Matlab Lecture01

Lecture #1
Getting Started with MATLAB

ENGR 15100: Software Tools for Engineers
Steve Naumov (Instructor)
Lecture Overview
This set of lecture notes describes:
What is computer programming

What is MATLAB
Starting MATLAB and MATLABs User Interface
Working with MATLABs Command Window
Arithmetic Operations with Scalars
Elementary Built-in Functions
Defining Scalar & String Variables
Managing Variables
Script Files
Errors in Script Files
ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov
1/10/2017 10:54:05 AM
Computer Languages
What is a computer language?
An artificial language designed to express computations

designed to be executed by a machine, particularly a computer
General Categories of Computer Languages
Machine Language Strings of numbers arranged in a

particular order dictating computations to be performed
The actual sequence of instructions executed by a central processing

unit (CPU or brain) of a computer
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
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Computer Languages (contd)

Broad Categories of Computer Languages
Assembly Language English-like abbreviations representing

elementary computer operations. Translated to machine
language with assemblers
Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
High-Level Language Codes/commands similar to everyday

English by utilizing notation similar to mathematical notation.
Translated to assembly/machine language with compilers
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay;
circle_area = pi * radius * radius;
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What is MATLAB? MATrix LABoratory

Provides a technical computing environment designed to
support the implementation of computational tasks
numerical computations
scientific visualization
symbolic computations
Both a computer programming language and a software

environment for using that language effectively
Designed by Cleve Moler in 1970s as a teaching tool and
to make matrix computations particularly easy to perform
Interprets commands entered and executed by a user
Users type commands and receive answers immediately (very

useful for solving simple problems)
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What is MATLAB? MATrix LABoratory (contd)

Characteristics of MATLAB
Automatic memory management

Intuitive and easy to use
Includes many specialized capabilities (called Toolboxes)
Ubiquitous in industry and education
Relatively slow (as compared to other languages)
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Starting MATLAB & MATLAB Windows

Launching MATLAB
Start All Programs MATLAB
The MATLAB interface comprises a collection of windows
Command Window
Workspace Window
Current Folder Window
Editor Window
Figure Window
Help Window
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Working in the Command Window

You can interact with MATLAB in one of two modes
Interactive mode or Batch mode
Interactive mode
User types commands directly into the command window

Basic procedure for working with the command window in
interactive mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
At prompt (>>), type in a MATLAB command

Press ENTER key
MATLAB displays result in Command Window, followed by
displaying the prompt (>>) again
Repeat step 1
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Working in the Command Window (contd)

Notes on Command Window
To start a command, make sure cursor is next to prompt (>>)

MATLAB wont execute the command until you press ENTER
It then executes only last command
Commands before last one may still be visible, but MATLAB
doesnt execute them
If command too long to fit on line, can continue to next line by
typing ellipsis (3 periods, i.e., ) and then pressing ENTER
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Notes on Command Window (contd)
When cursor is in bottom command line:
10
key moves cursor one character to left

key moves cursor one character to right
key recalls preceding command
key opposite functionality of key
PAGE-UP key moves up to previous commands in a window-size

at a time
PAGE-DOWN key moves down to most recently executed
commands in a window-size at a time
BACKSPACE key deletes character to left of cursor
DELETE key deletes character to right of cursor
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Semicolon (;)
When typed at end of a command, suppresses output. (Only

prompt displayed at next line)
Useful for preventing display of large outputs
Used much more in scripts (much more on this later)
Percent sign ( % )
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When typed at beginning of line, MATLAB treats line as a

comment and doesnt execute line
Used much more in scripts
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clc Command Clear Command/Console Window

Up and down arrows still bring back previous commands,
Cannot use scroll bar to view history of executed commands
help Command Access MATLABs documentation
>>help
>>help command_name
doc Command Launch/open Documentation Browser

>>doc
>>doc command_name
edit Command Launch/open Editor Window

>>edit
>>edit file_name
quit Command Exit/close MATLAB
>> quit
12
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A Type of Quantity: Scalar
Scalar a single numerical quantity (can be negative)

For now, we will restrict our discussion to scalar arithmetic
MATLAB number representations and formats
13
Integers: 1362, 217897

