Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Richard Carstone, two wards in the Jarndyce suit, who are also under the guardianship of Mr.
Jarndyce. Esther is meant to be Ada's lady companion.
As they leave the court, they meet Miss Flite, who introduces herself. They learn she is also a
suitor in Chancery, and observe that she is poor, eccentric, and perhaps a little mad.
In Chapter 4, the three young people are sent to stay the night at the Jellyby household. Mrs.
Jellyby is a philanthropic lady who neglects her large and chaotic household in favor of writing
long letters, dictated to her eldest daughter Caddy, about the social conditions in places in Africa.
Caddy, an overworked waif, clings to Esther and becomes her friend, as does the youngest
neglected child, Peepy.
Analysis
Dickens immediately plunges the readers in medias res, enveloping us in the Jarndyce suit. The
suit is never fully explained, as the main thrust of the suit has been buried beneath legal
wrangling, pointless jargon, details and niceties. The dirty, smutty fog surrounding Chancery
Lane is a metaphor for the fogged proceedings of the Chancery court. The pathetic victims of the
suit, Gridley, Miss Flite, and soon young Richard and Ada are introduced. Dickens makes no
compunction about depicting the court as a cesspool of injustice, waste, and corruption, and the
cold, foggy, muddy weather is indicative of it. This is the first example of many instances of
weather reflecting the meaning of situations, characters, and locations.
Chesney Wold is immersed in rain, to reflect the cynical and bored nature of its mistress, Lady
Dedlock. She is portrayed as the most indulged of society's ladies, and her boredom among the
manorial splendor and extreme comfort of her wealthy situation is implicitly criticized. It is
important that she be a figure of feminine envy, since it will become apparent that she has paid
the price for owning such personal charms later. She is shown as a figure of extreme self control
and dignity, to match with the high prestige and aristocratic brittleness of her husband Sir
Leicester. He, though hidebound and reactionary, is portrayed a little softer, with clear love and
concern for his wife.
Tulkinghorn appears as the quintessential family solicitor. He is exceedingly careful and correct,
and without emotions of any kind. He immediately seizes upon Lady Dedlock's interest in the
handwriting, as anything out of the ordinary concerning the Dedlock family intrigues him.
Esther is also brought in fully formed, and we already know of her desire to do her duty, and her
humble, almost apologetic acknowledgement of her own existence. She is remarkably virtuous
for a child that has never been shown love or affection, and remarkably willing to do her duty
and desire love and respect from others.
Curiosity about Mr. Jarndyce is rife -- is he Esther's secret father, or some other kind of relation?
Why is he so kind to people he has never met? The instant friendship between Ada and Richard
and Esther is neither explained nor questioned, and the three young people are thrust upon the
world together.
The Jellyby household, in its extreme dissarray and concern for unimportant things, is Dickens'
miniature England. The society at large is like the family which does not care for its children but
unloads its charitable efforts abroad. The neglected Jellyby children are like the poor and
dispossesed of England, forgotten by both government and philanthropy alike, for those
institutions are concerned with matters that are not for the public good. Caddy is introduced less
than sympathetically, and realistically speaks for all neglected, angry children. She is unable to
speak or express her disaffection, having been deprived of any fuction but that of scribe to her
mother's zealous "charity." She is brought round quickly by Esther, showing Esther's almost
saintly ability to overcome systemic neglect (including her own) with tender and careful
modesty.
At the end of the day, Esther is given the keys to the household, the mark of the housekeeper of
Bleak House. She is excited and honored to have this position. She sets up residence in a room
adjoining Ada's, with a sitting room in between, and everything in the house is to the young
people's liking.
Chapter 7 is back in Chesney Wold. Sir Leicester and Lady Dedlock have left for Paris. The rain
continues, and Mrs. Rouncewell, the aged housekeeper, is introduced. She is instructing a young
village girl of considerable beauty in the ways of housekeeping and maid's work in a great house.
Mrs. Rouncewell's grandson, Watt, who loves Rosa, is visiting.
In the midst of the rain a couple of visitors come to see the house, but are told it "isn't the day".
They persist, and are admitted, by using Mr. Tulkinghorn's name. Mr. Guppy and his friend are
brought through the house, and Mr. Guppy admires a portrait of Lady Dedlock. He exclaims that
he must have seen the subject somewhere before. Guppy, who had met Esther Summerson
briefly in London at Kenge and Carboy's, is unconsciously remembering Lady Dedlock's
resemblence to Esther. Guppy leaves a bit perplexed.
Mrs. Rouncewell had refused to tell the family ghost story, but now recounts it to her grandson
and her charge, Rosa. The Ghost's Walk is a terraced walk outside the house, and an eerie
footstep is often heard echoing from it. It is supposed that two hundred years ago, a previous
Lady Dedlock had sabotaged horses meant for Cavaliers fighting Cromwellian forces. She had
lamed them, and, upon being discovered, was lamed herself by her husband in a struggle. She
was limping on the terrace and fell and died, and she vowed to haunt the terrace until "the pride
of the house is tumbled." Watt and Rosa can still hear the phantom footsteps.
Analysis
The coincidence of Esther arriving at the home of her unknown father on her only day in London
is an extraordinarily bold plot device by Dickens. The fact that the extreme unlikelihood of this
event occurring is made more plausible by the fact that the reader does not know that Nemo is
Esther's father, and neither are his lodging or his occupation known. The smaller coincidence, of
Krook rattling off three important names in the Jarndyce suit, which are also important names to
Esther (namely Clare, which is Ada's name; Barbary, which is Esther's unknown mother's
maiden name; and Dedlock, which is the said mother's married name) is also softened, since the
reader and Esther do not know the significance of the names Barbary and Dedlock yet. This sort
of blatantly unlikely plot manipulation is easily assimilated by the reader hundreds of pages later,
and the coincidence does not seem so unlikely. It is neatly done. The visit to Miss Flite's sad
little room is more significant to Esther than she will know for some time.
Dickens also firmly emphasizes Esther's female virtues by her tender kindnesses to the pathetic
Peepy. Dickens returns to the neglected boy, which is a perhaps a recollection of himself during
the hard times in his childhood, in the person of Jo later on in the novel. The neglected boys are
signs for all the neglected and misused people of England, and are exceedingly affecting portraits
to the reader because they are so well-drawn and believable.
Krook's shop is meant to be an almost completely undisguised symbol of the Court of Chancery.
Krook is even called jocularly the Lord High Chancellor by his neighbors, because of his
obsession with documents and the vast disorderedness of his shop. "All's fish that comes to my
net" Krook says, and things go into Krook's shop and never come out. This tendency to swallow
documents and lives captures exactly Dickens' commentary on the useless consumption and lack
of justice in Chancery.
Miss Flite's little birds are introduced but not yet named, and her extreme poverty is shown as
another wasteful result of the whole Chancery system. In this episode in Krook's shop, too, we
learn of John Jarndyce's cousin Tom's suicide over the Jarndyce suit.
In Chapter 6, Bleak House becomes a haven of rest, order, and happiness. The young people are
very glad to have found their benefactor and his home to be so inviting and agreeable. But even
within the happiness and order of Bleak House an evil resides -- Mr. Skimpole, who appears to
be most charming and amusing, raises the spectre of vice and parasitism, waste and selfishness
that has been so evident in the descriptions of Chancery. Even in the best of British homes an
evil can lurk, Dickens seems to say.
In Chapter 7 at Chesney Wold, the history of the Dedlocks is slightly illuminated. The past
baronet appears to have been cruel to his wife, who in her own turn betrayed him, so the reader
wonders if there is a parallel with the present baronet and his wife. The fantastic story of the
Ghost's Walk is effectively told, in the darkening house on a rainy day.
Another clue as to the interconnectedness of Esther with the Dedlocks and the Chancery suit is
dropped when Guppy has a moment of recognition with the portrait of Lady Dedlock. The reader
is left hanging as to what the significance of that could be, for the reader doesn't know the exact
age of Lady Dedlock, the but the possibility is tantalizingly dangled. Guppy is enforced as an
unintentionally rude, lower-middle-class character who tries to be polite, but is nevertheless
earnest, clever, and unfailingly honest and direct. He is a good foil to the machinations of
Tulkinghorn, the stoicism of Lady Dedlock, and the rigidity of Sir Leicester and even of the good
Mrs. Rouncewell.
The recounting of the ghost story sets the stage for a significant event which takes place on the
Ghost's Walk, and also gives a feeling of impending doom.
Mr. Tulkinghorn's London lodgings are described, where "lawyers lie like maggots in nuts". Mr.
Tulkinghorn goes to Snagsby's shop to find out who copied out the paper of Jarndyce and
Jarndyce in which Lady Dedlock took such an interest. The Coavinses sherrif's officers (bailiff's
-- repossesion agents) offices, the firm in which Neckett the debt-collector for Skimpole
employed, are nearby.
Mr. Snagsby informs Mr. Tulkinghorn that a man called Nemo (the Latin for "no one"), who
lives above Krook's shop, is the copyist. Mr. Snagsby brings Mr. Tulkinghorn to Krook's shop,
and Mr. Tulkinghorn goes up to Nemo's room, where he finds him lying on the bed with the
scent of opium in the shabby room.
Analysis
We find Esther settled comfortably at Bleak House, and exploring the possible directions of the
four denizens therein. An agreeable pattern of life is established, contrasting with the insitutional
paralysis of Chancery and the dreary comfort of the Dedlocks. This peace, however, is soon
unsettled by the intrusion of the ("good lady" though Jarndyce calls her) misguided Mrs.
Pardiggle. Her introduction serves the novel's themes and plot both, as Esther sees the sadness of
poverty and of infant death while, unbeknownst to her, her handkerchief plays a future plot role.
