Class Example Fall 2010

Route Lectures 1, 2, 3 HW1 Baseline Control Traverse

Def = CW-180
Azout=Azin+DEF
lat = LEN*cos(AZ)
dep = LEN*sin(AZ)
N2=N1+LAT12
E2=E1+DEP12
Lecture Baseline Control Traverse -- Closure Computation
Dist out
Azin
cw ang
def ang
Azout
BP
302
80
150
-30
A
600
50
250
70
B
300
120
177
-3
EP
550
117
315
135
C
700
252
260
80
BP'
Perim
2452
ErN
206.03
Relative Error of Closure:
ErE
166.55
1/REC = LEC/Perim
LEC
264.929
REC=Perim/LEC

lat
50
120
117
252
332

194.122
-300
-136.2
-169.96
618.063

dep
N
231.3454 10000.00
519.6152 10194.12
267.302 9894.12
-523.081 9757.92
-328.63 9587.97
10206.03

E
1
1
1
1
1
1

REC
9.25532

1/9.2

Results: We have an error of 206 ft in Northings, and 166 ft in eastings.

Traverse Balancing -- Compass Rule

Balanced Coord
Cum Dist
BP
A
B
EP
C
BP'

0
302
902
1202
1752
2452

CorrN
0
-25.3755
-75.7903
-100.998
-147.211
-206.029

CorrE

0
10000
-20.513 10168.75
-61.268 9818.33
-81.646 9656.93
-119 9440.75
-166.55 10000.00

BalLenOut Bal Az Out

E
10000
10210.83
10689.69
10936.62
10376.18
10000.00

270.047
593.378
294.997
600.686
673.992

adjusted to
output
quadrants
51.32683
51.33 N
-53.8045
126.20 S
-56.829
123.17 S
68.90736
248.91 S
-33.9268
326.07 N

1error/x traverse length= LEC/Perim

solve for x
x=Perim/LEC
CorrN=-(CumL/Perim)*ErrorN
CorrE=-(CumL/Perim)*ErrorE
Dist = sqrt((E2-E1)^2+(N2-N1)^2)
Az = atan((N2-N1)/(E2-E1)
Pavement Points
Point#
BP

10000
9982.64

9656.93 10936.62
9674.29
11035.1

EP

10000
9901.52

Lecture 4 and 5,
HW2 Horizontal Route Design
Process:
1. Extend AZin at BP for first route tangent, choose TTLin to PI1
2. Compute the cartesians N/E at PI1
3. Choose the DELTA angle at PI1 and the TTLin to PI2
4. Compute the cartesians N/E at PI2
5. Continue choosing DELTAs and TTLs for additional PIs
6. Extend the last route tangent back from EP on AZ of pavement, choose TTLin to EP
7. Compute cartesian N/E of PIlast
8. Compute AZin and TTLin to PIlast (AZ = atan((Elast-E3)/(Nlast-N3)) TTL by dist form.
9. Compute DELTA3, DELTAlast, remaining AZins and AZouts.
Process for Curve Design and Calc. (cont.)
10. Choose the Degree of Curve D, make same for all curves.
11. Calculate the curve Radius R (should be same all curves)
12. Calculate the curve Tangent Length (from PI to PC or PI to PT)
13. Calculate the curve Length (either formula OK)
14. Calculate the PC Northings and Eastings
15. Calculate the PT Northings and Eastings
16. Add PCs and PTs to Excel Chart
17. Inspect chart for overlaps between curves or at BP/EP
18. Modify design to eliminate overlaps. Yes, overlaps at D=30, increase D=60. OK, No overlaps.

(des. choices are shown in green, pink quantities are given (entered), all others are calculated)
Tangent Design
PI Name
BP
PI1
PI2
PI3
Pilast
EP
N
10000
10043.4 9808.49 9635.284
9639.56
9656.9 N2=N1+TTLin*cos(AZIi
E
10000
10246.2 10331.7 10431.71
10838.1
10936.6 E2=E1+TTLin*sin(AZin)
AZin
80
80
160
150
89.3969
80.00 AZin = previoius AZout
Total dist from PI to
TTLin
250
250
200
406.452
100.00 PI
DELTA
(signed)
80
-10 -60.6031
-9.39689
deflection ang. at PI
Azout
80
160
150 89.39689
80
AZout=AZin+DELTA

