Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
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334 American Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Other Dementias1 / Vol. 24, No. 4, August/September 2009
Familiarity
Autonomy
Biographical reference
Homogenous and
small groups
Noninstitutional
character
Barrier-free, compensating
environment
Safety and security
Orientational cues
Sensory Stimulation
Social
Interaction
Encouragement
Privacy
Avoidance of
overstimulation
Access to the outdoors
Belonging
Communication
Figure 1.
335
Results
Residents with mild dementia found their way about
in all nursing homes very well. Their average overall
orientational index (addition of the score on routes 1,
2, and 3) was x 5.85 (s 0.23) for a maximum of 6
points. Because of their good orientation, residents
with mild dementia were not considered further. The
indices for people with moderate dementia (x 4.63;
s 1.14), and severe dementia (x 2.18; s 1.25)
declined, as expected.
The number of residents and the size of the living
area constitute the most significant factor on a residents orientation. It is apparent from Figure 6 that
the orientational indices decline as the number of
residents per living area increases.
The most considerable result of data evaluation
concerning the architectural features of the floor
plans is that the size and shape of the corridors
within the living area affected the residents orientation significantly. In straight circulation systems, residents were able to find their way better than in any
layout that featured a shift in direction. Numerous
shifts in direction even further interfered with the
residents wayfinding. Within the straight circulation
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Corridor ending.
336 American Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Other Dementias1 / Vol. 24, No. 4, August/September 2009
Moderate Dementia
Moderate Dementia
Severe Dementia
Design
str
cd
str
cd
A continuous path (cp) causes lower orientation than all
cp
other considered typologies (oth)
oth
Route 13
P .048a
P .002b
cp
oth
Typologies featuring one change in direction (cd) provide better
cd
orientation than typologies featuring a continuous path (cp)
cp
Route 13
P .122
P .058
cd
cp
Straight circulation routes (str) provide better orientation than all
str
other typologies considered (oth)
oth
Routes 13
P .050a
P .001c
str
oth
Overview on the whole circulation system (ov) provides better
ov
orientation than all other typologies considered (oth)
oth
Routes 13
P .049a
P .006b
ov
oth
Corridors with smooth walls (smw) provide better orientation
alc
than corridors with alcoves and wall recesses (alc)
smw
Route 13
P .156
P .292
alc
smw
Living areas with only one live-in kitchen (one) provide better
one
locating of this place than units with several (sev)
sev
Routes 13
P .010b
P .001c
one
sev
Formation of the live-in kitchen to a spatial anchor point (ap)
ap
provides better locating of this place than other designs (oth)
oth
Route 1
P .045a
P .026a
ap
oth
A shared toilet within the living area (tl), additional to the residents
tl
en suite bathrooms, increases the locating of a toilet (none)
none
Route 3
none > tl, ns
none > tl, ns
tl
none
Access to the outdoors from the live-in kitchen (lik) provides better locating lik
than access from any point on the circulation system (cs)
cs
Route 4
P .245
P .160
lik
cs
An outside sitting area (sa) close to the exit from the living area
sa
provides better locating of the outdoor space than none (none)
none
Route 4
P .322
P .041a
sa
none
n, x
n 11
n 16
x 5.15
x 4.27
n7
n 20
x 3.78
x 4.93
n9
n7
x 4.65
x 3.78
n8
n 19
x 5.22
x 4.38
n5
n 22
x 5.32
x 4.46
n 16
n 11
x 4.45
x 4.88
n 16
n 11
x 5.01
x 4.08
n4
n9
x 1.76
x 1.31
n8
n 19
x 1.23
x 1.51
n 13
n8
x 1.06
x 0.88
n9
n3
x 1.04
x 0.79
Severe Dementia
-Value Design
0.88
1.15
0.87
0.84
0.86
0.43
0.93
0.45
0.28
0.18
0.25
str
cd
str
cd
cp
oth
cp
oth
cd
cp
cd
cp
str
oth
str
oth
ov
oth
ov
oth
alc
smw
alc
smw
one
sev
one
sev
ap
oth
ap
oth
tl
none
tl
none
lik
cs
lik
cs
sa
none
sa
none
n, x
n 12
n 13
x 2.93
x 1.48
n7
n 18
x 1.15
x 2.58
n6
n7
x 1.88
x 1.15
n9
n 16
x 3.12
x 1.65
n6
n 19
x 3.20
x 1.86
n 14
n 11
x 2.02
x 2.37
n 15
n 10
x 2.89
x 1.12
n3
n9
x 1.13
x 0.48
n7
n 18
x 0.45
x 0.58
N 11
N8
x 0.79
x 0.53
N8
N3
x 0.88
x 0.31
-Value
1.45
1.43
0.73
1.47
1.34
0.35
1.77
0.65
0.13
0.26
0.57
Significant.
Very significant.
c
Extremely significant.
b
was assumed that further nonarchitectural but organizational issues (toilet training, door identification
marks) were a determining factor.
Locating the garden or balcony similarly
decreased with an increasing number of residents
per living area. Here too, organizational factors are
assumed to play an important role. Architectural features also determine the locating of the outdoor
space. If it is accessed from the live-in kitchen, the
outdoor space seems to be better located by the residents, compared to an access from any other point
on the circulation system. However, this effect is
only visible in the data exploration, and is nonsignificant in the statistical evaluation. If a terrace or a
balcony with a sitting area that accommodates a
larger number of residents is allocated close to the
exit from the living area, the locating of the outdoor
space increases significantly.
Discussion
A decline of spatial orientation and wayfinding performance is very common among people with
dementia. It can also be one of the early symptoms:
getting lost in unfamiliar locations is already mentioned at Stage 3 of the Global Deterioration Scale,16
which implies a mild cognitive impairment. At stage
4 of mild dementia, disorientation can also occur in
familiar locations. When people with dementia move
to a nursing home, they are often unable to locate
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338 American Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Other Dementias1 / Vol. 24, No. 4, August/September 2009
Conclusions
To maintain their autonomy in a nursing home, people with advancing dementia are increasingly dependent on a compensating environment, enabling them
to locate places within their home. Through this
empirical study design, the features of nursing
homes floor plans that provide good orientation for
dementia residents were identified. The importance
of the layout of the circulation system, which was not
well understood so far, was established and ascribed
to the changes in the orientation strategies used with
advancing dementia.
The findings related to the typology conflict with
recommendations from the architectural practice.
This emphasizes the importance of empirical studies
on the architectural design of long-term care facilities. They also provide the basis for evaluating, assuring, and further enhancing the quality of care within
the institutions. The methods applied in this study
could also be used for the investigation of other
issues of therapeutic design as well as for further
development of an evidence-based architecture.
References
1. Jakob A, Busse A, Riedel-Heller SG, Pavlicek M,
Angermeyer MC. Pravalenz und Inzidenz von Demenzerkrankungen in Alten- und Altenpflegeheimen im Vergleich
mit Privathaushalten. Z Gerontol Geriat. 2002;35(5):
474-481.
2. Lawton MP, Nahemow L. Ecology and the aging process.
In: Eisdorder C, Lawton MP, eds. Psychology of Adult
Development and Aging. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association; 1973.
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340 American Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Other Dementias1 / Vol. 24, No. 4, August/September 2009
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