TRIANGLES

Definition: A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles. The
sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 0.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCORDING TO ANGLES:
Oblique triangle a triangle with no right angle

Acute triangle
Obtuse triangle

Right triangle a triangle with a right angle

Equiangular triangle a triangle with equal angles

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCORDING TO SIDES:

Scalene triangle a triangle with no two sides equal

Isosceles triangle a triangle with two sides equal

Equilateral triangle a triangle with three equal sides

CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES:

Zero angle an angle of 00

Acute angle an angle between 00 and 900

Right angle an angle of 900

Obtuse angle an angle between 900 and 1800

Straight angle an angle of 1800

Reflex angle an angle between 1800 and 3600

Circular angle an angle of 3600

Complex angle an angle more than 3600

ANGLE

An angle is formed by rotating a given ray about its endpoint to some

terminal position. The original ray is the initial side of the angle, and the
second ray is the terminal side of the angle. The common endpoint is the
vertex of the angle.

Angles formed by a counterclockwise rotation are considered positive

angles, and angles formed by a clockwise rotation are considered negative
angles.

An angle is said to be in standard position if its initial side is along the

positive x-axis and its vertex is at the origin.

Two positive angles are complementary angles if the sum of the measures
of the angles is 900. Each angle is the complement of the other angle.

Two positive angles are supplementary angles if the sum of the measures
of the angles is 1800. Each angle is the supplement of the other angle.
ANGLE MEASURE

The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation of the initial side.
Units of measurements:
a. Degree

1/360 of a complete revolution

denoted by

b. Radian

measure of the central angle subtended by an arc whose length is equal to

the radius of the circle

denoted by rad.

DEFINITION OF RADIAN MEASURE

Given an arc length s on a circle of radius r, the measure of the central angle
subtended by the arc is
radians.

( full rotation) 2 360 0

180 0
RADIAN DEGREE CONVERSION

To convert from radians to degrees, multiply

180 0

radians

by

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply

By

radians

180 0

COTERMINAL ANGLES are angles in standard position having the same

sides.

MEASURES OF COTERMINAL ANGLES

Given angle in standard position with measure x0, then the measures of the
angles that are coterminal with angle are given by
x0 + k 3600
where k is an integer.
LENGTH OF A CIRCULAR ARC

Let r be the length of the radius of a circle and be the non-negative radian
measure of a central angle of the circle. Then the length of the arc s that

subtends the central angle is s = r.

where is in radians

AREA OF A CIRCULAR SECTOR

Circular Sector is a figure formed by two radii and an arc.
Area of circular sector is given by,
but
so
thus,

s = r
A = r (r)
A = r2

A = rs

LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEED

Definition of Linear and Angular Speed of a Point Moving on a Circular Path
A point moves on a circular path with radius r at a constant rate of radians per
unit of time t. Its linear speed is

s
t

where s is the distance the point travels, given by s = r. The points angular
speed is

THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEED RELATIONSHIP

The linear speed v and the angular speed , in radians per unit time, of a point
moving on a circular path with radius r are related by
v = r

THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

hypotenuseOppositehypotenuseAdjacent

side
side
Opposite
Adjacent
side
side

Let be an acute angle of a right triangle. The values of the six trigonometric
functions of are

length of opposite side

length of hypotenuse
length of opposite side
tan
length of adjacent side
length of hypotenuse
sec
length of adjacent side

length of adjacent side

length of hypotenuse
length of adjacent side
cot
length of opposite side
length of hypotenuse
csc
length of opposite side

sin

cos

RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS
The following gives the reciprocal relations of the six trigonometric functions:

1
csc
1
cos
sec
1
tan
cot

1
sin
1
sec
cos
1
cot
tan

sin

csc

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
The Pythagorean Theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides. Referring to the right triangle below, then
c2 = a2 + b2
The Pythagorean Theorem is used to find the side of a right triangle.

B
c
A

a
b

FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

a
sin A =c

b
sin B = c

b
cos A =
c
a
tan A =
b
b
cot A =
a
c
sec A =
b
c
csc A =
a

a
cos B =
c
b
tan B =
a
a
cot B =
b
c
sec B =
a
c
csc B =
b

sin B = sin (900 A) =cos A

cos B = cos (900 A) = sin A
tan B = tan (900 A) = cot A

cot B = cot (900 A) = tan A

sec B = sec (900 A) = csc A
csc B = csc (900 A) = sec A
The relations may then be expressed by a single statement that: A trigonometric
function of an angle is always equal to the co-function of the complement of the
angle.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 450, 300 AND 600

450
1

450
1

300
2
3

600
1
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE

To solve a right triangle means to find the measure of the three sides and three
angles (one angle has a measure of 900). The unknown parts of the triangle can be
solved by using any of the following:

the definition of the trigonometric functions

the Pythagorean Theorem

the relations of complimentary angles

ANGLE of ELEVATION and ANGLE of DEPRESSION

The angle of elevation of an object which is above the eye of an observer is the
angle which the line of sight to the object makes with the horizontal. If the object is
below the eye of the observer, the angle which the line of sight makes with the
horizontal is the angle of depression of the object.
BEARING and COURSE
In navigation and surveying problems, there are two commonly used methods for
specifying direction. The angular direction in which the craft is pointed is called the
heading. Heading is expressed in terms of an angle measured clockwise from
north.
The angular direction used to locate one object in relation to another object is called
the bearing. Bearing is expressed in terms of the acute angle formed by a northsouth line and the line of direction.
COORDINATE PLANE
The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants. For any given
angle in standard position, the measurement boundaries for each quadrant are
summarized as follows:

P( x , y )

x
y
Let P(x, y) be any point, except the origin, on the terminal side of an angle in
o Let r = d(O, P), the distance from the origin to P. The six
standard position.
Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

trigonometric functions of are

y
r
x
cos
r
y
tan , x 0
x

sin

where

r
,y0
y
r
sec , x 0
x
x
cot , y 0
y
csc

r x2 y2

SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The sign of a trigonometric depends on the quadrant in which the terminal side of
the angle lies.

Table 1:

Sign of the Trigonometric Functions

QUADRANTAL ANGLES
An angle in standard position whose terminal side lies on the x or y-axis is called a
quadrantal angle. The definitions of the trigonometric functions can be used to
evaluate the trigonometric functions of the quadrantal angles 0 0, 900, 1800, 2700,
and 3600 by using r equal to 1.

Table 2: Values of Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

REFERENCE ANGLE
Definition of a Reference
Given a nonquadrantal angle in standard position, its reference angle is the
acute angle with positive measure formed by the terminal side of angle and the x
axis.
To find the reference angle in each quadrant,
Quadrant I: =
Quadrant II: = 1800
Quadrant III: = 1800

Quadrant IV: = 3600

Reference Angle Evaluation Procedure
Let be a nonquadrantal angle in standard position with reference angle .
To evaluate a trigonometric function of , use the following procedure.
1. Determine the reference angle .
2. Determine the sign of the trigonometric function of .
3. The value of the trigonometric function of equals the value of the
trigonometric of , prefixed with the correct sign.