Reals:
123.82, 110.3449, 1.23e14, -12.456e-15
Complex: 8 + 3, 10.34 25.88
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Scalars: Arithmetic Operators and Operations
Some arithmetic operators for scalars include
Subtraction:
Exponentiation:
Left Division (Reciprocal): \
Order of Precedence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Addition: +
Multiplication: *
Right Division: /
Parenthesis (evaluated from innermost to outermost)

Exponentiation
Multiplication and Division (evaluated from left to right)
Addition and Subtraction (evaluated from left to right)
Notes on Order of Precedence
14
For multiple operations of same precedence, MATLAB evaluates

the operations from left to right
Can change order by using parenthesis
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Using MATLAB as a Calculator
Can use MATLAB as a (very expensive!) calculator
At the prompt (>>), type in mathematical expression

Press Enter key
MATLAB displays answer in Command Window as ans =
followed by the result
Show Examples
15
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Using MATLAB as a Calculator (contd)
A function is a kind-of black box that performs a

computation on inputs and generates outputs
Function
Name
Inputs
has a name (associated with type of computation)

accepts zero or more inputs (arguments)
Outputs
can be numbers, variables (explained later), or even expressions

involving numbers, variables, or functions
returns zero or more outputs (results)
Example
y = sqrt( x )
output name argument
16
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MATLAB Built-In Functions
Elementary Math Functions (See Table 1.3 for details)
sqrt(x) square root

nthroot(x,n) nth real root = 1
17
Can also be done using a combination of the exponentiation and

right division operators
exp(x) Exponential
abs(x) Absolute value
log(x) natural (base ) logarithm = log ()
log10(x) base-10 logarithm log10
factorial(n) ! = 1 2 3 3 2 1
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Trig. Functions (use MATLAB help for details)
18
sin(x) sine ( in radians)

sind(x) sine ( in degrees)
cos(x) cosine ( in radians)
cosd(x) cosine ( in degrees)
tan(x) tangent ( in radians)
tand(x) tangent ( in degrees)
cot(x) cotangent ( in radians)
cotd(x) cotangent ( in degrees)
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Inverse Trig. Functions (use MATLAB help for details)
19
asin(x) inverse sine ( in radians)

asind(x) inverse sine ( in degrees)
acos(x) inverse cosine ( in radians)
acosd(x) inverse cosine ( in degrees)
atan(x) inverse tangent ( in radians)
atand(x) inverse tangent ( in degrees)
acot(x) inverse cotangent ( in radians)
acotd(x) inverse cotangent ( in degrees)
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Rounding Functions (use MATLAB help for details)
20
round(x) round to nearest integer

fix(x) round toward zero
ceil(x) round toward infinity
floor(x) round toward minus infinity
rem(x, y) remainder of
What is the difference??
mod(x, y) remainder of
find out with MATLAB help!
sign(x) returns +1 if > 0,
returns 1 if < 0,
returns 0 if = 0
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Variables and Assignment Operator
Variable: Name (identifier) of a memory location that

can be assigned a numerical value
Define a variable by assigning a value to it for the first time

Once defined, can be used in expressions, functions, and
MATLAB statements and commands
Once defined, can read from the variable (get its value) and
write to the variable (set/assign its value)
Cannot use a variable before you define it!
Assignment operator (=): Assigns value to defined

variable
21
Evaluates expression on right hand side (RHS) and stores the

resulting value in the variable on left hand side (LHS)
variable_name = expressions
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Variables and Assignment Operator (contd)
Notes on the Assignment Operator
Think about the meaning of the statement x = x + 6
= means assign to or store in

Does not mean equal to like it does in math notation!
Has no meaning in math because it implies that 0 = 6
Perfectly fine in MATLAB because it means read value stored in
x, add 6 to it, and store the result back to x
Example
22
>> x = 3;
>> x = x + 6; %read value stored in x,
%add 6 to it,
%and store result back in x
>> x = 2 * x; %read value stored in x,
%double it,
%and store result in x
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Naming Variables
MATLAB has rules for naming variables

Names must begin with a LETTER and may be followed by any
combination of letters, digits, and underscores ( _ )
Names are case sensitive (NAME, name, Name are distinct)
Names cannot contain punctuation or spaces, e.g., (. , ; - )
Names cannot be longer than 63 characters
Cannot name a variable the same as a MATLAB keyword
Avoid using the name of a built-in function as the name of a variable,
e.g., dont call a variable exp or sqrt
iskeyword Command
Lists MATLAB keywords
exist Command
Checks if supplied function name exists
Returns positive number if found, zero otherwise
23
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Naming Variables (contd)
Always choose meaningful names when defining variables.