Curve Design
DELTA (abs)
D Deg Curve
R Radius
T Tangent
L Length
L Length (alternate
method)
N PC
E PC
N PT
E PT
E External Dist
LC Long Chord
M Middle Ordinate
TLin Tangent Len.
Stations
PC Sta
PT Sta
PI Sta

1000

80
25
229.183
192.307
320

10
25
229.183
20.0509
40

60.60311
25
229.1831
133.9321
242.4124

9.39689
25
229.183
18.836
37.5876

drop the DELTA +/Des. Choice

R=100/rdnD
T=R*tan(DELTA/2)
L=R*DELTArad

320
10010
10056.8
9862.7

40
9827.33
10324.8
9791.12

242.4124
9751.272
10364.74
9636.694

37.5876
9639.36
10819.3
9642.83

L=DELTA/D*100
NPC=NPI+T*cos(AZin+
EPC=EPI+T*sin(AZin+1
NPT=NPI+T*cos(AZout

10312
69.9942
294.632
53.6187
57.6925

10341.7
0.87544
39.9492
0.87211
37.6416

10565.63
36.26503
231.2692
31.31057
46.01693

10856.7
0.77274
37.5454
0.77014
253.684

EPT=EPI+T*sin(AZout)
E=sqrt(R^2+T^2)-R
LC=2R*sin(DELTA/2)
M=R(1-cos(DELTA/2))
81.16 TL=TTL1-T1, TTL2-T1-

1057.69
1377.69
1250

1415.33 1501.351
1455.33 1743.764
1435.39 1635.283

1997.45
2035.03
2016.28

2116.20 PCsta = Prev TP sta +T

PTsta = PCsta + L

In addition to iterating the design choice of D, we iterate the design choice of TTLs.
By reducing the TTLs, we were able to reduce the D value to 25 and still have positive Tangent Lengths TLs
No overlaps between curves. The iteration of TTLs and D could continue to lower D values.

Now, lets copy the above formulas and delete PI2 and PI3, then iterate TTLs and D to minimize D
PI Name

BP

PI1

Pilast

EP

N
10000
E
10000
AZin
80
TTLin
DELTA
(signed)
Azout
80
Curve Design
DELTA (abs)
D Deg Curve
R Radius
T Tangent
L Length
L Length (alternate
method)
N PC
E PC
N PT

10050.4
10285.6
80
290

9604.83
10641.2
141.406
570.027

61.4061
141.406

-61.406
80

61.4061
12
477.465
283.532
511.718

61.4061
12
477.465
283.532
511.718

511.718
10001.1
10006.4
9828.75

511.718
9826.44
10464.3
9654.07

E PT
E External Dist
LC Long Chord
M Middle Ordinate
TLin Tangent Len.
Stations
PC Sta
PT Sta

10462.5
77.8398
487.576
66.9286
6.46769

10920.4
77.8398
487.576
66.9286
2.96209

1006.47
1518.19

1521.15
2032.86

1000

9656.9
10936.6
80.00
300.00

Sliding Off Speed: Vmax = sqrt(0.6*15*R)

65.5529 mph

16.47
2049.33

Result: By eliminating PI2 and PI3, and iterating the TTLs and D, we got to a Dmin=12.

We got the smallest curvature (most gradual, highest speed) by:

1. Reducing the number of PIs

2. Iterating the TTL design choices

3. Iterating the degree of curve design choice D. Dmin=12.
We also have no overlaps, all TLs are positive, and entire baseline is inside the corridor.

Lect 6, 7, 8: Vertical Route Design

HW3

EPsta
20+49.33 (the only thing carried over from HW2)
Process:
1. Do "location survey" -- set the stakes in the field.
2. Field "profile survey" of extisting ground along the baseline
Returned Field Notes:
Point
Sta
Elev
pvt pt
9+00.
98
BP pavt
10+00.
100
gd at
stake
11+00.
103
gd at
stake
12+00.
110
gd at
stake
13+00.
108
gd at
stake
14+00.
104
gd at
stake
15+00.
95
gd at
stake
16+00.
92
gd at
stake
17+00.
90
gd at
stake
18+00.
92
gd at
stake
19+00.
94
gd at
stake
20+00.
96
HW2sta
EP pavt
20+49.33
98
pvt pt
21+49.33
95
3. Plot the Existing Ground Profile drawing to scale:
Pick Hscale (100 ft/in typical) and Hscale (5 ft/in typical)
4. Calculate the % grade of the PB and EP pavt.
%grade = (rise or fall in ft/run in ft)*100
BP Pvt
rise/fall
run
%grade
BP Pvt
2
100
2 positive
EP Pvt
-3
100
-3 negative

