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Optim Deploym
Rural

www.greenpacket.com

APPLICATION NOTE

Abstract
Wireless broadband operators constantly face challenges of balancing the economics to deploy a robust and reliable
wireless broadband service in suburban-rural areas or at cell-edges. Till to date, a large portion of these areas still
remains hugely underserved or receiving unreliable coverage. Most available studies have shown that WiMAX is indeed
an ideal technology candidate not only for a suburban-rural deployment, but as a wireless broadband technology on an
overall, with most of the studies focusing on infrastructure performance.
This paper in retrospect functions to further solidify the technological advantage of WiMAX, where we explore and proof
the concept of suburban-rural deployment through the optimal pairing of a proper CPE strategy. We will show that the
best solution for suburban-rural area and cell-edge performance can be extended four times through deployment via
outdoor CPEs.
This paper explores deep into the technical and implementation advantages of an outdoor CPE solution, including the
concept of antenna gain, transmission power, integrated POE design and environment-proof enclosure; and the effective
advantage of Line of Sight performance and decreased penetration loss amongst other features of an outdoor CPE. We
will also explore the misconception behind the high incremental cost, difficulty of engineering installation and service
challenges in operations with the implementation of an outdoor CPE which has been the lead culprit towards the low
adoption of this CPE strategy. Greenpacket will share three reference cases where deployment through the OX series
outdoor CPE has shown great success in Australia, Africa and Haiti, from a performance and business implementation
perspective.

APPLICATION NOTE

Introduction
One major challenge for wireless broadband operators is to successfully deploy in a suburban-rural morphology. This
challenge is inherent with disregard of the type of wireless technologies implemented, be it through WiMAX, Satellite, 3G,
CDMA and similarly in the future, with LTE. In our previous white paper Improving Indoor Coverage: How WiMAX
Modems can Play a Major Role in the Subsystem (WPWIC10), we have described technologies to improve user
experience when they are farther away from the base station, or in the cell-edge area. We can see that in general,
cell-edge represents the area where poor consistency in connectivity is prevalent, with typical modulation being QPSK
where cell-edge users generally experience low and in many cases, inconsistent throughput speeds.

Point A

Loss of uplink connection (1TX without MIMO

and Beamforming)

Downlink

Point B
64-QAM

16-QAM

Loss of downlink connection (without MIMO and

Beamforming)

QPSK
A

B CD

Point C

Loss of downlink connection with MIMO A

64-QAM

16-QAM

QPSK

Point D

Loss of downlink connection with Beamforming

Uplink
Legend

uplink connection
downlink connection

Coverage cut off point

Figure 1 : UL and DL Modulation Relative to Cell Radius

The figure below represents a typical wireless cell that has a cell-center with radius r and cell edge with a radius of 2r.
Tabulating the coverage area, the cell-edge would give us an area of coverage equivalent to 4r, while the cell-center is
only r. Showing the distinct differences in coverage area achieved between the cell-edge and cell-center. This direct
difference implies that the efficiency of spectrum utilization by the base station is not able to achieve its intended
maximum coverage and capacity capability unless higher modulation scheme can be extended further into the cell-edge
coverage area; without which, a decent robust connectivity is next to impossible by just relying on the base station itself.
cell center

F1

cell edge

2r
F
F2

F3

APPLICATION NOTE

01

WiMAX As The Best Solution With Outdoor CPE

Challenges For Rural Broadband Deployment
Broadband penetration in rural areas across the world has lagged far behind than that in urban areas, both in developed
countries as well as in developing countries. This is mainly due to multiple reasons which make providing coverage in
these areas economically non-viable. The main reasons for this low penetration lie within the following TOP 3
roadblocks:
As population density in rural areas is relatively low, setting up and maintaining copper or ber lines to provide
broadband service across the last mile incurs high costs for Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Capacity on the backhaul or the middle mile from the ISP to the Internet backbone is often very limited and
expensive as it is provided over facilities designed for voice telephony or cable television
The difference in per capita income between rural areas and urban regions means that broadband services need to
be offered at a lower-price point in the rural areas in order to gain customer adoption.
This combination of high CAPEX/OPEX and low Average Revenue per User (ARPU) has traditionally made the rural
broadband market less lucrative for service providers, but the advent of new high speed mobile broadband technologies
such as WiMAX has rapidly changed the situation.