Sometimes, this means choosing long/descriptive names
Some naming conventions that programmers use which

avoid spaces and yet abide by MATLABs naming rules
Convention #1: Use underscores instead of spaces to
separate every word of a variable name
Remember, names cannot contain punctuation or spaces
Example: speed_of_light
Convention #2: Utilize camel case naming method.

Capitalize first letter of every word except first word in the
name of a variable
24
Example: speedOfLight
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Predefined MATLAB Variables
Commonly used scalars in MATALB have been given

predetermined variable names (identifiers)
ans the value of the previous calculation that was not assigned to a
variable
pi The number 3.14159
eps Smallest difference between two real numbers capable of
being represented by MATLAB and the associated computer on which
MATLAB is installed
25
The value of eps is 2.2204 x 10-16
inf or Inf Infinity ( )

i Defined as 1 = = 0 + 1
j Same as 1 = . Commonly used by electrical engineers
instead of
NaN or nan Not A Number. Used to express mathematically
undefined values, such 0/0
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Predefined MATLAB Variables (contd)
(Caution) Redefining Predefined Variables
One may redefine (change) values of the predefined variables

Generally, not a good idea! You may confuse yourself and/or
others!
Sometimes however, you may inevitably redefine a few
predefined variables without possibly realizing it!
Example
>>i
ans =
0.0000 + 1.0000i
>>i = 20.5
%redefine predefined value of i
i =
20.5000
26
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String Variables and Displaying Messages
So far, we have only stored scalars (numbers) in variables.

We can also store character strings in variables
Character String A list of characters in MATLAB that can
be stored in a variable
The list of characters is surrounded by single quotes

Useful for displaying information, labeling output, and passing
the names of M-files as arguments (inputs) to functions
Examples
>>ENGR 15100 is easy!
>> myName = Steve Naumov;
>> aSingleSpace = ;
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String Variables and Displaying Messages (contd)
disp(var) function Display value stored in variable var in the

Command Window without displaying the actual name of the
variable
Restrict ourselves to scalar and string variables (for now)
Example
>> temp = 90; %why didnt MATLAB display the result
>> disp(temp)
90
>> disp(Today is a hot day!);
Today is a hot day!
>> myName = Steve Naumov;
>> disp(myName)
Steve Naumov
28
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Saving Interactive MATLAB Sessions
Log a list of commands entered in the Command Window

diary Command Saves text of interactive session to a file
Causes copy of all subsequent commands entered in command

window and resulting output to be appended to a ASCII text file
Examples
29
diary - creates a diary file named diary in the current working

directory (folder) (assumes a diary has not previously been created)
diary FILENAME.txt Creates a diary file named
FILENAME.txt in the current working directory (folder)
diary OFF or off suspends logging of interactive session
diary ON or on resumes logging of interactive session
diary toggles diary state (assumes diary has been created
previously)
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Managing Variables and Workspace
clear Command Clears all (selected) variables in the

MATLAB workspace by removing all (selected) currently
defined variables from memory
Examples
>> clear all Removes all currently defined variables

from workspace
>> clear var1 var2 Removes only variables var1 and
var2 currently defined in workspace
who or whos Command Displays all currently defined

variables in workspace. whos also displays variable sizes
and other information
30
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Managing Variables and Workspace (contd)
save Command Saves all (selected) defined variables in

workspace of interactive session to binary MAT-file
Examples
31
>> save - saves all variables currently defined in workspace

to a MAT-file named matlab.mat. MAT-file created in
current directory (folder)
>> save FILENAME.mat saves all variables currently
defined in workspace to a MAT-file named FILENAME.mat.
MAT-file created in current directory (folder)
>> save FILENAME.mat var1 var2 saves variables
var1 and var2 currently defined in workspace to a MAT-file
named FILENAME.mat. MAT-file created in current directory
(folder)
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Managing Variables and Workspace (contd)
load Command Loads data (variables) saved in a MATfile from disk back into workspace of interactive session
Examples
32
>> load loads all data (variables) saved in a MAT-file named

matlab.mat. Assumes MAT-file resides in current directory
(folder)
>> load FILENAME.mat loads all data (variables) stored
in a MAT-file named FILENAME.mat. Assumes MAT-file
resides in current directory (folder)
>> load FILENAME.mat var1 var2 loads only variables
var1 and var2 stored in a MAT-file named FILENAME.mat.
Assumes MAT-file resides in current directory (folder)
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Batch Mode Interaction w/ MATLAB
You can interact with MATLAB in one of two modes
Interactive mode or Batch mode
Batch mode
33
A series of commands are typed in a special text file