Esther even foreshadows a bit when she says that the handkerchief was going to end up in
someone else's bosom, rather than over the dead baby. This leads the reader to wondering who
that would be.
The discussion of the Chancery suit in juxtaposition with the talk of Richard's future
foreshadows Richard's ultimate doom. It is clear that he is has undirected motivations other than
his love for Ada.
Mrs. Pardiggle parallels Mrs. Jellyby almost exactly, just in a different setting. Her miserable
children are not as attractive, however, as Peepy and Caddy Jellyby. Mr Boythorn is a welcome
change from Mrs. Pardiggle, and, in addition to providing diversion, he is yet another
coincidental connection to the Dedlock household.
Tulkinghorn and Snagsby's obsession with documents contrasts strongly with the concerns of
Esther and Jarndyce, who try remove themselves from the legal world of "signs and tokens" and
concentrate on physical, daily, homey realities. This sets up a sort of dualism: "documents" and
"signs" on the one hand; domesticity and empathy on the other. The most extreme representative
of the first category is probably Nemo, whose very name ("no one") alludes to a total break with
reality and a total absorption into the labyrinth of legalese and documents. The aimless stupor of
his life, copying and re-copying meaningless and useless legal reports, becomes concrete in his
use of opium, which he purchases with the money he earns through copying. This London world
of documents, drugs, and poverty (with its apex in the cold splendor of Tulkinghorn's lodging
and offices) is the opposite of the country world that Esther and Jarndyce inhabit. No points for
guessing which world Dickens prefers.
At Mr. Badger's house the party meets Dr. Allan Woodcourt, and Esther finds him attractive. The
talk at the Badgers' is of an unconventional kind -- namely the wealth and prestige of Mrs.
Badgers two deceased husbands. Esther tells Mr. Jarndyce that Ada and Richard are in love, but
he advises the lovers that because they are too young, and because Richard is not yet established,
they should wait to be married.
Analysis
Nemo's death, so eerie and sordid, leaves the reader thinking he can only be an ancillary and not
central character in regards to Esther. But Allan Woodcourt's assertion that "he must have been
something better once" leaves the door open for interpretation as to who this mysterious No-One
could have been.
Lady Dedlock conceals her interest in Nemo's handwriting with consummate skill. In her we see
a brittle, hardened society creature, who is unwilling to show her weakness, especially in a
matter so scandalous as a penniless law writer's death. That Tulkinghorn could ever ferret out
who Nemo might have been seems like a remote possibility to the reader, but Lady Dedlock has
known Tulkinghorn for years, and she seems to fear that, even with only the barest hints of a
mystery, the canny lawyer could find out the truth. It is evident that her fashionable boredness is
covering great emotions, but the nature of those emotions is not yet revealed.
The Badgers, whose name implies a rooting, grumbling type of animal, are presented as
interesting specimens of middle-class snobbery. The bizarre nature of both of the Badgers'
fascination with Mrs. Badger's former husbands mars the scene of Richard's new venture with a
taint of indecency. Dickens is fond of portraying fantastically illogical and objectionable wives
(Mrs. Snagsby, Mrs. Pardiggle, Mrs. Jellyby, and now Mrs. Badger) and, to a lesser extent
husbands (the brickmaker, Mr. Skimpole).
Mr. Guppy's attentions, never welcome, have become abhorrent to Esther, and the only thing that
keeps her from informing her guardian is the fear that Guppy will lose his job on account of her.
In this action, or lack of action, Esther shows another of her virtues -- her unwillingness to cause
another person harm, even in though their actions may be injurious to herself.
Ada and Richard are painted rather romantically, and no real shadow of their future has fallen
across them yet. They are not told that they may not marry, simply that they must wait. Both Ada
and Esther wish fervently for Richard to prosper in his new position.
Lady Dedlock, meanwhile, goes to their house in London and secretly leaves it dressed in
servant's dress, veiled. Mr. Tulkinghorn sees her in passing, but does not recognize her. He finds,
however, the ladylike bearing to be incongrous with the plain clothing.
Jo leaves Tom-all-Alone's, a street of vacant squatter's houses in a dingy street in London. He
walks to his usual haunts near the court of Chancery.
Lady Dedlock seeks out and finds Jo the crossing-sweeper. Though he is abhorrent to her, she
has him guide her to Krook's house where Nemo lodged. She is shown the tavern where the
inquest took place, and then the charnel-house of bones behind an iron grate where Nemo's body
was lain. She is horrified, gives Jo a gold coin, and disappears.
Analysis
Again, Dickens treats the dissarray of badly parented households. The Jellybys house is in an
even more chaotic state than it was previously, and Caddy has taken a route out, by spending
time with Miss Flite and becoming engaged to Prince Turveydrop. Another variation on the bad
parent is presented in old Mr. Turveydrop, who is a vapid and pretentious man who cares only
for appearances. His dead wife, and now his only overworked son, taken in by his
accomplishments in "deportment," support him entirely; and now Prince spends all his time
running the dancing school so his father can be seen around town in the fashionable places. No
doubt Prince and Caddy bond over their difficult situations and unkind parents.
Miss Flite is yet another recipient of Mr. Jarndyce's quiet charity, though she fully believes it to
come from the Lord Chancellor. Her strangely named birds are a direct jab at the legal system
(Jargon, Sheepskin, Document, etc) and she remains a symbol, if a pleasant one, of the wastes
and foolishness of Chancery. Mr. Gridley is introduced, as the aging but angry male counterpart
of Miss Flite. His kindness to the Neckett children instantly makes him a sympathetic figure.
The seemingly unimportant detail of Mr. Krook learning how to read will be important to the
story later. The scene at Miss Flite's creates another, separate meeting for Esther and Woodcourt,
and brings Woodcourt closer into Esther and Jarndyce's circle.
Lady Dedlock's fantastic incognito trip to the scenes of Nemo's life and death give us some more
insight into her character. She is repulsed by Jo, rather than feeling kindness and charity to him
(though she does give him money), but continues on to see the place of Nemo's demise. We
wonder what motivates her so strongly.
The Neckett children and Gridley are further examples of victims of the current system of
society. Charley Neckett has had to become a woman much before her time, and even young
Tom has had to learn to care for his baby sister. We are told by Mrs. Blinder than sometimes
Charley can't find work, because her father was a "follerer" (a repossession man), and so the
three children struggle to survive as orphans on their own. Mrs. Blinder and Mr. Gridley are kind
to them (Mrs. Blinder forgives the rent, Mr. Gridley plays with them and gives them food), but
they are not substitutes for good parents.
At the close of this section there is an eerie foreshadowing back at Chesney Wold -- Mrs.
Rouncewell hears the step on the Ghost's Walk very loudly, implying that the fall of the pride of
the house of Dedlock could be near.
Mr. Guppy, at a loose end during the heat and long vacation, arrives and takes an interest in the
proceedings. Money is found on Jo, and he explains that it the change left over from the
sovereign given to him by the veiled lady. He explains that she said she was a servant, but acted
like a lady, and she inquired into the places put in the newspaper about Nemo's lodging, work,
and where he was buried. Once Jo had been employed to show her these things, she gave him the
coin and disappeared. Guppy is most interested in this story.
Mr. and Mrs. Chadband meet Guppy, and learn he is in Kenge and Carboy's employ. Mrs.
Chadband, who used to be Mrs. Rachael, tells Guppy that she used to be housekeeper for the
godmother of Esther Summerson, whose wardship was handled by Kenge and Carboy's. Guppy
is intrigued, for it is this same Miss Summerson that he now loves.
Jo is given a little food and a penny, and told to move on. He leaves and goes to sit on the
pavement to eat it, and is told to "move on" again.
Analysis
Richard's decline is becoming more and more obvious. The fact that Ada does not have the either
the intelligence or the necessary boldness to counsel Richard against pursuing the matter of
Jarndyce and Jarndyce leads us to believe that either Ada is not a very strong character, or has a
slight inner inclination toward greed (in that his solving the Jarndyce suit in his favor would
benefit her, too). His tenure in Kenge and Carboy's can only bring sorrow, we are lead to believe.
The mystery of Esther's parentage deepens as we learn that Jarndyce, though he claims no
knowledge of it, dislikes being called "Father" by Esther. Is this because he is actually her father,
or because he knows who her father is? The fact that it is because he loves her in a romantic way
is not yet revealed.
The two meetings with Lady Dedlock produce such strange feelings in Esther that there can now
be no doubt that the two are closely linked in some way. The cryptic discussion of Lady
Dedlock's sister opens the door to speculation if that woman could be Esther's godmother/aunt,
and, possibly Esther's mother.
The strange reaction of Hortense to Lady Dedlock's slight is a direct foreshadowing of the
revenge she will take later on in the story. Hortense is portrayed as almost maniacally jealous,
and with reactions to negative emotions that are separate and different than what most people
would expect. By this means, with the added fact of ther foreign birth, Dickens separates her
from the rest of humankind. Later, this will give the reader the feeling of a comfortable "Other,"
when it is revealed that she is Tulkinghorn's murderer.
At the Snagsby's, the black comedy of Guster and the Chadbands shows the artifice and
hypocrisy of so much of middle class life. Mrs. Snagsby tries hard to impress the minister and
his wife, and is interrupted by her poor maid Guster's "fits." The lack of real concern that the
people (other than Mr. Snagsby) have for Jo renders ironic the florid sermonizing done by Mr.
Chadband. Mr. Chadband, though seemingly only a plot device to bring Mrs. Chadband, the
former Mrs. Rachael, into the picture, is another example of the bad father (like the brickmaker,
Mr. Skimpole, and Mr. Turveydrop), though he is a father of the spiritual kind.