APPLICATION NOTE

02

WiMAX As The Ideal Solution For Rural Broadband Deployments

As operators around the world evaluate multiple technologies for rural broadband deployments, WiMAX is emerging as
the de-facto standard. The advantages offered by WiMAX have time and again proven its commercial viability, among
others:
Infrastructure Effectiveness: WiMAX offers a highly cost effective solution to address the rural broadband conundrum
as physical infrastructure need not be rolled out to individual customer premises on the last mile. This significantly
reduces the overall cost and the time-to-market in deploying the network.
Flexible Network Deployment: WiMAX allows operators to surgically choose deployment options and focus on
specific areas where there is strong demand.
High Data Throughput: 802.16e has reached a stage of technology and standards maturity with eld proven results
that shows data throughput of over 40Mbps (@10MHz channel bandwidth).
Spectrum Concerns: WiMAX spectrum has typically been less expensive worldwide as compared to 3G licenses.
Additionally, with mobile WiMAX being on licensed band, operators can deploy rural broadband networks with no
spectrum-related concerns.
The largest challenge facing operators in deploying a suburban/rural service is to create a balanced business case that
allows them to maximize the access infrastructure capability from a coverage and capacity perspective and at the same
time to deliver a robust and reliable service with a positive revenue return. Greenpacket believes that this can be realized
effectively if Line Of Sight (LOS) can be achieved through the pairing of Outdoor CPE to the network, where we will
investigate the technology, performance and reveal a detailed deep dive reference case study based on a suburban/rural
environment profile.

APPLICATION NOTE

03

Advantages Of Outdoor CPE

The right CPE strategy for cell-edge and suburban/rural area is to deploy Outdoor CPE, and from our experience,
outdoor CPE have the following advantages.
i. Improved Uplink Technologies
ii. High Transmission Power And High Gain Directional Antenna
iii. Zero Penetration Loss
iv. Further Improvements Due To Line Of Sight
v. When Compared To External Antenna Option, Minimal Cable Loss
vi. Environmentally Robust
vii. Easy Installation
viii. Plug And Play

(i) Improved Uplink Technologies

We have stated a comprehensive analysis of the importance of uplink technologies in our previous white paper A
Practical Approach to Improve WiMAX Indoor Coverage. Here, we briefly describe the most important technology Dual
transmitter (2TX) which is implemented in our OX series Outdoor CPE.
Dual Transmitter (2Tx) (CDD)
The simplest Dual Transmitter technology employs Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) algorithm and signals are transmitted via
a single data stream through two antennas and two power amplifiers hence, both antennas are switched on and used
for transmission. The combined power from two PAs provides approximately an additional perceived 3dB gain with
potentially lower power consumption (if PAs are tuned to a lower power). This arrangement improves uplink performance
and lengthens coverage through better signal strength; however, it increases the cost of the modem as more
components are used.
Dual Transmitter (2Tx) STC Matrix (Uplink MIMO A)
The second generation Dual Transmitter technology further employs Space Time Coding signaling algorithm (Uplink
MIMO A) instead of just (CDD) algorithm as previously mentioned. However, in order to support this new algorithm, base
stations need to be upgraded to support WiMAX R1.5. The hardware implementation is the same as Dual Transmitter
(CDD) where transmission is conducted through two antennas and two power amplifiers. The combined power from two
PAs provides approximately an additional perceived 4dB gain, which is better than the Dual Transmitter (CDD).

Antenna 2
PA
Baseband

RF
PA
Antenna 1

Figure 2: Dual Transmitter (2Tx) component arrangement for CDD or STC

APPLICATION NOTE

04

(ii) High Transmission Power And High Gain Directional Antenna

Comparatively, Outdoor CPEs are designed with higher maximum transmit EIRP. Greenpacket OX series Outdoor CPE
has a 14dBi antenna, Dual transmitters (2Tx) with a combined Tx power rated at 27dBm, thus a maximum transmit EIRP
equivalent to 41dBm, making it the most powerful mobile WiMAX CPE in the market today. Directional antenna is
conventionally implemented to optimize the antenna performance specifically aligned to face towards the base station.
Different from an indoor or USB based device, operator will normally assign service engineers to the premise where
installation is based on the optimum facing direction and upon locating it, the outdoor antenna is locked into place.
Figure 3 shows a sample antenna pattern for the 2.5GHz model. The diagram shows a concentrated RF energy radiated
in a single direction (+- 10 degrees within the pink line). This specific radiation pattern plays the highest role of effectively
increasing the coverage area.

