ (0-25) [290%] Ge ee ofes0 ds | Tf the foal Qe= CA) a8 vegues tel, the wall Area in m* would be multiplied by 3: -EXAamPeLe *17: Lay fhe Plone wel tn Examce #16 , adal 2 Z2cm insulating board wrth a Phermal conduchrity of 0.05 %hrn, Assume the Same Surface Fem perature. ot AT a ft 3° ER (21) a, 2 25550 Yo ' (os ) 8 os Gry (O.y) Exaneré */8: A cylindrical heat Source 1S em clameter %10em long. The Pemperature 1s maintained at 700K. Calculate the amount of black bedly radliaton exchanged with Surreund ings at 300K. gXe (no) ' fora black body 6 = 7 Conon) gt [s.47x1d° 7] [700% avo" ]ae .