In Chapter 22, Mr Tulkinhorn dines in his rooms with Mr. Snagsby, who is concious of the
honor. Mr. Bucket, a police Inspector, is lurking in the shadows of the room (at Tulkinhorn's
request), and comes forward to hear the story that Jo related to Mr. Snagsby about the veiled
lady.
Mr. Bucket erroneously believes that some money was due to Mr. Nemo, and the "female," as he
calls her, was up to some kind of fraud or larceny to get that money.
Mr. Bucket takes Mr. Snagsby down to Tom-all-Alone's to find Jo. There they meet the two
brickmakers' wives from St Alban's, Jenny and Liz, and Jenny holds Liz's new baby in her arms.
Mr. Bucket admires the young child, and they discuss how Jenny's baby had died. Liz despairs,
however, of any chance for her own child, since he will be beaten by his father, and see his
mother beaten, and become hard. There is a pathetic scene where Snagsby fancies that the
brickmaker's baby is very like the Christ child with the halo around his head. The world has
gotten no better for these two battered women.
Jo arrives, standing in a similar halo of light in the doorway. He fears he will be taken in for
some crime, but Mr. Snagsby assures him that it is only a "job that he will be paid for." Snagsby
gives him a half a crown, and they take him to Tulkinghorn's office.
Immediately upon entering the office Jo believes the he sees the veiled lady. He knows the veil
and the dress she is wearing. But when the lady speaks and Jo sees her hands he changes his
mind, and says she is not the lady. The disguised Lady is Mademoiselle Hortense, who has been
dismissed by Lady Dedlock in favor of Rosa. Mademoiselle Hortense reminds Tulkinghorn that
she no longer has a position, and extracts his recommendation for her, and then leaves. Snagsby
goes home confused, and Jo is paid 5 shillings by Bucket and goes home.
Analysis
The ominious obsession of Richard and the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case increases, with the dusty
silence and heat of the long vacation intensifying the feeling of impending doom. Guppy
consorts with other young men of the law, and through him we learn of the Smallweed family.
The Smallweeds are another completely dysfunctional family, but rather than being spoiled by
philanthropy they are spoiled by greed. Grandfather Smallweed is a vicious man who rules his
family and household hard. Mr. George is, while a strong and healthy man, still a victim of not
only the society which causes him to have to borrow money, but also the ruinous interest of
Smallweed. Phil Squod is an adult parallel of Jo -- a foundling who, while disfigured, has found
a kind of family with Mr. George, and a place to live and work.
The strange episode of Tulkinghorn with the lady's maid is still cryptic to the reader, but when Jo
recognizes the dress the reader is lead to believe that, when dismissed by Lady Dedlock, out of
revenge Mademoiselle Hortense goes to Tulkinghorn to tell him of the disguise that Lady
Dedlock wore to do her errand with Jo. Jo's recognition of the clothing confirms it.
The pathetic scene in Tom-all-Alone's is a continuation of the one begun in St Alban's. Liz has a
baby now, to which Jenny transfers her affections because her own baby died. The hopelessness
of their lives, the brutishness of their husbands, and the utter lack of prospects for their children
is fully illustrated in a few words of conversation with the not-unsympathetic Bucket.
Dickens is slowly springing the trap that Tulkinghorn has lain for Lady Dedlock. He has had two
wisps of suspicion now -- the interest in the handwriting, and the faint possibility of a
recognition when she passed him in the street, veiled, but up until now Tulkinghorn has had no
proof. It is clear that Tulkinghorn doesn't yet know what Lady Dedlock's secret is, but he is
definitely aware that she has a secret. Since he is so contemplative and tenacious, there is no
doubt in the reader that he will discover it.
In Chapter 24, Richard does obtain a commision in the Army through the offices of the Lord
High Chancellor. Mr. Jarndyce, as well as Esther and even the Court of Chancery, consider
Richard to be capricious and unstable, and Mr. Jarndyce asks Richard and Ada to break their
engagement. Ada does not want to break her engagement with Richard, for she loves him, but
she does so out of deference for her cousin John's wishes.
A serious rift is caused between Jarndyce and Richard for the first time. Richard cannot forgive
Jarndyce for making him break his engagement to Ada, and also for their disagreement over the
Jarndyce case.
Richard practices swordsmanship with Mr. George. During a discussion with Mr. Jarndyce, Mr.
George lets slip that he has all kinds coming to his shooting gallery: "even French women...show
themselves dabs at pistol shooting."
Esther briefly meets Mrs. Chadband, the former Mrs. Rachael, at Kenge and Carboy's. The
young people go to George's shooting gallery, and there they learn that poor Mr. Gridley is
dying, and is hiding out in the shooting gallery, sheltered by Mr. George and Phil. His dying
wish is to see Miss Flite.
Miss Flite is brought, and tries to give Mr. Gridley her blessing. Mr. Bucket, who has pursued
Gridley for contempt of Court, has been looking for him for weeks arrives disguised as a doctor,
but talks kindly to Gridley as he sees he is dying. While they are talking, Mr. Gridley dies,
causing Miss Flight great grief.
In Chapter 25, the action moves back to the Snagsbys. For some time Mrs. Snagsby has
suspected her husband of keeping a secret. She leaps to the conclusion that, because of his many
kindnesses to Jo, he must be Jo's father.
Since Mrs. Snagsby has been "in a pious mood of late," she asks Mr. Chadband to interview Jo at
the Snagsby's house, which he does with much bluster and florid language. He scolds Jo for he is
not a beleiver, never having had anyone to teach him religion. From this interview Mrs. Snagsby
thinks she is confirmed in her suspicions.
Guster takes a liking to the boy, and gives him a good supper, and pats him gently. The boy has
never known any such kind personal attentions. Guster, who is also an orphan, feels so bad for
the boy that she has to withdraw, for she feels a fit coming on.
Snagsby sees Jo before he goes, and gives him some more money. Jo flies off into the night, and
Mrs. Snagsby sees this transaction and is further confirmed in her suspicions.
Analysis
Esther, with her calm femininity and adherance to duty, is contrasted sharply with the vengeful,
angry Hortense. Dickens has built up quite an aura of ideal femininty around Esther, and to a
lesser extent Ada, and most of the other female characters in the novel, including Lady Dedlock,
do not compare favorably to their near-perfection of virtue.
Richard is changing status from a merely confused and directionless boy to a dangerously
unsettled youth. He is the example of the young man of potential who cannot keep to any one
employment. However, it is not for want of initiative, for he has no end of energy when it comes
to the Jarndyce suit. This is another illustration of how the ills of Chancery can suck all the life
out of people, as has fatally occurred with Gridley. Miss Flite and Gridley are the older examples
of what Richard may become.
Jarndyce's presumption in plucking Charley from the Smallweeds and giving her "as a present"
to Esther starts to arouse suspicion that Mr. Jarndyce may be emotionally attached to Esther in a
way other than a guardian to a ward. The reader is pleasantly rewarded, however, with the
complete salvation of Charley and her little siblings, who are now well cared for in this world,
with some hope for the future. Charley is one orphan, at least, who will not be ground to death in
the streets -- but again it is significant that she was not rescued by any institution such as
government, philanthropy, or the Church, but rather by Jarndyce's personal charity and decency.
Ada and Richard having to break their engagement is a red herring to the reader, evoking the
possibility that the two young lovers will not be together. In fact, the reader is led to hope that
Richard will apply himself to his military commision. The disagreement between Jarndyce and
Richard is another ominous cloud, and the first real instance of gloom in the little domestic world
of Bleak House.
The ridiculous scene at Snagsbys is another example of the unhealthy mania of unhappy people
like Mrs. Snagsby. Mr. Chadband is a singularly bad example of the ineffectuality of the church
of England. Jo, however, gets a little relief after being subjected to the sermon.
The possibility of Frenchwomen being able to shot a pistol well is transparently planted by Mr.
George's comment about his sometime customers. Dickens is very obviously setting up Mr.
Tulkinghorn's murder. But it is an early clue, and can be soon forgotten in the midst of red
herrings thrown around during the time of the murder.
Mr. George, though respectful, is skeptical of Richard's chances in the service. He becomes less
respectful, however, when Mr. Smallweed asks for a sample of Mr. George's old army friend
Captain Hawdon's handwriting. George informs him that even if he had it he would not share it
with Mr. Smallweed. It is evident that Hawdon owes Smallweed money, and Mr. Smallweed
thinks that Hawdon is still alive. Mr. Smallweed alludes to Mr. Tulkinghorn, who would like to
examine a specimen of Hawdon's handwriting. Mr. George agrees to see Mr. Tulkinghorn, but to
nothing more.
Chapter 27 starts in Tulkinghorn's office. He produces some papers, and asks Mr. George to
compare the handwriting with that of Captain Hawdon's. George refuses to cooperate, denying
he even has a sample of the handwriting. Tulkinghorn refuses to tell George why he wants the
sample, and that cements in George his determination to refuse to cooperate. He wishes to get
advice from a friend before going any further. Mr. George also tells Smallweed and Tulkinghorn
that Captain Hawdon is dead. After George leaves, Mr. Smallweed vows to squeeze Mr. George
of his debt, for refusing to cooperate.
Mr. George goes to his friends the Bagnets, who keep a music shop. Mrs. Bagnet counsels
George to not get involved with the deep and canny lawyer and the slippery Smallweed, or with
other things out of his depth. Having digested this advice, Mr. George, returns to Mr.
Tulkinghorn and refuses to help.