Figure 3: Antenna patterns for OX250 main antenna

5dB improvement

USB dongles
Average 23dBm
2dBi Antenna

11dB improvement

Indoor CPE
Average 25dBm
5dBi Antenna

Outdooe CPE (OX series)

Average 27dBm (2Ti)
14dBi Antenna

Figure 4 : Improvements of Outdoor CPE over indoor CPE. We can see that OX series can have 16dB improvements from
indoor USB dongles

APPLICATION NOTE

05

(iii) Zero Penetration Loss

Throughout our deployment experience, depending on the depth and material of the building, Glass windows and
concrete walls induces a 6dB and 12dB penetration loss respectively where the implementation through indoor CPEs
will normally endure. An Outdoor CPE, being placed normally on the roof of a specific building has the advantage of
being subjected to zero penetration loss, even without line-of-sight (LOS).

Figure 5: Frequency Vs Depth of penetration (Pd) for representative profiles of clay soils of pune at different soil moisture

conditions (weight %)

(iv) Further Improvements With Line Of Sight (LOS)

The key advantage for Outdoor CPE is that it can easily achieve Line of Sight (LOS) with proper mounting. Having
achieved Line of Sight (LOS), there is no longer a multi-path problem and we can ensure optimal RF path between the
CPE and the base station. Figure 6 shows how Line of Sight can be achieved by moving the CPE above the roof with a
pole.

LOS
CPE (OutDoor)

NLOS
CPE (InDoor)
Figure 6: Improvement of LOS with o utdoor CPE

In addition, studies show that for a full featured base station. To achieve the same transmission data rate of 11Mbps,
LOS cell radius can be as far as 30km, while Non Line of Sight (NLOS) cell radius is only limited to 4km. This accounts
for five times the radius or about 25 times more coverage area for the same base station. LOS is a very critical
factor that affects the performance of the network, where an Outdoor CPE is proven to be the ideal solutions
to achieve LOS.

APPLICATION NOTE

06

Full Featured
From
To
Cell radius (Km)

Maximum throghput per sector (Mbps)

Maximum throghput per CPE at Cell
Edge (Mbps)

LOS

30

50

NLOS ( Ereg-Flat)

Indoor self-install CPE

Download

11.3

uplink

11.3

Download

11.3

0.7

0.175

uplink

Maximum number of subscribers

More

Table 1: LOS and NLOS performance comparison using Full featured Base Station

LOS 30 to 50km
NLOS 4 to 9km
Indoor self-install
1 to 2km

Figure 7 : Coverage Distance Differerence for LOS and NLOS deployment

(v) Outdoor CPE VS Indoor CPE + External Antenna: Minimal Cable Loss
Another common solution to achieve LOS performance is to use outdoor external antenna to connect to an indoor CPE.
However, using external antenna introduces cable losses. For example, we can see in the below diagram, a typical cable
used for external antenna is RG316, which introduces about 1.5dB loss per meter length. Therefore, for an outdoor
extension of 10m, this contributes to 15dB loss, which has similar magnitude as the typical outdoor external Antenna
gain. This limitation is not absolute, where external antenna solutions with super high gain (greater than 15dBi) and super
low loss cable (less than 0.5dB/m) can be found, the question is however extended to economic sense of forming a
realistic solution rather than the best solution.

APPLICATION NOTE

07

(vi) Outdoor CPE VS Indoor CPE + External Antenna: Minimal Cable Loss
Another common solution to achieve LOS performance is to use outdoor external antenna to connect to an indoor CPE.
However, using external antenna introduces cable losses. For example, we can see in the below diagram, a typical cable
used for external antenna is RG316, which introduces about 1.5dB loss per meter length. Therefore, for an outdoor
extension of 10m, this contributes to 15dB loss, which has similar magnitude as the typical outdoor external Antenna
gain. This limitation is not absolute, where external antenna solutions with super high gain (greater than 15dBi) and super
low loss cable (less than 0.5dB/m) can be found, the question is however extended to economic sense of forming a
realistic solution rather than the best solution.
Coaxial Cable :RG_316_/U
Matrix Of Attenuation and Power CW
Coefficients:
a=0.7727 , b=0.0972 , Fmax =3 , Pwt 1GHz = 135
Frequency
(GHz)

