CO1:

Species- A group of organisms that can

breed to produce fully fertile offspring
Individual - any specie that has the ability to
interact w/ its environment & the ability to
produce offspring of its kind
Population - A group of organism of the
same species which live in the same habitat
at the same time where they can freely
interbreed
Community - All the populations of the
different species living and inter-acting in the
same ecosystem
Ecosystem - Community + Abiotic
environment, interacting
Biodiversity - The total number of
different species in an ecosystem and
their relative abundance
Habitat - The characteristics of the type
of environment where an organism
normally lives.
Niche - An organisms habitat + role +
tolerance limits to all limiting factors
Trophic levels are levels of
nourishment
A plant that obtains its energy directly
from the sun (autotrophs) occupies
the 1st trophic level.
An organism that consumes the tissue
of an autotroph (herbivore) occupies
the 2nd trophic level.
An organism w/c eats the organism
that had eaten autotrophs (carnivore)
occupies the 3rd trophic level.

Autotrophs - Organisms which can

synthesise their own complex, energy
rich, organic molecules from simple
inorganic molecules
Heterotrophs - Organisms who must
obtain complex, energy rich, organic
compounds form the bodies of other
organisms (dead or alive)

Biosphere all living entities on earth;

it is where biologeochemical processes
occur

Biogeochemical cycles the strong

interactions among living organisms & the
various spheres of the abiotic environment
described through cycles of matter that
involve biological
Benthic zone: Bottom sediment,
often no light
and little O2

Nutrient pool a specific

component or compartment where
a nutrient resides
Nutrient flux the rate of
exchange (e.g., unit of material
per unit time) of nutrients
between pools
Natural biogeochemical cycle
Carbon cycle - Radiation
Nitrogen cycle - Effects of Hg, As,
Cu, & other heavy metals
Oxygen cycle - Poly Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (sulfur)
Phosphorous cycle Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs

Ammonification - Nitrogen enters

the soil through the
decomposition of protein in dead
organic matter
Nitrification - This involves two
oxidation processes
The ammonia produced by
ammonification is an energy rich
substrate for Nitrosomas bacteria
Eutrophication - Nutrient
enrichment of water bodies
Nitrates and ammonia
are very soluble in water

Biological Oxygen Demand

-

amount of dissolved oxygen

used-up by
microorganism to
break up organic materials
in
water at 20oC over a
period of 5 days (standard)
unit of measurement:
mgO2/L

Deoxygenation
depends on temperature
- dilution of effluent degree of
river aeration

Reoxygenation
dilution of effluent & reduction
in the effluent through decomposition

CO2:
-

amount of oxygen utilized

by microorganisms in
performing oxidation

COLOR - implies presence of

other dissolved minerals or
materials

Measure of the strength of a

water or a wastewater

The greater the

concentration of ammonianitrogen or degradable
organic carbon, the higher
the BOD

TURBIDITY - implies presence of

suspended/ colloidal solids that
scatters & absorbs light

ODOR/TASTE - caused by dissolves

organics (phenols, chlorophenols)
& inorganic chemicals &
organisms

CONDUCTIVITY - due to dissolved

ions in solutions that conducts
electricity

DISSOLVED OXYGEN - Critical

requirement of the organism
assemblage associated w/ a
diverse and balanced aquatic
ecosystem

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

amount of dissolved oxygen

needed to chemically oxidize the
organic materials in water
COD is a measure of the oxygen
equivalent of the organic matter
content of a sample that is
susceptible to oxidation by a
strong chemical oxidant.

EUTROPHICATION is the enrichment of

waters by inorganic plant nutrients
(N,P,K) resulting primary productivity.

Oligotrophic

term describing freshwater

bodies w/c are
poor in plant nutrients &
therefore
unproductive

Cultural Eutrophicatioon
artificial enrichment

Coliforms - Aerobic or facultatively

anaerobic, gram-negative, non
endospore forming rods that ferment
lactose to acid plus gas within 48 hours,
at 35C
Coagulation

addition of a chemical that,

through a chemical reaction,
forms an insoluble end product
that serves to remove substances
from the wastewater

Water Quality defined in terms of the

physical, chemical and biological
characterization of the water.

Bioremediation - The use of bacteria

and fungi and plants to break down or
degrade toxic chemical compounds that
have accumulated in the environment

Bioremediation:
Use of microbes to detoxify or degrade
pollutants; enhanced by nitrogen and
phosphorus fertilizer

channels, or conduits including

pumping stations, lift stations and force
mains, service connections including
other constructions, devices, and
appliances appurtenant thereto, which
involves the collection, transport,
pumping and treatment of sewage to a
point of disposal.

DPWH prepare national LGUs program

on sewage and septage to serve as
basis as allotment of funds.
provide sewerage and sanitation
facilities

Bioaugmentation:
Addition of specific microbes to
degrade of pollutant
Composting:

DOH formulate guidelines and

standards for the collection, treatment,
disposal of sewage, and operation of
centralized sewage treatment system.

Arranging organic waste to promote

microbial degradation by thermophiles

set, revise, and enforce drinking water

quality standards

Idustrial waste - any solid, semi-solid,

or liquid waste material with no
commercial value released by a
manufacturing or processing plant.

MWSS provide water supply and

sewerage facilities.

Septage - means the sludge produced

on individual onsite waste water
disposal systems, principally septic
tanks.

LGUs provide:

Sewage - means water-borne human or

animal wastes, excluding oil or oil
wastes,
removed from residences, buildings,
institutions, industrial and commercial
establishments together with such
groundwater, surface water and storm
water as maybe present including such
waste from vessels, offshore structures,
other receptacles intended to receive or
retain wastes, or other places or the
combination thereof.
Sewerage - includes, but is not limited
to, any system or network of pipelines,
ditches,

Land
Raise funds for operations and
maintenance

Philippine coast guard enforce water

quality standards in marine waters,
specifically from offshore sources
Dept. of Agriculture formulate
guidelines for re use of wastewater for
agricultural uses
DOST evaluate and develop pollution
prevention and cleaner production
technologies
DepEd, CHED implement a
comprehensive and continuing public
education and information program