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Unit 3

1. Distinguish between symmetric cross ply laminate and symmetric angle ply laminate.
Symmetric cross ply laminates
Odd no. of plies
[0/90/0/90/0]
Symmetric angle ply laminates
+ and directions
Odd no. of plies
[-40/40/-40/40/-40]
2.Give an example of a laminate with zero coupling stiffness matrix, Symmetric laminates
A laminate is called symmetric if the material, angle and thickness of plies are the same
above and below the mid-plane. A example of symmetric laminates is
[0/30/ 60 ]s as shown below: /0/30/60/30/0/
For symmetric laminates from the definition of [B] matrix, it can be proved [B]=0. Hence

3.WhatarethemeritsanddemeritsofTsaihillfailuretheory?
Thevariationofstrengthwithangleoflaminaorientationissmoothratherthanhaving
cuspsthatarenotseeninexperimentalresults.
Thestrengthcontinuouslydecreasesasgrowsfrom0ratherthantheriseinuniaxialstrength
thatischaracteristicofboththemaximumstressandthemax.straincriteria.
Theagreementbetweenthecriterionandexperimentisevenbetterthanthatatfirstglance.The
maximumstressandstraincriteriaareincorrectby100%at30.
ConsiderableinteractionexistsbetweenthefailurestrengthsX,Y,SintheTsaihillcriterionbut
noneexistsinthepreviouscriteriawhereaxial,transverseandshearfailuresarepresumedto
occurindependently.

4.Giveexamplesofantisymmetricangleplyandsymmetriccrossplylaminates.
Antisymmetricangleply
[40/40/40/40]
Symmetriccrossplylaminate
[90/0/90/0/90]
5.Definecrossplylaminateandangleplylaminate.Crossplylaminates
Alaminateiscalledacrossplylaminate(alsocalledlaminateswithspeciallyorthotropic
layers)ifonly0and90plieswereusedtomakealaminate. Anexample ofacrossply
laminateisa(0/90/90/0/90]laminate.
Angleplylaminates
Alaminateiscalledanangleplylaminateifithaspliesofsamematerialandthickness,andonly
orientedat+anddirection.Anexampleofanangleplylaminateis[40/40/40/40].
6.Whataretheassumptionsmadeinclassicalsmalldeformationtheoryforalaminate?
(i)Eachlaminaisorthotropic.(ii)Eachlaminaishomogeneous.
(iii)Alinestraightandperpendiculartothemiddlesurfaceremainsstraightand
perpendiculartothemiddlesurfaceduringdeformation(xz=xz=0)(iv)Astraightlineinthez
directionremainsofconstantlength(z=0).
(v)Thelaminateisthinandisloadedonlyinitsplane.(planestress)(z=xz=xz=0)
(vi)Displacements are continuous and small throughout the laminate. (u, v , w <<laminate
thickness).
(vii)Eachlaminaiselastic.
(viii)Noslipoccursbetweenthelaminainterfaces.
7.Defineinterlaminarstresseswithcauses.
In classical lamination theory no account is taken of stresses such aszx,zxand
zywhichareshownonanelementofanangleplylaminateloadedwithNx.Thesestressesare
calledinterlaminarstressesandexistonsurfacesbetweenadjacentlayersalthoughtheyexist
withinthelayersbutareusuallylargestatthelayerinterfaces.
Accordingly,classicallaminationtheorydoesnotincludesomeofthestressesthatactuallycause
failureofacompositelaminate.
8.Define:Laminatecode.
Alaminateismadeofagroupofasinglelayersbondedtoeachother.Eachlayercanbe
identifiedbyitslocationinthelaminate,itsmaterialanditsangleoforientationwithareference
axis.Eachlaminaisrepresentedbytheangleofplyandseparatedfromotherpliesbyaslash
sign. The first ply is the top ply of the laminate. Special notations are used for symmetric

laminates,laminateswithadjacentlaminaofsameorientationorofoppositeanglesandhybrid
laminates.
9.Define:Quasiisotropiclaminate.
Alaminateapproximatingisotropybyorientationofpliesinseveralormoredirections.
10.Whatisinterlaminarshear?
Ashearingforcetendingtoproduceadisplacementbetweentwolaminaealongtheplane
oftheirinterface.