Typical Design Criteria

1. First and last vertical tangent on extension of exist pavt %grade
2. Maximum %grade = 3%
3. Minimum number of vertical curves
4. Maximum cut/fill height = 10 ft.
5. Min vertical rate of rotation (curvature) r<1.0 %/sta, K>100 ft/%
5. Vertical Design.
Process:
1. Enter data for the BP and EP Sta, Elev, grade in g1, grade out g2
2. Decide on the number of PVIs -- I'll use three between the BP, EP
3. Choose the Stations of other PVI's along with the elev or grades.
4. Compute the Sta/elev of PVI last
5. All design choices are done. Compute %g PVI2-PVIlast, g1/g2's
6. Compute the total vertical vehical rotation at each PVI, A
7. Add the vertical tangents to the chart.
8. Make vertical curve design choice -- L (or K)
9. Calculate PVC Sta/Elev and PVT Sta/Elev.
10. Check for no overlaps. OK gaps at BP, EP, bet curves. OK.
11. Calculate r and K
12. Check to see if they meet design criteria. Yes r<1 and K>100 OK
design choices in yellow
BP
PVI1
PVI2
PVIlast
EP (HW2)
Sta
10+00.
12+00.
15+00.
18+50. 20+49.33
Elev
100.00
104.00
102.00
103.98
98.00 El2=El1+g*(Sta2-Sta1)/100
g1
2.00
2.00
-0.67
0.57
-3.00 g=(El1-El2)/(Sta2-Sta1)*100
g2
2.00
-0.67
0.57
-3.00
-3.00 g1 PVI2 = g2 PVI1, etc
A
0.00
-2.67
1.23
-3.57
0.00 A=g2-g1
L sta
3.00
2.00
3.60 design choice
L ft
300.00
200.00
360.00 or L=K*A if K is the design choice.
PVC Sta
1050.00 1400.00 1670.00 PVCsta=PVIsta-L/2
PVC Elev
101.00
102.67
102.96 PVCelev=PVIelev-g1*L/2 (reverse gr)
PVT Sta
1350.00 1600.00 2030.00 PVTsta=PVIsta+L/2
PVT Elev
103.00
102.57
98.58 PVTelev=PVIelev+g2*L/2
r rotation rate%/Sta
-0.89
0.62
-0.99 r=A%/Lsta with sign
K dist ft per 1% rot
112.50
162.29
100.96 K=L ft/A% or 100/r abs value, or des.ch.
Xtp (location of tp)
Xtp=-g1/r or = abs(g1*K) in feet.
Turning pt Sta
STAtp=STApvc+Xtp
Turning pt Elev
Vertical Curve Equation

6. Compute Profile Summary -- Sta vs Elev

Profile Grade
Pt
Sta dec
Sta Ft
Elev
Ground
+Fill/-Cut Ht.
BP
10.00
1000.00
100.00
100
0.00
PVC1
10.50
1050.00
101.00
rise/run elev=BPelev+g1*(PVC1sta
11.00
1100.00
101.89
103
-1.11 Y=r/2(1100-PVCst)^2+g1*(1100-PVC
12.00
1200.00
103.00
110
-7.00 Y=r/2(1200-PVCst)^2+g1*(1200-PVC
13.00
1300.00
103.22
108
-4.78 Y=r/2(1300-PVCst)^2+g1*(1300-PVC
PVT1
13.50
1350.00
103.00
Y=r/2(1400-PVCst)^2+g1*(1400-PVC
PVC2
14.00
1400.00
102.67
104
-1.33 rise/run elev=PVT1elev+g1*(PVC2

PVT2
PVClast

PVTlast
EP

15.00
16.00
16.70
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
20.30
20.49

1500.00
1600.00
1670.00
1700.00
1800.00
1900.00
2000.00
2030.00
2049.33

102.31
102.57
102.96
103.09
102.86
101.64
99.44
98.58
98

95
92
90
92
94
96
98

7.31 vert cur eq

10.57 vert cur eq
continue pro
rise/run
on down
13.09 vert cur eq
10.86 vert cur eq
7.64 vert cur eq
3.44 vert cur eq
vert cur eq
0.00 rise/run
GOOD, we got the correc

Result: With the original design choices, we meet all design criteria of K and %grade but we have over
13 ft of fill at Station 17, exceeding the 10' max design goal.
Now, attempt to iterate the design to bring this under 10 ft of fill
I lowered the design choice of Elev PVI2 from 102 down to 94. Good, now less than 10 ft fill
BUT, lowering this elevation increased the A values, which lowered the L values less than 100.
No good. We need to continue iterating to try and reach all design goals.
If can't do so, relax cut/fill height design criteria -- it's only money.