Nom attenuation
(dB/m)
sea level
25 C amblent
temperature

Nom attenuation

Max. CW power

sea level
25 C amblent
temperature

sea level
40 C amblent
temperature

2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.0

1.32
1.40
1.43
1.50
1.53
1.60
1.63

0.402
0.427
0.436
0.457
0.466
0.488
0.497

93
89
87
84
82
82
78

(dB/ft)

(watt)

Table 2 : Typical cable loss for Coaxial RG316 cable which is used for external antenna

Indoor CPE

Indoor CPE with external Ant

Outdoor CPE

Antenna Gain

5dBi

Not used

Not used

Cable Loss (RG316)

External antenna

0
None

-9dB
14dBi

0
None

Penetration Loss
Total Ant gain

-6dB
-1dB

None
5dB

None
14dB

Line of Sight
Performance

NO
Poor

YES
OK

YES
Best

Table 3 : Comparison between a 2.5GHz Indoor CPE with and without a 14dBi external antenna, and a 2.5GHz Outdoor CPE
mounted on a pole 6m above the ground

APPLICATION NOTE

08

Uncover The Myth about Outdoor CPE

There exist general misconceptions about outdoor CPE implementation in terms of cost, having extreme restriction on
being heavy, performing unreliably under changing weather conditions, and extremely difficult to install and service.
New advancement on design and architecture has changed all this, Greenpackets OX series outdoor CPE is an example
where cost is effectively affordable, weighing in at less than 2kg, flexibly mountable on a wall or pole or roof edge and
capable of enduring temperatures between - 40C ~ 60C while in operations.
Most importantly, OX series enclosure is certied to be IP67 compliant which comes with a protection against the effects
of immersion in water up to depth of 1 meter. POE (Power over Ethernet) cable is also an important feature which
ensures that only a single cable (RJ45) is stretched from the outdoor unit (ODU) directly indoors to the end user, where
both the power and data is carried.

(i) Environmentally Robust

In addition, OX series outdoor CPE is equipped with a robust mounting kit which has been certified to withstand severe
windward and crosswinds. Figure 8 show the test result for OX series outdoor CPE withstanding hurricane rated winds
(windward/crosswind under 60m/s for 10 minutes, Beauford Wind Force Scale 17)

Figure 8 : Greenpacket OX series under Hurricane-force Winward Test

APPLICATION NOTE

09

(ii) Easy Installation

OX series outdoor CPE mounting kit provides complete flexibility for installation. The pole-mounting and wall-mounting
brackets can be selected according to field needs. The multi-angle mounting kit can also be adjusted where the antenna
can be positioned to face toward the base station, receiving Line-of-Sight (LOS) signals. Figure 8 illustrates the quick
installation using the standard mounting kit, withal done within five minutes.

Screw (35mm)
Screw (60mm)
Split washer

Lockwasher

Flat washer
Bracket with Tab
Bracket W/L Tab

Split washer
Flat washer
Nut

Nut

X2 Needed

Figure 9 : Examples of Pole Mount (vertical or horizontal) installation

(iii) Plug And Play, Auto Provisioning, And On-Site Service Free
Greenpacket ensures that operators are free from having to manage the provisioning of devices. The device
comes pre-provisioned to allow end subscribers to plug and be automatically connected to the operators
base stations for an immediate play.

APPLICATION NOTE

10

The Rural Leapfrog ENDING THE WAIT FOR RURAL

CONNECTIVITY
Verifying It On The Field
Understanding the concept and technological advantage of mobile WiMAX coupled with the service offering via an
Outdoor Modem validates it as a viable solution option for rural connectivity. The bigger question remains on the
performance capability of the WiMAX outdoor modem when deployed in a commercial field that is subjected to
subscriber loading and the environmental uncertainties knowing historically the inherent limitation of implementation via
a wireless technology.
Vivid Wireless, is the first WISP to launch a mobile WiMAX network in Australia has had a successful service uptake since
its launch in April 2010 covering the urban and suburban areas in cities of Perth, Sydney and Melbourne via Indoor IADs
and USB modem. Looking to extend its service coverage to the fringing suburban and semi-rural areas within the city,
Vivid Wireless conducted a citywide evaluation to benchmark the performance of the OX outdoor modem. Vivid Wireless
wanted the performance test to be conducted on its commercially live network to ensure that the end results obtained
is strictly similar to the end user experience. Choosing to compare it against the current commercially offered Green
Packet high gain DX Indoor IAD, Vivid Wireless has the objective:1. To ensuring that the OX meets the technical specification as stated in its product datasheet.
2. To record the additional gain in coverage, and
3. To record the throughput speeds experienced