The commands in the file can then be executed by MATLAB
Advantage is that it is easier to make small changes to the
commands in the file without having to remember or retype all
the commands from scratch
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Script Files
Script File File containing a sequence of MATLAB

commands
34
When a script file runs (is executed), MATLAB performs the

commands in the order they are written, just as if they were
typed in the Command Window in the same sequence.
When a script file has a command that generates an output
(e.g. assignment of a value to a variable without semicolon at
the end), MATLAB displays the output in the Command Window
Using a script file is convenient because it can be edited
(corrected and/or changed) and executed many times
Script files can be typed and edited in any text editor and then
pasted into the MATLAB editor
Script files are also called M-files because the extension .m is
used when they are saved
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Creating, Saving, and Executing M-Files
Different way to create Scripts in MATLAB user interface
Creating scripts in the Command Window using the edit

Command
Click the New Script button in the Home tab

Click arrow of New button in the Home tab and select Script
>>edit Launches the Editor Window

>>edit FILENAME.m Launches Editor Window and opens
M-file named FILENAME.m. Assumes FILENAME.m resides
in current directory (folder). If not, MATLAB may ask you if you
want to create the file in current directory (folder)
Examples/Demos
35
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Creating, Saving, and Executing M-Files (contd)
Before executing commands in an M-file, save it!
If youve already named and saved the M-file, just click on the
Save button in the Editor tab
If you havent named the M-file yet, click the arrow on the Save
button in the Editor tab, then choose Save As
Naming rules for files are similar to rules for variable names
36
Type in a name in the dialog box. If you dont add a .m extension to

the file name, MATLAB adds .m for you
Then click Save button
Dont use names of your variables, predefined variables, MATLAB
commands, or MATLAB functions
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Creating, Saving, and Executing M-Files (contd)
To execute a script file means to execute all commands

contained within the M-file
Ways to execute M-files using Editor Window
Press the Run button in the Editor Tab

Press the arrow of the Run button in the Editor tab and select
the script name you wish to execute
Ways to execute M-files using Command Window
37
Type the M-file name in Command Window and press ENTER

MATLAB will execute file if the file resides in current directory
(folder)
If not, you can change current directory (folder) with buttons
above the Current Folder Window
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Errors in Scripts/Programs
Script errors manifest themselves after the user asks MATLAB

to execute the script
Script errors can fall into one of the following categories
Syntax errors such as omitting a parenthesis or comma, or spelling a

command name incorrectly
MATLAB usually detects the more obvious errors and displays a message
describing the error and its location
MATLAB ALSO halts the execution of the script at the point of the error
Runtime errors due to an incorrect mathematical procedure
Logical errors that result in an incorrectly functioning script/program
38
Their occurrence often depends on the particular input data

Example: Division by zero
Example 1: Incorrectly calculating the area of a circle

Example 2: Inadvertently using + operator instead of * operator
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Locating and Correcting Errors in Scripts
Locating errors in programs
Test script with simple solution which is easily checked by hand

Display any intermediate calculation at different points in the script
Ask for help if you are spinning your wheels
Remove semicolons at the end of statements

Use the disp() function to display values stored in variables
Talk to a friend
Contact the Teaching Assistant
Contact the Instructor
Correcting errors in programs is called debugging
39
Edit the script file to try to correct the error

Re-save and re-execute the script
If the error persists or a new error arises or is reported by MATLAB,
repeat the above steps
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Example Problem
Create a new script named LASTNAME_example1.m and

solve the following problem by typing commands in the
script file you created
In the circular cylinder shown to the

right, radius = 22.4 and height
= 15.9
Determine the following:
40
Circumference and area of the circular

surface in and 2
Perimeter and area of the rectangular
surface in and 2
Surface area, , of entire circular cylinder in 2
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Example Solution
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------% Author: Steve Naumov
% Filename: example.m
% Purpose: This file computes circumference/area of a circle, perimeter/area
% of a rectangle, and uses those results to compute the surface area of a cylinder
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------radius_in_mm = 22.4;
%suppress display in command window
height_in_cm = 15.9;
%---------------------------------------------------------------% calculate radius in centimeters