In Chapter 28, the action switches to Chesney Wold. Sir Leicester is entertaining many of his
relations, all of whom are poorer than he is. His poor elderly spinster cousin Volumnia is there,
along with the Honorable Bob Stables.
One of Mrs. Rouncewell's sons, Mr. Rouncewell, has made money as an ironmaster (which is a
manufacturer of iron) and educated himself enough to get into Parliament. Mr. Rouncewell
arrives to ask for the hand of Rosa for his young son Watt. The interview between Sir Leicester
and Mr. Rouncewell is frosty, for Mr. Rouncewell would like to educate Rosa better than she has
been at the village school, which is supported by the Dedlocks. This ruffles the feathers of the
Dedlocks, thinking that this ironmaster has become uppity.
Rosa and Lady Dedlock talk, and Lady Dedlock implores Rosa to stay with her a little while
longer. Rosa tearfully agrees.
Chapter 29 has the Dedlocks closing up Chesney Wold against the cold, and moving up to
London. Tulkinghorn visits and causes internal distress in Lady Dedlock, but nothing passes
between them about Tulkinghorn's hunt after Lady Dedlock's secret.
Lady Dedlock has received many letters from Mr. Guppy of Kenge and Carboy's, and finally
decides to receive him. There he tells her a few significant points. He wants to know if she
knows Miss Esther Summerson. She admits she has met her. He asks her if she thinks that Esther
resembles anyone in her family -- she says that she doesn't believe that she does. He explains
that, from Mrs. Chadband, he has learned that Esther Summerson was really Esther Hawdon.
This is an obviously shocking revelation to Lady Dedlock, but she hides her face behind a fan
and does not show her emotion.
Then Guppy tells her that there were some old letters found in a secret place (by Jobling) in
Nemo/Hawdon's old lodging, and he plans to get hold of them tonight. He asks if this is
agreeable to her ladyship, and she says it is. Guppy goes off on his errand, and Lady Dedlock
experiences intense grief. Her sister (Miss Barbary) had lied to her -- she said her child died soon
after birth. Obviously Miss Barbary had taken the child, Esther, away, and raised her herself,
never letting Lady Dedlock know of her existence or whereabouts. In addition, now Lady
Dedlock is sure that Nemo was Hawdon, and died in those horrible circumstances.
Analysis
The intrusion of Grandfather Smallweed into the relatively happy masculine world of the
shooting gallery upsets what little peace of mind Sgt. George has. The evil usurer is always
looking for an angle, and he attempts to get the piece of writing of Mr. Hawdon from George
himself, and take whatever reward Tulkinhorn would have offered. George, the faithful soldier,
goes and investigates, and is disconcerted by the slippery lawyer and his schemes.
He retreats to the first truly happy nuclear family presented in Bleak House. The Bagnets are a
model lower-middle-class family; happily married, with enough money to get by, no pretensions,
social airs, philanthropic manias, or religious extremism to spoil their happy home. Most
importantly, the parents are civil and kind to each other, and the mother, especially, is attentive
and loving toward the children. This is almost uncharted territory for this novel, since the only
truly happy home we have seen before this is the artificially assembled non-nuclear family of the
people of Bleak House.
Within the womb of this happy family, Mr. George is well-counselled by Mr. and Mrs. Bagnet to
have nothing to do with Tulkinhorn and his kind. This advice, and Mr. George's subsequent
decision, follows the Dickensian theme of rejecting the unreal, document-driven world of the law
and business (as represented by Tulkinghorn and Smallweed) for the "real" world of home,
family, honor, and duty (as represented by the Bagnets). George is still in peril, however, from
the ruthless financial squeezing of Smallweed.
The class consiousness is less based on documents than it is on snobbery in the clash between
Rouncewell and Dedlock over Rosa. This element of romantic intrigue for Rosa adds interest,
but is not a central element of the story.
Tulkinghorn stalks Lady Dedlock's secret, and it appears, back in London, that she knows of his
hunt. She is still the image of propriety, but after Guppy's stunning revelations one wonders how
long she can keep up the facade. The melodrama of her finding out that Esther is her child, which
she had thought dead, does indeed soften the reader's opinion of Lady Dedlock.
The parallel with Jenny's dead infant, which died in actuality, and Lady Dedlock's supposedly
dead infant show up the stark differences between the women, and the similarities. Jenny is
limited by class and status from altering her life after the loss of her child; unable to leave her
husband, she latches on to her friend's baby as an object of affection. Lady Dedlock, in contrast,
retreats to the world of high society, becomming brittle and bored, but places some affection in
the girl Rosa, who she seems to adopt as a surrogate daughter (she calls her "pet"). Superficially,
Jenny takes the winner's share of virtue in this contrast, as her miserable circumstances insist
upon the reader's sympathy; however, the possibility that Lady Dedlock's cold, brittle, bored
persona could have been formed out of grief rather than pure privilege makes for a much more
complicated and sympathetic figure. Lady Dedlock has lost both of the beings she most loved in
the world -- her lover and her daughter. The idea that she could yet encounter one of these two
beings drives the chapters to come.
Back in London, in Chapter 32, Mr. Snagsby is still hounded by the suspicions of his wife. Mr.
Weevle (Jobling) and he meet, and they enter Krook's shop together, which has more than the
usual fetid odor about it -- in fact this time it is so offensive that Mr. Snagsby leaves.
Weevle and Guppy meet later, and go up to his room. At the appointed hour of midnight they are
to meet Krook, who would bring the letters written by Captain Hawdon. After admiring some of
the engravings of British Beauties, including a likeness of Lady Dedlock, that Weevle has, they
go down to meet Krook. They find a singularly offensive odor an a strange black soot. They
eventually discover the remains of Krook, who has apparently died of spontaneous combustion.
Analysis
The old and strange Mrs. Woodcourt, with her long tales in Welsh, give us a look at some of the
prejudices of the English toward the Welsh in Victorian times. Mr. Woodcourt, though of this
line, does not seem to be very Welsh other than his dark complexion, but his mother is immersed
in the history and her imagined royal lineage. This contrast between the Welshness of the mother
and the Engishness of the son makes the son attractive to Esther, though she may worry that she
would have an enemy of a mother-in-law if she married Woodcourt. But that possibility seems
remote, since not only does Mrs. Woodcourt imply that Woodcourt has trifled with Esther, but
also she predicts that Esther will marry someone rich, respectable and older (Jarndyce, though he
is not named). This troubles Esther.
Some of the disarray of the Jellyby and Turveydrop households has been assuaged by the
marriage of young Caddy and Prince. The older characters haven't changed, but they've accepted
that their children will be married and they endeavor, as best they can, to make them happy. The
pathetic and comic are juxtaposed here, with the wild untended Jellyby children wreaking havoc
and the old Mr. Turveydrop being so insufferably dignified. The wedding is a foreshadowing of
the happy end for Woodcourt and Esther.
Another episode of melodrama is the illnesses of Jo, Esther, and Charley. The mission of mercy
which brings the contagion to Bleak House is only visited on Esther and Charley, so the reader is
saved from reproaching Esther for her kindness to Jo. Jo inexplicably runs away, making it
impossible for Esther to understand his role in the secret of her parentage being slowly found
out. The appearance of the two brickmakers' abused wives in this episode only adds to the
tragedy.
The disease itself is one of the most obvious metaphors in the book for the illness of poverty that
afflicts the English "body." Jo, the lowest of the low, contracts the disease and, untrained to trust
anyone, fails to receive proper treatment. He spreads the illness up the social ladder, from the
low-class but well-intentioned Charley and then on to Esther. In like way, Dickens suggests, the
economic and social problems rife in England affect all of society, not only those who "have" the
disease -- that is, not only the very poor. The whole body politic is infected in attempting,
ineffectually, to treat the disease of poverty.
The completely fantastic and unbelievable ending of Krook was probably accepted by many of
the readers of the time -- although Dickens was plagued by skeptics enough that he provided
Bleak House with a "scientific" preface defending the existence of spontaneous combustion for
the three-volume edition of the work. The social criticism implied by Krook's combustion is
sharp and apt -- the (nicknamed) "Lord Chancellor" is consumed in his own internal fire, and
dies in a way unlike the rest of humanity, for the legal system is such a far remove from real
human life that it renders its adherents into something less than human.
restored. However, she fears for the scars to her complexion, and when Charley grudgingly gives
her the mirror, Esther realizes that any beauty that she had is now gone.
Esther asks Mr. Jarndyce to let her and Charley leave for a while to get used to her new
appearance before seeing Ada. It is decided that Esther will go to Boythorn's, for he, in his
friendly and chivalric fervor, has sworn that unless she comes and uses his house that he will tear
it down, brick by brick. Esther and Jarndyce have a happy reunion, and Esther is charmed and
warmed by Mr. Jarndyce's obvious deep affection for her. Jarndyce tells Esther how Richard and
he are almost completely estranged because of Richard's foolish jealousies over the Chancery
suit.
Miss Flite comes to visit, and explains how her entire family was ruined by their Chancery suit.
She prophesies ominously about Richard and his obsession with Chancery. Miss Flite also tells a
curious story about a veiled lady who enquired at Jenny's cottage about Esther's condition. While
there, she took Esther's handkerchief, which had been saved with Jenny's dead baby's things,
without Jenny's knowledge, and left some money behind. Miss Flite thinks that the veiled lady
was probaby the Lord Chancellor's wife, but Esther thinks it was probably Caddy Jellyby. Miss
Flite also regales Esther with a story of Dr. Woodcourts heroism in a shipwreck.
Analysis
The fantastic and gruesome end of Krook casts its ugly shadow over the proceedings at the Sol's
Arms, and the equally sordid jealousy of Mrs. Snagsby and the cruelty of the Smallweed family
is highlighted. All is in disarray and ugliness, and Guppy has been a witness to it.