DX 230-Indoor IAD

OX 230-Outdoor Modem

Frequency

2.3GHz

2.3GHz

Maximum RF Transmit Power

28dBm (Combined 2Tx)

27dBm (Combined 2Tx)

Antenna Type

Intergrated Omni with 5dBi gain

Dual polarized with 14dBi gain

Received sensitivity

Average 5dB higher than WiMAX

Forum RCT specification

Average 5dB higher than WiMAX

Forum RCT Specification

MIMO

Matrix A & B

Matrix A & B

Table 4 : Technical Specification between Indoor IAD and Outdoor Modem

DX230 was mounted inside the test drive vehicle on the passenger seat while the OX230 is mounted on the roof of the
car. Both RSSI and CINR measurement were recorded in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) positions.
The test drive was performed at multiple locations that varied between 200 meters and 9.5 kilometers to the base
station.

APPLICATION NOTE

11

Purple shade represents existing network coverage area

Green shade indicates increased coveage area when
using OX230 modem

Figure 10 : Coverage planning comparison between Indoor IAD and Outdoor Modem

On completion, Vivid Wireless observed significant performance increase from the OX outdoor modem with the OX
having an average 12dBm more coverage, reaching a radius of over 9.5 kilometer with LOS. Proving that OX meets the
specification as stipulated even on the field. This significant coverage gained will allow Vivid access to an additional
72,000 new subscribers on its existing infrastructure, allowing it to maximize and monetize its infrastructure investment
further.
DX 230-Indoor IAD

OX 230-Outdoor
Modem

Indoor / Outdoor
(Delta)

LOS

Distance to
Cell
(m)

RSSI
(dBm)

CINR
(dBm)

RSSI
(dBm)

CINR
(dBm)

RSSI
(dBm)

CINR
(dBm)

Yes

250

-43

26.6

-32

26.4

11

-0.2

No

840

-60.5

24.4

-52.1

19.5

8.4

-4.9

No

1100

-64

10.9

-50.3

20.3

13.7

9.4

No

1900

-84

8.1

-74

7.6

10

-0.5

Yes

2870

-54.6

9.7

-37.1

14.7

17.5

Yes

6400

-51

11.1

-41

8.3

10

-2.8

Yes

9500

-80.6

6.2

-64.5

4.7

16.1

-1.5

Table 5 : Summary test result comparison between Indoor IAD and Outdoor Modem

Numerous operators globally have had commercially successful deployments through similar strategies. Greenpacket
approaches most of its deployment together with the operator in a collaborative manner, seeing multiple successful
deployments in suburban and rural scenarios.

APPLICATION NOTE

12

Reaching Within Remote Africa

Direct-on-PC, a the leading operator in Nigeria has been deploying mobile WiMAX under the service name of Unwired
by extending its wireless broadband voice and data services covering sub-urban and rural developing communities in
selective areas of Lagos, Abuja and Port-Harcourt as a complimentary broadband access network to their existing VSAT
and fixed wireless networks. The flexibility of mobile WiMAX has allowed the operator to grow its service coverage area
flexibly as service demand grows.
The strategy of service implementation via outdoor based CPE creates the best service advantage as it allows
maximization of coverage making the service robust and reliable, perfect to the harsh conditions of the West African
nation.
With mobile WiMAX having the capacity efficiency that is 10x higher with an upfront subscriber acquisition cost that is
1/5 of current satellite network, the business case of providing affordable voice and broadband service is achievable. This
has created confidence that the 4G network plans is set to lay the foundation for growth, both for the company and to
the development of the underserved market.