%---------------------------------------------------------------radius_in_cm = radius_in_mm * (1/10);
%conversion factor 1cm = 10mm
%---------------------------------------------------------------% calculate circumference and area of circle C in cm and cm^2
%---------------------------------------------------------------circumference_in_cm = 2 * pi * radius_in_cm;
area_of_circle_in_cm2 = pi * (radius_in_cm^2);
%---------------------------------------------------------------% Display results for circle C

%---------------------------------------------------------------disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
disp('The circumference and area of circle C in cm and cm^2 is: ');
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
circumference_in_cm
area_of_circle_in_cm2
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Example Solution (contd)

%---------------------------------------------------------------% calculate perimeter and area of rectangle R in cm and cm^2
%---------------------------------------------------------------perimeter_in_cm = 2*height_in_cm + 2*circumference_in_cm;
area_of_rectangle_in_cm2 = height_in_cm * circumference_in_cm;
%---------------------------------------------------------------% Display results for rectangle R

%---------------------------------------------------------------disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
disp('The perimeter and area of rectangle R in cm and cm^2 is: ');
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
perimeter_in_cm
area_of_rectangle_in_cm2
%---------------------------------------------------------------% calculate surface area of circular cylinder

%---------------------------------------------------------------surface_area_in_cm2 = area_of_rectangle_in_cm2 + 2*area_of_circle_in_cm2;
%---------------------------------------------------------------% Display results for circular cylinder

%---------------------------------------------------------------disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
disp('The surface area, S, of circular cylinder in cm^2 is: ');
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------');
surface_area_in_cm2
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Lecture Summary
This set of lecture notes described:
43
What is computer programming

What is MATLAB
Starting MATLAB and MATLABs User Interface
Working with MATLABs Command Window
Arithmetic Operations with Scalars
Elementary Built-in Functions
Defining Scalar & String Variables
Managing Variables
Script Files
Errors in Script Files
1/10/2017 10:54:05 AM

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Lecture #1

Getting Started with MATLAB

What is computer programming

An artificial language designed to express computations

General Categories of Computer Languages

Machine Language Strings of numbers arranged in a

The actual sequence of instructions executed by a central processing

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Computer Languages (contd)

Assembly Language English-like abbreviations representing

High-Level Language Codes/commands similar to everyday

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

What is MATLAB? MATrix LABoratory

Both a computer programming language and a software

Users type commands and receive answers immediately (very

What is MATLAB? MATrix LABoratory (contd)

Automatic memory management

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Starting MATLAB & MATLAB Windows

Start All Programs MATLAB

The MATLAB interface comprises a collection of windows

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Working in the Command Window

Interactive mode or Batch mode

User types commands directly into the command window

At prompt (>>), type in a MATLAB command

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Working in the Command Window (contd)

To start a command, make sure cursor is next to prompt (>>)

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Working in the Command Window (contd)

Notes on Command Window (contd)

When cursor is in bottom command line:

key moves cursor one character to left

PAGE-UP key moves up to previous commands in a window-size

Working in the Command Window (contd)

When typed at end of a command, suppresses output. (Only

When typed at beginning of line, MATLAB treats line as a

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Working in the Command Window (contd)

clc Command Clear Command/Console Window

doc Command Launch/open Documentation Browser

edit Command Launch/open Editor Window

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

A Type of Quantity: Scalar

Scalar a single numerical quantity (can be negative)

Integers: 1362, 217897

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Scalars: Arithmetic Operators and Operations

Some arithmetic operators for scalars include

Parenthesis (evaluated from innermost to outermost)

Notes on Order of Precedence

For multiple operations of same precedence, MATLAB evaluates

Using MATLAB as a Calculator

Can use MATLAB as a (very expensive!) calculator

At the prompt (>>), type in mathematical expression

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov

Using MATLAB as a Calculator (contd)

A function is a kind-of black box that performs a

has a name (associated with type of computation)

can be numbers, variables (explained later), or even expressions

returns zero or more outputs (results)

ENGR 15100 (Lecture #1), Naumov