He hurries the next day to Lady Dedlock, who says she will receive him at any time, and is sad to
bring bad news to her. She affects not to care, but the affair is obviously coming to a head. The
plot device of Krook's demise is Dickens way of heralding that now the entire world that these
characters have built up in the first half of the novel is about to come crashing down. The signs
of demise are everywhere -- George's debt, Tulkinghorn's sucessess in his ruthless quest, Krook's
death, the revelation of Lady Dedlock's daughter, and even Esther's illness and recovery show
that nothing is going to ever be the same again.
Esther and Charley's heroism in the face of their own and each other's illnesses is a parallel to the
story of Woodcourt's heroism. In typical Dickensian (and Victorian) fashion, the heroism of the
man is a public dramatic one; the heroism of the woman is a private, domestic one.
The veiled lady coming to Jenny's cottage is no doubt Lady Dedlock, and the reader is left to
wonder at that Lady's boldness. It becomes apparent that Lady Dedlock is getting to the point
where she can't, or doesn't want, to keep up the pretense any longer. She knows Hawdon is dead,
and her child is alive. She cannot have as much motivation as she previously has had to keep her
awful secret, and she is in constant fear that Tulkinghorn may know her secret and expose her.
Esther is shy about allowing Ada to see her scarred face, much moreso than she is about allowing
Mr. Jarndyce to see it. This is a strange way of revealing the childishness of Ada. She is to be
shielded from, rather than allowed to share, Esther's suffering and grief. Ada seems incapable of
handling adult matters, or even of seeing the suffering and injustice so common in the world.
This is clear in her interaction with Richard as well, whom she does not contradict or redirect
even though his life's trajectory is so obviously heading for disaster. Ada, though only slightly
younger than Esther, is comparatively a child.
Richard is on leave from the army, and is working on the Jarndyce suit. He walks back to the
house with Esther, and meets Ada, and there is no diminishing of the love between them.
Richard's interest in Chancery verges on obsession, and Esther is critical of Richard, particularly
of his hostility to Mr. Jarndyce, who has only been generous and kind, to a fault, to Richard.
Mr. Skimpole, in his sponging way, has his expenses paid by Richard, and has introduced him to
the highly unscrupulous lawyer Mr. Vholes. We later learn that Vholes paid Skimpole to
introduce him, as Richard is ripe pickings for a lawyer who is willing to pursue a fruitless suit in
Chancery and deceive his client.
Esther goes to London, on the pretext of seeing Caddy and Prince Turveydrop. She visits with
them, and sees their happy, if laborious life under the oppression of Mr. Turveydrop. Caddy's
father, Mr. Jellyby, has taken to coming to their house every evening, and Caddy and her
husband and father seem quite happy.
Esther has a specific mission -- to warn Guppy off the trail of her parentage, in an attempt to save
the her mother's reputation. The interview with Guppy is made humorous by his surprise at her
changed appearance, but she assures him that she has no desire to marry him, and agrees that
there was never any agreement between them. For his part, Guppy agrees to drop his
investigations into her past. Guppy's mother, a vulgar person, sniggers at Esther's face. Guppy,
however, endeavors to be as polite as possible, and seems truly to struggle with the fact that he
no longer can love her because of her scarred face.
Analysis
The highly melodramatic Chapter 36 marks the mid-point, plotwise, of the novel. All the events
afterward turn on this revelation, and Esther's reaction to it has struck many readers as strange
and unreal. It does seem a little bit overwrought from our perspective, to have Esther thinking
more of the reputation of the Dedlocks than her own need for her mother, but England of the
1850s was a very different world, and illegitimate children and their parents were not accepted
into any kind of good society. There was no choice, essentially, for Lady Dedlock after she
married Sir Leicester -- keeping his reputation intact depended, and continues to depend
completely, on her keeping her secret.
Lady Dedlock's softening and her tenderness to her daughter are a welcome contrast to Esther's
cold and unloved childhood. We learn that the villain -- though she thought she was doing good - of the story is Esther's aunt, Lady Dedlock's sister, who essentially stole the child (who was not
expected to live) and raised her in secrecy, for some reason concealing the life even from the
child's own mother. This kind of puritanical mania and martyr-like selfishness is abhorrent to
Dickens, and Lady Dedlock, so long criticized, shows up favorably against the conduct of her
sister.
The reunion of Esther and Ada is touching, also, and surprisingly brief. That Ada would love her
all the same even with her scarred face no one doubts but Esther, who, while having a strangely
large amount of self-confidence, is almost unfailingly self-abnegating.
Richard's self-destructive tendencies have reached a very low point, in linking himself with
Skimpole and Vholes. He grows further separated from the sane world of Jarndyce, Esther, and
Ada, though he claims he still loves Ada, and Ada obviously still loves him.
The domestic interlude at the Turveydrops shows that, while the Jellyby and Turveydrop
households are still under the evil influence of old Mr. Turveydrop and Mrs. Jellyby, some
alleviation of sorrow of Caddy, Prince, and Mr. Jellyby has been the consequence of the
marriage.
The episode of Esther facing down Guppy and his mother shows her own very highly developed
sense of personal courage, and also, perhaps, her gentle disdain of Guppy. She is not shy to be
seen as ugly in his eyes, perhaps because she never desired his regard in anyway. She makes it
clear to him that he is not to continue in the search for her parentage. Esther is doing everything
that she can to shield her mother.
exist, and Sir Leicester seems uninterested. Lady Dedlock knows that she is completely in
Tulkinghorn's power now.
It is later in the day when, in Chapter 41, Lady Dedlock confronts Tulkinghorn in his own room.
She wants to know why Tulkinghorn would choose to tell the story publicly, and with her
husband in the room. This was just Tulkinghorn's way of letting her know that he knew all. What
transpires next is an intense scene between the two, where Lady Dedlock threatens to leave
Chesney Wold immediately with only the clothes on her back and a little money.
Tulkinghorn, surprisingly, now shows that he does have some human feeling, if only for Sir
Leicester's reputation rather than for Lady Dedlock's feelings. He does not wish to have Sir
Leicester exposed -- at least not at this time. He will hold the secret over his lady's head, but he
promises that he will tell her beforehand should he decide to reveal it.
Chapter 42 brings Tulkinghorn back to London, where he converses with Snagsby. Mr. Snagsby
has been harassed by the discarded maid, Mademoiselle Hortense, who tries desperately to
contact Tulkinghorn.
Hortense is resentful of Tulkinghorn, because he used her to gain information through Jo by the
ruse of dressing in Hortense's clothing. She has not been given any consideration of a new
position, though he had told her he would do so. He goes back on his promise (though, in a
lawyerly fashion, he denies the letter of a promise, though he obviously intended Hortense to
think that he was promising at the time) and threatens Hortense with jail. The woman leaves,
vowing to hound Tulkinghorn forever.
Analysis
The incredibly taut scene of Tulkinghorn telling Lady Dedlock's story to a room of her family
and guests shows the nearly superhuman amount of self-control that Lady Dedlock has, and the
nearly subhuman amount of humanity that Tulkinghorn has. He verbally tortures her, in front of
the most sensitive of witnesses, apparently out of the joy of hurting her. He delights in secrets,
and the power they give him over others. He has proved to be a misogynist, being unmarried
himself: we recall his thoughts earlier in the novel that women cause most of the trouble in the
world, but also make a lot of business for lawyers.
It really seems as if this might be the end for Lady Dedlock -- she is so determined to leave on
the night of Tulkinghorn's revelation, and only the thought of hurting Sir Leicester so dreadfully
keeps her back. She is getting to the point where she has less and less to lose, which makes her
dangerous.
The equally sub-human Hortense arrives and demands retribution from Tulkinghorn, only to be
rebuffed. She is seen as most tenacious and single-minded woman, who hates her former
mistress and can only obtain employment for herself by squeezing others. Snagsby seems to be
quite victimized by her.
Dickens stars throwing clues around willy-nilly at this point. Both Lady Dedlock and Hortense
have reason to want Tulkinghorn dead, but does Sir Leicester actually know the secret, too?
Tulkinghorn's death is foreshadowed, but it is still done skillfully enough to be unexpected.
There is a sharp satire of British political parties at the beginning of Chapter 42, which doesn't
really add anything to the story. Like the call for legal reform that echoes throughout Bleak
House, the sense in this political debate that the old, corrupted system might be giving way to a
more enlightened and effective reform system resonates with the social, political, economic
critique at the heart of the novel.
visit to Guppy, warning him off. Esther is also suspicious of Hortense, but doesn't know that she
knows anything.
The letter turns out to be a forthright marriage proposal. Esther is shocked and touched, and also
conscious of the great love Jarndyce must hold for her to think nothing of her scarred face or the
illegitimacy of her birth. When they are alone, a week later, she answers him with a kiss, and
says she will be "mistress of Bleak House".
At the end of this conversation, in a strange manner, he asks Esther to send Charley to his room
to retrieve a letter, that he will have written to Esther.
In Chapter 45, Mr. Vholes arrives at Bleak House. He brings the terrible news that Richard is
completely destitute, and in fact is in debt, and very well may lose his Army commision.
Esther goes to visit Richard in Deal, in the county of Kent (southeast England). She takes
Charley along, and a letter from Ada that generously offers Richard her small inheritance. He is
in a terrible state (and, Esther notes, not in uniform) and wants to go to London to pursue
Jarndyce and Jarndyce once more.