Lect 9,10,11 Cross Sections HW4

Process:
1. Take existing ground cross-sections
a. Interval between sections -- I'll choose 200 for class, 100 ft typical in practice
b. Width left and right -- We'll go from 40ft left (-40 offset) to 40ft right (+40)
Cross Section Survey Notes:
BP 10+00
12+00
14+00
16+00
-40
103.8
-40
108
-40
101
-40
90
0
100
0
110
0
104
0
92
40
105.2
40
111
40
102
40
95
18+00

EP 20+49.33
-40
90
-40
100
0
92
0
98
40
89
40
101
2. Eventually plot existing ground cross sections (#5 below)
3. Note and Plot "Profile Grade" at each section -- from HW3 -- top center of finished pavement
4. Design "typical section" -- repeating geometric features throughout the project
Example for a 2-lane road:
slp 10%
lt
sideslope lt shldr
10 ft

crown2% crown2%

slp 10%

2:1 slope

left pavt

rt shldr

rt sideslope

12 ft

rt pavt
profile gr
w=12ft

10 ft

slope limit c

2
1
pavt box 1.5' deep
slope limit fill
BL
5. Apply typical section specifications to each cross section 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, EP
(see below). Make composite chart -- existing ground, applied typical section.
6. Compute area of closed polygon -- end area-- cut or fill. List offset/elevations in chart.
Go clockwise or CCW around polygon repeating the first line at the bottom.
Sta

10+00

Profile Grade

Existing Ground Xsect

-40
103.8
0
100
40
105.2
Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP

Elev
-42
-22
-12

20 ft horiz, +10 ft
108.76 vert
98.76 lt eop-0.1*10
99.76 lt bot bo+1.5

100

Calc
area.

L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

-12
0
12
12
22
42

98.26
98.5
98.26
99.76
98.76
108.76

bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, +10' vert

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-2259
-1185
-1197
0
1182
1179.1
2194.7
3160.3
0
-2800

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

-28
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
32
0
-28

102.7 RHProd
98.76 -2765.28
99.76 -2194.72
98.26 -1179.12
98.5
-1182
98.26
0
99.76
1197.12
98.76
1185.12
104.2
2292.4
100
3200
102.7
0

274.52 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

Sta

12+00

553.52
139.5
CUT AREA

Profile Grade

Existing Ground Xsect

-40
108
0
110
40
111
Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

Elev
-42
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
42

111.76
101.76
102.76
101.26
101.5
101.26
102.76
101.76
111.76

20 ft horiz, +10 ft
vert
lt eop-0.1*10
lt bot bo+1.5
bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, +10' vert

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-2387
-1221
-1233
0
1218

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx

-37
-22
-12
-12
0
12

108.5 RHProd
101.76 -3765.12
102.76 -2260.72
101.26 -1215.12
101.5
-1218
101.26
0

103

1215.1
2260.7
3968.6
0
-4070

R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

12
22
39
0
-37

102.76
101.76
111
110
108.5

-248.8 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

Sta

14+00

1233.12
1221.12
2442
4290
0
727.28
488.02
CUT AREA

Profile Grade

102.67

Existing Ground Xsect

-40
101
0
104
40
102
Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

Elev
-42
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
42

111.427
101.427
102.427
100.927
101.17
100.927
102.427
101.427
111.427

20 ft horiz, +10 ft
vert
lt eop-0.1*10
lt bot bo+1.5
bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, +10' vert

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-2251
-1217
-1229
0
1214
1211.1
2253.4
2637.1
0
-2600

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

-25
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
26
0
-25

102.3 RHProd
101.427 -2535.67
102.427 -2253.39
100.927 -1211.12
101.17
-1214
100.927
0
102.427 1229.12
101.427 1217.12
102.9
2263.8
104
2704
102.3
0

