Chapter 7 Information Processing Study Guide:

1.

List the strategies that improve memory.

Answer: r

2.

Describe each of the following: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Answer:
Encoding Is the process by which information gets into memory.
Storage The retention of encoded material over time. (?)
Retrieval Is the process of getting information out of memory storage.
(?)
Pg. 222

3.

On what model is information processing theory based?

Answer: Information processing theory emphasizes that individuals manipulate
information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the
processes of memory and thinking. Similar to Vygotskys theory. ADD MORE

4.

Describe how each of the following types of attention change as we approach older
adulthood: sustained attention, selective attention, divided attention.
Answer:
Sustained attention Is the ability to maintain attention to a selected
stimulus for a prolonged period of time. Also called vigilance.
- A study on sustained attention found that older adults performed as well
as younger adults. However, on complex vigilance (sustained attention)
tasks, older adults performance usually dropped. Pg. 228
Selective attention Is focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is
relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant. Focusing on one voice
among many in a restaurant is an example or when you switched your
attention to the toes on your right foot.
- Older adults tend to be less adept at exercising selective attention
focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. Pg. 227
Divided attention Involves concentrating on more than one activity at a
time. If you are listening to the TV while reading a book you are engaging
in divided attention.
Pg. 224 and

5.

Describe the following types of memory: implicit, procedural, episodic, semantic.

Answer:
Implicit Is memory without conscious recollection memory of skills
and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
Procedural Also referred to as implicit memory. It refers to the memory
of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. Such as
how to drive a car, or type on the computer. Pg. 234
Episodic Retention of information about the where and when of lifes

happenings. Such as what colors were the walls in your childhood

bedroom? Autobiographical memories are stored as episodic memories.
Pg. 235
Semantic A persons knowledge about the world, including fields of
expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about
meanings of words, names of famous individuals, important places, and
common things. Pg. 234
Pg. 228-234?

6.

Which age group is most susceptible to false memory implantation?

Answer: Pg. 232?

7.

When do children first show signs of implicit memory?

Answer: Pg. 230?

8.

What is working memory, and how does it differ from short-term memory?
Answer:
Working memory A mental workbench where individuals manipulate
and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and
comprehending written and spoken language.
- Working memory is described as more active and powerful in modifying
information than short-term memory
Short-term memory Is retention of info for up to 15-30 seconds, without
rehearsal of the information. Using rehearsal, individuals can keep
information in short-term memory longer.
Pg. 231

9.

What is metacognition, and how is it related to cognitive development?

Answer: Metacognition is cognition about cognition or thinking about
thinking/knowing about knowing.
ADD example?
Pg. 222
Define theory of mind, and describe how it develops.
Answer: r