Luckily, Allan Woodcourt is in Deal, freshly returned from the East. Esther is much relieved to
have a steady male friend for Richard back in the country, and Woodcourt promises to try to help
Richard back onto the straight and narrow. Esther sees that Woodcourt's concern for her scarravaged face is not just a doctor's lack of repulsion. She is attracted to him once again, but will
not let herself be for many reasons (her engagement to Jarndyce, her scars, her scandalous birth,
etc.)
Chapter 46 finds Woodcourt again in London, walking in Tom-all-Alone's where he sees Jenny,
the brickmaker's wife badly bruised from yet another beating from her drunken husband. Jenny is
back in London with her husband, looking for work. She is sitting on the step waiting for the
lodgings to open. Dr. Woodcourt treats her forehead, and turning away he sees Jo and vaguely
remembers him.
Jenny runs after him, wanting to stop him. Allan thinks Jo might have robbed her, but Jenny only
wanted to talk to Jo. She had taken care of him in St Alban's, and nursed him with the smallpox
he eventually gave to Esther. Jo and Woodcourt leave Tom-all-Alone's.
Analysis
Esther and Ada continue in their pattern of trying ineffectually to help Richard out of his
difficulties. The distressing nature of Esther's inability to communicate with the mother, and her
mother's iminent peril definitely weighs on her.
The visit to the Skimpoles is in some ways meant to be comedic, but the irresponsibility of their
household is such that the lightness of the tone rings false. Esther, especially, is concerned for
the "Beauty" daughter, who is married with two children, and looks too young for either state.
Skimpole's family is much like him -- infantile and constantly protesting their unworldliness.
The very surprising visit of Sir Leicester softens the reader's opinion of him, a bit. The further
revelations between Esther and Jarndyce serve to bring them closer into a kind of intimacy they
hadn't had before.
Jarndyce takes this opportunity for his passionless letter-borne marriage proposal, by which
Esther feels very flattered and honored, despite the fact that she is not romantically in love with
her guardian. This was well-disguised enough by Dickens to be a bit of a shock to the reader who
hadn't quite predicted it. Jarndyce had only ever been fatherly, and until recently there was the
possibility that Esther had been his own daughter. It is a happy, fortunate development for
Esther, but the reader feels that she still must love Mr. Woodcourt.
And just to make the contrast all the clearer, Mr. Woodcourt magically appears at Deal, and is
ready to help Esther with the wayward Richard. She is now unable to allow herself to love
Woodcourt, because she is engaged to Jarndyce. But no one else yet knows of their engagement.
The romantic suspense builds.
Woodcourt, in yet another example of his continually rescuing persona, rescues Jo just in time to
give him a death surrounded by friendly faces, with a little comfort. It is a melodramatic scene,
but the death of an innocent child can never be unaffecting. It was very well received by its
Victorian readers.
Then the moment arrives: Tulkinghorn is found in his office, shot dead through the heart, just
before ten o'clock.
In Chapter 49, we find the Bagnet household preparing for the birthday dinner of Mrs. Bagnet.
George Rouncewell arrives for the happy occasion, but he is a little depressed by his debts and
very saddened by the death, in his establishment, of little Jo. The Bagnets, especially Mrs.
Bagnet, are sympathetic.
The slightly comedic and happy birthday dinner commences, and Bucket, claiming he saw Sgt
George through the window, arrives unexpectedly. He spends a nice time with the family. After
he leaves with George, he arrests him for Tulkinghorn's murder. He claims that Tulkinghorn had
called him a murderous fellow, but Bucket is mistaken. When Tulkinghorn said that he was
referring to the now-dead Gridley. Bucket receives the large reward given by Sir Leicester
Dedlock.
Analysis
The pathetic death of Jo is contrasted by the relief of the removal of the evil character of
Tulkinghorn. There is no doubt that the world is a better place without him. However, no one
believes that George killled Mr. Tulkinghorn, and the fact that the miscarriage of justice is
carried out so quickly and incorrectlly by the likable Mr. Bucket makes the scene more dramatic.
Lady Dedlock's removal of the maid causing Tulkinghorn to break their agreement seems a bit
arbitrary, but it is just like him to have such inscrutable standards. Lady Dedlock has shown
herself to have an iron character, and she has become more admirable throughout the book. She
is nicely contrasted with the lower class iron character of the ironmaster, Mr. Rouncewell.
The happy interlude at the Bagnets, again, is a kind of gentle relief to the difficult and heavy
proceedings of the rest of the chapters. There is no doubt that they are a happy family, and it is a
relief for George to have some respite with them, even if it's only short-lived.
The death of Tulkinghorn is beautifully described, the eerie and familiar stage of him alone,
drinking his wine in his chambers: a perfect setting for a cold-blooded murder. He is seen to be
eminently deserving of murder, and the readers are rewarded with his meaningful death after the
meaningless death of Jo.
and Esther go to London and stay for some time. He contacts Allan Woodcourt, and sends him to
Caddy to be her doctor.
In these circumstances, so blameless and in fact arranged by her fiance, Esther and Allan meet
often. After a time, Esther tells Ada and Caddy about Jarndyce's proposal. Esther seems to notice
a strange, subtle change in Ada's behavior toward her.
Cryptically, Jarndyce asks Esther if she would like Allan to be magically made rich. Esther
returns that he would be less likely to be as useful to as many poor people if he were rich.
Jarndyce continues, asking if he would be rich enough to live comfortably and continue in his
good works, would that be agreeable to Esther? She says that would be quite a different thing,
and good for the doctor and others.
In Chapter 51, Allan Woodcourt, as good as his word to Ada, obtains Richard's address from Mr.
Vholes. The greedy lawyer never ceases in his assertions that Richard needs money to resolve his
suit -- money that would go directly into Vholes's pocket.
Woodcourt finds Richard in a worn and haggard state, though not yet actually ill. He puts all his
energy into the suit, and has given up the army. Richard says that he will be guided by Allan.
Esther wants Ada to go with her to visit Richard, and Ada reacts strangely. She ends up going,
but once they are there she reveals to the shocked Esther that she has been secretly married to
Richard for two months. She is not going home to Bleak House.
In Chapter 52, Woodcourt is convinced of George Rouncewell's innocence, but he is also aware
of the large amount of circumstantial evidence which looks bad for Rouncewell. Esther, Allan,
Mr. Jarndyce, and, of course, the Bagnets visit George in prison.
In a characteristic twist, George refuses to have a lawyer. He is a simple, straightforward man,
and he wants his own innocence, not legal wrangling, to acquit him of any crime.
He looks at Esther, and says aside to Mr. Jarndyce that a figure like hers passed him on
Tulkinhorn's staircase on the night of the murder. He doesn't think that it was Esther, but it was
so very like her he has to say it.
Mrs. Bagnet, on an errand of mercy, visits George's mother and asks her to help convince him to
get legal counsel.
In Chapter 53, we see the machinations and investigations of Inspector Bucket. He is not
completely convinced of Sgt. George's guilt.
He spies on the guests at the funeral of Mr. Tulkinghorn. He visits the Dedlocks, and is
extremely subtle in his talk with Volumnia, Sir Leicester, and Mercury the footman. From
Mercury, by a circuitous means, he manages to extract that Lady Dedlock took a walk, by
herself, on the night of the murder.
Analysis
Caddy and Prince provide the most realistic picture of domestic life -- sometimes happy,
sometimes sad. Caddy has ever been a device for getting Esther to London, and she performs this
service again. In addition, she has need of Woodcourt, which puts the two young people
together.
The strange suggestion from Jarndyce about making Woodcourt rich leads the reader to believe
that he knows that Esther and Woodcourt love each other. Esther, of course, does not understand
this.
The revelation of Ada and Richard's secret marriage is a deep disappointment to Esther and to
Jarndyce. Ada and Richard seem to be married under an unlucky star, and, for a long time now,
the reader has had no cause to hope for Richard.
George Rouncewell, who serves as a refreshingly simple character in a tangle of difficult and
complicated characters, must be persuaded to defend himself. It now becomes clear his
connection with the Dedlocks, and his past is about to come full circle back to him in the person
of his mother.
Bucket has many suspects now -- Lady Dedlock and even Esther, in addition to George. The
"detective story" part of the novel is at full steam now, and it is interesting to note the means that
the Victorian detective, who must be so careful of social boundaries, and to work without any
forensic support, must use to pursue criminals. Incidentally, Mr. Bucket is considered to be the
first fictional "detective": the precursor to Sherlock Holmes, Hercule Poirot, Philip Marlowe,
Sam Spade, and one hundred and fifty years of other figures. The restrictions of Victorian
society require him to use quiet methods -- observation and logic, mostly -- to "crack" the case,
and this pattern of deductive detection has proved extremely popular beyond Victorian society.
Bucket also arrests Mademoiselle Hortense, and we learn of her duplicity in writing letters
accusing Dedlock of the crime. Bucket has employed his wife to spy on her, and he has all the
evidence, including the murder weapon, to convict Hortense.
Chapter 55 has Mrs. Rouncewell visiting her son in prison. They have not seen each other for
many years, and Mrs. Rouncewell and George are very happily reunited. He agrees to defend
himself legally.
Mrs. Rouncewell then goes to the Dedlock London house, and tells Lady Dedlock that George is
being held for Tulkinghorn's murder. She also shows Lady Dedlock a newspaper account of the
murder of Tulkinghorn, with Lady Dedlock's name and "murderess" underneath it. This was the
false incriminating letter composed by Hortense.
Mr. Guppy visits and sees Lady Dedlock, telling her that Captain Hawdon's letters were
discovered and may soon come out. Lady Dedlock sees no other way out, and writes a letter to
Sir Leicester, explaining she went to Tulkinghorn on the night of his murder, but didn't kill him.
She admits to her scandalous past, and then she veils herself, leaving her jewels, and flees.
