Lec-5 (Gram Schmidth, M-Ary Communications)

M-ary Communications
Digital Communications
Lecture-5
Dr. Sarmad Sohaib
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
sarmad.sohaib@uettaxila.edu.pk
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Pop Quiz
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Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)
8-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (8-PSK)
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Signal Space
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An Orthogonal Basis?
Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-1)

Arbitrary select a vector from the
set , say v1.

v2
Select another vector from the

set , say v2.
v2
Normalize its length to get the

first O.N. vector
u1 =
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Get the projection of v2 onto u1
Projection of v 2 onto u1 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
v1
v1
v1
v1
( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
Normalized to unit energy
u1
u1
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v2
v2
Projection of v 2 on to u1
u '2 = v 2 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
Normalize u
u '2 = v 2 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
u2 =
v1
( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
u
u
'
2
'
2
'
2
u '2 = v 2 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
v1
u '2
( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1
u2
u1
u1
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10
Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

waveforms (Step-1)
Select an arbitrary waveform from. The first O.N. waveform is

simply constructed as
The procedure continues by selecting v 3 and subtracting

the projections of v 3 into u1 and u 2 . Thus we have
1 (t ) =
u3' = v 3 ( < v 3 , u1 > ) u1 ( < v 3 , u 2 > ) u 2
s1 (t )
Then the O.N. vector u3 is

u3'
u3 = '
u3
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Normalized to unit energy
11
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12

waveforms(Step-2)

waveforms (Step-3)
The 2nd waveform is constructed from s2(t) by first computing the projection of
s2(t) onto 1(t)
Subtract c21 from s2(t) to yield
c21 =< s2 (t ), 1(t ) >=
2 (t ) = s2 (t ) c21 1(t )
s2 (t ) 1(t ) dt
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waveforms (Step-4)
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waveforms (Step-5)
In general the orthogonalization of kth function lead to
The waveform 2(t) is orthogonal to 1(t) but it does not have a

unit energy. If 2 denotes the energy of 2(t), i.e.
k (t ) =
k (t )
k
k 1
k (t ) = sk (t ) cki i (t )
2 =
14
2
2
dt
i =1
cki =< sk (t ), i (t ) >= sk (t ) i (t ),
i = 1, 2,K , k 1
k =
2
k
dt
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waveforms (Step-6)
Gram-Schmidt Example-1
Thus, the orthogonalization process is continued until

all the M signal waveforms {sm(t)} have been
exhausted and N M orthonormal waveforms have
been constructed.
Apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure to the set

of four waveforms to find the basis.
The dimensionality N of the signal space will be

equal to M if all the signal waveforms are linearly
independent, i.e. none of the signal waveform is a
linear combination of the other signal waveforms.
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S4(t)
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Gram-Schmidt Example-1
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Problem
The corresponding O.N. basis are
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19
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Step 2a
Step 2b
Using: cos(a)cos(b) = 0.5cos(a-b) + 0.5cos(a+b)
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Step 3
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Conclusion
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24
Example
Signal Vectors
Now we know how to find the set of O.N. waveforms
How can we express the signal in vector from? Also known as
signal constellation.
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25
Signal Vectors
s1
s
2
s = s3

M
sN
n =1
where
sn =< s (t ), n (t ) >
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How Does Inner Product Simplify?
Once we have constructed the set of O.N. waveforms {n(t)},

we can express the M signals {sm(t)} as linear combinations of
the {n(t)}.
s (t ) = sn n (t )
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Consider two waveforms sj(t) and sk(t), both in the subspace S.
How does the inner product sj(t), sk(t) simplify?
27
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Special Cases
Relating waveform I.P. with vector I.P.
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29
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Signal to vector mapping
30
Vector to Signal mapping
Inner product operation
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Dimension of signal space = N = 3.
Example
i.e. each signal is described by three components

2
1
< s1 (t ), 1 (t ) > = s1 (t ), 1(t ) dt = (1)
dt = 2
2
0
0
Find the vector representation of Fig (a) by using the O.N. set of functions
in Fig. (b)
< s1 (t ), 2 (t ) > = s1 (t ), 2 (t ) dt = (1)(0) dt + (0) ( 1) dt = 0
1
1
< s1 (t ), 3 (t ) > = s1 (t ), (t ) dt = (1)
dt + (1)
dt =0
2
2
0
0
0
S4(t)
therefore
s1 = 2, 0, 0
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33
2, 0
s3 = 2, 0, 1
34
Dimension = N = 3 (3 axies)
and similarly
s 2 = 0,
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s 4 = 2, 0, 1 .
Length of s1 = s1 = 2
Length of s 2 = s 2 = 2
Also the corresponding signal energy
Length of s3 = s3 = 3
Length of s 4 = s 4 = 3
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Example
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Signal Space Diagram
37
3 Different Basis
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Signal-Space Diagram = Constellation

In the context of M-ary communication, the
signal-space diagram, or constellation, is a
sketch of the M signal vectors in Ndimensional space.
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Example
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Its Gram-Schmidt Basis
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Its Signal Space Diagram
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3-FSK Example
43
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3-FSK Solution
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Verify Properties
45
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M-PSK Signal Vectors
Ex: Signal Space Diagram for M-PSK
Eg
2
radius =
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Eg
2
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M-ary PSK Signal Space Diagrams
radius =
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Eg
2
49

Lec-5 (Gram Schmidth, M-Ary Communications)

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M-ary Communications

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

8-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (8-PSK)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-1)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-2)

Select another vector from the

Normalize its length to get the

Get the projection of v2 onto u1

Projection of v 2 onto u1 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-3)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-4)

u '2 = v 2 ( < v 2 , u1 > ) u1

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

Gram-Schmidt Procedure (Step-5)

Select an arbitrary waveform from. The first O.N. waveform is

The procedure continues by selecting v 3 and subtracting

u3' = v 3 ( < v 3 , u1 > ) u1 ( < v 3 , u 2 > ) u 2

Then the O.N. vector u3 is

Normalized to unit energy

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

Subtract c21 from s2(t) to yield

c21 =< s2 (t ), 1(t ) >=

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

The waveform 2(t) is orthogonal to 1(t) but it does not have a

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

cki =< sk (t ), i (t ) >= sk (t ) i (t ),

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Gram-Schmidt Procedure for signal

Thus, the orthogonalization process is continued until

Apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure to the set

The dimensionality N of the signal space will be

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

The corresponding O.N. basis are

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Using: cos(a)cos(b) = 0.5cos(a-b) + 0.5cos(a+b)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)

How Does Inner Product Simplify?

Once we have constructed the set of O.N. waveforms {n(t)},

Consider two waveforms sj(t) and sk(t), both in the subspace S.

How does the inner product sj(t), sk(t) simplify?

Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)