11.Definetheterm:Balancedlaminate.
Alaminateinwhichallthepliesareatanglesotherthan0and90andoccurinpairs.
Thepliesaresymmetricalaboutthecentreline.
12.Whataretheequationsof[A],[B]and[D]matrices?

13.Whatarethetransverseequationsforlaminatedplates?
Theequilibriumdifferentialequationsintermsoftheforceandmomentresultants
derivedandthetransverseloadingp(x,y)are
Nxx+Nyy=0
Nxy,x+Ny,y=0
Mx,xx+2Mxy,xy+My,yy=p
Whereacommadenotesdifferentiationoftheprincipalsymbolwithrespecttotheprincipal
symbolwithrespecttothesubscriptthatfollowsthecomma.

14.Whatishybridlaminate?

Graphite/Epoxy
0
Boron/Epoxy
45
Boron/Epoxy
45

Boron/Epoxy
Boron/Epoxy
Graphite/Epoxy

45
45
0

[0Gr45B]sdenotestheabovelaminate.Itconsistsofsixpliesbutthe0pliesaremadeof
graphite/epoxy,whiletheanglepliesaremadeofboron/epoxy.
15.Whatismaximumstrainfailuretheory?
This theory is based on the Maximum Normal strain theory by St. Venant and the
MaximumshearstresstheorybyTrescaasappliedtoisotropicmaterials.Thestrainsappliedtoa
laminaareresolvedtostrainsinthelocalaxes.Failureispredictedinalamina,ifanyofthe
normalorshearingstrainsinthelocalaxesofalaminaorexceedthecorrespondingultimate
strainsoftheunidirectionallamina.Giventhestrains/stressesinananglelamina,findthestrains
inthelocalaxes.Alaminaisconsideredtobefailedif

16.Whatarethetypesofhybridlaminates?
1. Interplyhybridlaminates
2. Intraplyhybridcomposites
3. Interplyintraplyhybrids
4. Resinhybridlaminates
17.Whatiswarpageoflaminates?
In laminates which are not symmetric, a temperature difference results in outof
planedeformation.Thisdeformationisalsocalledwarpageandiscalculatedbyintegrating
displacementequation

18.Whatismaximumstressfailuretheory?
Thestressesactingonalaminaareresolvedintothenormalandshearstressesinthelocal
axes.Failureispredictedinalamina,ifanyofthenormalorshearstressesinthelocalaxesofa
laminaareequaltoorexceedthecorrespondingultimatestrengthsoftheunidirectionallamina.

Giventhestressesorstrainsintheglobalaxesofalamina,onecanfindthestressesinthe
materialaxes.Thelaminaisconsideredtobefailedif

19.Whatisstrengthratio?
Thestrengthratioisdefinedas
SR=MaximumLoadWhichCanBeApplied
LoadApplied
Theconceptofstrengthratioisapplicabletoanyfailuretheory.IfSR>1,thenthelaminaissafe
andtheappliedstresscanbeincreasedbyafactorofSR.IfSR<1,thelaminaisunsafeandthe
appliedstressneedstobereducedbyafactorofSR.AvalueofSR=1impliesthefailureload.
20.Whatisfailureenvelopes?
Afailureenvelopeisathreedimensionalplotofthecombinationsofthenormaland
shearstresseswhichcanbeappliedtoananglelaminajustbeforefailure.Sincedrawingthree
dimensionalgraphscanbetimeconsuming,onemaydevelopfailureenvelopesforconstant
shearstress,xy,andthenusethetwonormalstressesxandyasthetwoaxes.Thenifthe
appliedstressiswithinthefailureenvelope,thelaminais
safe,otherwiseithasfailed.

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