18.76 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

Sta

16+00

Existing Ground Xsect

-40

199.8667
90.55333
CUT AREA

Profile Grade
90

102.57

0
40

92
95

Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

-42
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
42

Elev
91.3257
101.326
102.326
100.826
101.07
100.826
102.326
101.326
91.3257

20 ft horiz, -10 ft vert

lt eop-0.1*10
lt bot bo+1.5
bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, -10' vert

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-1958
-1217
-1229
0
1214
1211.1
2253.4
3854.2
0
-4140

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

-45
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
38
0
-45

89 RHProd
101.427
-4564.2
102.427 -2253.39
100.927 -1211.12
101.17
-1214
100.927
0
102.427 1229.12
101.427 1217.12
94.5
2079
92
3496
89
0

-11.52 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

Sta

18+00

-1221.47
604.9733
FILL AREA

Profile Grade

Existing Ground Xsect

-40
0
40

90
92
89

Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

-42
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
42

Elev
91.6201
101.62
102.62
101.12
101.36
101.12
102.62
101.62
91.6201

20 ft horiz, -10 ft vert

lt eop-0.1*10
lt bot bo+1.5
bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, -10' vert

102.86

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-1969
-1217
-1229
0
1214
1211.1
2253.4
4969.9
0
-4416

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

-48
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
49
0
-48

89.5 RHProd
eyeball ext
101.427 -4868.48
102.427 -2253.39
100.927 -1211.12
101.17
-1214
100.927
0
102.427 1229.12
101.427 1217.12
88.8
1953.6 eyeball ext
92
4508
89.5
0

817.17 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

Sta

EP 20+49.33

-639.147
728.16
FILL AREA

Profile Grade

Existing Ground Xsect

-40
100
0
98
40
101
Proposed Surface
Point
Offset
L sideslp
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R sideslp

Elev
-42
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
42

106.76
96.76
97.76
96.26
96.50
96.26
97.76
96.76
106.76

20 ft horiz, +10 ft
vert
lt eop-0.1*10
lt bot bo+1.5
bot box-.02*12
prof grade-1.5
bot box-.02*12
rt bot box+1.5
rt eop-.0.1*10
20' horiz, +10' vert

Compute Endarea -- list points in sequence, repeat first

LH Prod
-2182
-1161
-1173
0
1158
1155.1
2150.7
2999.6
0
-2842

L Slp Lim
L EOSh.
L EOP
L Bot Bx
Bot Pvt Bx
R Bot Bx
R EOP
R EOSh
R Slp Lim
grd pt
L Slp Lim

-29
-22
-12
-12
0
12
12
22
31
0
-29

99.2 RHProd
96.76 -2806.04
97.76 -2150.72
96.26 -1155.12
96.50
-1158
96.26
0
97.76
1173.12
96.76
1161.12
100.1
2202.2
98
3038
99.2
0

98.00

104.76 SumLH
SumRH
Area= abs(.5*Diff in Sums)

304.56
99.9
CUT AREA

RESULT: We have Cut endareas at BP, Sta 12, Sta 14.

Then the project transitions to Fill endareas at Sta 16, and 18
Then transitions back to Cut endarea at the EP.
BP Sta 10-- Cut cross section
Sta 12-- Cross section prof gr is below existing ground, we have a cut cross section.
Sta 14-- Cross section prof gr is below existing ground, we have a cut cross section.
Sta 16-- Cross section prof gr is above existing ground, we have a fill section.
Sta 18-- Cross section prof grade is above existing ground, we have a fill section.
EP Sta 20+49.33 -- Cut cross section.

Lect 12 Volume Calcs

HW4

Lect 12 Earthwork Volumes

6. Visualize Project Volumes:
Sta 10

Sta 12

Sta 14
Sta 16
Trans C to F
Est. 14+20

AC10

AC12

AC14

AF16

Sta 18
EP Sta
Trans F to C
Est 20+00

AF18

AC EP

7. Estimate "transition" stations,compute earthwork Cut and Fill Volumes.

Sta ft
AC sq ft. AF sq.ft. VC (CY) VF (CY)
BP
1000
139
0
2322.222
0 VC=.5*(AC1+AC2)*(Sta1-Sta2)/27
1200
488
0
VF=.5*(AF1+AF2)*(Sta1-Sta2)/27
2140.741
0
1400
90
0
33.33333
0
trans
1420
0
0
0
2013.33
1600
0
604

1800
trans
EP

2000

2696.3

90.43833

99
Project

4933.33

728

2049.33

0
Totals
Excess

4586.735
9642.96
CUT
VOL
FILL VOL
5056.228 FILL