In Chapter 56, after Lady Dedlock's abrupt leaving, Sir Leicester's cousin, Volumnia, discovers
Sir Leicester unconscious on the floor of the library. He has had a stroke - he recovers enough to
signal for his Lady but he is told she has gone. In an extraordinary example of the power of love,
Sir Leicester reads Lady Dedlock's letter and instantly forgives her. He wants Dedlock to find
her immediately, and sends the message, "Full forgiveness," to Lady Dedlock. He has not any
intention of reproaching her for her past sins, and only desires to have his love and his wife back
in his house.
Bucket tells Mrs. Rouncewell that Hortense is the murderer, and that George will go free fully
exonerated. Sir Leicester finds Esther's monogrammed handkerchief that Lady Dedlock had kept.
He maintains to everyone in the house that he forgives his lady.
Bucket goes to the shooting gallery, and gets Esther's address from the now-freed George.
Bucket asks permission of Mr. Jarndyce to bring Esther with him to search for her mother.
Lady Dedlock, inscrutably, is wandering, buffetted by weather, around the brick kilns where Jo
had almost lain down to die before Esther took him away.
Analysis
The resolution of so many loose ends takes place in these three chapters. The Rouncewells are
restored to each other, and George to liberty. Sir Leicester learns of his lady's deception, and
promptly forgives her. Lady Dedlock flees from the house, and the principle characters are
dispatched to rescue her
The reformation of Sir Leicester is rather marked. He has gone from being an object of
Boythorn's scorn and hate, to a loving, affectionate, and very forgiving husband.
The coincidence of all three suspects visiting Mr. Tulkinghorn's staircase on the night of his
murder would probably not have aroused much suspicion in his reading public. The murder
mystery or detective story was not yet common, and such dramatic license was easily accepted in
Victoian novels.
Despite Hortense's guilt in the murder, the mystery continues with the pursuit of Lady Dedlock.
The clue to her whereabouts is the significant white handkerchief, which foreshadows Lady
Dedlock's death in it's previous use as a shroud for a dead infant.
Mr. Guppy is used yet again as a plot device, and he, like Mrs. Rouncewell, gives Lady Dedlock
wrong or useless information. She doesn't yet know of Hortense's arrest, nor does she know of
her husband's forgiveness. If she had known these things, her death might have been prevented;
as is, her ignorance wrenches still more drama out of a dramatic situation, driving her toward
death.
Woodcourt, who has been tending to Richard (Richard is not considered ill, simply tired and
drawn). Bucket takes them to Snagsby's, to get a letter from Guster.
Allan fetches the letter from Guster, who, predictaby, is having a fit. The detective, who has
become the voice of reason for all people, now lectures Mrs. Snagsby on the futility of being
jealous of Mr. Snagsby. The letter obtained, Esther reads that her mother has chosen the place
she wants to die. Guster says she had met a very ill-dressed woman (Lady Dedlock in Jenny's
clothes) who asked to find the pauper's burying ground where Nemo was laid to rest.
Bucket and Esther rush to the gate of the burying ground, and find a body that looks like Jenny's.
However, is is Lady Dedlock, already dead. Esther is unbelieving at first, but she must believe
when she turns the face to her and sees it is her mother's.
Analysis
This is a typical ride-to-the-rescue Victorian plot device, but the rescuers arrive too late. Esther is
dragged about by the kindly Bucket, giving Dickens the opportunity both to sustain suspense
over three chapters and to reveal many mysteries through their conversation: how Bucket solved
the murder, how he has been quietly influencing events for a long time (like the removal of Jo),
etc. Through these revelations, Skimpole is exposed again as a heartless sponger, and Bucket is
set up as a fount of wisdom about humankind.
Sir Leicester has a touching, but restrained, reunion with George, and the remembrance of them
both as younger men comforts him. Sir Leicester has made the biggest transformation of any
character in the novel, from bigoted and hidebound aristocrat to loving, infirm, forgiving
husband. George finally seems to feel at home, and has hope for his own life for the first time in
ages. He has never been a man of the city, truly, as he told Phil Squod back in the shooting
gallery, and would like very much to go back to the country.
Yet another Dickensian coincidence occurs as Allan shows up at just the right moment moves
the plot along. Guster, however, as a main character in an important plot point is a surprise. It is
to be hoped that Bucket's advice to Mrs. Snagsby will be heeded.
The finding of Lady Dedlock already dead is a forgone conclusion. She had essentially
committed suicide by exposure, out of shame and despair. Esther is at once moved and saddened,
but one cannot help thinking that perhaps she saw her mother as selfish. She could have lived
and been some kind of mother to Esther, if she had chosen.
Indeed, her death is to a great degree unnecessary, as she is wholly exonorated of murder and
wholly forgiven by Sir Leicester at the time. We wonder whether Lady Dedlock is driven as
much by an unrelenting draw toward tragedy -- a personal need to suffer, die, and escape the
burdens of her stoic front -- as by actual pressures of shame and disgrace. Her death, ironically,
seems somewhat selfish in this light: a final melodramatic escape to cap a life of steely, staged,
miserable restraint. It thus mirrors to some degree Krook's spontaneous combustion.
Dickens wraps up this part of the story, with its confusing story threads, admirably. We are left
with Esther's loss of her mother, and the only suspense left (except he romantic suspense
concerning Jarndyce and Woodcourt) is in how Esther will bear it.
advances the interests of the young Mr. and Mrs. Carstone. Mr. Kenge is brought in for his
opinion, and he thinks that it will do much to end the suit, but we have to wait until next month
when court is again in session.
In Chapter 63, George has given up his business in London and gone to be the companion of Sir
Leicester. He has brought Phil Squod with him to live down at Chesney Wold. He has a reunion
with his brother, and meets his nephew Watt and young Rosa. He refuses a job up in "iron
country" but he agrees to give Rosa away at the wedding. He writes to Esther to put her mind at
ease on a small point, saying that the letter he gave to Bucket was a trifle.
Analysis
The mystery plot having been resolved, a new plot -- Esther's love -- reaches a boiling point. The
date is set for Esther and Jarndyce's wedding, but the love of Allan Woodcourt for Esther, which
he has exposed, complicates her happiness terrifically. Meanwhile, the situation for Ada is
becoming not unlike the brickmaker's wife, Jenny, though her husband is addicted to Chancery
rather than alcohol. Woodcourt remains a good helper, but he is not able to save Richard. No one
is.
Skimpole's exposure is particulary satisfying, especially now that he has given over to
psychically torturing Ada with his "lightness."
Allan's confession of love is no big surprise, but Esther's reaction, even for a Victorian novel, is
perhaps a touch too restrained. She makes her struggle quite clear for the reader, though,
recalling her status as an orphan who lacked a family's care until that was given her by the
generosity of Jarndyce. She feels that, in this light, she is not free to love Woodcourt, but we feel
that she must do so. Her reaction -- hurrying her own wedding to one man because she loves
another -- is indicative of her feelings.
The stunning discovery of the will in Jarndyce in the confusion of Krook's shop brings the
Jarndyce suit finally near to its end. It underscores the irony of Chancery justice that buried
among the worthless piles of documents in Krook's abode there was the key to the case all along.
There is a glimmer of hope for Richard, but all the signs have pointed through the entire novel of
the hopelessness of this cause.
The episode of Rouncewell going to see his brother ties up the loose ends of this functional,
happy family. They are rewarded with happy endings because of their virtue and loyalty.
Jellyby is reprised, all grown up and preparing to go into the Custom House like his father.
Jarndyce, Ada, Woodcourt, and Allan all live happily ever after.
Analysis
Dicken's bright and happy ending is only marred by the death of Richard (which has been a
foregone conclusion for at least half the novel). The fact that none of the surviving main
characters are interested with documents or suits or "signs and tokens" ensures their happiness.
The feelings is that most of the people who have lived through this novel have gotten their just
desserts. Only Jenny the brickmaker's wife is left out of the winding up.
The surprising happy ending of Sir Leicester is perhaps the least expected of the bunch. Also,
Esther's wish that Jarndyce not marry anyone else is fulfiled, and Jarndyce remains the foster
father/Guardian of Ada and Esther.
This novel has so many parallels between characters that sometimes multiple ones can be drawn.
The Skimpole/Turveydrop characters of superficiality, the Jenny/Lady Dedlock polar opposites,
the high and low extremes of Sir Leicester and Jo the Crossing Sweeper are only a few. Dickens
delighted in repeating his ideas in different characters, as well as injecting wholly unique ones,
like Inspector Bucket, into the mix.
To some critics, the ending of Esther with Woodcourt seems a bit saccharine. That a destitute
young woman who depended solely on her Guardian for her support would hesitate to marry him
has been criticized as anti-intuitive, especially regarding Esther's commitment to duty. Also,
Ada's misguided love of Richard, and her ineffectuality at saving him, has been put forward as
proof that Dickens didn't have much respect for women's powers of persuasion.
But the domestic bliss that intermittently pops up, and, ultimately triumphs in the end of Bleak
House has the marks of authenticity to it. Dickens really did believe that it was the most
important state, and considered it far more important than any institution of his day. This novel
clearly illustrates his belief, and does a very good job of convincing the reader of it, too.
Mr. Nemo
Captain Hawdon's pseudonym, now employed as a law writer. He has fallen upon very hard
times, and he is a shadow of the man he was. His fateful romance with Lady Dedlock, which
produced their illegitimate daughter Esther, ruined his life.