Bringing Broadband To The Remote Islands

The islands of the Caribbean are a well known holiday destination with a developing community and economy. Providing
broadband services in islands with harsh environmental terrain has always been a challenge to service providers.
Digicel International has been the champion serving over 11 million customers across 32 markets mainly on the islands
of the Caribbean and the Pacific. Having launched mobile WiMAX in Haiti, Digicel has had a great success with its
pay-as-you surf mobile WiMAX services in suburban areas of Haiti currently providing robust fast broadband services
through Greenpacket indoor and USB based devices.
Looking to extend the services offering in rural and remote areas, with the service quality having similar robustness is
something that Digicel insist to maintain, in order to achieve this while not having to incur huge incremental CAPEX
investment by deploying additional infrastructure to these subscribers located mainly in fringing cell edge of the network.
The outdoor modem was evaluated and results has proved to be the perfect solution extending the coverage within a
healthy modulation scheme to achieve broadband speeds and consistent service.
Even with a higher subscriber acquisition cost via the outdoor modem implementation, the huge CAPEX/OPEX savings
from infrastructure spending allows Digicel to scale the deployment needs with the number of subscription growth.

APPLICATION NOTE

13

Explore A Blue Ocean Of Opportunity In Rural Connectivity

Today
As a leading developer of Next Generation Mobile Broadband solutions, Greenpacket has both the experience and best in class 4G WiMAX
devices specifically designed for operators looking to maximize their investment in delivering a robust, reliable and fast 4G broadband for
RURAL CONNECTIVITY.

Free Consultation
If you would like a free consultation on selecting WiMAX modems for your fixed broadband network, please contact us
at marketing.gp@greenpacket.com (kindly quote the reference code, DAP0411 when you contact us).

APPLICATION NOTE

14

References
1. IRIX123 User Manual, Greenpacket
2. WiMAXs technology for LOS and NLOS environments, WiMAX Forum Release
3. OX Series User Manual, Greenpacket
4. OX250 Antenna report, Greenpacket
5. Datasheet for Coaxial cable RG316, Huber + Suhner
6. K.S.Rao, Girish Chandra and P.V.Narasimha Rao, Study on penetration depth and its dependence on frequency, soil
moisture, texture and temperature in the context of microwave remote sensing
7. http://www.itu.int/newsarchive/press/WTDC98/Feature1.html
8. http://it.tmcnet.com/topics/it/articles/36595-internet-usage-gaps-developing-countries-challenges-solutions.htm

APPLICATION NOTE

15

About Greenpacket
Greenpacket is the international arm of the Green Packet Berhad group of companies which is listed on the Main Board
of the Malaysian Bourse. Founded in San Franciscos Silicon Valley in 2000 and now headquartered in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, Greenpacket has a presence in 9 countries and is continuously expanding to be near its customers and in
readiness for new markets.
We are a leading developer of Next Generation Mobile Broadband and Networking Solutions for Telecommunications
Operators across the globe. Our mission is to provide seamless and unified platforms for the delivery of user-centric
multimedia communications services regardless of the nature and availability of backbone infrastructures.
At Greenpacket, we pride ourselves on being constantly at the forefront of technology. Our leading carrier-grade
solutions and award-winning consumer devices help Telecommunications Operators open new avenues, meet new
demands, and enrich the lifestyles of their subscribers, while forging new relationships. We see a future of limitless
freedom in wireless communications and continuously commit to meeting the needs of our customers with leading edge
solutions.
With product development centers in USA, Shanghai, and Taiwan, we are on the cutting edge of new developments in
4G (particularly WiMAX and LTE), as well as in software advancement. Our leadership position in the Telco industry is
further enhanced by our strategic alliances with leading industry players.
Additionally, our award-winning WiMAX modems have successfully completed interoperability tests with major WiMAX
players and are being used by the worlds largest WiMAX Operators. We are also the leading carrier solutions provider in
APAC catering to both 4G and 3G networks and aim to be No. 1 globally by the end of 2010.
For more information, visit: www.greenpacket.com.

San Francisco Kuala Lumpur Singapore Shanghai Taiwan Sydney Bahrain Bangkok Hong Kong

Associate
Member

Copyright 2001-2011 Green Packet Berhad. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form
by any means, without the written permission of Green Packet Berhad. Green Packet Berhad reserves the right to modify or discontinue any product or piece of literature at anytime without prior notice.