Ada Clare
The young woman that Esther Summerson has been assigned to be companion for. She is in love
almost at once with her distant cousin, another ward of Chancery. She is loyal to a fault, and can
be myopic in her views about those she loves. She never wavers in her devotion to Richard, and
Dickens implies that if she might have been a little less supportive of him he might have not
fallen into the morass of the Chancery suit, and therefore she might have saved him. She is
adored by everyone around her, especially Esther, Richard Carstone, and John Jarndyce, but she
is not particularly intellectual.
John Jarndyce
Esther, Ada's, and Richard's benefactor, as well as many other people's. He is kind-hearted and
unfailingly generous, and can be taken in by amusing spongers, such as Mr. Skimpole. At all
times he counsels against putting hope in the Chancery suit, and he is in love with Esther. He is a
fatherly or avuncular figure, and except for his few foibles of misguided philanthropy, a logical
and thoroughly admirable character.
Miss Flite
A slightly crazy elderly woman who frequents the law courts. She is apparently waiting the
settlement of her own case, which is never explained. She keeps many small birds with
allegorical names like Hope, Youth, Beauty, and Words, Confusion, Jargon, Plunder, Precedent,
to signify the consumption of all good qualities by fruitless law cases. She becomes friends with
Jarndyce, Esther, and Ada.
Mademoiselle Hortense
Lady Dedlock's French maid, who is dismissed and who thereafter resents her former employer.
Mr. Vholes
An unscrupulous lawyer employed fruitlessly by Richard Carstone on the Jarndyce & Jarndyce
suit.
Mr. Skimpole
An amusing but amoral sponger. He sometimes partakes of Mr. Jarndyce's hospitality. Mr.
Jarndyce usually tolerates him, but Esther soon grows to abhor him. He introduces Mr. Vholes to
Richard.
Lady Dedlock
The fashionable and stoic wife of Sir Leicester Dedlock. She is the mother of Esther, but did not
raise her because she was told that Esther died soon after birth. She lives at Chesney Wold and a
house in London. She was born Honoria Barbary.
Richard Carstone
A ward in Chancery, and under the legal guardianship of John Jarndyce. A handsome, apt young
man, who lacks direction and succumbs easily to the suggestions of others. He loves his distant
cousin, Ada Clare.
Charley Neckett
The daughter of the bailiff Coavinses (Neckett). She becomes a maid to Esther after her father's
death. Her name is actually Charlotte.
Mrs. Rouncewell
The old housekeeper at Chesney Wold.
Mr. Tangle
A lawyer in the Jarndyce & Jarndyce matter. He appears in the Court of Chancery.
Krook
The owner of a rag and bottle shop in London, near the Court of Chancery. He is Nemo's and
Miss Flite's landlord.
Rosa
A young village girl, elevated to the position of lady's maid to Lady Dedlock. She replaces
Mademoiselle Hortense.
Tom Jarndyce
A character deceased before the novel begins. John Jarndyce's great uncle (Krook calls them
cousins, a Victorian term for relations of that degree), who killed himself in despair over the
Jarndyce & Jarndyce case. Tom-All-Alone's was his property, or the property of the Jarndyce
suit, and has gone to rack and ruin.
Jenny
The brickmaker's wife, from the town of St. Alban's. She has a drunken husband, and her baby
dies. She befriends Jo.
Neckett (Coavinses)
Charley Neckett's father, the bailiff who came to Bleak House to collect Mr. Skimpole's debt.
Mr. Kenge
A lawyer in the firm of Kenge and Carboy's. He is assigned to Esther's case when she is made a
ward of John Jarndyce.
Mr. Snagsby
The law stationery shopkeeper who employs Nemo. He also befriends Jo.
Mrs. Snagsby
Mr. Snagsby's suspicious and jealous wife.
Jo
A street orphan of no education, family, or support. He attempts to eke out a living as a crossing
sweeper. Various characters in the novel befriend him, but none manage to save him from an
early death. He is Sir Leicester Dedlock's social and economic opposite.
Mr. Rouncewell
Son of Mrs. Rouncewell. An ironmaster. Father of Watt Rouncewell.
Watt Rouncewell
Mrs. Rouncewell's grandson. In love with the maid Rosa.
Grandfather Smallweed
A greedy man in a wheelchair, who buys Krook's shop after his death. The personification of
capitalist opportunism in the novel.
Grandmother Smallweed
Smallweed's wife -- an infantile woman.
Batholomew Smallweed
The Smallweeds' grandson.
Judy Smallweed
The Smallweeds' granddaughter. Usually goes about with her grandfather to "shake him up".
Phil Squod
Mr. George's servant, and loyal friend. He is disfigured but usually very cheerful.
Prince Turveydrop
A young man who works as a dancing master in his father's studio. He is overworked and
underappreciated. He marries Caddy Jellyby.
Mr. Turveydrop
The foppish, ridiculous, and neglectful father of Prince. He runs the dancing school.
Mrs. Woodcourt
Allan Woodcourt's elderly mother.
Mr. Guppy
A clerk in Kenge and Carboy's. He is enamored of Esther Summerson, though he loses his
affection for a while after her smallpox scarring. He has a higher opinion of himself than most of
the characters in the novel do. Though hampered by a lower-class accent, he attempts to use
flowery legal and social language and poetic constructions in his speech. He is instrumental in
solving the mystery of Esther's parentage.
Mrs. Guppy
Guppy's strange, lower-middle-class mother.
Mr. Gridley
Called the "Man from Shropshire". The unending nature of the Jarndyce suit drives him at last to
suicide.
Mr. Boythorn
A neighbor of Sir Leicester Dedlock. A friend of John Jarndyce.
Mrs. Jellyby
A hopeless do-gooder. Mother of a large, neglected family.
Mr. Jellyby
Mrs. Jellyby's nonentity husband.
Mrs. Pardiggle
A ferocious village do-gooder, with five discontented sons.
Caddy Jellyby
The overworked daughter of Mrs. Jellyby. She becomes a friend of Esther, and the wife of Prince
Turveydrop.
Peepy Jellyby
The shockingly neglected youngest Jellyby child.
Mr. Badger
A London doctor who attempts to train Richard.
Mrs. Badger
Mr. Badger's thrice-married wife.
job, but refuses to do so, so Hortense curses him. Later, Tulkinghorn is shot in his own
chambers. John Jarndyce reveals his love for Esther is more than that of a guardian for his ward,
and the two become engaged.
Mr. Bucket, a detective, gathers suspects in Tulkinghorn's murder. George Rouncewell, a former
soldier and friend of Captain Hawdon, is suspected, as is Lady Dedlock. Sir Leicester is told of
his wife's illegitimate daughter, and of her hatred for Tulkinghorn. Shocked, Sir Leicester suffers
a stroke. He forgives his wife fully, however. Bucket later finds Hortense to be the murderer, and
arrests her.
Because Lady Dedlock doesn't know of the arrest of Hortense and the forgiveness of her
husband, in desperation she leaves the house and changes clothes with a poor woman to evade
any pursuers. Esther and Detective Bucket attempt to find her, but arrive too late at the gate of
the cemetery where Lady Dedlock's lover, Captain Hawdon, is buried. Lady Dedlock has died in
the snow.
The case of Jarndyce & Jarndyce is wound up with the surprise discovery of a later will found in
Krook's shop. Ada and Richard are indeed the beneficiaries, but there is no money left to inherit.
It has all been consumed in legal fees. Richard dies, and Ada gives birth to his son. John
Jarndyce realizes that Esther loves Allan Woodcourt more than she loves him, and Woodcourt
and Esther are married. They have children, and Ada and Jarndyce are frequent visitors to the
new "Bleak House" they create in Yorkshire.
and that, perhaps, while those are overlooked and neglected, no other duties can possibly be
substituted."
Inevitably, Bleak House has had its detractors as well as its admirers. Dickens' treatment of his
female characters has drawn special criticism, and it is undeniable that Ada and Esther are totally
unrealistic "types" of women, capturing the Victorian virtues of sisterly affection, loyalty,
willingness to serve, kindness, gentleness, modesty, and gratitude. This ideal of womanhood -saintly, winsome and prone to faint -- limits Esther and Ada to prescribed roles as selfless servers
of men. However, Dickens gives even Esther a good measure of fire and spirit, shown best in her
sharp criticisms of people like Mr. Skimpole and Mrs. Jellyby, and creates complex portraits of
femininity as well. Lady Dedlock, especially, is presented in all her flawed glory.
One characteristic of the book that will help a first-time reader to distinguish and recognize the
individuals within his huge cast -- and, indeed, that helped Dickens' original serial readership
hold the story in suspense for weeks and months -- is his trick of using linguistic tics to
"announce" his characters. John Jarndyce, for example, constantly references the "East Wind"
during awkward moments, and Old Mr. Turveydrop refers incessantly to his "comportment."
These tics are sometimes funny, sometimes (perhaps) distracting, but always useful in capturing
the particular moral being of his varied bunch. Dickens' names, too, as in nearly all his writings,
announce the character of his characters, from the flighty Miss Flite, to the crooked Krook, to the
vociferous and hulking Mr. Tulkinghorn. As such things show, Dickens' purpose is never
straight-forward realism even as he addresses the very real social problems of his era. He works
with types and grotesqueries, capturing through exaggeration, like a political cartoonist, the
foibles and virtues of humankind. Indeed, Esther is a caricature of feminine service as much as
Tulkinghorn is of institutional corruption. It is through the composite of all these types, through
their existence together, that Dickens captures best the complexity of "real" human life, rather
than within a particular character. The whole of Bleak House is thus as unsettling, dense and
roiling as London -- or as humankind, perhaps -- itself.
Elizabeth Hayes Smith. Miller, W.C. ed. "Bleak House Study Guide". GradeSaver, 24 December
2006 Web. 19 August 2015. Cite this page
http://www.gradesaver.com/bleak-house